Chapter XXVII: Dives Callaecia (2)

Santiago Cathedral--
Story of the gates, 42-43;
music, 53;
the giant censer, 72-75;
style of architecture, 62-63, 88, 93;
beds for the pilgrims, 72;
Candlemas 1907, 74-75;
the original church, 94-95;
compared with St. Sernin, 95-97;
fire 1170, 98;
the two master builders, 98;
cupola, 99;
naves, 99;
the seven gates, 99-100;
the Puerta de las Platerias, 100-2;
windows, 101;
sculpture and statuary, 101-2, 108;
façades, 102-5;
bells, 102, 103;
clock-tower, 102-3;
the _Capilla Mayor_, 103;
statues, 103-4;
entrances, 103-4;
façade of the Azabacheria, 104-5;
the _Pórtico de Gloria_, 105;
_see also that title_;
staircases, 105;
the Obradoira, 105-6;
cloisters, 106;
sculptured capitals, 126;
foliage, 127-28;
galleries, 128;
chapel of St. Joseph, 132;
capitals of, 133-35;
the palace of Gelmirez, 134-35

Santiago, church of, Betanzos, 311-12

Santiago, church of, Ribadavia, 287

Santiago Hospital. _See_ Hospital Real.

Santiago University--
Library, 70;
faculties of Law and Medicine, 192-93;
the medical college, 193;
architecture, 193-94;
library, 194-95;
patriots of, 195;
portraits of, 195-96;
reading-room, 196;
Natural History Museum, 196-97;
management, 197;
faculty of Pharmacy, 197-98

Santillana, Marquis of, letter _quoted_, 50

Santo Domingo, Coruña, 164

Santo Domingo, Lugo, 306

Santo Domingo, Padron, 187

Santo Domingo, Pontevedra, 259-60, 282

Santo Domingo, Ribadavia, 287, 305

Santo Domingo, Santiago, 209 _note_

Santo Domingo, Tuy, 281-82

Sar, Colegiata de--
Architectural peculiarity, 145-49, 192;
foundation, 149;
tomb of Archbishop Bernard, 149-50;
relics, 150;
other tombs, 150;
the hospital, 150-51

Sar River, 22, 146, 148, 222, 227

Saragossa, St., Virgen del Pilar, 304-5

Sardine trade, the, 164-66, 217-18, 232

Sarmiento, Martin Garcia, 216, 357

Sarmiento, Pedro de Gamboa, 265-66

Sarria, 308

Scandinavia, rock-drawings, 274

Scilly Islands, the, indentification, 11

Scotland, “cup and ball” drawings, 273

Scott, Sir Gilbert, 131

Segobriga, 83

Sejalvo, 291

Seoane, _cited_, 214, 216

Sephronius, Bishop, 83

Sequin, Bishop, 291

Sergius I., censer of, 75-76

Sevelo, Sr. Barros, 247

Severus, Catilus, 278

Severus, Sulpicius, 223

Seville--
Cathedral library, 73;
tobacco and cigar factories, 169-70;
emigration from, 177

Shell of St. James, the, 66-67, 71, 102, 220, 257

Shobdon, church of, 131

Sicily, 13

Sil River, the, 21, 208, 234-35, 353

Silvestre, Gregorio, 57

Silvia of Acquitaine, 36

Sinai, Mount, 35, 37

Sirmondo, Jesuit, 30

Sivelo, Barros, 2 _note_ 1, 4 and _note_, 7, 10

Slav pilgrims to Santiago, 7

Sobrado, monastery of, 77, 220

Socialism, in Galicia and Andalusia, 175, 184

Sodom, 37

Solesme, 267

Sotomayor, Diego de, tomb, 270

Sotomayor, Payo Gomez de, 260

Sotomayor, Suero Gomez de, 260

Sotomayor family, 271-72, 281;
house in Pontevedra, 268;
genealogical tree, 271

Soult, Marshal, 158

South Kensington, cast of the Pórtico de Gloria, 123

Southey, at Redondela, 276

Spain--
Origin of Spanish language, 49;
Spanish characteristics, 153;
emigration, 175, 176;
natural laziness, 176-77;
government of, 177;
education, 177-78;
universities of, 192-193;
pigs of, 212;
the Spanish onion, 349;
architecture. _See_ under Architecture

Statuary of the Middle Ages, harmony of, 121 and _note_;
influence of the drama on, 122;
absence of, in Greek churches, 122

Stoke, Miss, _quoted_, 128

Stonehenge, 7

Strabo, _cited_, 6, 10

Street, 85, 95 _note_, 96 _note_, 123, 132

Sueves, the, 15-16, 28 and _note_ 29, 30, 49, 261, 301

Susana, Santa, 199

Swanston, Paul, 160

Sweden, 216

Tabor, Mount, 35

Tambre river, 22, 143, 231, 232, 240, 244

Tamerlane, court of, 260

Taxation in Gaul, 173, 179, 266-67

Telmo, San, 284

Templars, the, 265, 278, 296

Teodomiro, 226, 294

Teodomirus, Bishop, 62

Teresa, Doña, 279-80

Teruiel, 81

Teucer, 255

Theobald IV., 52

Theodoricus, 15, 16

Theodosius, Emperor, 4, 30

Theophilus, S., 28

Ticknor, George, 50

Tiobre, 310

Tobacco factories, Spanish, 169-70, 345

Toja, mineral springs, 354-55

Tojosutos, cloisters of, 305

Toledo, 1, 86;
cathedral, 93

Tomas, Irish bishop, 202

Tombstones, 82-83

Tomé, Narciso, 93

Tomeza River, 255

Torquato, San, 327, 328, 330

Torquemada, Bishop, 284

_Torques_ of gold, 206-9, 233

Torremuzquiez, Counts of, 325

Toulouse Cathedral, sculptures, 128

Toulouse Museum, 134, 208

Tower of Hercules, Coruña, 154, 161-63

Trajan, Emperor, 163, 219

Tramunda, Santa, sarcophagus, 267

Trava, the, 231, 239

Tree of Jesse in sculpture, 114-15

Trevino, Francisco, tomb, 69

Trigo, Bartolamé, 256

Troncoso, springs, 355

Trovadores of Galicia, 52-59

Tumbo, island of, 267

Tumuli, 6-7

Turkestan, wardrobes in, 241

Turrafo, the, 22

Tuy, 1, 10, 22;
wolves of, 215;
lampreys, 219;
railways, 279;
wrestling matches, 279;
history, 279-80;
province, 280;
San Bartolomé, 280-81;
Santo Domingo, 281-82;
drives, 284-85

Tuy Cathedral, 278, 280;
exterior portico, 282-83;
built for defence, 283, 286;
parchments, 283-84;
rectangular apse, 284;
cloister, 284

Tyrol, the Austrian, 264, 333

Uceda, Captain, 162

Ulla River, the, 222, 225, 227, 228, 299, 345

United States, trade with Britain, 180

Urraca, Queen, 116, 279-80, 349

Ursula, S., 299

Usury in Gaul, 181

Valença, fortress of, 279, 280, 284, 285

Valencia, 346

Valerius, Abbot, 33-35, 37, 38

Valladares, Avelina, 184

Valparaiso, 175

Valute, Castro, 228

Vandals, 15, 29

Varela family, 240

Varela, Prof., 197

Valmar, Marquis of, 53

Varro, Marcus, 4

Vatican Library, 52, 55, 244

Vazquez, Arturo, 26

Velazquez, 11

Velazquez, Alonso, 202

Velez, Archbishop, 103

Venice, Doge’s palace, 148

Venta de Baños, 84

Verdugo, the, 268

Vespasian, 223

Vézelay, church of, 97;
façade, 109;
the arcades, 128

Vianna de Castello, 20

Vieira. _See_ Shell of St. James

Vienna Museum, 207

Vigo--
Harbour of, 11, 22, 153, 154, 318;
oysters, 219;
the road to, 276-77;
commercial position, 277;
houses, 278;
Colegiata de Santa Maria, 278;
English attack on, 348

Vigo, Ria de, 17, 276, 277, 278

Villagarcia, 149, 205, 245, 254

Villavieja, 277

Vine cultivation, 180, 224, 264, 268

Violante, Queen, 205

Viollet le Duc, 78 _note_, 129-30

Virgen de los Ojos, 304

Virgen del Pilar, 304

Visigoths, 83, 84;
churches of the, 86-87

Wales, 8

Wallingford, 33

Walter, minstrel, 53 _note_

Water supply of Santiago, 202

Wellington, Duke of, on Moore, 159;
and the Gallegans, 356

Westminster Abbey, capitals, 127;
memorial of Sir John Moore, 157

White Tower, London, 98 _note_;
capitals, 127

Wilfrid, St., 88

William X., 69

William de Rubruquis, 69-70

Winchester, 284;
capitals, 126-27;
transept, 135

Witiza, King, 1, 279, 295

Wolfe, Rev. Charles, 159

Woman in Galicia, 166, 178, 202, 234;
the women labourers, 249, 269, 355

Woodwork, stalactite, 194

Writings. _See_ Inscriptions

_Xeito_, the, 218

Yanez de Noboa, Bishop, 294, 295

Yepes, 45

York Cathedral, 304

Zanelo, 65

Zepedano, 73, 149

_Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, _Edinburgh_

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Barros Sivelo tells us that his friend Sr. Robles collected data for a history of Galicia for twenty-seven years, but died before he had begun to write it.

[2] In the reign of Philip II.

[3] Theophilo Braga.

[4] Barros Sivelo, _Antiquedades di Galicia_, 1875.

[5] _The Bible in Spain_, ch. xxvii.

[6] It is believed that Spain was once united to the north African coast, and it is certain that in antiquity the Straits of Gibraltar were much narrower than they are now.

[7] See _Cronicon del Obispo Idacio_, ed. by Dr. Marcelo Macias, 2nd ed., 1906.

[8] See chapter on “The Caucasus” in my _Russia_.

[9] “Maravillosa es hallar en el Asia y en la España pueblos de nombres identicos, iberos albanios, galecios, y calibes” (Aguiar).

[10] See Lecture on “Arte Primitivo en España,” by D. José Ramon Melida in the Athenæum of Madrid, 1902.

[11] See description of these in my _Russia_.

[12] See article by Señor Melida, “La Ceremica prehistorica de la Peninsula iberica,” in _Nuestro Tiempo_, June 1901.

[13] Those which owe their origin to the Romans appear to have been built to hold from 100 to 10,000 men.

[14] _Piedras ossilantes._

[15] H. d’Arbois de Jubainville. See his _Les Celts depuis les temps les plus anciens_. Paris, 1904.

[16] _España Sagrada_, vol. xv.

[17] “Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitarie, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli apellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutes legibus inter se differunt” (_De B. G._ i. 1).

[18] See my _Russia_. See also Plato’s theory of Atlantida.

[19] No one now disputes the fact that the Celts are an Indo-European race. Jubainville says of them, “On peut comparer l’empire celtique à l’empire romain. Au sud il ne s’étendit pas autant; il ne comprit ni toute l’Espagne, ni toute l’Italie, ni toute la péninsule des Balkans, mais plus au nord il contenait une grande partie de l’empire d’Allemagne, une portion de l’empire d’Autriche et le région septentrionale de la grande Britagne, qui échappèrent toujours à la domination romaine, enfin, il comprenait l’Irelande où jamais les legions romains n’ont pénétré.” The same writer adds, “Le lieu d’origine des langues celtiques parâit avoir été un très petit pays, situé sur les bords du Rhin, du Main et du Danube, la où se trouvent aujourd’hui la Hesse-Darmstadt, le grand duché di Basle, de Wurtemburg, et la Bavière septentrionale.” Farther on he affirms that “la patrie des Cimbris était la Schléswig-Holstein et non la Crimeé” (because Tacitus mentions a people of that name as dwelling in Schleswig-Holstein in his day).

[20] See Garcia de la Riega, _Galicia Antigua_, 1904.

[21] Joseph Cornide, _Las Cassiterides_, 1790.

[22] _Les Celtes_, Paris, 1904.

[23] See Barros Sivelo. Hamilcar intended to make Spain his base of operations for the invasion of Italy. See Stone’s notes to Livy.

[24] See Livy, lib. 53, or rather its Table of Contents, for the book is lost.

[25] See Tables of the Capitoline Triumphes and other ancient documents.

[26] See Suetonius, and Plutarch, who wrote in his _Life of Julius Cæsar_: “We are told that when he was in Spain he bestowed some leisure hours in reading part of the history of Alexander, and was so much affected with it that he sat pensive a long time, and at last burst out into tears. As his friends were wondering what might be the reason, he said, ‘Do you think I have not sufficient cause for concern when Alexander at my age reigned over so many conquered countries, and I have not one glorious achievement to boast?’ From this principle it was that immediately upon his arrival in Spain he applied to business with great diligence, and, having added ten new cohorts to the twenty he received, then he marched against the Callaecians (Galicians) and Lusitanians, defeated them, and penetrated to the ocean, reducing nations by the way that had not felt the yoke.”

[27] I have been obliged to omit my chapter on Priscillian for want of space.

[28] Called by Pliny and Pomponius Mela, “the Celtic promontory.”

[29] See Chapter on Tuy.

[30] Ford.

[31] _Ibid._

[32] Valenzuela.

[33] Lib. 1. v. 235.

[34] See Dr. Marcelo Macias, _Civitas Limicorum_, 1904.

[35] _Loc. cit._

[36] _De Bell. Hisp._

[37] _España Sagrada_, vol. xv.

[38] “La Gallega,” Nave Capitaina de Colon, by C. Garsia de la Riega, 1897.

[39] Lopez Ferreiro, _El Priscilianismo_, 1878.

[40] Laborde, after dividing the history of Spain into four great epochs, says, “Dans la première époque” (under the Carthaginians and the Romans) “les Espagnols font partie du grand système qui gouvernait le monde, mais plutot alliés que sujets des Romains, se civilisant comme eux et non par eux, ils les égalèrent dans presque toutes les connaissances utiles, et furent a la fois le soutien et la richesse de leur empire.”

[41] Comision de Monumentos.

[42] Dr. Macias points out that the change of _i_ into _e_ in the name of the city was probably governed by some law of euphony according to which not only was the final long _i_ changed into long _e_ but also the short _i_ in the middle of the word to the short _e_, as in _sinu_, _sino_, _pilo_, _pele_, _minus_, _menos_.

[43] The name Sueve, Suevi (Anglo-Saxon, _Swaefas_; Modern German, _Schwabe_), was a generic appellation, like that of the body of distinct tribes who composed the Allemannic confederacy; the name of Suevi was frequently interchanged with that of Allemanni by ancient writers. See Hampson’s Essay on King Alfred’s “Orosius.” The Sueves had come to Galicia from the territory stretching between the Rhine and the Elbe.

[44] Arian professed that the Son was not equal or co-substantial with the Father. See Gibbon, vol. iv. ch. xxxvii.

[45] Quoted by Dr. Macias from _Hist. de los Heterod. Espanoles_, vol. i. p. 123.

[46] Gibbon quotes many lines from Idatius, and calls him Spain’s most eloquent historian.

[47] Ordination was not allowed before the age of twenty-five.

[48] The Sueves entered Spain in 411 and Galicia in 411. See _Esp. Sagrada_, vol. iv.

[49] See Bosworth and Florez.

[50] King Alfred’s _Orosius_, bk. v. ch. xii.

[51] About five years before the birth of Idatius.

[52] “Two great interests then moved the hearts of Christians, led them from their homes, and threw them into the midst of the difficulties, perils, and tediousness, now incomprehensible, of a journey to the East. They would kiss the footsteps of the Lord Jesus upon the very soil where He encountered life and death for our salvation; they would also survey and see with their own eyes those deserts, caverns, and rocks where still lived the men who seemed to reach nearest to Christ by their supernatural austerity, and their brave obedience to the most difficult precepts of the Saviour” (Montalembert).

[53] “The learned librarian of a lay-brotherhood established in that place.” See Preface to Bernard’s translation.

[54] Published by the Imperial Academy of Vienna, in vol. xxxix. of _Corpus Sculptorum Ecclesiasticorum Laborum_.

[55] Since published separately, with a facsimile of the opening page of the manuscript. Translated by J. H. Bernard, B.D., Palestine Pilgrims Text Society.

[56] See Bernard’s translation.

[57] Férotin.

[58] Bernard said in his preface: “I have been much struck by the accuracy of St. Silvia’s (Etheria’s) topographical descriptions; they are evidently those of a person who had seen the places described.” Of the document itself he wrote: “The manuscript is said to be written in an eleventh-century hand, and Gamurrini considers it tolerably certain that it was the work of a monk at Monte Casino.”

[59] See Valerius’s _Life of St. Fructuosus_, quoted by Montalembert. St. Isidore, according to Cuvier, was the first Christian who arranged for Christians the knowledge of antiquity; so we may call him the father of Ecclesiastical Archæology.

[60] Montalembert translated these and other stories about this saint from the Latin of Zepes. See his own note.

[61] Capilla parroquial de San Fructuoso.

[62] See Lopez Ferreiro, _Hist. de la S. Iglesia de Santiago_, vol. ii., 1899, and _España Sagrada_, vol. xxxiv. The Arab historians also tell this story.

[63] “Cette œuvre au texte si court et au chant si long; à l’écouter, à la lire avec recueillement cette magnifique exoration paraissait se décomposer en son ensemble, répresenter trois états différents d’âme, signifier la triple phase de l’humanité, pendant sa jeunesse, sa maturité et son déclin; elle était en un mot, l’essentiel resumé de la prière à tous les âges.” See Huysman’s _En Route_, where Durtal’s conversion is made to take place as he listens to the _Salve Regina_.

[64] _España Sagrada_, xix.

[65] Read before the Sixth Catholic Congress at Santiago, July 1902.

[66] St. Gregory the Great, who died about 604, was the first monk who became a pope. “It was he,” says Montalembert, “who inaugurated the Middle Ages, modern society, and Christian civilization. He was the first to collect the ancient melodies of the Church, in order to subject them to the rules of harmony, and to arrange them according to the requirements of Divine worship, ... he established at Rome the celebrated school of religious music, to which Gaul, Germany, England, all the Christian nations came in turn.”

[67] See Borrow’s _Bible in Spain_, ch. xxviii.

[68] _Historia de la Santa Iglesia de Santiago_, vol. ii.

[69] See Nos. 55, 262, 313.

[70] See Fita, Braga, and Monaci.

[71] It appeared first in _El Eco de Galicia_, and then, amplified, in the _Boletin de la Accademia Galliga de la Coruña_, May 1906.

[72] The language of Galicia has been called _Madre de la Portuguesa_ (“Mother of Portuguese”) by Amador de los Rios and by Pedro José Pedal. See _La Poesía Gallega_, by the Marquis de Figueroa, 1829.

[73] See work on Alfonso _el Sabio_, by the Marquis de Valmar, i. 2nd ed., 1897.

[74] The Irish poets were much given to contests of wit, usually carried on in the following way: When two of them met, one repeated the first half of a very short poem, which was a challenge to the other to repeat it. Sometimes it was a quotation from some obscure, half-forgotten old poem, sometimes an effusion composed on the spot, in which case the second poet was expected to give, extemporaneously, a second half of the same length, prosody and rhyme, and making continuous sense.... In Ireland it was believed that a true poet never failed to respond correctly.... So generally cultivated, and so universally admired was this talent for impromptu reply, that in the ecclesiastical legends some of the Irish saints are credited with as much proficiency as the best of the poets. See P. W. Joyce, _A Social History of Ancient Ireland_, 1903.

[75] See Marquis de Figueroa, _De la Poesía Gallega_.

[76] Murguia gives the names of the following Gallegan poets: Abril Perez, Airas Miñez, Bernal de Boneval, Juan Ayras, Pay de Cana, and Pero Annes Marinho. The same writer, quoting Michel, says, “In 1361, Messire Jehan de Chartres and Pierre de Montferrand took three _juglares_ with them on a pilgrimage to Santiago. Walter, an English minstrel, also visited Santiago about that time.

[77] Aldrede (quoted by Valmar) said, “Many of the words thought to have been borrowed from the Moors by Spain are really old Latin words.” See his _Del origine y princípio de la lengua Castellana_, vol. iii. cap. xv.

[78] See _España Sagrada_, vol. ix.

[79] “Los bases essenciales de la versificacion, de las lenguas románicas son, el numero de silabas, el acento dominante del verso (cesura) y al terminar, del verso, la homofonia de las silabas acentuadas al final de los versos (asonancia o’ rima). No entre, en esta verseficacion la cantidad prosodica de los griegos y de los romanos.” See also Friedrich Diez, _Die Poesie der Troubadours_.

[80] _Paradiso_, Canto xix. v. 124.

[81] See study by Hugo Albert Rennert, Ph.D., Prof. Univ. Pennsylvania.

[82] The works of Silvestre are very rare. 1st ed. published in Seville, 2nd ed. Granada, 1597. (Another edition mentioned by Ticknor, Granada, 1588.)

[83] See his “Nobleza de Andalusia,” Seville, 1588.

[84] “El mas glorioso entre los sepulcros de los Santos de todas las naciones de la tierra,” quoted by Sanchez.

[85] Lopez Ferreiro, _Lecciones de Arqueologia_, quoted by Villa-Amil.

[86] See his _Mobilario Liturgico_, 1907.

[87] Quoted by Fernandez Sanchez.

[88] See article in Smith’s _Classical Dict._; also Walter Lowrie’s _Christian Art and Archæology_, 1901. Lowrie thinks that the use of incense originated in funeral processions. “Constantine,” he says, “presented to St. Peter’s a censer (_thumiamaterium_) of purest gold, adorned on all sides with gems, to the number of sixty, and weighing fifteen pounds.”

[89] Ford wrote: “In the Spanish theatres no neutralising incense is used as is done by the wise clergy in their churches. If the atmosphere (of the theatres) were analysed by Faraday, it would be found to contain equal portions of stale cigar smoke and fresh garlic fume.”

[90] See _Mobilario Liturgico_, p. 176.

[91] These so-called clarions or clarionets (or _chirimias_, as they are locally called) are not really clarionets, they are like flutes, sounded by the help of a reed fixed to the mouthpiece. I have been assured that they are the only two of their kind in existence.

[92] See his _El Pontificade Gallego_, 1907.

[93] See Richard Ford, _A Handbook for Travellers_, London, 1855.

[94] Purchase.

[95] See _Historia de la Santa Iglesia de Santiago_, vol. iv. 1901.

[96] As Lamperez has remarked, the return to Gothic and mediæval architecture witnessed in France and other countries in the nineteenth century may be distinctly traced to the interest aroused first by Caumont, and later by Viollet-le-Duc in the architecture of the Middle Ages.

[97] See Montalembert on this subject.

[98] “À la tendencie espiritualista y sutilisima de la arquitectura de la Edad Media, con sus complicados problemas de equilibrio, suceden los elementos greco-romanos y el dominio de la masa. El aspecto expressivo la emoción religiosa que producen los monumentos del Renacimiento no es por las formas clásicas, sino à pesar de ellas, puesto que la desposicion de los templos es la caracteristica cristeana, y solo la vestidura espagana. Socialmente, al colectivismo artistico, succede el arts personal.” See article by Lamperez in _Escuela de Estudios superiores_, Madrid, 1904.

[99] Leo V. was an Iconoclast, and for this he was assassinated while attending matins in his chapel. The great struggle against the Iconoclasts was terminated during the regency of Theodora, mother of Michael III. (the Drunkard), who came to the throne in 842. See George Finlay, _History of the Byzantine Empire_.

[100] “Byzantine art is the Greek spirit working in Asiatic elements.” Choisy, quoted by Lethaby and Swainson in _Sancta Sophia_.

[101] See M. Gomez-Morreno, _Excursion à traves del arco de herredura_, Madrid, 1906.

[102] There are two in the Museum at Leon.

[103] Gomez-Morreno.

[104] An illustration of this was published in _Monumentos Arquitectonio de España_.

[105] See Juan Agapite y Rivilla, _La Basilica Visigoda de San Juan Batista_ (Palentia):

“la única construccion visigoda que nos queda.”

[106] Gomez-Morreno writes: “Sus arcos todos, asi ... reproducen fielmente la traza de los primitivos cordobeses, con adornada mocheta ó borcelón por impostas y despiezo, convergente al centro de la curva” (Saladin). “La mosquee de Sidi Okba à Kairuan. Al mismo tiemps con Abderrahmen II. (821-852) el emirato cordobes adquiria fuerza politica abriéndose al Oriente: un arte nuevo se produjo à base de le indigena, pero engalanado con arreos bizantinos, y simultaneamente principió à fijarse al tipo musulman de nuestro arco. Ya hemos visto cómo caracterisa su fase anterior el no traspasar la semicircumferencia en más de un tercio del radio, y con frecuencia en cantidad poco sensible, á excepcion de los estelas, donde el trazado de la curva se hacía á capricho. Desde Abderrahmen II. impera otro orden invariable: la prolongacion es de una mitad del radio, ó sea con flecha de tres cuartos del diámetro, en forma que el arco resulta construido sobre un exágono: la irradiación del despiezo de sus dovelas verifícase desde el centro dela linia de arranque; muchas veces los hombros del arco van descaradamente enjarjados: enrasen con el vuelo de los impostas, ellegando más tarde á rebasarlas algo, y ellas perfilan una mocheta ó bien la gallarda nacela que se erigió moldura única. Otro nuevo elemento complementario y en lo sucesivo unseparable casi de nuestro arco, es el alfiz ó recuadro, de origen quiza’ pérsa.”

[107] Santa Comba de Bande and San Pedro de Rocas.

[108] See George E. Street, F.S.A., _Some Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain_, 1865.

[109] See J. Amador de los Rios, _El Arte Latino-Byzantine_, 1861.

[110] See Tarig-ben-Zeyad and Mirza-ben-Nosayar, both quoted by Amador de los Rios.

[111] Ataulf was the founder of the Visigoth kingdom in Spain, just as Alaric was the founder of the Ostragoth kingdom in Italy.

[112] “Los objetos artisticos que constituyen el Tesoro de Guerrazar, revelan claramente la existencia de una arte en que se asocian y asemelan los elementos constitutivos del arte _romano_, ya alterado por la poderosa influencia de la Iglesia latina y del arte bizantino, tal como aparece en la primera edad de su desarollo” (_op. cit._). Many of these are now in the Cluny Museum.

[113] “La única senda possible para realizar la obra del Renacimiento” (_op. cit._).

[114] See _Historia de la Arquitectura Christiana_, 1904.

[115] In Galicia there are practically no traces of the Moors, except an Arabic inscription on a stone in a church at Betauzos, the name of a street there. The carved woodwork of the Fonseca ceiling, and that at Monforte, are of more recent date, and the work of Spaniards.

[116] “Then nearly all the bishops’ seats, the churches, the monasteries of saints, and even the oratories in the villages, were changed by the faithful for better ones” (_op. cit._). Radulphus Glaber (who died 1045), quoted by Parker in _Gothic Architecture_.

[117] See F. Gregorovius, _The City of Rome in the Middle Ages_.

[118] Even in Rome there had been till then no Burgher class sufficiently strong to build a sure foundation for a secular constitution (_op. cit._).

[119] See Lamperez, _Historia de la Arquitectura Cristiana_.

[120] “Es la época de apogeo del arte cristiano y de la idealizacion de la materia hasta convertirla en sutilisima expresion del pensamiento religioso” (_op. cit._).

[121] “Ce ne sont pas des soldats qui rapportent un art dans le baggage” (Viollet-le-Duc).

[122] See Edward Preissig, Ph.D., _Notes on the History and Political Institutions of the Old World_, 1906.

[123] See Lamperez, _op. cit._

[124] Lamperez. See also Buckart, Geismuller, and Munty, three great authorities quoted by Lamperez.

[125] See Arturo Vazques Nuñez, _La Arquitectura Cristiana en la provincia de Orense_, 1894.

[126] The first cathedral built over the apostle’s body was finished in 874, and consecrated on May 17th, 899.

[127] Until the fifteenth century the dates given in Spanish inscriptions were calculated from the “Spanish era,” which began thirty-eight years before the Christian era. To bring a date to our own reckoning we must therefore subtract thirty-eight.

[128] See _Monografía de la Catedral de Santiago_, by Fernandez Casanova, 1902, and _Historia de la S.A.M. Iglesia de Santiago_, vol. iii., by Lopez Ferreiro.

[129] Street wrote of the cathedral of Santiago: “This cathedral is of singular interest, not only on account of its unusual completeness and the general unity of style which marks it, but still more because it is both in plan and design a very curiously exact repetition of the church of St. Sernin at Toulouse. But S. Sernin _is earlier in date by several years_, having been commenced by S. Raymond in 1060 A.D. and consecrated by Pope Urban II. in 1096” (_Gothic Architecture in Spain_, 1865). But Lopez Ferreiro writes forty years later that, after comparing the two cathedrals with the minutest care, he has found sufficient divergence in their detail to indicate a different style, a different school, and a different inspiration.

[130] The barrel vault (roof shaped like half a barrel) is peculiar to the architecture of the eleventh century. English architects call this “Earliest Norman.”

[131] Street was the first to draw attention to these buttresses. He wrote in 1866, “The buttresses which appear on the ground-plan are all connected by arches thrown from one to the other, so that the eaves of the roof project in front of their outside face. There is consequently an enormous thickness of wall to resist the weight and thrust of the continuous vault of the triforium, these arches between the buttresses having been contrived in order to render the whole wall as rigid and uniform as possible.”

[132] See _Hist. Compost._

[133] See Chapter IX.

[134] It must be remembered that the Cathedral of Santiago stood completed in all its glory more than a hundred years before the foundations of Cologne Cathedral were laid. Amiens Cathedral was not begun till 1220, and not completed until 1288. All the architecture in England dating from the period in which Santiago Cathedral was completed is Early Norman. The chapel in the White Tower, London (1081), is considered to be one of the best and most perfect examples of this period. Part of the west front of Lincoln was built by the bishop of Remi (of Reims) between the years 1085 and 1092. Canterbury Cathedral was not finished till 1184.

[135] Codex of Calixtus II. bk. v.

[136] In ch. ix. of bk. iv. of the Codex of Calixtus II. we read: “Tiene esta Iglesia” (that of Santiago) “tres portadas principales, y siete pequeñas. De las primeras la una mira al Occidente, la otra al Mediodia, y la tercera al Septentrion. Cada una de estas portadas tiene dos entradas, y cada entrada dos puertas.” See chapter on “La Portada de las Platerias,” in Ferreiro’s _El Pórtico de Gloria_.

[137] See Lopez Ferreiro, _op. cit._

[138] “Un compendio en piedra de la divina revelacion.”

[139] Lopez Ferreiro, _op. cit._

[140] See Fernandez Sanchez, who gives it in full.

[141] See Chapter VI. for further explanation of this word.

[142] “La obra mas bella y suntuosa, verdaderamente magnifica, y tan monumental que al contemplarlæ no se perciben los detalles, es la fachada de la Catedral de Santiago construeda en 1737 por Casas y Novos” (Lamperez).

[143] The Spanish word _portico_ is derived from the Latin _porticus_, French _porche_, English _porch_. Roulin points out that this word is one of the thousand examples of Spain having altered the Latin language less than France has done.

[144] Lopez Ferreiro, in his _El Pórtico de Gloria_, was the first modern writer to interpret its meaning thus. For a long time previously it was taken erroneously to represent the Last Judgment.

[145] See A. N. Didron, _Christian Iconography_, translated by E. J. Millington, compiled by M. Stokes, 1886.

[146] “Now on a certain day it came to pass that as she sat in the church and read, a poor man drew nigh to pray, and beholding a woman robed in black raiment and already stricken in years, he took her for one of the needy, and drawing forth a cake of bread, he placed it on her lap and went away. But she, despising not the gift of the poor man, who had not recognised her rank, accepted the bread and thanked him; and she placed it before her on the table, and every day she used it for the prayer of benediction until no more of it remained.” See _op. cit._

[147] See _Speculum humanae Salvationis_, etc. Didron found a copy of the Byzantine Guide to Painters in a monastery at Esphigmenon which, he thought, dated from the fifteenth century.

[148] See Lamperez.

[149] _Revue de l’Art Chrétien_, 1895.

[150] Lopez Ferreiro.

[151] Lopez Ferreiro here quotes Viollet le Duc: “To give the hero proportions superior to those which you give to the other persons engaged in the combat is the most effectual way of impressing the spectator with the greatness of the deed.”

[152] See Villa-Amil.

[153] Villa-Amil, taking the tore for the barrier of purgatory, concluded that the foliage behind it must be meant to represent flames!

[154] “Le Jugement dernier de Saint Jacques de Compostella se distingue enfin par des éléments iconographiques très specieux, très interessants: et pourtant nous le répétons, l’iconographie de la partie centrale de cette belle composition se rapproche sensibliment des representations correspondantes qui appartiennent aux siècles suivants: elle précède, elle annonce, elle laisse, entrevoir les fameux jugements de la période gothique....” A. A. Roulin (_op. cit._).

[155] _Baculo en tau._

[156] Fernandez Sanchez says this column is of _agate_.

[157] “At Llanrhaidr yn Kenmerch, Denbighshire, there is an example in stained glass, with the date 1533.... It was likewise wrought into a branched candlestick, thence called a Jesse, not an unusual piece of furniture in ancient churches; in the year 1097 Hugo de Flori, abbot of St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, bought for the choir of his church a candlestick of this kind.”--See Parker, _Glossary of Architecture_.

[158] See his _El Pórtico de Gloria_ (2nd ed., 1893).

[159] Viollet le Duc has shown how the statuary of the Middle Ages produced perfect harmony between “l’intelligence et son envelope. Dans les traits des visages comme dans les formes et les movements du corp on retrouve l’individu moral. Chaque statue possède un character personnel qui rest gravi dans le mémoire comme le souvenir d’un être vivant qu’on a connu.”

[160] Didron has published the whole of the MS. of Dionisius (_op. cit._).

[161] See E. J. Millington’s translation of Didron.

[162] _Op. cit._

[163] It was taken under the auspices of the artist Brucciani in 1866.

[164] “Dans l’Espagne chrétienne aucun monument, avant l’époque des grandes cathédrales du XIII siècle, n’est comparable au porche de Compostelle; aucun n’est comme lui une construction d’architecte, de sculpteur et de poète. En France les porches de Chartres exposent une iconographie plus compliquée, et plus savante. L’auteur du porche de Compostelle n’a pas réalisé en pierre une somme théologique, mais un hymne épique.”--See _Histoire de l’Art_, vol. i., ed. André Michel, Paris.

[165] See his work on the _Cathedral of Santiago_, vol. iv., 1901. This authority describes the capital thus: “El perfil de nuestros capiteles es de un tambour cilindrico que desde la base se va ensanchando por igual con la follaje, hasta tocar en el abaco ó en la imposta, bajo cuyos cuatro angulos las molduras se entienden y encorvan para delinear la antigua voluta elanca.”

[166] They fondly believe that this class of design had spread from Ireland to the Continent.

[167] See Margaret Stoke’s _Six Months in the Apennines_, 1892.

[168] “Chaque artisan était intéressé ainsi à ce que son morceau se distinguât entre tous les autres pas une execution plus parfait” (_op. cit._).

[169] See Parker.

[170] See Adolfo Fernandez Casanova (_op. cit._).

[171] See illustration in Viollet le Duc, _Dictionnaire Raisonnée_, vol. vii.

[172] See Sanchez.

[173] See Villa-Amil, _Iglesias Gallegas_, p. 271 (1904).

[174] Villa-Amil gives the exact wording of the document (_op. cit._).

[175] “Por una carta del Arzobispo de Zaragoza á su padre et Rey Catolico, que publicó. Cean Bermúdez, se sabe que había recibido Enrique Egas orden del Rey para ir á Santiago á derigir la obra del Hospital por todo el mes de Febrero de 1505” (_Eglesias Gallegas_).

[176] Villa-Amil points out that the statue of St. Paul in the _Pórtico de Gloria_ also has a long beard.

[177] This kind of verse was very common among hymn-writers of the Middle Ages, and is used in the inscriptions on the consecration crosses of the cathedral (1211).

[178] See Lopez Ferreiro, _Hist. Cat. de Santiago_, vol. iv., note.

[179] Florez gives the Latin of Orosius from bk. I. ch. v. See _Esp. Sag._ vol. xxi.

[180] In the forties of last century this journey took seventy hours. See Ford.

[181] In Murray’s _Handbook for Travellers in Spain_ (London, 1845) we read that the body of Moore was afterwards removed by the Marquis of Romana from its original grave in the cemetery of San Carlos to where it now lies: the present monument was paid for by the British Government through the agency of the British Consul, Mr. Bartlett. In 1839 (three years after Borrow’s visit) General Mazaredo, a Spaniard, who lived much in England, raised a subscription there with which he repaired the tomb and planted the surrounding ground for a public Alameda. Spanish writers do not mention any removal of the body.

[182] Borrow. Guadalete, Moorish equivalent for Lethe or Limia. See account of that river in Chapter II. of this volume.

[183] _Life of Wellington._

[184] “El general inglis Moore que murió en 1809 defendiendo la poblacion,” says one of them.

[185] I would recommend all who are interested in the authorship of these lines to read Mr. Newick’s pamphlet, _The Writer of the Burial of Sir John Moore discovered_ (T. Thatcher, Bristol), which was brought to my notice by a letter from Professor Skeat in the _Daily Telegraph_ for January 19, 1909.

[186] _sube al cielo_.

[187] Ford, _Gatherings from Spain_.

[188] See _Monografía geografico-historica de Galicia_, published Madrid, 1907.

[189] _Monografía de Galicia_, 1907.

[190] See Chapter on _Galicia’s Livestock_ in this volume.

[191] See Chapter on Emigration.

[192] See B. F. Alonso, _Guerra Hispano-Lusitana_, 1893.

[193] _La Voz de Galicia._

[194] There are more Norwegians in the United States than the whole population of the mother country.

[195] See _Le progrès économique de la République Argentine_, published by Banco Español del Rio de la Plata, August 1906.

[196] See Verea y Aguiar, _Historia de Galicia_, vol. i., 1838.

[197] See Prologue to her _Follas Novas_, by Emilio Castelar.

[198] It is known in Madrid by the name _morrinha Gallega_.

[199] See J. V. Failde, _Rosalia Castro_, Madrid, 1906.

[200] “Nos somos arpa de soyo duas cordas, a’ imaẍinacion y o’ sentimiento.”

[201] “Tienen singularísimo valor los diminutivos Gallegas” (Marquis de Figueroa).

[202] See his _De la Poesía Gallega_, 1889.

[203] “Por Galicia penetró el gusto provenzal en Castille hasta principios del siglo xiii.” See Theophile Braga, _Trovadores Galaice-portugueses_.

[204] Pastor Dias was one of these; though a Gallegan by birth and in temperament, he only wrote one poem in the Gallegan dialect. See Marquis de Figueroa (_Op. cit._), p. 41.

[205] Emilia Pardo Bazán, quoted by Marquis de Figueroa.

[206] _Op. cit._

[207] See Eugenio Carré Aldao, _La Literatura Gallega en el siglo xix._, 1903.

[208] Murguia.

[209] See _Deux Manuscrits Wisigothiques de la bibliotheque de Ferdinand I._ Paris, 1901.

[210] The diary of this Gallegan Pepys begins with the year 1546:--“Año del Señor de mil e quinientos y quarenta y seis años: siendo yo vice Rector de la villa de Carril cayó Sant Juan y Corpus Xpi en un dia: fué año de jubileo: fueron ocho de Aureo numero: letra dominical fue C. Abia dos años que cantara misa nueva....”

[211] In rich families thirteen ounces of gold are handed to the bride, but whatever the metal, the number must always be thirteen; it is a symbol of the husband’s promise to endow his wife with all his worldly goods.

[212] See George Macdonald, _Coin Types_, 1905.

[213] “The first specimens of British coinage can hardly be later than circa 150 B.C.” (_op. cit._).

[214] Quoted by P. W. Joyce in _A Social History of Ancient Ireland_, 1903. This writer adds: “How much Ireland was richer than Britain in gold is well illustrated by the fact that while the total weight of the gold ornaments in the British Museum collected from England, Wales, and Scotland (excluding those from Ireland) is not more than 5 oz., those of the collection in the National Museum in Dublin weigh about 570 oz.”

[215] “Ordono II., en la carta por la que dona á la iglesa de Santiago una villa que fué de cierta Elvira, en 27 de Febrero de 922, dice: ’_accepimus_ in offertionem ex parte prenominate ecclesie limace eum lapidibus et auro sculpto in D, solides necnon ... balteum aureum cum lapidibus miro opere compositum similitem in D, solidos.” (Published for first time by Señor Lopez Ferreiro in Appendix of his _Hist. Igl. Santiago_, vol. ii., 1899. Quoted by Villa-Amil in _Mobiliario Liturgico_.)

[216] See Benito F. Alonso, _El Pontificado Gallego_, p. 667.

[217] See Ford (_op. cit._) on this subject.

[218] See Dr. K. T. Raer, _Geschichte des Pfluges_, 1845; also Dr. O. Schrader, _Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples_, trans. by F. B. Jevons, 1890.

[219] Victor Lopez Seoane, _Fauna Mastologica de Galicia_, Santiago, 1861.

[220] Galicia’s horses were poetically described by the ancients as “the children of the Atlantic winds.”

[221] See V. L. Seoane, _Fauna Mastologica de Galicia_, 1861.

[222] This author translated Pliny’s _Natural History_ into Spanish.

[223] See Fidel Fita, _Recuerdos de un viaje á Santiago de Galicia_, Madrid, 1880.

[224] _Esp. Sagrada_, vol. xix.

[225] Fidel Fita (_op. cit._).

[226] See Villa-Amil, _Mobilario Liturgico_, 1907.

[227] See _Monografía de Galicia_, 1905. Sanchez stated in 1885 that the excavations already made led to the supposition that the capitol covered a space a league broad and half a league wide (17-1/2 Spanish leagues make a geographical degree).

[228] About twelve kilometres from Santiago.

[229] See Sancha (_op. cit._), p. 438.

[230] See _España Sagrada_ for a long list of distinguished bishops. The church which stood here in the ninth century was called _Santa Eulalia_. Fita says that the present church was rebuilt in 1685-1715.

[231] The Sar flows into the Ulla.

[232] _Op. cit._, p. 434.

[233] See Ticknor, _History of Spanish Literature_, chap. xx., and note.

[234] _Op. cit._

[235] Florez.

[236] In the sixteenth century.

[237] The legend of Noah having founded Noya is thought to have been invented by Annius of Viterbo, or some such person.

[238] The founder and first president of the Academia de Bellas Artes of Madrid.

[239] See Vincente Lamperez y Romea, _Notas sobre algunos Monumentos de la Arquitectura Christiana Española_. Madrid, 1904.

[240] “It is hard to believe,” remarks Lamperez, “as one compares this work with that of the _Pórtico de Gloria_, that three centuries elapsed between their construction.”

[241] Montalembert.

[242] Borrow, _op. cit._, mentions this bridge,--“we reached a long and ruinous bridge, seemingly of great antiquity, ... the bridge of Don Alonso. It crossed a species of creek or rather firth, for the sea was at no considerable distance; the small town of Noya lay to our right” (he should have written left).

[243] Local authorities have many times assured me that there is no trace of the Basque language or people in Galicia.

[244] Aguiar, _op. cit._, says of this village: “Este memoria es antiquisima aun cuando fuere alge posterior su imposition en Galicia á la existencia del 5te rey de Lacedemonia que fué dictio Argalo cerca 1400 B.C.”

[245] See _Monografía de Galicia_, 1905.

[246] The Gallegans invariably use the name “America” where we should say “South America.”

[247] Pontevedra was made the capital of the province by Royal Charter in 1833. See Villa-Amil, _Iglesias Gallegas_.

[248] See _España Sagrada_, vol. xix.

[249] Fidel Fita thought that two Roman roads met here.

[250] See Villa-Amil, _op. cit._; and Casto Sampedro, _Coleccion de documentos e inscripciones para la historia de Pontevedra_, p. 218, vol. ii., 1897.

[251] Lopez Ferreiro calls this edifice the _perla del arte Gallega_.

[252] This curious little book is an extract from the Hakluyt MS.

[253] Señor Sampedro hopes shortly to publish further particulars.

[254] By Bishop Juan Lopez. See full particulars in Villa-Amil (_op. cit._).

[255] See _Narrative of the Embassy_, by Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, 1403 A.D. Translated by C. Markham, 1859.

[256] See preface to _Voyages of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan_, translated 1895. Sir Clements Markham states that Sarmiento was born at Alcala de Henares in 1532, but that he was brought up in his father’s house at Pontevedra.

[257] Señor Casto Sampedro tells me it is without doubt the very same house.

[258] Published in 1904.

[259] See _Les Origines de la France_. The Marquis de Ayerbe occupies the post of Spanish Minister to Portugal.

[260] See J. H. Rivett Carnac, article in _Journal of Royal Asiatic Society_, 1903.

[261] See _Prehistoric Phares_, by Hodder M. Westropp, 1872.

[262] See Sir J. T. Simpson, _Ancient Sculpturing of Cups and Concentric Rings_, 1867.

[263] See Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1892-93.

[264] See his _Letters from Spain and Portugal_, 1797.

[265] See Chapter I., also T. Rice Holmes, _Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar_ (1907), p. 483.

[266] See _España Sagrada_, vol. xxii. (It was this hero who wounded Mars and Venus.)

[267] See Villa-Amil, _Iglesias Gallegas_.

[268] Villa-Amil has seen documents proving that the Dominicans only acquired its site in 1498, so that it must have been begun after that date.

[269] See A. D. Casanova, _Iglesias Medioevales de Tuy_, 1907.

[270] Lamperez thinks it was begun in 1100, and constructed very slowly.

[271] See Casanova.

[272] See Ford.

[273] See Benito F. Alonso, _El Pontificado Gallego_, 1897.

[274] Benito F. Alonso gives these particulars on p. 234 of _El Pontificado Gallego_, but on p. 60 of the same work he speaks of Eufemia as a martyr of the fourth century.

[275] See Benito F. Alonso, _op. cit._

[276] _Op. cit._

[277] See _Hübner_, and article by A. Vazquez Nuñez in _Orense Archæological Journal_.

[278] For an account of the longer excursions that should be taken from Orense, see Chapter on the Great Monasteries of Galicia in this volume.

[279] Greco was the painter who, of all others, had the greatest influence over Velasquez.

[280] The Counts of Lemos were at one time the most powerful nobles in Galicia.

[281] See his _Les Celts depuis les temps les plus anciens_, Paris, 1904.

[282] See Miquel Garcia y Teyeiro, _Lugo_, 1906.

[283] _Op. cit._

[284] See his article in _Mureo Española de Antiquidades_.

[285] See Photograph in Chapter on Noya.

[286] “Segundo Congreso Eucaristico español.”

[287] See article by Dr. Eladio Oviedo published in _La Mañana_, Coruña, 1890.

[288] This inclination is also visible from the outside, which is not the case at Sar.

[289] See _Monografis de Galicia_, 1905.

[290] William Jacob, _Travels in the South of Spain_, 1811.

[291] _Fundacion, antiquedad, y progressos del Imperial Monasterio de nuestra Señora de Ossera_ (Osera).

[292] “El sitio es una montana cuyas inascesibles cuestes, y empeñados siscos causa horror al que las mira” (_op. cit._).

[293] See _España Segrada_, vol. xvii.

[294] See _Tumbo del Monasterio de Osera_, folio 195.

[295] See _Monografía Geografico-historica de Galicia_, 1905.

[296] See Arturo Vazquez, _op. cit._

[297] See Villa-Amil, _op. cit._

[298] This poet has migrated to Cuba.

[299] See Ambrosio Morales, _op. cit._

[300] This kind of building was much used by the Romans, who called it “Incertum opus,” the stones being small and unhewn.--See Parker.

[301] Quoted by Villa-Amil in _Iglesias Gallegan_.

[302] See Arturo Vazquez Nuñez, _La Arquitectura Cristina en la provencia de Orense_, 1894, where the full wording of the paragraph is given. The same writer also remarks that in the time of Adozno there was a duplex monastery at Santa Comba, and that Adozno fell in love with the abbess, but eventually repented and expiated his sin.

[303] See Labrada.

[304] Two English brothers named Benjamin set up some machinery in the town of Pontevedra about the same time, but their enterprise did not meet with success.

[305] Ford wrote: “The treading out of the fruit is generally done by night, because it is then cooler, and in order to avoid as much as possible the plague of wasps by whom the half-naked operators are liable to be stung.”

[306] Water, 1 litre:

Acido carbonico libre 0,983 gramos.
Bicarbonatado de sosa 2,284 “
Idem de potasa 0,199 “
Idem de cal 0,156 “
Idem de magnesia 0,041 “
Idem de hierro 0,037 “
Cloruro de sodio 0,148 “
Silice 0,069 “
Lithina }
Arsénico }
Estronciana } Indicios.
Yodo }

DOCTOR ISIDRO PONDAL.

[307] _Buscar su madre Gallega._

[308] “Her earliest success was a prize essay on Feijoó, 1876, ... her foundation of a critical review, the _Nuevo Teatro Critico_, written entirely by herself, showed confidence and enterprise, and enabled her to propagate her eclectic views on life and art. It is as a naturalistic novelist that Señora Pardo Bazán is generally known” (James Fitzmaurice Kelly, in _A History of Spanish Literature_, 1898). The great Benedictine, Feijoó, was also a native of Galicia.