Chapter XXIV: Appendix: Collections of Children's Games

The following is a list of collections of popular games of children, or collections containing such, consulted in preparing the present volume, and referred to in the notes by the names of the editors:

BRAND, J. Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. With corrections
and additions by W. Carew Hazlitt. (Lond. 1870, 3 vols.) The
same, arranged and revised by Henry Ellis. (Lond. 1813, 2
vols.; new ed. 1849.)

CHAMBERS, R. Popular Rhymes of Scotland. (New ed. Edinb. 1870;
1st ed. 1842.)

HALLIWELL [PHILLIPS], J. O. The Nursery Rhymes of England. (6th
ed. Lond. 1860; 1st ed. 1842; 2d ed. 1843.)

Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales. (Lond. 1849.)

STRUTT, J. The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England.
(Lond. 1801.)

* * * * *

BELÈZE, G. Jeux des Adolescents. (Paris, 1873.)

BUJEAUD, J. Chants et Chansons Populaires des Provinces de
l'Ouest. (Niort, 1866, 2 vols.)

CELNART, MADAME. Manuel Complet des Jeux de Société. (2d ed.
Paris, 1830.)

CHABREUL, MADAME DE. Jeux et Exercises des Jeunes Filles. (2d ed.
Paris, 1860.)

DUMERSAN, M. Chansons et Rondes Enfantines. (Paris, 1858.)

DURIEUX, A., and BRUYELLE, A. Chants et Chansons Pop. du
Cambresis. (Cambrai, 1864-68, 2 vols.)

GAGNON, E. Chansons Pop. du Canada. (Quebec, 1880.)

GAIDOZ, H., and ROLLAND, E. Mélusine. Recueil de Myth., Lit Pop.,
Trad., et Usages. (Paris, 1878.)

KUHFF, P. Les Enfantines du Bon Pays de France. (Paris, 1878.)

PUYMAIGRE, T. J. B. DE. Chants Pop. Rec. dans le Pays Messin.
(Paris, 1865; 2d ed. 1881.)

TARBÉ, P. Romancero de Champagne. (Reims, 1843, 5 vols.)

* * * * *

ARBAUD, D. Chants Pop. de la Provence. (Aix, 1862. 2 vols.)

MONTEL, A., and LAMBERT, L. Chants Pop. du Languedoc. (Paris,
1880.)

* * * * *

COELHO, F. A. Romances Pop. e Rimas Infantís Portuguezes. (Zeit.
f. Rom. Phil. vol. iii. 1879.)

MARIN, F. R. Cantos Pop. Españoles, Tomo 1. Rimas Infantiles.
(Sevilla, 1882.)

MASPONS Y LABRÓS, F. Jochs de la Infancia. (Barcelona, 1874.)

VILLABRILLE, F. Los Juegos de la Infancia. (Madrid, 1847.)
Contains little of a popular character.

* * * * *

BERNONI, G. Guiochi Pop. Veneziani. (Venezia, 1874.)

CORAZZINI, F. I Componimenti Minori della Letteratura Pop. Ital.
(Benevento, 1877.)

DALMEDICO A. Ninne-nanne e Guiochi Infantili Veneziani. (Venezia,
1871.)

FERRARO, G. Canti Pop. di Ferrara, etc. (Ferrara, 1877.)

Cinquanta Guiochi Fanciulleschi Monferrini. In Archivio per lo
Studio delle Trad. Pop. G. Pitrè, S. Salomone-Mario. Fasc.
I., II. (Palermo, 1882.)

GIANANDREA, A. S. Saggio di Guiochi e Canti fanciulleschi delle
Marche. In Vol. I. of Rivista di Letteratura Pop., G. Pitrè,
F. Sabatini. (Roma, 1877.)

IMBRIANI, V. Canti Pop. Avellinesi. (Bologna, 1874.)

Canzonetti Infantili Pomiglianesi. In Vol. X. of Il
Propugnatore. (Bologna, 1877.)

IVE, A. Canti Pop. Istriani. In Vol. V. of Canti e Racconti del
Pop. Ital., D. Comparetti and A. D'Ancona. (Torino, 1877.)

PITRÈ, G. Canti Pop. Siciliani. (Palermo, 1870-71, 2 vols.)

* * * * *

COUSSEMAKER, C. E. DE. Chants Pop. des Flamands de France. (Gand,
1856.)

HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN, A. H. Horae Belgicae. (2d Aus.
Hannover, 1866.)

LOOTENS, A., and FEYS, J. Chants Pop. Flamands rec. à Bruges.
(Bruges, 1879.)

WILLEMS, J. F. Oude Vlaemsche Liederen. (Gent, 1848.)

* * * * *

Aus dem Kinderleben, Spiele, Reime, Räthsel. (Oldenburg, 1851.)

Baslerische Kinder-und Volks-Reime. (Basel, 187-.)

BIRLINGER, A. Nimm mich mit! Kinderbüchlein. (Freiburg, 1871.)

DUNGER, H. Kinderlieder und Kinderspiele aus dem Vogtlande.
(Plauen, 1874.)

FEIFALIK, J. Kinderreime und Kinderspiele aus Mähren. (Zeit. f.
deutsch Myth., Vol. IV.)

FIEDLER, E. Volksreime und Volkslieder in Anhalt Dessau. (Dessau,
1847.)

FRISCHBIER, H. Preussische Volksreime und Volksspiele. (Berlin,
1867.)

HANDELMANN, H. Volks-und Kinder-Spiele aus Schleswig-Holstein.
(Kiel, 1874.)

KEHREIN, J. Volkssprache und Volkssitte im Herzogthum Nassau.
(Weilburg, 1862, 2 vols.)

MANNHARDT, W. Germanische Mythen. (Berlin, 1858.)

MEIER, E. Deutsche Kinderreime und Kinderspiele aus Schwaben.
(Tübingen, 1851.)

MULLENHOFF, K. Sagen, Märchen, und Lieder d. Herzogthümer
Schleswig-Holstein und Lauenburg. (Kiel, 1845.)

PETER, A. Volkstümliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien. (Troppau,
1867, 2 vols.)

ROCHHOLZ, E. L. Alemannisches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel.
(Leipzig, 1857.)

SCHUSTER, F. W. Siebenbürgisch-Sächsische Volkslieder.
(Herrmannstadt, 1865.)

SIMROCK, K. Das deutsche Kinderbuch. (Frankfurt am Main, 1857.)

STOEBER, A. Elsässisches Volksbüchlein. (Strasburg, 1842.)

VERNALEBEN, T., and BRANKY, F. Spiele und Reime der Kinder in
Oesterreich. (Wien, 1873.)

Wiegenlieder, Ammenreime und Kinderstuben-Scherze in
plattdeutscher Mundart. (Bremen, 1859.)

Zeitschrift für deutsche Myth. und Sittenkunde, I.-IV.
(Göttingen, 1853-59.)

ZINGERLE, J. V. Das deutsche Kinderspiel im Mittelalter. (2d ed.
Innsbruck, 1873.)

* * * * *

ARWIDDSON, A. I. Svenska Fornsånger. (Stockholm, 1842, 3 vols.)

DJURKLOU, G. Ur Nerike's Folkspråk och Folklif. (Örebro, 1860.)

DYBECK, R. Runa, En Skrift för fädernes-landets fornvänner.
(Stockholm, 1842-49.)

GRUNDTVIG SVEND. Gamle Danske Minder i Folkemunde. (Copenhagen,
1854. New Series, 1857.)

Danske Folkeminder. (Copenhagen, 1861.)

HAMMERSHAIMB, V. U. Faeröiske Skikke og Lege. (Antiquarisk
Tidsskrift, Copenhagen 1849-51.)

THIELE, J. M. Danske Folkesagn. (Copenhagen, 1820-23, 4 vols.)

WIGSTROM, EVA. Folkdiktning. (Copenhagen, 1880.)

* * * * *

BEZSONOFF, A. Dyetskia Pyesni. Songs of (Russian) Children.
(Moscow, 1868.)

MOZAROWSKI, A. Svyatochnoia Pyesni. Christmas Games of the
Government of Kazan (Kazan, 1873.)

VRCEVIC, V. Sprske Narodne Igre. Servian Popular Games (Belgrade,
1868.)

* * * * *

NEUS, H. Ehstnische Volkslieder. (Reval, 1850.)

COMPARISONS AND REFERENCES.

The object of the following notes is to exhibit, in a clear manner, the extent of the correspondence between the games of American children and those belonging to children in other countries. This volume is not intended to include all games of children, but (with some exceptions in favor of certain amusements which possess interest as folk-lore) only such as are played with words or quaint formulas. Of games of this class, we find in the collections very few known to children in Great Britain, and possessing European diffusion, which are not represented in this series by independent American versions (see No. 160, note, end). With these exceptions, the British game-formulas to which American usage does not offer equivalents are local and of trifling interest. The references given below may, therefore, be considered as a comparative account of English children's games in general.

The coincidence which this comparison shows to exist between English and German games is very close. Taking three German collections--belonging respectively to Switzerland (Rochholz), to Suabia (Meier), and to Schleswig-Holstein (Handelmann)--and leaving out of account songs and ballads, we have about eighty games played with rhymes or formulas. Of this number, considering only cases of obvious identity, we estimate that forty-five have equivalents in the present series, and thirty-three are not so paralleled. But of the latter class, six are known to have been played in Great Britain, while thirteen others appear to be variations of types represented in this collection. Of the small number remaining, few seem to be ancient, it being impossible to point out more than three or four really curious games which are not played also in an English form. This agreement cannot be explained by inheritance from a common stock, a theory which research has also discredited in other branches of folk-lore. The relationship is only a degree less near in other countries; thus, in a collection of Spanish games belonging to Catalonia (Maspons y Labrós), we find that, out of thirty-eight games, twenty-five have English equivalents.

NOTES TO INTRODUCTION.

CAROL, p. 9. Middle Latin _Choraula_, from _choreola_. The word _coraula_ is still used to denote the ring-dance in Switzerland; also _coreihi_, to leap (choreare), Rochholz, p. 371. Russian _chorom_, a round of children, Bezsonoff, p. 190.

MAY-GAMES, pp. 16-19. Tarbé, "Romancero de Champagne," ii. 61. Puymaigre, p. 201, "Trimazos." A. Rivinus, "De Majumis," etc., in Graevius, Syntagma (Utrecht, 1702).

GAMES CITED BY FROISSART (pp. 34, 35).--The passage here rendered (with the omission of two or three obscure names of amusements) is from "L'Espinette Amoureuse," l. 143-338, 35-47. Many of the games mentioned cannot now be recognized from the titles given. Others, however, can be identified; thus, _Queue loo loo_ (keuve leu leu) is No. 106 of the present collection; _Oats_ (avainne), No. 21; _Scorn or Derision_ (risées), perhaps No. 61; _King who does not lie_, perhaps No. 55; _Grasses_ (erbelette), No. 42; _Cligne-musette_ (Cluignette), No. 105; _Pince-merine_, according to Menagier de Paris, lxxvii., the same as _Pince-sans-rire_, No. 77, C. _Playing with nuts_, No. 144; _Throwing pence_, etc., No. 144, B. _Pebbles_ (pierettes), No. 137, or No. 148. _Hook_ (havot), perhaps _Hockey_, No. 136. _Mule_, a kind of leapfrog, still played in Italy, _Salta-muletta_, Gianandrea, No. 30. A species of this game in Philadelphia is now called _Saults_. Replies (réponniaux), a sort of _Hide and seek_, No. 105, in which the concealed person indicates his whereabouts in answer to a call; see same poem, l. 2653. _Astonishment_ (esbahi), a game which consisted in imitating that emotion; thus, when the horses of a party have given out unexpectedly--"I should think we were playing at Astonishment," says one of the cavaliers, looking at the faces of the rest (Dict. of La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, art. "Esbahi"). On the whole, the impression which the catalogue gives us, is that the sports of a child in the Middle Ages were very similar to those of to-day, or, perhaps we should rather say, of yesterday.

LOVE-GAMES (p. 39).--This is an old name for games representing or offering opportunity for courtship, as "love-songs" is for ballads. We have heard both expressions in New England, from the lips of aged persons, in whose youth they were current. See the Gentleman's Magazine, Feb. 1738.

NOTES TO GAMES.

No. 1. English versions are numerous. Halliwell, Nurs. Rh. (6th
ed.), Nos. 332, 333. Pop. Rh., pp. 123, 124. Chambers, p.
143; p. 141, "Janet jo." Notes and Queries, 1st ser. VI.
241; 5th ser. IV. 51, 157.--_German_, Meier, p. 107 (cited),
109: Handelmann, p. 62. Vernaleken, p. 55, etc.--_Swedish_,
Arwiddson, iii. 175 f.--_Icelandic_, Arwiddson, iii. 182.
Lyngbye, Faeröiske Quaeder, p. 37, introd. note.--_Faroese_,
Antiq. Tids., 1849-51, p. 310, "Princes riding," compare No.
3.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 43, "L'Imbasciatore." Gianandrea,
No. 23, "Il bel Castello."--_Spanish_ (Catalan), Maspons y
Labrós, p. 47, "La Conversa del rey Moro."--_French_, Ch. du
Cambresis, i. 80.

2. A variety of No. 1. Corresponding is the _Faroese_ version
referred to, in which the suitors, after rejection as
thralls, smiths, etc., are finally accepted as princes,
with the expression "tak vid" (literally "take with"), be
welcome, which may explain the peculiar use of the word
"take" in our rhyme.

3. Also a variety of No. 1. Folk-lore Record, iii. 170.
Chambers, p. 139 (cited). "I am a lusty wooer" (the version
referred to, p. 49, note) is said to have been played by
Charles II. See the Gentleman's Magazine, Feb. 1738; Nurs.
Rh., No. 491.

4. Henderson, Folk-lore of the Northern Counties (Lond. 1879),
p. 27. Compare French round in Celnart, p. 24.

5. Nurs. Rh., No. 479. Compare No. 31.

6. Nurs. Rh., No. 466, "The Keys of Canterbury." Chambers, p.
61, "The Tempted Lady."

7. _French_, Celnart, p. 15, sixth round, presents verbal
correspondence.

8. These versions belong to a game, widely diffused through
Europe, in which a "rich" mother begs away, one by one, the
daughters of a "poor" mother, until she has secured them
all.--_German_, Frischbier, No. 657.--_French_, Chabreul, p.
175, "Riche et Pauvre." Celnart, p. 382, "Olivé Beauvé et la
voisine." Ch. du Camb., i. 77, "La Boiteuse." The celebrated
song "Giroflé Giroflà" is of the same origin. In the
Canadian round (Gagnon, p. 149), and in the English rhyme,
for the sake of the dance, the mother whose daughters are
begged away or stolen is turned into a mother whose object
is to marry her many daughters; so the _Swedish_ (Arwiddson,
iii. 203), which presents verbal correspondence to the
English song of our collection. Arwiddson, iii. 167, game of
"Rich and Poor Birds." The first comes in limping, leaning
on a cane, and with piteous gestures begs the train of the
other. By comparing No. 154, and note, it will be seen that
all the above games make up a single branch of the numerous
outgrowths of a primitive root, which is responsible for no
small part of the amusements of youth in Europe. Compare
Nurs. Rh., No. 343.

10. Connected is a European game representing
courtship--meeting, saluting, parting, etc.--_German_,
Frischbier, No. 674.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii.
257.--_Flemish_, Looten and Feys, No. 113. A different but
related game is _French_, Celnart, p. 14 (cited). Chabreul,
p. 157. Gagnon, p. 151.--_Italian_, Corazzini, p. 84.--The
words "Rowe the boat" begin a waterman's roundel, A.D. 1453;
see Chappell's Pop. Music of the Olden Time, p. 482.--(4.)
_French_, Ch. du Camb., i. 221 (cited).

11. Chambers, p. 140, "Janet jo." Folk-lore Record, iii.
171, "Jenny Jones." See Coussemaker, p. 100, Flemish
"Maiden's Dance."--Bernoni, Cant. Pop. Venez. xi. 2,
"Rosetina."--Roxburghe Coll. i. 186-189, Ballad of "The
Bride's Buriall."

12. Compare N. and Q., 3d ser. VII. 353.

13. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 133. Henderson, Folk-lore, p. 26.

15. N. and Q., 5th ser. III. 482.--French round cited, Ch. du
Camb., ii. 58. Gagnon, p. 303 (cited, p. 8). Bugeaud, i. 202.

16. Chambers, p. 118.--_French_, Ch. du Camb., ii. 42.

17. _Danish_ and _Swedish_ ballads, Sv. Grundtvig, Danmarks
Gamle Folkeviser, Nos. 180, 181.

18. Child, Eng. and Scot. Ballads, 1857, iii. 136.

19. Child, ii. 154.

20. _Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 196.

21. _French_, Celnart, p. 21, etc.--_Provençal_, see Fauriel,
Hist. de la Poésie Prov., ii. 87.--_Spanish_ (Catalan), Mila
y Fontanals, Romanc. Cat., p. 173.--_Italian_, Bernoni,
p. 37. (Sicily) Pitrè, ii. 33.--_German_, Meier, pp. 136,
137.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 326.--Rounds of a similar
type, Chabreul, p. 146, "Salade." Bugeaud, i. 48, "Plantons
la Vigne."

22. _German_, Dunger, pp. 184-186. Mullenhoff, p. 484, No. 2.
"Aus dem Kinderleben," p. 33.--_Finnish_, Neus, p. 387.

23. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 127. Chambers, p. 134.

25. A variation of 23, 24. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 130.
Chambers, p. 135.--_French_, Gagnon, p. 99. Chabreul, p.
141, etc.--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 96, "Thus do the Shoemakers."

26. Folk-lore Rec., iii. 170. Compare French game, Ch. du Camb.,
i. 223.

28. Nurs. Rh., No. 287.

29. Folk-lore Rec., iii. 169. For French game referred to, see
Laisnel de la Salle, ii. 151.--_French_, Celnart, p. 53,
"L'Anguille Enfilée."

30. Compare Provençal nurse-songs, in Chants Pop. du Languedoc,
"Chants énumeratifs," especially p. 432.

31. Compare No. 5.

32. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 119, "Mary Brown." N. and Q., 6th
ser. II. 248.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 233.--_Finnish_,
Neus, p. 388.--_Italian_, Comparetti, iv. 263.--_French_,
Mélusine, p. 542.

33. Chambers, p. 25. N. and Q., 4th ser. II. 274.--_Flemish_,
_Dutch_, _German_, Hor. Belg., ii., Nos. 143, 145.--_French_
(Canada), Gagnon, p. 129.

34. Nurs. Rh., No. 290. To this class of jests belongs the
German tale, Grimm, No. 119, "Die sieben Schwaben."

35. Chambers, p. 344. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 218, quotes the
first lines of this rhyme from Aubrey's Miscellanies, ed.
1696.

36. Compare Chambers, p. 137, "A Courtship Dance."--_French_,
Celnart, p. 19.--Canadian song of Perrette, Gagnon, p. 286.

38. For way of playing, compare No. 22.

40. Chappell, Pop. Music of the Olden Time, p. 589.--_French_
(Canada), Gagnon, p. 223.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 369.

42. _German_ usages, Rochholz, pp. 172-174. Meier, p. 93.--In
Middle Ages, Zingerle, pp. 32, 33.--_Italian_, Corazzini,
pp. 93, 94.--Drawing lots by spires of grass is probably the
"Erbelette" of Froissart; see Celnart, p. 105, "L'Herbette
Joliette."--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 123.

43. _German_ usages, Rochholz, pp. 174-183.

45. Compare French of Gagnon, p. 147.

46. _French_, Ch. du Camb., i. 119, etc.--_German_, Peter, p.
49, etc.--_Flemish_, Willems, p. 522.--_Breton_, Mélusine,
p. 462.

47. _French_, Rabelais, Gargantua, ch. xxii. Laisnel de la
Salle, ii. 156.

48. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., pp. 263-265. Chambers, p.
31.--_German_, Rochholz, pp. 156-170; he refers to
the Rigsmál of the poetic Edda. Schuster, p. 364,
etc.--_Provençal_, Ch. Pop. du Languedoc, p. 517, "Las
Bestios."

50. Nurs. Rh., No. 278. Compare Finnish game, Neus, p. 417.

52. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 94. Meier, p. 135.--_French_,
Chabreul, p. 183.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 400.

53. Strutt, p. 294. Brand, ii. 287.--_German_, Vernaleken,
p. 86, "Ritterschlagen." Rochholz, p. 435.--_French_,
"Les Ambassadeurs," Celnart, p. 131. Old English game of
"Questions and Commands," Gent.'s Mag., Feb. 1738; Rochholz,
p. 413.

55. Perhaps the "Roi qui ne ment" of Froissart, which he
mentions as a game of his childhood (see p. 34), and also as
played by great personages.

56. _French_, Celnart, p. 125.

57. Similarly, in a French game, "Le Roi Dépouillé" (Celnart, p.
139), the player must say "Oserais-je?" at every movement.

58. See the round in Chappell, Pop. Mus., p. 77.

60. Perhaps connected with No. 154. Compare German, Vernaleken,
p. 52, No. 8.

61. Very likely the "Derision" (Risées) of Froissart.

62. _German_, Rochholz, p. 183. Vernaleken, p. 47,
etc.--_Provençal_, "Lou brandet de Roso," Ch. Pop. du
Languedoc, p. 577.

64. _German_, Dunger, p. 176, played also in New York. The rhyme
in the text seems a recent translation.

68. Nurs. Rh., No. 352. Chambers, p. 137.--_French_, Celnart, p.
19.--_Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p. 100, "Jan petit."

71. Nurs. Rh., No. 218.

74. Chambers, p. 139, "Curcuddie."--_French_, Celnart, p. 353,
"Les Jarcotons."--Among games of motion might have been
mentioned the familiar "Puss in the Corner," Gent.'s Mag.,
Feb. 1738.--_French_, Celnart, p. 57, "Les Quatre Coins,"
etc.

75. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 128.--_Danish_, Grundtvig, Dansk.
Folk., 2d ser. p. 142.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 19, No.
18.--_Spanish_, Marin, I. 52, No. 84.

76. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 112.--_French_, Chabreul, p.
8, "Petit bonhomme vist encore, car il n'est pas
mort."--_German_, Handelmann, p. 31, "Little man still
lives."--The _High-German_ formula is, "Stirbt der Fuchs, so
gilt der Balg." Like the English phrase is a Danish game,
"Do not let my master's bird die", Syv, "Adagia Danica,"
p. xlvii.--_Russian_ (Kazan), Mozarowski, p. 88, "Kurilka
lives, she is not dead."

77. (a) _German_, Vernaleken, p. 89.--_French_, Celnart, p.
307--(b) Nurs. Rh., No. 282.--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 88,
"Vater Eberhard."--(c) _German_, Rochholz, p. 430, No.
50.--_French_, Rabelais, Gargantua, ch. xxii. Celnart, p.
124, "Pince-sans-rire."

79. Compare finger-game in Chambers, p. 116. Italian finger-game
referred to, Bernoni, p. 22, No. 25.

81. Strutt, p. 290, "Hammer and Block."

83. _French_.--Celnart, p. 162, "Le Chevalier Gentil."

86. Nurs. Rh., Nos. 297, 307.--_German_, Meier, p. 138;
Handelmann, p. 40.--_French_, Mélusine, p. 198.

87. _Italian_ (the game, not the rhyme), Ferraro, G. Monfer.,
No. 10.--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 48, No. 71. Compare Nurs. Rh.,
No. 293; Chambers, p. 159.

88. Celnart (2d ed., A.D. 1830) gives sixty kinds of
"pénitences," consisting in kissing, as then usual in French
society (see p. 6).--_French_, Celnart, p. 302, "Les Aunes
d'Amour," the same as "Measuring yards of tape."--_German_,
Frischbier, p. 201, "Aus dem Brunnen erretten," equivalent
to "I'm in the well." "Redeeming forfeits in Germany,"
Frischbier, p. 199.

89. With the dialogue at the end of the second version, compare
No. 154, B. An Italian game, Corazzini, p. 104, has a
similar theme.

90. Spectator, No. 268.--_German_, Rochholz, p. 440.

91. Strutt, p. 386. "Even or Odd." A universal game.--_Ancient
Egyptian_, Wilkinson, ii. 416.--_Ancient Greek_, Aristotle,
Rhet. iii. 5. The formula is #artia ê perissa#--_Latin_,
"par impar."--_German_, "grad oder ungrad," or "effen oder
uneffen."--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 51, "Pares ó Nones" ("par
est, non est").

92. The similar _Italian_ game begins, "Galota, galota," whence,
no doubt, our "_Hulgul_," Gianandrea, No. 20.--_Ancient
Greek_, Scholiast to Aristophanes, Plut. 1057, #posa en
chersin echô#; "How many have I in my hands?" Suidas
(10th century), Lexicon, under #paidia#, writes: "There
is a game of the following character among the Athenians:
Having taken up a number of nuts and holding out his hand,
one asks, 'How many have I?' And if [the other] guesses
the number, he takes as many as he has in his hand; but
if he fails to guess, he loses as many as the asker holds
in his hand."--_Latin_, given by Helenius Acron (4th
century), "quot in sunt?" See Marin, note to preceding
game.--_German_, Meier, p. 123, "Wie viel sollen Kerner in
meiner Hand sein?" Handelmann, p. 35, etc.

93. A child rests his head in the lap of another, while a third
claps the back of the first, keeping time to the words of
the rhyme, and finally raises a certain number of fingers;
if the kneeling child can guess the number, he takes the
other's place.--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 51, No. 81. The rhyme
closely resembles the English given in the text.--_Italian_,
Imbriani, No. 30, where the question is, "How many horns
do I hold up?"--_German_, Meier, pp. 135, 136, where it is
asked, "Wie viel Hörner hat der Bock?" This allusion to the
goat (as a leaping animal) refers to the usual practice of
riding on the back of the stooping child while putting the
question.--_German_, Rochholz, p. 434.--_Dutch_, Hor. Belg.,
vi. 182. The formulas differ. Tylor, Primitive Culture, i.
67. The Latin formula of Petronius is curiously translated
by F. Nodot, A.D. 1694: "Étant à cheval sur luy, il luy
donna plusieurs coups du plat de la main sur les épaules,
disant tout haut en riant, Quatre cornes dans un sac,
combien font-ils? ce jeu fini," etc. Nodot remarks of his
free translation, that it is still a boys' game in France.

94. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 116, "Handy-Dandy."--_German_
(Austria), Vernaleken, p. 41. The formula is the
exact counterpart of the English: "Windle, wandle,
in welchen Handle, oben oder unt?" Handelmann, p. 35
(Schleswig-Holstein), "Where dwells the smith? Above or
below?"--_Spanish_, Marin, p. 50, No. 77.

95. _German_, Meier, p. 124, "Under which finger sits the hare?"

97. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 125, "My Lady's lost her diamond
ring."--_Low-German_ formulas exactly correspond to our
"Hold fast what I give you." Thus the North Frisian, "Biwari
wel, wat ik di du," Handelmann, p. 38. Corresponding to
"Button, button, who's got the button?" is the _Italian_
"Anello, anello, chi ha mi anello?" Gianandrea, No.
14.--_Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p. 86.

98. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 133.

99. _German_, Frischbier, p. 195.

100. A universal game.

101. Halliwell, Nurs. Rh., Nos. 328, 357; Pop. Rh.,
p. 118; Chambers, p. 123, "The King and Queen of
Cantelon."--_German_, Rochholz, p. 414, No. 32.

102. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 132, "The Old Dame," like our B.
The Scotch of Chambers, p. 130, "Gled Wylie" (wily hawk)
corresponds to our first version.--_German_, Mullenhoff, p.
488; Handelmann, p. 76, etc.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii.
164.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 34, No. 40, here a game of a
witch like our second version.--_Finnish_, Neus, p. 418,
begins like the Scotch.--_Russian_, Bezsonoff, p. 195,
probably borrowed from the German.

103. The name, "Tag," in Gent.'s Mag., Feb. 1738.--_German_,
Handelmann, p. 66, "Eisen anfassen;" "Eisenzech" in Berlin;
"Eisenziggi" in Switzerland.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 62,
"Toca fero."--"Squat-tag" is also _Spanish_, Maspons y
Labrós, p. 81.

105. _Ancient Greek_, Pollux, ix. 117, #Apodidraskinda#,
"Game of Running Away."--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 89,
"Verstecherlspiel," "Einschauen."--_Italian_, Bernoni,
p. 61, "Chi se vede, eh!"--_French_, Celnart, p. 55,
"Cligne-musette" or "Cache-cache."

106. _French_, Chabreul, p. 1, "La Queue Leuleu," mentioned by
Froissart.--_German_, Rochholz, p. 408, etc.; Schuster, p.
392, a game of wolf and geese; so _Russian_, Bezsonoff, p.
205.

107. _Spanish_, Marin, i. 169. The seeker must wait until the
hiders, who go off one by one as they are counted out, cry
"Jilo bianco, jilo negro," etc. Hence, probably, the cry
"Blancalilo," etc., of the English game. The rest proceeds
like No. 105. In the Spanish sport, a player reaching goal
must spit three times; this seems to have been originally
a conjuration against the Evil Spirit, whom the seeker
represented.

108. _Ancient Greek_, Pollux, ix. 113, 123. The game is
universal. See Handelmann, p. 71. Child, Eng. and Scot. Pop.
Bal., 1882, i. 67.

109. _German_, Handelmann, p. 65, "Die Hexe." The games are
identical; yet the children, from whom the version in the
text was learned, imagined that they had "made it up!"

110. Strutt, p. 61.--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 63,
"Das Barlaufen."--_French_, Celnart, p. 58, "Les
Barres."--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 87. The French word
_barres_ is probably only a false interpretation of an older
word _bar_, a form of our base, meaning goal; so Swiss
"Bahre," Basle. Kindr., p. 30.--_Flemish_, in Hor. Belg.,
vi. 181.

111. N. and Q., 2d ser. VIII. pp. 70, 132. Brand, ii.
316.--_German_, Handelmann, p. 81, "Die Katzen von dem
Berge." The phrase is "Cat, cat, off my hill!"--_French_,
Belèze, p. 42, "Le Roi Détroné."

113. Chambers, p. 122, "Hickety Bickety."--_German_, Aus dem
Kinderleben, p. 24. Rochholz, p. 442.

114. Folk-lore Rec., iii. 169; Chambers, p. 36. See No. 89.

115. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 74,
"Weinbeer-Schneiden."--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 50. This is a
variation of No. 156; compare Frischbier, p. 186.

116. Chambers, p. 127, "Scots and English."

117. This number includes the remains of two ancient games: (a)
_Ancient Greek_, #schoinophilinda#, Pollux, ix. 115, in
which a player must be whipped round the ring with the cord
he has dropped at the back of another.--_German_, in 14th
century, Mone, Anzeiger, 1839, p. 395.--_Spanish_, Maspons
y Labrós, p. 22.--_French_, Celnart, p. 55. (b) Strutt, p.
285, "Cat and Mouse, or Kiss in the Ring," where a player
pursues another round and through the circle.--_French_,
Celnart, p. 39, "Le Chat et la Souris."--_Italian_,
Gianandrea, No. 6.--_German_, Handelmann, p. 78.

122. Variation of No. 121. The name connects it with the old
English game of "Frog in the Middle," Strutt, p. 293; the
ancient Greek, #chytrinda#," pot-game," see p. 31, note.

123. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 75. Handelmann, p. 80. Meier, p.
105. See No. 89.

124. _French_, Chabreul, p. 22, "La Toilette de Madame."

125. Nurs. Rh., No. 131.

127. _German_, Rochholz, p. 430, No. 50. See Nos. 77, 152, 153.

128. "Marble-day" in Sussex is Good Friday, N. and Q., 5th ser.
XII. 18. "Times" of German sports, Basle. Kindr., p. 30.
Meier, p. 92, 8.

129. Brand, ii. 302, "Camp." Strutt, p. 78.--_Ancient Greek_,
Pollux, ix. 104.--_Icelandic_ and _Low-German_, Weinhold,
Altnord. Leben, p. 292. Egils Saga, ch. 40.

130. Games of ball played with the hand are, of course, universal.

131. Strutt, p. 381 (new ed.). Strutt, p. 76. Bradford's History
of Plymouth (ed. by Ch. Deane, Boston, 1856), p. 112.
Ducange, under Pelota. Wirt Sikes, British Goblins, p. 272.

132. _German_ (Austria), Vernaleken, p. 2. (Schleswig-Holstein),
Handelmann, p. 88, "Stehball." (Switzerland), Rochholz, p.
388.

136. Jamieson gives Scotch name as "Shinty."--_Italian_, Ferraro,
G. Monfer., No. 38.

137. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 9.--_French_, Celnart, p.
69.--_Italian_, Ferraro, G. Monfer., No. 23, "Le Pietruzze."

138. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 10. Rochholz, p. 389.

139. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 11. Rochholz, p. 399.

140. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 15.--The American word "Cat" ("one
old cat," "two old cat," etc.) is explained by the Flemish
"Caetsen, Ketsen," the common name of the game of ball in
the Netherlands, Hor. Belg., vi. 177.

141. _German_, names of "marbles." "Schnell-Kügelchen" (15th
century), "Schusser," "Löper," also "Marmeln," the latter
when made of marble. A MS. of the 15th century mentions
"the yellow glass used for the little yellow balls with
which schoolboys play, and which are very cheap," Rochholz,
p. 421.--Playing marbles (_kluckern_) in the streets
was forbidden on pain of torture, by the Reformers in
Zurich, A.D. 1530.--The general name in North Friesland
is "Rollkugle," "rollballs."--_French_ name, "_billes;_"
see Celnart and Belèze for description of games. The game
of Roman boys with nuts, from which marbles is probably
derived, is still played in the Netherlands, Hor. Belg.,
vi. 182. Nuts are also used instead of marbles in Italy,
Gianandrea, No. 20.

142. Strutt, p. 86, "Tip-cat." Brand, ii. 303, "Kit-cat." The
game, which is played in _Hindostan_, N. and Q., 4th ser.
IV. 93, may probably have made its way into Europe from the
East.--_German_, Handelmann, p. 89, "Kipseln." Vernaleken,
p. 29, "Titschkerln."--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 81; p. 82,
"Chiba e Cheba."

143. Brand, ii. 305.

144. (a) _German_, Rochholz, p. 426. Vernaleken, p.
25.--_French_, Celnart, p. 379, "La Fossette aux Noyaux,"
played with cherry-stones or plum-stones. The fillip given
to the stone is called _poguer_, poke. Froissart appears
to allude to this game, (b) Also ancient.--_Italian_,
Gianandrea, No. 20, "Battemuro."

145. _German_, Handelmann, p. 92, "Kaak."--_Italian_, Gianandrea,
No. 17, "La Checca."

146. Strutt, p. 266. Brand, ii. 330, "Scotch-hoppers"
mentioned A.D. 1677.--_German_, Vernaleken, p.
38, "Tempelhupfen."--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 84,
"El Campanon."--_French_, Celnart, p. 379, "La
Marelle."--_Hindostan_, N. and Q., 4th ser. IV. 93.

147. _German_, Handelmann, p. 96, "Stickmest."

148. Though played in Great Britain, the game is not (so far as
we know) mentioned by writers.--_French_, Celnart, p. 375
f., "Les Osselets."--_Spanish_, Marin, pp. 80-95, 150-159,
"Juego de las Chinas," "Game of the Stones."--_German_,
Meier, p. 145.--_Japanese_, Tedama, "Hand-balls."

149. Rhymes for counting out are used throughout Europe, and
examples could be cited of types corresponding to most
of the English forms, and sometimes evidently related.
Peculiar is the usage in Spain, where the syllables are told
off alternately on the closed hands of a player, who holds
a pebble; if the last syllable falls on the hand containing
the stone, the lad proving his fortune is free, and so on
until only one child remains. The custom has given a proverb
to the language. Marin, i. 117. A like usage (without the
rhymes) we have found to be the usual way of selection in a
town of Pennsylvania (Bethlehem).

150. First printed in Ritson's "Gammer Gurton's Garland."
Other original versions: (1) Gent.'s Mag., Sept. 1823;
(2), (3) The Critic, Jan. 15, 1857, and (4) Feb. 2, 1857.
The last mentioned is nearly identical with our B. The
communicator of (1) refers it, through an aged informant,
to a lady born in the reign of Charles II.; it has several
more verses than the last, generally agreeing with our E,
but lacks the ending. The rhyme, in England, appears at
present to be known as a song only. The European rhyme is
properly a dialogue, the verses being sung alternately by
the warders and the approaching party; the former, whose
joined and lowered arms represent the fallen bridge, do
not elevate them until the negotiations are concluded.
The game is, no doubt, that mentioned under the name of
"Coda Romana," by G. Villani, Istorie Fiorent., A.D.
1328, ch. xcvi., as played by the boys of Florence, in
which the question put to the imprisoned player is said
to have been, "Guelf or Ghibelline?"--_German_, Meier, p.
101 (cited), etc. Mannhardt in Zeitschr. f. d. Myth., iv.
301-320, gives twenty-seven versions, including _Slavic_,
_Hungarian_, _Scandinavian_.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii.
250.--_French_, Chabreul, p. 117, "Le Ciel et l'Enfer."
Celnart, p. 52, 'Le Pontlevis.'--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 46,
"Le Porte." Corazzini, pp. 90-93; p. 87 (a mixed form with
No. 154).--_Spanish_, A. de Ledesma, A.D. 1605, beginning
"Fallen is the bridge." See Marin, i. 166-168.--For the
English rhyme, see also N. and Q., 1st Ser. II. p. 338.

The name "Lady Lee" in the song may imply a legend. We read in
Nature, June 15, 1871, p. 118: "It is not, for example, many
years since the present Lord Leigh was accused of having
built an obnoxious person--one account, if we remember
right, said eight obnoxious persons--into the foundation of
a bridge at Stoneleigh." The communicator of version (2)
(The Critic, Jan. 15, 1857) spelt the name _Leigh_, and took
"the Lady Leigh of the song to be the wife of Sir Thomas
Leigh, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1558, ... ancestor
of the noble family of Leigh of Stoneleigh, Warwickshire."
Compare the ballad of "The Bridge of Arta," Passow, Pop.
Carmina Græciæ Recent., No. 511; Tommaseo, Cant. Pop.
Toscani, iii. 174 f.; F. Liebrecht, Zur Volkskunde, 1879, p.
284.

151. A variation of No. 150.--_Italian_, Corazzini, pp. 91-93,
beginning, "Open, open the gates." Gianandrea, No. 3, "Le
Porte del Paradiso." The dialogue ends, "Let the King of
France with all his soldiers pass."

152. _Italian_, Bernoni, p. 54.--_French_, Ch. du Camb. i.
133.--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 55.

153. _German_, Meier, p, 117, "Farben aufgeben," etc.--_Italian_,
Bernoni, p. 51, "I colori." This version is identical with
the German and our A, as is also the _Spanish_ (or Catalan),
Maspons y Labrós, p. 91. The game of "Los Colores" is
mentioned by A. de Ledesma, A.D. 1605.--_French_, Belèze, p.
40 (cited).

Intermediate between this number and the following are games of
_selling birds_, Frischbier, p. 184; of _catching birds_,
Rochholz, p. 449.

Greek game of the shell, #Ostrakinda#, Pollux, ix. 111.

154. The following is our classification of the numerous games
(not before noticed as connected) belonging to this cycle of
childish tradition:

(1.) Versions preserving the original idea of the child-stealing
witch (as in our A, B, and C).--Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p.
131 (cited).--_German_, Meier, p. 117 (cited).--_Italian_,
Corazzini, p. 110, a fragment.

(2.) Versions in which (as in our D) the mother is represented
as present, and the game becomes one of _begging_ instead
of _stealing_ children. This is the case in most _German_
versions. The tests described in No. 152 are introduced
and become the leading feature of the game.--_German_,
Frischbier, p. 183. Rochholz, p. 436, and p. 444, where
the mother is called "Maria, mother of God," and the game
"Getting Angels." Mullenhoff, p. 486, No. 7.--_Swedish_,
Arwiddson, iii. p. 437 (cited). Mannhardt, Germanische
Mythologie, pp. 273-321, gives fourteen versions, with
a long discussion of this game, and concludes (p. 297)
that the last girl of the row (who in our A is the eldest
daughter, but here represents the "Mother Rose") "personates
the goddess Freya cherishing in or behind the clouds the
souls of the dead, who, renewed through the heavenly waters
(the fountain of youth), are destined to return to earth at
new birth as the souls of children!"

It is very curious to observe that several Prussian versions
contain traits only explained by the American games, the
form of which they thus imply as more original. Thus the
mother is _invited to a meal_ by the witch, Frischbier, p.
182, and the person invited sends _excuses_ (see our A).

(3.) The mother and children are represented in childish fashion
as a hen and her brood (see our B, and No. 101). Hence the
game of the "Rich and Poor Birds;" see references in No. 8,
note.--_Italian_, Corazzini, pp. 86-88. Gianandrea, No. 19,
"Madonna Pollinara."

(4.) The children are denoted by the names of leaves or
flowers.--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 58, "Die Grossmutter."
The visitor begs for a leaf as balsam to heal her injury,
and the girls are gathered under the name of leaves. So
Frischbier, p. 181. Feifalik, No. 81.--_Spanish_, Maspons y
Labrós, pp. 87-89, game of "Pulling Leeks."

(5.) The game has become a representation of selling
pottery.--_German_, Frischbier, p. 183. Mannhardt, p.
284.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 169, "Selling Pots,"
a dance, has become a mere mercenary transaction.--The
English game of "Honey-pots" is a version of this,
where the weighing feature is to be explained as in No.
152.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 57, "I Piteri," where the
original idea reappears. The purchaser advances _limping_ (a
characteristic of witches), and the game is one of stealing
and recovery (like our London version E).--_Italian_,
Gianandrea, No. 19. The first part of the game is played
as in (3). The "pots" are weighed, as in the English game
mentioned. Ferraro, G. Monfer., No. 43, where the purchaser
is the devil, and the game thus passes over into the form of
No. 153.--_Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p. 87, "Las Gerras."

(6.) A game of stealing or measuring cloth.--_German_, Rochholz,
p. 437, "Tuch anmessen." In this game, mentioned by the
mother of Goethe (Düntzer, Frauenbilder aus Goethe's
Jugendzeit, p. 506), the children are arranged against the
wall to represent cloth, which the dealer measures and
names by the color of the stockings of the children. A
thief steals the cloth bit by bit, which the dealer must
recover by guessing the color, a task of some difficulty,
the stockings having been taken off in the interval. A
very curious Low-German version, Brem. Wiegenlieder, p. 61,
removes any doubt as to the relation of the amusement to
the original game. In this version the colored cloths are
only names for children. There are verbal coincidences with
forms given in the text, the dialogue beginning "Mother,
the broth is boiling over!" (as in our version B), put (as
in our version C) into the mouth of the watcher left in
charge by the absent mother; so Aus dem Kinderleben, p.
39, "Leinendieb." The remainder of the first paragraph of
C will be found almost word for word in Handelmann, p. 57,
No. 80, "Frau Rosen," a version of the form (2).--_Italian_,
Bernoni, p. 55, "I Brazzi de Tela," "the measures of cloth."
The thief advances _limping_, the owner having departed,
steals the cloth, but is pursued, and the goods recovered,
as in the game of pots described above. Ferraro, G. Monfer.,
No. 3.--_French_, Celnart, p. 43, "La Toile," has become a
kissing romp of grown people.

(7.) Finally, to the same root belong various rounds and dances
which represent a mother who wishes to marry her many
daughters, or of a poor widow who has but one daughter; see
our No. 8, and note.

155. _German_, Grimm, No. 15, "Hansel und Grethel."

156. Gent.'s Mag., Feb. 1738, "Fryar's Ground."--_Spanish_,
Maspons y Labrós, p. 92.--_French_, Celnart, p. 53, "Chateau
du Corbeau;" "Je suis dans ton château, corbeau, et j'y
serai toujours."--_German_, Meier, p. 98, "Ist der Kukuk
zu Haus?" see No. 115, note. German games based on this
idea are numerous. Vernaleken, p. 77, "The Black Man;" p.
62, "Dead man, arise;" p. 73, "Wassermannspiel." The child
representing the Water-spirit lies in the dry bed of a brook
and pretends to sleep. The rest approach to tease him, when
he endeavors to seize one without leaving the brook or pit.
The first so caught must assist him to capture the rest.
The superstition about a treasure buried at the foot of the
rainbow is also Swiss, see Lütolf, Sagen, etc., Von Lutzern,
p. 384.

157. A variation of 156.--_German_, Meier, p. 121. Rochholz, p.
415.

158. _German_, Meier, p. 102, "Der Böse Geist."

159. _French_, Celnart, p. 365, etc.--_German_, Vernaleken, p.
52, etc. See Mannhardt, Germ. Myth., pp. 492-511, who gives
twenty-three versions, including a Spanish (Catalan) one. He
imagines, as usual, a good deal of mythology in the game.
The mythologic character belongs, not to the details of
the children's rounds, but to the cycle of traditions on
which these are founded. The name in Suabia is "Prinzessin
erlösen," "to disenchant the princess."

160. _Provençal_, Arbaud, ii. 207.--_French_, Puymaigre, p. 334.
Bugeaud, i. 126. Tarbé, ii. 178.

Of the following games played in Great Britain, and possessing
European equivalents, we have not obtained American versions:
(1.) Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 131, "Game of the Fox."--_German_,
Rochholz, p. 44, "Fuchs aus dem Loche." Handelmann, p.
74.--_French_, Belèze, p. 27, "La Mère Garuche," also "Le Diable
boiteux."--_Ancient Greek_, Pollux, ix. 121. (2.) Halliwell, Pop.
Rh., p. 126, "The Poor Soldier."--_Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p.
86, mentioned A.D. 1605, Marin, i. 177. (3.) "The Wadds," Chambers,
p. 124.--_German_, Rochholz, p. 432, No. 52. (4.) Chambers, p.
128, "The Craw."--_German_, Rochholz, p. 445, "Der Teufel an
der Kette." (5.) Nurs. Rh., No. 323, "This is the Key of the
Kingdom."--_German_, Handelmann, p. 39.--_French_, Celnart, p.
181.--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 88.

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors
were corrected.

Punctuation normalized.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Bold markup is enclosed in =equals=.

Gesperrt markup is enclosed in +plus signs+.

Greek text is transliterated and enclosed in #number signs#.

Beginning with p. 236 several numbers were skipped in the original.

End of Project Gutenberg's Games and Songs of American Children, by Various