Chapter XIX: Appendix: A

SYNOPTICAL GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY OF THE BRAHOE LANGUAGE

This language is spoken throughout Balochistan as far west as Kej, Panjgúr, and Jalk, up to the borders of Sistan, and is written in the Persian character.

There is no inflection for gender or case. The plural is formed by the addition of _ák_ if the singular ends in a consonant, as _kasar_, a road, _kasarák_, roads; of _k_ alone if the singular ends in a vowel, as _urá_, a house, _urák_, houses—_húlí_, a horse, _húlík_, horses—_are_, a man, _arek_, men—_dú_, the hand, becomes _dík_, the hands; and of _ghák_ if the singular ends in the mute _h_, as _bandah_, a man, _bandahghák_, men.

The cases are formed by the addition of certain distinguishing particles to the nominative, as is shown in the following typical forms of declension:—

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom._ kasar _a road_. _Nom._ kasarúk _roads_.
_Gen._ kasarná _of a road_. _Gen._ kasarúkná _of roads_.
_Dat._ kasar e _to a road_. _Dat._ kasarúk e _to roads_.
_Acc._ kasar _a road_. _Acc._ kasarák _roads_.
_Abl._ kasaryún _from a road_. _Abl._ kasarakyán _from roads_.
_Voc._ ore kasar _O road!_ _Voc._ ore kasarúk _O roads!_

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom._ urá _a house_. _Nom._ urák _houses_.
_Gen._ uráná _of a house_. _Gen._ urákná _of houses_.
_Dat._ uráte-e _to a house_. _Dat._ urák e _to houses_.
_Acc._ urá _a house_. _Acc._ urák _houses_.
_Abl._ urátyún _from a house_. _Abl._ urákyán _from houses_.
_Voc._ ore urá _O house!_ _Voc._ ore urák _O houses!_

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom._ húli _a horse_. _Nom._ húlik _horses_.
_Gen._ húlíná _of a horse_. _Gen._ húlikná _of horses_.
_Dat._ húlíte-e _to a horse_. _Dat._ húlik e _to horses_.
_Acc._ húlí _a horse_. _Acc._ húlik _horses_.
_Abl._ húlityún _from a horse_. _Abl._ húlikyún _from horses_.
_Voc._ ore húli _O horse!_ _Voc._ ore húlik _O horses!_

The dative affix of the last two declensions _te_ really means _into_; the simple affix _e_ means _at_, _to_, and the forms _úráe_ and _húlíe_ are also used in this case.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom._ bandah _a man_. _Nom._ bandahghák _men_.
_Gen._ bandahná _of a man_. _Gen._ bandahghákná _of men_.
_Dat._ bandah e _to a man_. _Dat._ bandahghák e _to men_.
_Acc._ bandah _a man_. _Acc._ bandahghák _men_.
_Abl._ bandahyán _from a man_. _Abl._ bandahghákyán _from men_.
_Voc._ ore bandah _O man!_ _Voc._ ore bandahghák _O men!_

The singular _bandah_ is often pronounced _bandagh_, and the plural _bandaghák_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom._ arwat _a woman_. _Nom._ arwaták _women_.
_Gen._ arwatná _of a woman_. _Gen._ arwatákná _of women_.
_Dat._ arwat e _to a woman_. _Dat._ arwaták e _to women_.
_Acc._ arwat _a woman_. _Acc._ arwaták _women_.
_Abl._ arwatyán _from a woman_. _Abl._ arwatákyán _from women_.
_Voc._ ore arwat _O woman!_ _Voc._ ore arwaták _O women!_

There are several exceptions to these rules for forming the plural. Thus _már_, a boy, becomes _mák_ for _márák_, boys—_bángo_, a cock, becomes _bángák_, cocks—_kóchak_, a dog, becomes _kochaghák_, dogs, &c.

Nouns are qualified by an adjective set before them, and then declined as a compound word, as _chuno már_, a little boy—_chuno már ná_, of a little boy—_chuno mák_, little boys—_chuno mák e_, to little boys, &c., _sharo masar_, a good girl—_sharo masarák_, good girls, &c.

Degrees of comparison are expressed by the use of the ablative case with the positive, as _e juwán húlí_ are (or _e_), that is a handsome horse—_dá juwán húlí asite_, this is a (more) handsome horse—_dá kul húlíyán juwán are_ (or _e_), this is the handsomest of all the horses—_are arwatyán balo e_ (or _are_), the man is larger than the woman—_arek arwatákyán balo arer_, men are larger than women—_bandaghák zorak arer, vale dá bandagh kulyán zorak asite_, the men are strong, but this man is stronger than all—_dáfk arwaták zorak arer, vale bandaghák zorak asitur_, these women are strong, but men are stronger—_hísun áhinyán khuben e_, gold is heavier than iron.

PRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns are _í_, I—_ní_, thou—_o_, he, she, or it; their plurals are _nan_, we—_num_, ye—_ofk_, they.

The demonstrative pronouns are, proximate, _dá_, this—plural _dáfk_, these; and remote, _e_, that—plural _efk_, those.

They are declined as follows:—

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom. & _Nom. &
Acc._ í _I, me_. Acc._ nan _we, us_.
_Gen._ kaná _of me, my_. _Gen._ nanná _of us, our_.
_Dat._ kane _to me_. _Dat._ nane _to us_.
_Abl._ kanyán _from me_. _Abl._ nanyán _from us_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom. & _Nom. &
Acc._ ní _thou, thee_. Acc._ num _ye, you_.
_Gen._ ná _of thee, thy_. _Gen._ numá _of you, your_.
_Dat._ ne _to thee_. _Dat._ nume _to you_.
_Abl._ nyán _from thee_. _Abl._ numyán _from you_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom. & _he, she, it, him, _Nom. &
Acc._ o her, it_. Acc._ ofk _they_.
_Gen._ oná _of him, his, etc._ _Gen._ oftá _of them, their_.
_Dat._ ode _to him, her, etc._ _Dat._ ofte _to them_.
_Abl._ odán _from him, her, etc._ _Abl._ oftyán _from them_.

EXAMPLES—_Urá kaná mur are_, my house is far off—_oná tuman khurk e_, his village is near—_húlík numá aráng arer?_ where are your horses?—_iragh oftyán hallak_, take the bread from them—_nane dír hatbo_, bring us water.

The demonstrative pronouns are similarly declined.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom. & _Nom. &
Acc._ dá _this_. Acc._ dáfk _these_.
_Gen._ dáná _of this_. _Gen._ dáftá _of these_.
_Dat._ dáde _to this_. _Dat._ dáfte _to these_.
_Abl._ dádán _from this_. _Abl._ dáftyán _from these_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom. & _Nom. &
Acc._ e _that_. Acc._ efk _those_.
_Gen._ ená _of that_. _Gen._ eftá _of those_.
_Dat._ ede _to that_. _Dat._ efte _to those_.
_Abl._ edán _from that_. _Abl._ eftyán _from those_.

EXAMPLES—_Dá masar ená areghas ír e_, this girl is that man’s sister—(the word _areghas_ is here an inflected form of _are_, a man. In composition, where the nominative ends in a vowel, the particle _ghas_, and where in a consonant, the particle _as_, is added to distinguish the oblique case, or the accusative only)—_dáfk darakhták eftyán burzo asitur_, these trees are taller than those.

The possessive pronoun is expressed by the adjective _ten_ or _tenat_, own, self, added to the several personal pronouns, and is regularly declined, singular and plural being the same, as _í ten_, I myself, _nan ten_, we ourselves, _ní ten_, thou thyself, _num ten_, you yourselves, _o ten_, he himself, _ofk ten_, they themselves.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom. & _Nom. &
Acc._ í ten _myself_. Acc._ nan ten _ourselves_.
_Gen._ í tenná _of myself_. _Gen._ nan tenná _of ourselves_.
_Dat._ í tene _to myself_. _Dat._ nan tene _to ourselves_.
_Abl._ í tenyán _from myself_. _Abl._ nan tenyán _from ourselves_.

And so on with the other personal pronouns above mentioned.

EXAMPLES—_Ílum kaná tenat kárem kare_, my brother did the work himself—_í tenná zaghm are_, it is my own sword—_efk bandaghák ten-pa-ten jang kerá_, those men are quarrelling amongst themselves.

The interrogative pronouns are _der_, who?, the same in the singular and plural, and applied only to animate objects, and _ant_, which? and _ará_, what? used in both numbers, but only applied to inanimate objects. The first is declined regularly. The others are indeclinable.

SINGULAR AND PLURAL.

_Nom. & Acc._ der _who?_ _whom?_
_Gen._ dinná _of whom?_ _whose?_
_Dat._ dere _to whom?_
_Abl._ deryán _from whom?_

EXAMPLES—_Dá bandagh der are?_ who is this man?—_dinná már are?_ whose son is he?—_ní ant cóm asitus?_ of which tribe are you?—_dá kasar ará tuman te káek?_ to which camp does this road go? _Ará_ is also used as a relative pronoun, with _hamo_ as its correlative, as _ará ki sharo e hamo halbo, ará ki gando e hamo gum kar_, whichever is good, that bring; whichever is bad, that throw away.

There are besides a number of adjective pronouns. Those in common use are the following:—_Pen_, another, _har pen_, every other, _ant pen_, which other. Example—_kaná ílum afas pen bandagh asite_, he is not my brother, he is some other man. _Ákhadr_, as much as, _hamo khadr_, so much, _dá khadr_, this much. Example—_ákhadr ki darkár e hamo khadr haltak_, as much as is necessary, so much take. _Hamdún_, like as—so. Example—_hamdún ní us hamdún í ut_, like as thou art so am I. _Hamro_, what sort, as _dá hamro húlí are_, what sort of horse is this?

ADJECTIVES.

The adjectives precede the nouns they qualify, and undergo no change for gender or number of case, as _húlan are_, a stout man—_húlan arwat_, a stout woman. Some adjectives are modified by the addition of certain particles denoting either increase or diminution, as _sharo bandagh_, a good man; _sharangá bandagh_, a very good man—_chuno masar_, a little girl; _chunaká masar_, a very little girl.

VERBS.

The verbs appear to be more or less irregular in their paradigms. I had not sufficient opportunity to examine their structure on an extended scale, so as to reduce them to some form of classification, and the natives from whom I gathered my information regarding the language had no knowledge whatever of the rules guiding their speech. The different tenses offered in the following forms of conjugations have been derived from the replies to questions requiring answers in the present, past, and future respectively, through the medium of the Persian language, and I trust they may be found generally correct.

The infinitive ends in _ing_, and is often used as a verbal noun. Example—_jang kaning sharaf_, quarrelling is not good (or proper)—_rást páning shar e_, speaking the truth is good (or right). The infinitive sign is generally added to the root, which is the same as the imperative, as _hin_, go; _hining_, to go—_haraf_, ask; _harafing_, to ask. But there are many exceptions to this, as _bar_, come; _baning_, to come—_kar_, do; _kaning_, to do, &c.

Some verbs form the past tenses on a different root to that from which the present tenses are formed, as will be seen by the list of verbs given at the end of this paper. The rules might be easily worked out with a little leisure for their study.

Transitives are formed from intransitives by interposing _f_ between the root and infinitive sign, as _khuling_, to fear; _khulfing_, to frighten—_harsing_, to change; _harsfing_, to alter—_túling_, to sit; _túlfing_, to seat, &c.

Causals are formed from these transitives by changing the _f_ to _íf_ or _ef_, as _khulfing_, to frighten; _khulífing_, to cause to frighten—_túlfing_, to seat; _túlífing_, to cause to seat, &c.

The paradigms of the substantive verb, and two intransitive and two transitive verbs, are here given as models for all other verbs. Irregularities are only to be ascertained by a practical acquaintance with the language, but they do not seem to be numerous.

The substantive verb _maning_, “to be or become,” is thus conjugated:—

_Infinitive Mood_—maning—_to be_.
_Present Participle_—are-e—_being_.
_Agent_—manok—_becomer_.
_Past Participle_—mas—_been_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._ _Plural._

ní mares _be thou_. num mabo _be you_.
o mare _let him be_. ofk marer _let them be_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í ut _I am_. nan un _we are_.
ní us _thou art_. num ure _you are_.
o are-e _he, she, it is_. ofk arer-or _they are_.

_Aorist._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í asitut _I may be_. nan asitun _we may be_.
ní asitus _thou mayest be_. num asiture _you may be_.
o asite _he, etc. may be_. ofk asitor _they may be_.

_Imperfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í asut _I was_. nan asun _we were_.
ní asus _thou wast_. num asure _you were_.
o asak _he, etc. was_. ofk asor _they were_.

_Continuative Imperfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í masut _I was being_. nan masun _we were being_.
ní masus _thou wast being_. num masure _you were being_.
o masak _he, etc. was being_. ofk masor _they were
being_.

_Perfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í masasut _I have been_. nan masasun _we have been_.
ní masasus _thou hast been_. num masasure _you have been_.
o masas _he, etc. has been_. ofk masasor _they have been_.

_Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í masunut _I had been_. nan masunun _we had been_.
ní masunus _thou hast been_. num masunure _you had been_.
o masune _he, etc. has been_. ofk masunor _they had been_.

_Future Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í marew _I will be_. nan maren _we will be_.
ní mares _thou wilt be_. num marere _you will be_.
o marek _he, etc. will be_. ofk marer _they will be_.

_Future Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í marot _I will have been_. nan maron _we will have
been_.
ní maros _thou wilt have been_. num morore _you will have
been_.
o maroe _he, etc. will have ofk maror _they will have
been_. been_.

The intransitive verbs “to come” and “to go” are thus conjugated:—

_Infinitive Mood_—baning—_to come_.
_Present Participle_—bare—_coming_.
_Agent_—barok—_comer_.
_Past Participle_—bas—_come_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._ _Plural._

ní bank-bar _come thou_. num babo _come you_.
o bare _let him come_. ofk barer _let them come_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í bareva _I am coming_. nan barena _we are coming_.
ní baresa _thou art coming_. num barere _you are coming_.
o bare _he, etc. is coming_. ofk barera _they are
coming_.

_Aorist._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í barew _I may come_. nan baren _we may come_.
ní bares _thou mayest come_. num barere _you may come_.
o barek _he, etc. may come_. ofk barer _they may come_.

_Imperfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í basut _I came_. nan basun _we came_.
ní basus _thou camest_. num basure _you came_.
o basak _he, etc. came_. ofk basor _they came_.

_Perfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í basasut _I have come_. nan basasun _we have come_.
ní basasus _thou hast come_. num basasure _you have come_.
o basas _he, etc. has come_. ofk basasor _they have come_.

_Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í basunut _I had come_. nan basunun _we had come_.
ní basunus _thou hadst come_. num basunure _you had come_.
o basune _he, etc. had come_. ofk basunor _they had come_.

_Future Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í barew _I will come_. nan baren _we will come_.
ní bares _thou wilt come_. num barere _you will come_.
o barek _he, etc. will come_. ofk barer _they will come_.

_Future Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í barot _I will have come_. nan baron _we will have
come_.
ní baros _thou wilt have come_. num barore _you will have
come_.
o baroe _he, etc. will have ofk baror _they will have
come_. come_.

The verb “to go”:—

_Infinitive Mood_—hining—_to go_.
_Present Participle_—káe—_going_.
_Agent_—hinok—_goer_.
_Past Participle_—hiná—_gone_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._ _Plural._

ní hinak-hin _go thou_. num hinbo _go you_.
o káe _let him, etc. go_. ofk kára _let them go_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í káwa _I am going_. nan kána _we are going_.
ní kása _thou art going_. num káre _you are going_.
o káe _he, etc. is going_. ofk kára _they are going_.

_Aorist._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í káw _I may go_. nan kán _we may go_.
ní kás _thou mayest go_. num káre _you may go_.
o káek _he, etc. may go_. ofk kár _they may go_.

_Imperfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í hinát _I went_. nan hinán _we went_.
ní hinás _thou wentest_. num hináre _you went_.
o hinák _he, etc. went_. ofk hinár _they went_.

_Perfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í hinásut _I have gone_. nan hinásun _we have gone_.
ní hinásus _thou hast gone_. num hinásure _you have gone_.
o hinásas _he, etc. had gone_. ofk hinásor _they have gone_.

_Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í hinánut _I had gone_. nan hinánun _we had gone_.
ní hinánus _thou hadst gone_. num hinánure _you had gone_.
o hináne _he, etc. had gone_. ofk hinánor _they had gone_.

_Future Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í káw _I will go_. nan kán _we will go_.
ní kás _thou wilt go_. num káre _you will go_.
o káek _he, etc. will go_. ofk kár _they will go_.

_Future Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í kot _I will have gone_. nan kon _we will have
gone_.
ní kos _thou wilt have gone_. num kore _you will have
gone_.
o koe _he, etc. wilt have ofk kor _they will have
gone_. gone_.

The above may be taken as examples of all intransitive verbs. But the different roots for the present and past tenses can only be acquired by practice.

The transitive verbs “to do” and “to beat” are thus conjugated.

The verb “to do or make.”

_Infinitive Mood_—kaning—_to do, make_.
_Present Participle_—ke—_doing_.
_Agent_—karok—_doer, maker_.
_Past Participle_—kar—_done_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._ _Plural._

ní karak-kar _do thou_. num kabo _do you_.
o ke _let him, etc. do_. ofk kera _let them do_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í keva _I am doing_. nan kena _we are doing_.
ní kesa _thou art doing_. num kere _you are doing_.
o ke _he, etc. is doing_. ofk kera _they are doing_.

_Aorist._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í kev _I may do_. nan ken _we may do_.
ní kes _thou mayest do_. num kere _you may do_.
o kek _he, etc. may do_. ofk ker _they may do_.

_Imperfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í karet _I did_. nan karen _we did_.
ní kares _thou didst_. num karere _you did_.
o karek _he, etc. did_. ofk karer _they did_.

_Perfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í karesut _I have done_. nan karesun _we have done_.
ní karesus _thou hast done_. num karesure _you have done_.
o karesas _he, etc. has done_. ofk karesor _they have done_.

_Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í karenut _I had done_. nan karenun _we had done_.
ní karenus _thou hadst done_. num karenure _you had done_.
o karene _he, etc. had done_. ofk karenor _they had done_.

_Future Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í kev _I will do_. nan ken _we will do_.
ní kes _thou wilt do_. num kere _you will do_.
o kek _he, etc. will do_. ofk ker _they will do_.

_Future Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í karot _I will have done_. nan karon _we will have
done_.
ní karos _thou wilt have done_. num karore _you will have
done_.
o karoe _he, etc. will have ofk karor _they will have
done_. done_.

The verb “to beat or strike.”

_Infinitive Mood_—khaling—_to beat_.
_Present Participle_—khale—_beating_.
_Agent_—khalok—_beater_.
_Past Participle_—khalk—_beaten_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._ _Plural._

ní khalt _beat thou_. num khalbo _beat you_.
o khale _let him beat_. ofk khalera _let them beat_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khaleva _I am beating_. nan khalena _we are
beating_.
ní khalesa _thou art beating_. num khalere _you are
beating_.
o khale _he, etc. is beating_. ofk khalera _they are
beating_.

_Aorist._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalev _I may beat_. nan khalen _we may beat_.
ní khales _thou mayest beat_. num khalere _you may beat_.
o khalek _he, etc. may beat_. ofk khaler _they may beat_.

_Imperfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalet _I beat_. nan khalken _we beat_.
ní khalkes _thou beatest_. num khalkere _you beat_.
o khalk _he, etc. beat_. ofk khalker _they beat_.

_Perfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalesut _I have beaten_. nan khalesun _we have
beaten_.
ní khalesus _thou hast beaten_. num khalesure _you have
beaten_.
o khalesas _he, etc. has beaten_. ofk khalesor _they have
beaten_.

_Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalenut _I had beaten_. nan khalenun _we had
beaten_.
ní khalenus _thou hadst beaten_. num khalenure _you had
beaten_.
o khalene _he, etc. had beaten_. ofk khalenor _they had
beaten_.

_Future Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalev _I will beat_. nan khalen _we will beat_.
ní khales _thou wilt beat_. num khalere _you will beat_.
o khalek _he, etc. will beat_. ofk khaler _they will beat_.

_Future Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalot _I will have beaten_. nan khalon _we will have
beaten_.
ní khalos _thou wilt have num khalore _you will have
beaten_. beaten_.
o kaloe _he, etc. will have ofk khalor _they will have
beaten_. beaten_.

The passive voice of transitive verbs is formed by conjugating the past participle with the substantive verb _maning_, “to be.” Thus:—

_Infinitive Mood_—khalk maning—_to be beaten_.
_Present Participle_—khalk are—_being beaten_.
_Past Participle_—khalk mas—_been beaten_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._ _Plural._

ní khalk mares _be thou beaten_. num khalk mabo _be thou beaten_.
o khalk mare _be he, etc. ofk khalk marer _be they beaten_.
beaten_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalkut _I am beaten_. nan khalkun _we are beaten_.
ní khalkus _thou art beaten_. num khalkure _you are beaten_.
o khalk are-e _he, etc. is ofk khalkarer _they are
beaten_. beaten_.

_Imperfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalk asut _I was beaten_. nan khalk asun _we were
beaten_.
ní khalk asus _thou wast beaten_. num khalk asure _you were
beaten_.
o khalk asak _he, etc. was ofk khalk asor _they were
beaten_. beaten_.

_Perfect._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalk masasut _I have been nan khalk masasun _we have been
beaten_. beaten_.
ní khalk masasus _thou hast been num khalk masasure _you have been
beaten_. beaten_.
o khalk masas _he, etc. has been ofk khalk masasor _they have been
beaten_. beaten_.

_Past._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalk masunut _I had been nan khalk masunun _we had been
beaten_. beaten_.
ní khalk masunus _thou hadst been num khalk masunure _you had been
beaten_. beaten_.
o khalk masune _he, etc. had been ofk khalk masunor _they had been
beaten_. beaten_.

_Future Present._

_Singular._ _Plural._

í khalk marew _I will be beaten_. nan khalk maren _we will be
beaten_.
ní khalk mares _thou wilt be num khalk marere _you will be
beaten_. beaten_.
o khalk marek _he, etc. will be ofk khalk marer _they will be
beaten_. beaten_.

The other tenses can be supplied from the paradigm of the substantive verb. Negation is expressed by interposing _f_ or _af_ between the first two syllables of the verb, as _bafarew_, I will not come—_kafarek_, he did not do it—_í khor afut_, I am not blind—_dá kárem o hech gáhas kafarot_, he will never have done this deed—_ní tifes_, thou wilt not give? Prohibition is expressed by _na_ or _ma_, don’t, placed before the imperative, as _na kar_, do not—_ma khalt_, do not beat. But the _f_ is also used in an imperative sense, as _nájor mafarew_, may you not be ill—_pa_, speak; _paf_, don’t speak—_ka_, do; _kafa_ or _kapa_, don’t.

With nouns negation is expressed by _afak_ added to the word, as _jor-afak_, not well, sick—_nyám-afak_, not justice, unjust—_zor afak_, not strong, weak.

ADVERBS.

The adverbs are very numerous, and include interjections and prepositions. The adverbs of time are the following and others:—

dásá, _now_.
gurá, _then_.
gáhas, _never_.
padá, _again_.
zú, _quickly_.
madá, _slowly_.
wakhtí, _early_.
madáná, _late_.
ná gumán, _suddenly_.
har-vakht, _always_.
hech-vakht, _at no time_.
gáhas, _ever_.
chi-vakhtas-ki, _when_.
hamo-vakht, _then_.
asi-asi-vakht, _sometimes_.
harde, _every day_.
asit-jár, _once_.
irat-jár, _twice_.
musit-jár, _thrice_.
báz-jár, _often_.
ewáde, _formerly_.
awal, _at first_.
ákhir, _at last_.
begáh, _this evening_.
ano, _to-day_.
pagáh, _to-morrow_.
palme, _day after to-morrow_.
kúde, _three days hence_.
daro, _yesterday_.
mulkhudo, _day before yesterday_.
kúmulkhudo, _three days ago_.
ano-nan, _to-night_.
manjan, _midday_.
ním-shab, _midnight_.
peshín, _forenoon_.
digar, _afternoon_.

The adverbs of place are the following and others:—

burzá, _above_.
shef, _below_.
mustí, _before_.
padáe, _behind_.
tahtí, _inside_.
peshán, _outside_.
khurk, _near_.
mur, _far_.
dáde, _here_.
ede, _there_.
jáaski, _where_.
ere, _there_.
aráde, _where?_
hamangi, _there_.
haráng, _as far as_.
aráká, _so far_.
moni, _opposite_.
to, _with_.
te, _in_, _up to_.
kátum, _on_, _upon_.
dápárán, _this side_.
epárán, _that side_.
chármán, _all sides_.
antmur, _how far?_

The adverbs of quantity are the following and others:—

báz, _much_, _very many_.
machit, _little_, _few_.
hech, _none_.
girá, _some_.
bas, _enough_.
at, _how much?_
ákhadr, _as much as_.
dákhadr, _so much_.
har, _every_.
bíra, _only_, _merely_.
har-ant, _whatever_.
hechrá, _nothing_.

Other adverbs are the following, conjunctions and interjections:—

antai, _why?_
ho-hán, _yes_.
ahá, _no_.
vale, _but_.
hamhon, _perhaps_.
ki, _that_.
are, _holloa!_
háeháe, _alas!_
wáwáh, _wonderful!_
armán, _pity!_
ham, _also_.
lekin, _but_.
gwácháni, _indeed!_
jágai, _instead of_.
mat, _leave off!_ _don’t!_
paráe, _for sake of_.
agar, _if_.
baghair, _except_.

The days of the week are the same as in Persian, and so are the cardinal numbers, with the exception of the first three. These are _asit_, one; _irat_, two; _musit_, three. The rest are _chár_, four; _panj_, five, &c.

The ordinals and fractions are as follows:—

awal _first_.
elo _second_.
mustímíko _third_.
chármíko _fourth_, and so on.
miscálí _a quarter_.
ním _half_.
sihshálí _three-quarters_.
panjpáo _one and a quarter_.

BRAHOE VOCABULARY.

List of nouns in common use:—

PARTS OF THE BODY AND SECRETIONS.

kátum, _head_.
khoprí, _skull_.
milí, _brain_.
chugh, _nape_.
gardan, _neck_.
likh, _throat_.
peshání, _forehead_.
khush, _temple_.
khaf, _ear_.
khan, _eye_.
bhirwá, _eyebrow_.
khannásil, _eyelid_.
michách, _eyelash_.
díd, _pupil_.
bámas, _nose_.
gránz, _nostril_.
kalak, _cheek_.
bá, _mouth_.
jur, _lip_.
zanú, _chin_.
duví, _tongue_.
gutulú, _gullet_.
dandán, _tooth_.
dandánnású, _gum_.
mon, _face_.
badan, _body_ (_also_ ján).
churoh, _urine_.
kiriftí, _dung_ (_also_ phí).
kísh, _matter_, _pus_.
tús, _flatus_.
nargat, _windpipe_.
sína, _chest_.
khad, _breast_.
gwar, _nipple_.
kopá, _shoulder_.
pitakh, _bladebone_.
tarkh, _armpit_.
pahlú, _rib_, _flank_.
baj, _back_.
mukh, _loin_.
saghas, _buttock_.
phid, _belly_.
phút, _navel_.
land, _penis_.
gand, _testicle_.
phundú, _anus_.
phús, _vulva_.
rán, _thigh_.
kach, _hip_.
khond, _knee_.
dhakan, _kneecap_.
pinní, _leg_.
phenj, _calf_.
nat, _foot_.
kurí, _heel_.
mijol, _ankle_.
had, _bone_.
rísh, _beard_.
burút, _mustache_.
píshkav, _ringlet_.
talaf, _sole_.
dú, _arm_.
surosh, _elbow_.
tút, _cubit_.
chamba, _wrist_ (_also_ kar).
dú, _hand_.
talaf, _palm_.
úr, _finger_, _toe_.
zíl, _nail_.
phif, _lung_.
ust, _heart_.
phid, _stomach_.
rotíng, _intestines_.
jagar, _liver_.
zák, _gall bladder_.
zardoí, _gall_, _bile_.
diloí, _spleen_.
gurda, _kidney_.
pujhá, _hair_.
sil, _skin_.
sú, _flesh_.
tuzmí, _fat_.
ditar, _blood_.
páhlt, _milk_.
túfing, _spittle_.
khárínk, _tears_.
khet, _sweat_.
khel, _fever_.
zindá, _alive_.
kask, _dead_.

NOUNS OF RELATIONSHIP, &c.

bandagh, _man_.
zá’ífa, _woman_.
are, _husband_.
arwat, _wife_.
már, _son_.
masar, _daughter_.
khadyá, _babe_.
chunaká, _child_.
báv, _father_.
lummá, _mother_.
ílum, _brother_.
ír, _sister_.
bává, _father!_
áí, _mother!_
adá, _brother!_
adí, _sister!_
brázát, _brother’s child_.
khwárzát, _sister’s child_.
pejhzát, _cousin_.
illa, _paternal uncle and aunt_.
táta, _maternal uncle and aunt_.
píra, _grandfather_.
balla, _grandmother_.
nwása, _grandchild_.

NAMES OF ORNAMENTS, CLOTHING, &c.

saht, _ornament_.
tábíz, _charm_.
chhalav, _signet-ring_.
tik, _seal_.
panra, _ear-ring_.
lik, _ear-drop_.
phulo, _nose-ring_.
durr, _pearl ring_.
jamak, _gold ring_.
dáwaní, _frontlet_.
tauc, _necklet_.
chandanhár, _necklace_.
daswána, _armlet_.
báhínk, _bracelet_.
kangaur, _wristlet_.
pádínk, _anklet_.
khál, _mole_.
surma, _eye-black_.
shefk, _eye-black pin_.
món-rukh, _mirror_.
zulf, _curl_,
gesú, _ringlet_.
rez, _plait_.
gud, _clothes_.
kús, _shirt_.
kás, _blanket felt_.
sharwál, _trousers_.
chokhá, _cloak_.
postín, _fur coat_.
khyrí, _waist mantle_.
mukhtá, _waist sash_.
top, _cap_.
dastár, _turban_.
mocharí, _shoe_.
litar, _slipper_.
moza, _boot_.
chhawat, _sandal_.
dasgala, _glove_.
khout, _blanket_.
thappur, _rug_.
khat, _bed_.
lehf, _coverlet_.
cudh, _sheet_.
bálisht, _pillow_.
bhop, _mattress_.
shál, _shawl_.
katúr, _mat_.
kónt, _carpet_.
berum, _bedding_.
urá, _house_.
kúdi, _shed_.
biht, _wall_.
bám, _roof_.
darich, _door_.
darícha, _window_.
hawelí, _court_.
barám, _marriage_.
dishtár, _bride_.
náo-zámás, _bridegroom_.
mahr, _dowry_.

HOUSEHOLD STORES AND DOMESTIC UTENSILS.

ghalla, _corn_.
nut, _flour_.
pirísh, _lentils_.
birinj, _rice_.
bat, _cooked rice_.
kholum, _wheat_.
sá, _barley_.
makaí, _Indian corn_, _maize_.
zúrat, _millet_.
júárí, _millet_.
phug, _wheat straw_.
karab, _maize straw_.
liz, _rice straw_.
tambákh, _tobacco_.
dár, _wood_.
khushád, _cow-dung_.
pogh, _charcoal_.
kulf, _lock_.
kilíd, _key_.
zamzír, _chain_.
chirágh, _candle_.
hedr, _turmeric_.
beh, _salt_.
pilpil, _pepper_.
pímáz, _onions_.
thúm, _garlic_.
lawang, _cloves_.
zíra, _caraway_.
mavíz, _raisins_.
tel, _oil_.
hormag, _dates_.
írugh, _bread_.
khassí, _butter_.
sí, _fat_, _tallow_.
gharesh, _melted butter_.
páhlt, _milk_.
dahí, _curds_.
punváhlt, _whey_ (?)
pachíruk, _cream_ (?)
panír, _cheese_.
cúrút, _hard cheese_.
khásun, _buttermilk_.
khúlí, _corn-bin_.
nuskhal, _hand-mill_.
túra, _basket_.
loth, _bag_.
khári, _hamper_.
gothrí, _sack_.
chhara, _bucket_.
dillo, _water-jar_.
khallí, _jar_.
kunza, _flagon_.
kásagh, _bowl_.
bhatal, _big bowl_.
tás, _cup_.
símí, _copper tray_.
karsán, _wooden dish_.
loí, _pot_.
kuno, _large pot_.
kho, _saucepan_.
garoh, _earthen jar_.
kúlik, _pail or pan_.
kalind, _earthen pot_.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND IMPLEMENTS.

húli, _horse_.
mádyán, _mare_.
naryán, _stallion_.
kurra, _colt_.
litík, _tail_.
buchk, _mane_.
búz, _muzzle_.
lidh, _dung_.
húch, _camel_.
bísh, _ass_.
khachar, _mule_.
dhaggí, _cow_.
rorh, _calf_.
kárígar, _bull_.
kharás, _ox_.
mehí, _buffalo cow_.
gosála, _buffalo calf_.
sánda, _buffalo bull_.
máe-khad, _udder_.
mat, _he-goat_.
het, _she-goat_.
daggar, _kid_ (_also_ bahí).
bakhta, _ram_.
mir, _ewe_.
súr, _lamb_.
khur, _sheep_.
shwánagh, _shepherd_.
ramagh, _herd_, _flock_.
ged, _sheepfold_.
surumb, _horse-hoof_.
shankala, _cloven hoof_.
kás, _wool_.
drasam, _goats’ hair_.
bángo, _cock_.
kukur, _hen_.
chúri, _chicken_.
byda, _egg_.
para, _feather_ (_also_ path).
bánzil, _wing_.
haddí, _spur_.
súnt, _beak_.
panja, _claw_.
gunjí, _crop_.
ojarínk, _gizzard_.
kóchak, _dog_.
kútri, _pup_.
pishí, _cat_.
hal, _rat_.
kapot, _pigeon_.
gunjishk, _sparrow_.
hílt, _fly_.
pasha, _musquito_.
munghí, _wasp_ (?)
makish, _bee_.
shahd, _honey_.
angumen, _honeycomb_.
mom, _wax_.
kak, _flea_.
bor, _louse_.
rishk, _a louse-nit_.
mangur, _bug_.
jolágh, _spider_.
phú, _worm_.
poghut, _frog_.
telt, _scorpion_.
morínk, _ant_.

AGRICULTURE AND IMPLEMENTS.

curda, _field_.
dagár, _land_.
mish, _earth_.
lichakh, _mud_.
khal, _stone_.
phud, _clod_.
chhib, _turf_.
langár, _plough_.
khamir, _share_ (_also_ phalí).
jugh, _yoke_.
bel, _spade_.
lashí, _sickle_.
khen, _harrow_.
chárchak, _pitchfork_.
mála, _roller_.
dhún, _well_.
sálí, _rice field_.
kholum, _wheat_.
sá, _barley_.
makaí, _maize_.
zúrat, _millet_.
pirísh, _millet_.
kunjid, _sesame_.
karpás, _cotton plant_.
gogra, _cotton pod_.
kakra, _cotton seed_.
pumba, _cotton wool_.
uspust, _lucerne_.
roding, _madder_.
rambí, _hoe_.
kbashád, _manure_ (?)
jal, _rivulet_.
hilár, _date tree_.
ták, _vine_.
augúr, _grape_.
sóf, _apple_.
bihí, _quince_.
zardálu, _apricot_.
alúcha, _plum_.
shalgam, _turnip_.
gázir, _carrot_.
turb, _radish_.
karam, _cabbage_.
ság, _potherbs_.
kothík, _melon_.
pímáz, _onion_.
thúm, _garlic_.
kárez, _aqueduct_.

ARMS AND ARMOUR.

zaghm, _sword_.
ispar, _shield_.
nezagh, _spear_.
pát, _stick_.
lath, _club_.
bízak, _leather milk-churn_.
bil, _bow_.
sum, _arrow_.
kamánchol, _sling_.
katár, _knife_.
much, _fist_.
chágal, _leather water-bottle_.
tufak, _musket_.
kundágh, _stock_.
palíta, _match_.
bárút, _powder_.
mukh-taf, _belt_.
sikh, _ramrod_.

ELEMENTS AND MINERALS.

dharatí, _earth_.
hawá, _air_.
khákhar, _fire_.
dír, _water_.
hiss, _ashes_.
jhamjal, _flame_.
molh, _smoke_.
duhun, _soot_.
deí, _sun_.
túbe, _moon_.
istár, _star_.
jhamar, _cloud_.
phir, _rain_.
jur, _mist_.
barf, _snow_.
barfíchk, _hail_.
shaonamba, _dew_.
yakh, _ice_.
pae, _thunder_.
breshná, _lightning_.
subh, _morning_.
manjan, _noon_.
shám, _evening_.
haft-de, _week_.
túwas, _month_ (_also_ tú)
sál, _year_.
attam, _spring_.
ahár, _summer_.
irícha, _autumn_.
suhel, _winter_.
sekha, _shade_.
phúdi, _cold_.
basúní, _heat_.
mash, _mountain_.
lak, _mountain pass_.
darra, _defile_.
hísun, _gold_.
píhun, _silver_.
ahin, _iron_.
mis, _copper_.
surf, _lead_.
jist, _zinc_.
birinj, _brass_.
kaláí, _tin_.
surma, _antimony_.
gokurt, _sulphur_.
phitkí, _alum_.
shora, _nitre_.
beh, _salt_.
totí, _blue vitriol_.
mush-kush, _arsenic_.
hartál, _orpiment_.
feroza, _turquoise_.
likh, _glass bead_.
táho, _wind_.
shamál, _north wind_.
uttar, _storm_.
lúr, _sand storm_.
shikh, _hill peak_.
talár, _hill slope_.
putáo, _hill skirt_.
chur, _gulley_.
símáb, _mercury_.
istar-khal, _flint_.
folád, _steel_.
chun, _lime_.

ARTS AND INSTRUMENTS.

drakhan, _carpenter_.
tash, _adze_.
mekhchú, _hammer_.
ara, _saw_.
mochinak, _tweezers_.
kház, _shears_.
síla, _needle_.
dask, _thread_.
rez, _cord_.
cáynchí, _scissors_.
chit, _leather strap_.
áhingar, _blacksmith_.
zargar, _goldsmith_.
degdán, _furnace_.
dhamok, _bellows_.
sindán, _anvil_.
kudína, _hammer_.
mekh, _nail_.
para, _wedge_.
charkh, _grindstone_.
anbúr, _forceps_.
tafar, _hatchet_.
kumbár, _potter_.
lichak, _clay_.
charkh, _potter’s wheel_.
mishí, _pottery_.
korí, _weaver_.
razán, _loom_.
iras, _comb_.
lorí, _musician_.
damáma, _drum_.
sittok, _dancer_.
shutár, _pipe_.

NATURAL OBJECTS AND SENTIMENTS.

de, _sun_.
istár, _star_.
nokh, _new moon_.
túbe, _full moon_.
mash, _Mountain_.
dan, _plain_.
chuk, _bird_.
darakht, _tree_.
khal, _rock_.
karod, _ravine_.
tang, _strait_.
jal, _river_.
chol, _desert_.
dam-diringun, _fatigue_.
khulisun, _fear_.
kuskun, _death_.
bíngun, _hunger_.
mulás, _thirst_.
phúdi, _cold_.
basúní, _heat_.
cahar, _anger_.
pashemání, _regret_.
gham, _sorrow_.
armán, _grief_.
pachár, _helplessness_.
faryád, _complaint_.
diláwarí, _courage_.
khúshi, _joy_.
lagorí, _cowardliness_.
thap, _wound_.
múch, _blow_.
dakka, _shove_.
ghut, _prod_.
chapánt, _slap_.
buz-halk, _kiss_.
tawár, _call_.
marám, _shout_.
hoghínk, _sobbing_.
makhínk, _laughing_.

NAMES OF TREES AND PLANTS.

tút, _mulberry_.
gwan, _pistacia_.
hápurs, _juniper_.
khat, _olive_.
pish, _dwarf-palm_.
hilár, _date-palm_.
kirrí, _tamarisk_.
kabbar, _salvadora_.
pissí, _jujube_.
khaler, _capparis_.
kharag, _calotropis_.
jawar, _oleander_.
jag, _poplar_.
marr, _mimosa_.
anjír, _fig_.
shark, _rhazzia_.
zámur, _mezereon_.
hóm, _ephedra_.
náróm, _ephedra_.
musunduk, _liquorice_ (?)
shámpastír, _indigo-fern_.
shinz, _hedysarum_.
kotor, _wild almond_.
khardaruao, _artemisia_.
kisánkúr, _peganum_.
mungalí, _salsola_ (?)
lána, _caroxylon_.
búndí, _anabis_ (?)
gomáz, _arundo_.
khásum, _andropogon_.
ritáchk, _spurge_.
shenálo, _caryophyllum_.
piplí.
panirband, _withiana_.
byh, _grass_.
mora, _dry lucerne_.

NAMES OF BIRDS AND BEASTS.

chuk, _bird_.
kuttám, _nest_.
wacáb, _eagle_.
báz, _hawk_.
hil, _rook_.
kulágh, _crow_.
sher, _tiger_.
khalegha, _leopard_.
búm, _owl_.
kirkashí, _swallow_.
charz, _bustard_.
kapot, _pigeon_.
ginjishk, _sparrow_.
shakúk, _magpie_.
sínkúr, _porcupine_.
jájak, _hedgehog_.
kakáo, _partridge, Greek_.
hanj, _wild duck_.
murdárkhor, _vulture_.
bárú, _quail_.
cú, _swan_.
kapínjar, _partridge_.
kúkam, _wild pig_.
harraf, _wild goat_.
kharmá, _wolf_.
kaftár, _hyena_.
tola, _jackal_.
shok, _fox_.
rich, _bear_.
bolú, _monkey_.
murrú, _hare_.
gorpat, _badger_.
nor, _mungoose_.
hal, _rat_.
sarkúk, _tortoise_.
shab-pirik, _bat_.
malakh, _locust_.
dúshá, _snake_.
kirráú, _lizard_.
tehlt, _scorpion_.
gorkhar, _wild ass_.
khazmú, _gazelle_.
math, _male márkhor_.
het, _female márkhor_.
khár, _wild sheep, male_.
gad, _wild sheep, female_.
shák, _horn_.
sil, _skin_.

ADJECTIVES COMMONLY IN USE.

mon, _black_.
píhun, _white_.
kharun, _green_.
khísun, _red_.
pushkun, _yellow_.
sámo, _grey_.
míl, _blue_.
chot, _crooked_.
rást, _straight_.
básun, _hot_.
phuden, _cold_.
bárun, _dry_.
pálun, _wet_.
murghun, _long_.
gwand, _short_.
kuchá, _broad_.
tang, _narrow_.
húlon, _thick_.
ushkon, _thin_.
tez, _sharp_.
kunt, _blunt_.
hukmatí, _obedient_.
rást, _right_.
cháp, _left_.
mallók, _opener_.
sakht, _hard_.
khulkon, _soft_.
durusht, _rough_.
awár, _smooth_.
bíngún, _hungry_.
malás, _thirsty_.
wasum, _full_.
sun, _empty_.
khuben, _heavy_.
subuk, _light_.
zaft, _quick_.
madám, _slow_.
báz, _much_.
machit, _little_.
balo, _large_.
chuno, _small_.
pír, _old_.
warná, _young_.
khad, _deep_.
shef, _shallow_.
arzán, _cheap_.
girán, _dear_.
jor, _well_.
nájor, _sick_.
taffók, _shutter_.
mutkun, _old_.
puzkun, _new_.
tárma, _dark_.
roshtírak, _bright_.
mur, _far_.
khurk, _near_.
sharo, _good_.
gando, _bad_.
bahádur, _bold_.
lagor, _timid_.
hanen, _sweet_.
kháren, _sour_.
talkh, _bitter_.
turun, _acrid_.
burzo, _tall_.
mandar, _short_.
khor, _blind_.
kar, _deaf_.
gánuk, _mad_.
gung, _dumb_.
shifárk, _lean_.
húlan, _fat_.
mand, _lame_.
leláwí, _greedy_.
dhakkók, _hider_.

VERBS.

The verbs in common use are here given in alphabetical order. As a guide to conjugation on the paradigms already given, the forms of the root and present and past tenses are added. The imperative is in the second person plural, and the present and past tenses in the third person singular.

ENGLISH. INFINITIVE. IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. PAST.

_abandon_ íling ílbo _or_ ílabo íle _or_ ílate ílene _or_ íl
_abound_ báz-maning báz-mabo báz-are báz-mas
_abuse_ kiring kiribo kirite kir
_accept_ haling halbo hale halk
_adhere_ liching lichibo liche lich
_adorn_ zeb-tining zeb-tibo tire tis
_allot_ bakhshing bakhshbo bakhshe bakhsh
_alter_ harsing harsibo harse hars
_arrive_ rasing rasibo rase ras
_ask_ harafing harafebo harafe haraf
_assault_ hrúsh-kanning hrúsh-kabo hrúsh-ke hrúsh-kar
_awake_ bash-maning bash-mabo bash-are bash-mas
_await_
(_seek_) huning honbo hore hor
_become_ maning mabo are-e mas
_beat_ khaling khalbo khale khalk
_beg_ pin_d_ing pin_d_bo pin_d_e pin_d_
_begot,
to be_ vadí-maning vadí-mabo vadí-are vadí-mas
_begin_ shurú-kaning shurú-kabo shurú-ke shurú-kar
_bend_ _d_ol-kaning _d_ol-kabo _d_ol-ke _d_ol-kar
_bind_ tafing tafbo tafe taf
_bite_ daling dalbo dale dal
_bleat_ laláring lalárbo laláre lalár
_blow_ laging lagbo lage lag
_boil_, a. básing básbo báse bás
_boil_, n. joshing joshbo joshe josh
_braid_ gofing gofbo gofe gof
_bring_ hataring hatbo hate hes
_break_ piraghing pirabo pire piragh
_breathe_ uf-kaning uf-kabo uf-ke uf-kar
_bring_ haling halbo hale halk
_burn_ hoshing hoshbo hoshe hosh
_burst_ chiling chilbo chile chil
_bury_ cabr-kaning cabr-kabo cabr-ke cabr-kar
_buy_ saudá-haling saudá-halbo saudá-hale saudá-halk
_call_ tawár-kaning tawár-kabo tawár-ke tawár-kar
_carry_ daning danbo dare dar
_cast_ bi_t_ing bi_t_ibo bi_t_e bi_t_
_carve_ kishking kishbo kishe kishk
_catch_ haling halbo hale halk
_clothe_ berfing berbo berfe berf
_collect_ much-kaning much-kabo much-ke much-kar
_come_ baning babo bare bas
_conceal_ dhaking dhabo dhake dhak
_cook_ bising biribo bire bis
_copulate_ haning hanbo hane han
_cough_ jhaking jhakabo jhake jhak
_count_ hisáb-kaning hisáb-kabo hisáb-ke hisáb-kar
_cover_ dhaking dhakbo dhake dhak
_cry_ hoghing hoghbo hoye hogh
_cut_ haring harbo hare har
_dance_ nách-kaning nách-kabo nách-ke nách-kar
_deceive_ refing refbo refe ref
_die_ kahing kahbo kahe kah
_dig_ kad-khaling kad-khalbo kad-khale kad-khalk
_divide_ bakhshing bakhshbo bakhshe bakhsh
_draw_ kashing kashbo kashe kash
_dream_ túgh-khaning túgh-khanbo túgh-khane túgh-khan
_drink_ dír-kuning dír-kubo dír-kune dír-kun
_drop_ chaking chakbo chake chak
_dwell_ já-maning já-mabo já-are já-mas
_do_ kaning kabo ke kar
_eat_ kuning kubo kune kun
_endure_ kashing kashbo kashe kash
_enter_ tahtí-baning tahtí-babo tahtí-bare tahtí-bas
_escape_ chhuting chhutbo chhute chhut
_empty_ musun-kaning musun-kabo musun-ke musun-kar
_fall_ taming tambo tame tam
_fear_ khuling khulbo khule khul
_flee_ nering nerbo nere ner
_fly_ bál-kaning bál-kabo bál-ke bál-kar
_fight_ jang-kaning jang-kabo jang-ke jang-kar
_fill_ pur-kaning pur-kabo pur-ke pur-kar
_forbid_ rad-kaning rad-kabo rad-ke rad-kar
_forget_ yád-hining yád-hirbo yád-hire yád-hir
_forgive_ bashking bashkbo bashke bashk
_forsake_ íling ílbo íle íl
_frighten_ khulífing khulífbo khulífe khulíf
_fry_ bhugí-kaning bhugí-kabo bhugí-ke bhugí-kar
_follow_ randa_t_-hining randa_t_-hinbo randa_t_-káe randa_t_-hin
_gallop_ dudefing dudefbo dudefe dudef
_gather_ much-kaning much-kabo much-ke much-kar
_get up_ bash-maning bash-mabo bash-are bash-mas
_give_ tining tinbo or tibo tire tis
_go_ hining hinbo káe hin
_graze_ khwáfing khwáfbo khwáfe khwáf
_grind_ nusing nusbo nuse nus
_growl_ báshághing báshábo báshághe báshágh
_guess_ samá-kaning samá-kabo samá-ke samá-kar
_hang_ laronj-kaning laronj-kabo laronj-ke laronj-kar
_happen_ taming tambo tame tam
_have_ toning tonbo tore ton
_hear_ bining binbo bire bin
_hide_ dhaking dhakbo dhake dhak
_hold_ toning tonbo tore ton
_hug_ gwar-haling gwar-halbo gwar-hale gwar-halk
_inquire_ harafing harafebo harafe haraf
_itch_ kháring khárbo kháre khár
_join_ much-tining much-tibo much-tire much-tis
_keep_ nigáh-toning nigáh-tonbo nigáh-tore nigáh-ton
_kick_ laghat-khaling laghat-khalbo laghat-khale laghat-khalk
_kill_ kasfing kasfebo kasfe kas
_kiss_ pak-tining pak-tibo pak-tire pak-tis
_kiss_ buz-haling buz-halbo buz-hale buz-halk
_knead_ much-kaning (?) much-kabo much-ke much-kar
_know_ sháhing sháhibo sháhe sháh
_laugh_ makhing makhbo makhe makh
_lay_ túlfing túlfebo túlfe túl
_lead_ duning dunbo dure dur
_leak_ chutfing chutfebo chutfe chut
_learn_ hífing hífbo hífe híf
_leave_ íling ílbo íle íl
_let go_ íla-kaning íla-kabo íla-ke íla-kar
_lie_ drogh-páning drogh-pabo drogh-pare drogh-par
_lick_ chating chatebo chate chat
_lift_ hefing hefbo hefe hef
_light_ roshtínk-tining roshtínk-tibo roshtínk-tire roshtínk-tis
_listen_ khafing khafbo khafe khaf
_live_ zind-maning zind-mabo zind-are zind-mas
_loathe_ gando-daning gando-danbo gando-dare gando-dar
_lodge_ jáeti-maning jáeti-mabo jáeti-are jáeti-mas
_look_ khaning khanbo khane khan
_lose_ gohing gohebo gohe goh
_make_ kaning kabo ke kar
_marry_ barám-kaning barám-kabo barám-ke barám-kar
_measure_ dághing dághebo dághe dágh
_meet_ huning hunbo hure hur
_mend_ jor-kaning jor-kabo jor-ke jor-kar
_melt_ dír-kaning dír-kabo dír-ke dír-kar
_milk_ bhíring bhírbo bhíre bhír
_miss_ rad-kaning rad-kabo rad-ka rad-kar
_mix_ awár-kaning awár-kabo awár-ke awár-kar
_move_ surfing surfebo surfe sur
_open_ maling malbo male mal
_open_ ithing ithibo ithe ith
_pass_ gidring gidirebo gidire gidar
_pinch_ chundik-tining chundik-tibo chundik-tire chundik-tis
_place_ túlfing túlfebo túlfe túl
_plant_ tikhing tikhbo tikhe tikh
_play_ makhing makhbo makhe makh
_pluck_ bening benbo bere ber
_poke_ ghut-khaling ghut-khalbo ghut-khale ghut-khalk
_possess_ daning danbo dare dar
_pour_ shághing sholbo shághe shol
_pull_ kashing kashbo kashe kash
_push_ dhakka-tining dhakka-tibo dhakka-tire dhakka-tis
_quarrel_ jang-kaning jang-kabo jang-ke jang-kar
_question_ harfing harfbo harfe haraf
_rain_ dasing dasbo dase das
_raise_ hefing hefbo hefe hef
_reach_ rasing rasbo rase ras
_read_ khwáning khwánbo khwáne khwán
_reap_ rú_t_ing rú_t_bo rú_t_e rú_t_
_recline_ túgh-maning túgh-mabo túgh-are túgh-mas
_recognise_ cháning chánbo cháne chás
_recollect_ yád-tiling yád-tilbo yád-tile yád-tilk
_remind_ yád-tining yád-tibo yád-tire yád-tis
_release_ chhutfing chhutfebo chhutfe chhut
_reject_ rad-kaning rad-kabo rad-ke rad-kar
_rest_ dam-daning dam-danbo dam-dare dam-dar
_remain_ manzil-maning manzil-mabo manzil-are manzil-mas
_rinse_ píling pílbo píle píl
_repel_ hy-kaning hy-kabo hy-ke hy-kar
_respire_ dam-kashing dam-kashbo dam-kashe dam-kashk
_return_ harsing harsebo harse hars
_ride_ suwár-maning suwár-mabo suwár-are suwár-mas
_rise_ bash-maning bash-mabo bash-are bash-mas
_rob_ duzdí-kaning duzdí-kabo duzdí-ke duzdí-kar
_roll_ redeting redetebo redete redet
_rub_ mushking mushkbo mushke mushk
_run_ halma-kaning halma-kabo halma-ke halma-kar
_say_ páning pábo páre pár
_scatter_ khasing khasbo khase khas
_scrape_ tráshing tráshbo tráshe trásh
_scratch_ khárfing khárfebo khárfe kháraf
_search_ pa_t_ing pa_t_bo pa_t_e pa_t_
_see_ khaning khanbo khane khan
_seek_ huning hunbo hure hur
_seize_ phuling phulbo phule phul
_sell_ saudá-kaning saudá-kabo saudá-ke saudá-kar
_send_ ráhí-kaning ráhí-kabo ráhí-ke ráhí-kar
_sew_ múghing múghbo múghe múgh
_share_ sholfing sholfebo sholfe sholaf
_shine_ rosh-tining rosh-tibo rosh-tire rosh-tis
_shiver_ larzing larzbo larze larz
_shout_ marám-kaning marám-kabo marám-ke marám-kar
_shut_ tafing tafbo tafe taf
_sing_ sha’ir-páning sha’ir-pábo sha’ir-páre sha’ir-pár
_sit_ túling túsbo túse tús
_sleep_ túgh-kaning túgh-kabo túgh-ke túgh-kar
_slip_ lughusht-haling lughusht-halbo lughusht-hale lughusht-halk
_seat_ túlfing túlfebo túlfe túlaf
_sneeze_ nich-tining nich-tibo nich-tire nich-tis
_sow_ dasfing dasfebo dasfe dasaf
_speak_ hít-kaning hít-kabo hít-ke hít-kar
_spill_ sholing sholbo shole shol
_stumble_ le_t_ing le_t_bo le_t_e le_t_
_spin_, n. harsing harsbo harse hars
_spin_, a. harsefing harsefebo harsefe harsef
_spit_ túf-kaning túf-kabo túf-ke túf-kar
_split_ trakhing trakhbo trakhe trakh
_spread_ tálán-kaning tálán-kabo tálán-ke tálán-kar
_sprinkle_ chateting chatetebo chatete chatet
_stand_ saling salbo sale sal
_stay_ maning mabo are mas
_stoop_ shefming shefmabo shefe shef
_strain_ chhán-kaning chhán-kabo chhán-ke chhán-kar
_strike_ khaling khalbo khale khalk
_strip_ laghar-kaning laghar-kabo laghar-ke laghar-kar
_suck_ chusfing chusfebo chusfe chusaf
_sweat_ khet-kaning khet-kabo khet-ke khet-kar
_swell_ pirsing pirsbo pirse pirs
_sweep_ rofing rofbo rofe rof
_swim_ tár-khaling tár-khalbo tár-khale tár-khalk
_swing_ jhulu_t_-kaning jhulu_t_-kabo jhulu_t_-ke jhulu_t_-kar
_take_ haling halbo hale halk
_take away_ harf-hining harf-hinbo harf-káe harf-hin
_talk_ hít-kaning hít-kabo hít-ke hít-kar
_tap_ tak-khaling tak-khalbo tak-khale tak-khalk
_taste_ chaking chakebo chake chak
_teach_ sarpan-kaning sarpan-kabo sarpan-ke sarpan-kar
_tear_ haring haribo hare har
_throw_ harabing harabebo harabe harab
(bi_t_ing)
_tickle_ gudulú-kaning gudulú-kabo gudulú-ke gudulú-kar
_till_
(_plough_) langár-kaning langár-kabo langár-ke langár-kar
_tire_ dam-daning dam-danbo dam-dare dam-dar
_trip_ thábo-kaning thábo-kabo thábo-ke thábo-kar
_turn_, n. harsing harsebo harse haras
_twine_ peching pechebo peche pech
_twist_ res-tining res-tibo res-tire res-tis
_tumefy_ padám-kaning padám-kabo padám-ke padám-kar
_turn_, a. harsefing harsefebo harsefe harsef
_understand_ sarpan-maning sarpan-mabo sarpan-are sarpan-mas
_upset_ musun-kaning musun-kabo musun-ke musun-kar
_wait_ jáeti-maning jáeti-mabo jáeti-are jáeti-mas
_walk_ kasar-hining kasar-hinbo kasar-káe kasar-hin
_wander_ charing charbo chare char
_want_ aling-ba_t_ing albo-ba_t_bo ale-ba_t_e al-ba_t_
_wash_ siling silbo sile sil
_wear_ bening benbo bene ben
_weare_ báfing báfbo báfe báf
_weep_ hoghing hoyibo hoye hogh
_weigh_ tol-kaning tol-kabo tol-ke tol-kar
_wink_ khan-khaling khan-khalbo khan-khale khan-khalk
_wish_ árzú-takhing árzú-takhbo árzú-takhe árzú-takh
_whistle_ shutár-kashing shutár-kashbo shutár-kashe shutár-kash
_work_ kárem-kaning kárem-kabo kárem-ke kárem-kar
_wound_ tha_d_ing tha_d_bo tha_d_e tha_d_
_wrap_ much-kaning much-kabo much-ke much-kar
_wring_ píling pílbo píle píl
_write_ nabisht-kaning nabisht-kabo nabisht-ke nabisht-kar

The materials from which the above Grammar and Vocabulary are compiled were collected during a rapid journey through the territories of the Khán of Calát—the Brahoe country—and tested, so far as opportunity offered, by reference to natives in different parts of the country, and by comparison with Eastwick’s “Epitome of the Grammars of the Brahuiky, Balochky, and Panjabi Languages.” It was my intention to have added some dialogues and phrases as a conclusion to the work. But to do so would extend the limits of this book to undue proportions, and delay its appearance indefinitely. I have therefore left this part of the work unfinished, and only offer the above synopsis in the hope that it may prove useful to the officers serving on the Sind Frontier; and if it should happily stimulate one amongst them to correct its errors, supply its deficiencies, and enlarge its scope, then the object of my labour will have been gained.

H. W. B.