Chapter XI: Part I: , page 98. (Dewey, American Journal of Science and Arts, 1819, (2)

The Glacière de la Genollière. Described in Part I., page 48. (Browne, _Ice Caves_, etc., page 1.)--Mr. Browne observed in 1864 a temperature of +1.1°, and two days later of +0.8°. He also found a number of flies running rapidly over the ice and stones. He was told in England, from the specimen he brought away, that it was the _Stenophylax hieroglyphicus_ of Stephens or something very like that fly.

The Glacière de Saint-Georges. Described in Part I., page 62. (Thury, _Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève_, 1861, vol. X.)--Professor Thury obtained the following temperatures at the Glacière de Saint-Georges:--

OUTSIDE. INSIDE.

9th January, 1858 7.36 P. M., -4.5° 7.16 P. M., -0.6°
" " " 7.20 " -1.2°
" " " 7.27 " -2.5°
" " " 7.50 " -2.9°
Minimum of night -5.8° -4.9°
10th January, 1858 10.53 A. M., -3.4° 10.12 A. M., -4.6°
" " " 11.14 " -3.1° 10.30 " -4.5°
" " " 11.45 " -2.2° 11.20 " -4.4°
" " " 12.32 P. M., -2.4° 12.14 P. M., -4.4°
" " " 1.12 " -0.9° 1.30 " -4.2°
" " " 3.03 " -2.9° 2.30 " -4.1°
" " " 3.56 " -3.5° 3.14 " -4.0°
" " " 4.26 " -3.7° 4.00 " -3.8°
Minimum of night -7.6° -6.8°
11th January, 1858 9.34 A. M., -5.6°
2d April, 1858 6.20 P. M., +0.7° -0.2°
Minimum of night + 1.1°
3d April, 1858 10.00 A. M., +4.0° 9.00 A. M., -1.0°

Professor Thury's winter excursions caused him to accept as proved that part of the mountaineers' belief, which holds that there is no ice formed in caves in winter. One of the main grounds for his opinion was the series of observations he made in the Glacière de Saint-Georges. He found no ice forming there in winter and the natives said it did not because the cavern was not cold enough. So he placed large dishes filled with water in the cave and found that they froze solid during the night, which he had been assured was impossible. Thury also found violent movements of the air at Saint-Georges in January, 1858. A candle burned steadily for some time, but at 7.16 P. M. it began to flicker and soon inclined downwards through an angle of about 45°; and in the entrance, the flame assumed an almost horizontal position. At 8 P. M., the current of air nearly disappeared. Thury thought that this violent and temporary disturbance of equilibrium was due to the fact that as the heavier air outside tended to pass into the cave, the less cold air within tended to pass out; and the narrow entrance confining the struggle to a small area, the weaker current was able for a while to hold its own.

The Glacière du Pré de Saint-Livres. Described in Part I., page 65. (Browne, _Ice Caves_, page 40.)--Mr. Browne found, in 1864, a temperature of 0°.

The Petite Glacière du Pré de Saint-Livres. (Browne, _Ice Caves_, page 46.)--This is near the last cave at a slightly higher altitude. There is first a small pit, then a little cave, in which there is an ice slope. This passes under a low arch in the rock wall, and leads down into another small cave. Mr. Browne descended this ice stream, which was itself practically a fissure column and spread into the fan shape at the base. The lower cave was 22 meters long and 11 meters wide, and contained an ice floor and several fissure columns.

The Glacière de Naye, above Montreux, Switzerland. (E. A. Martel, _Les Abimes_, page 397; _Spélunca_, 1895, vol. I., pages 107, 108; _Mémoires de la Société de Spéléologie_, vol. III., pages 246-254.)--This is called a _glacier souterrain_. It was discovered in 1893 by Professor Dutoit. There are fifty-four caves known among the Rochers de Naye, and only this one contains ice. It is a long narrow cave with two entrances and widest towards the base, which opens over a precipice. The altitude is high, the upper entrance being at an altitude of 1820 meters, and the lower of 1750 meters. The place is both a passage cave and a windhole. The snow falls into the upper entrance, and slides down, becoming ice in the lower portion. There are other connecting passages and hollows where the cold air cannot get in, and there ice does not form. Mons. Martel thinks that the ice formed during the winter is preserved by the draughts--due to the difference in level of the two openings--causing an evaporation and chill sufficient for the purpose.

The Creux Bourquin. (E. A. Martel, _Les Abimes_, page 397.)--At Mauberget, near Grandson. This is a rock gorge 25 meters deep. At the bottom, on the 9th of July, 1893, was a mass of ice 38 meters long and 8 meters wide.

The Glacière de Monthézy. (Browne, _Ice Caves_, page 97.)--This lies to the west of Neufchâtel, between the Val de Travers and the Val de Brévine, on the path between the villages of Couvet and Le Brévine, at an altitude of 1100 meters. The cave is nearly oval in shape, with a length of 34 meters and a width of 29 meters. The roof is from 1 meter to 3 meters high. There are three pits, about 20 meters deep, on different sides of the cave. The descent is made through the largest pit. On the 6th of July, 1864, Mr. Browne found the floor of the cave covered with ice, and icicles and columns in some places; he also saw a clump of cowslips (_primula elatior_) overhanging the snow at the bottom of the pit through which he descended.

Pertius Freiss. (T. G. Bonney, _Nature_, vol. XI., page 327.)--It lies on the way to the Pic d'Arzinol, near Evolène, in the Val d'Hérens. A slip or subsidence of part of a cliff has opened two joints in the rock, in both of which fissures Professor Bonney found ice on July 23d.

The Schafloch. Described in Part I., page 21. (Körber, _Jahrbuch des Schweizer Alpen Club_, 1885, vol. XX., pages 316, 343.)--Herr Körber gives some of the dimensions as follows: Entrance 14 meters wide and 4.70 meters high. Length of cave 206.8 meters: average width 20 meters and greatest width 23.5 meters. Height from 5 meters to 7 meters. Length of ice slope 29 meters and breadth 12.5 meters; for 16 meters the slope has an inclination of 32°. Körber made the following observations in the Schafloch:--

14 METERS 100 METERS 160 METERS
DATE. OUTSIDE. FROM FROM FROM
ENTRANCE. ENTRANCE. ENTRANCE.

21 September, 1884, 10.5° 5.6° 0.2° 0.2°
18 January, 1885, 2.7° -1.0° -1.3° --

The Rev. G. F. Browne, in 1864, found a temperature of +0.5°.

The Eisloch of Unterfluh. (Baltzer, _Jahrbuch des Schweizer Alpen Club_, 1892-93, pages 358-362.)--Twenty minutes from Unterfluh near Meiringen. A long narrow rock crack, some 30 meters deep and running some distance underground.

Windholes and Milkhouses of Seelisberg.--Described in Part I., page 45.

Windholes on the Spitzfluh. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 92.)--These are situated between Oltingen and Zeylingen, Canton Bâle: they generally contain ice till the end of July.

Windholes on the Blummatt. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 93.)--On the northwestern slope of the Stanzerberg. Ice sometimes lies over in these windholes.

Windholes near Bozen. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 97.)--On the Mendel ranges in Eppan, southwest of Bozen, among porphyry rocks. There are strong wind-streams. Ice is said to remain till late in the summer.

Grotto on Monte Tofana, Dolomites. (T. G. Bonney, _Nature_, vol. XI., page 328.)--This is probably a rudimentary glacière.

Holes with Ice near Lienz. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 97.)--One hour and a half distant near Aineth, is a small cave containing ice, and further up the valley towards Huben, are several windholes.

Eishöhle am Birnhorn. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 131.)--Near Leogang in the Pinzgau. Altitude 2150 meters. There are two entrances, from which a slope 10 meters long, set at an angle of 25°, leads to an ice floor 12 meters long and 3 meters high. Then comes a small ice slope, and a little horizontal floor at the back. Explored by Fugger.

Glacières on the Eiskogel. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 19.)--The Eiskogel is in the Tennengebirge, a mountain mass lying east of Pass Lueg. At an altitude of about 1900 meters, are two small caves, about 30 meters to 40 meters apart. They are some 25 meters in length and get smaller towards the bottom.

Holes with Ice in the Tennengebirge, between the Schallwand and the Tauernkogel. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 20.)--In this gorge are some small holes at an altitude of about 2000 meters, which are said to contain ice in summer.

The Seeofen. (A. Posselt-Csorich, _Zeitschrift des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpen Verein_, 1880, page 270.) On the Hean Krail in the Tennengebirge, at an altitude of about 1900 meters. The entrance faces southwest, and is 6 meters high and 4.5 meters wide. The cave is 25 meters long, and 8 meters wide. The floor of the cave is 13 meters below the entrance.

The Posselthöhle. (A. Posselt-Csorich, _Zeitschrift des Deutschen und Osterreichischen Alpen Verein_, 1880, page 273.)--Named after its discoverer. It lies on the Hochkogel in the Tennengebirge, at an altitude of about 1900 meters. The entrance faces southwest, and is about 8 meters high and 8 meters wide. From the entrance the cave first rises, then sinks again below the level of the entrance, where the ice begins. The cave is about 20 meters wide. About 180 meters were explored, to a point where a perpendicular ice wall, 6 meters high, barred the way. About 125 meters from the entrance, there was an ice cone about 7 meters high.

The Gamsloch or Diebshöhle. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 14.)--It lies on the Breithorn of the Steinernes Meer, near the Riemannhauss, at an altitude of about 2180 meters. The entrance faces south. There is first a small, then a larger chamber. The latter is some 40 meters long, by 5 meters or 6 meters wide. The ice is in the large chamber.

Eishöhle am Seilerer. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 15.)--On the eastern side of the Seilerer arête on the Ewigen Schneeberg, west of Bischofshofen, at an altitude of about 2400 meters, is a small glacière cave.

Cave in the Hagengebirge, West of Pass Lueg. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 15.)--It lies about 2 kilometers east of Kalbersberg, at an altitude of about 2000 meters. A snow slope, with an ice floor at the bottom, leads into a long cave, about which little is known.

The Nixloch. Described in Part I., page 57. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 98.)--Professor Fugger gathered some valuable data in connection with the Nixloch. In August, 1879, he found the air current entering downwards; on September 14th, 1879, there was no current either way. On Christmas day, 1878, on the contrary, the draughts were reversed, pouring out of the hole with a temperature of +7.4°: the outside air then being -7.4°. At this time the known lower opening was in existence.

The Kolowratshöhle. Described in Part I., page 18. (Fugger, _Beobachtungen_, etc., page 7.)--This cavern has been more carefully studied than any other glacière cave. Some of its dimensions are given by Professor Fugger as follows: From the entrance to the ice floor, 26.6 meters; surface covered by ice as measured on a plane, 2940 square meters; approximate cubical measure of entire cave, 92,000 cubic meters. The height of the entrance is 7 meters, with a width at the base of 2.7 meters, and at the top of 6.6 meters.

On the entrance slope occurred the only fatal accident I know of in glacières. In 1866, the Bavarian minister Freiherr von Lerchenfeld tried to descend; a wooden handrail which had been erected over the snow broke under his weight; von Lerchenfeld fell to the bottom of the cave and died a few days after from the injuries he received.

Of the Kolowratshöhle, we have numerous thermometric observations by Professor Fugger, of which I select a few.

DATE. OUTSIDE. ENTRANCE. INSIDE. REAR.
21 May 1876 +6.5° +0.7° +0.03° 0°& +0.08°
18 June 1876 +5.1° +1.6° +0.23° +0.4°
24 June 1876 +10.° +1.6° +0.4° --
5 July 1876 -- -- +0.4° --
22 July 1876 +11.3° +1.5° +0.4° +0.2°
29 July 1876 +15.2° +2.4° +0.3° +0.2°
22 Aug. 1876 +19.8° +4.0° +0.4° +0.25°
20 Sept. 1876 +7.2° +3.0° +0.45° +0.6°
22 Sept. 1876 -- -- +0.30° --
16 Oct. 1876 +14.8° +2.05° +0.2° +0.2°
22 Oct. 1876 +5.6° +2.5° +0.25° +0.4°
26 Nov. 1876 +4.4° +0.4° -1.0° --
6 Jan. 1877 +2.1° +1.2° -1.65° -0.6°

The Schellenberger Eisgrotte. (Fugger, _Beobachtungen in den Eishöhlen des Untersberges_, page 80.)--On the southeast slope of the Untersberg near Salzburg, at an altitude of 1580 meters. The path leads past the Kienbergalp over the Mitterkaser and the Sandkaser. In front of the entrance is a sort of rock dam, 30 meters long and 5 meters or 6 meters higher than the entrance. Masses of snow fill the space between the two. The entrance is about 20 meters wide and from 2 meters to 3 meters high. A snow slope of 25 meters in length, set at an angle of 25°, leads to the ice floor. The cave is 54 meters long, from 13 meters to 22 meters broad and from 4 meters to 10 meters high. The cave has been repeatedly examined by Fugger, who has always found most snow and ice in the beginning of the hot weather, after which it gradually dwindles away.

Of the Schellenberger Eisgrotte, we have the following thermometric observations by Professor Fugger:--

DATE. OUTSIDE. ENTRANCE. INSIDE.
29 June, 1877 +18° -- +0.38°
24 " 1881 +21° +2.3° +0.24°
28 Aug., 1878 +14.6° -- +0.2°
12 " 1879 +17.8° -- +0.3°
4 Oct., 1876 +16.7° +1.4° +0.3°
9 " 1880 +3.6° +3.5° +0.3°
2 " 1887 +5.4° -- +0.4°
9 " 1887 +8.2° -- +0.4°
11 Nov., 1877 +7.4° -- +0.2°

The Grosser Eiskeller or Kaiser Karls Höhle. (Fugger, _Beobachtungen_, etc., page 58.)--On the Untersberg, between the Salzburger Hochthron and the Schweigmüller Alp. Altitude 1687 meters. A stony slope of 26 meters in length leads to an ice floor which is 26 meters long and 6 meters to 8 meters wide.

The Kleiner Eiskeller. (Fugger, _Beobachtungen_, etc., page 73.)--Near the last. A small cave 8 meters long, 6 meters wide, 8 meters high.

The Windlöcher on the Untersberg. (Fugger, _Beobachtungen_, etc., page 73.)--On the Klingersteig, at an altitude of 1300 meters. Four small caves of about 12 meters each in length and 8 meters in depth, and communicating at the bottom. There are strong draughts among them. In one of the caves is a small pit of great depth.

The Eiswinkel on the Untersberg. (Fugger, _Beobachtungen_, etc., page 77.)--Between the Klingeralp and the Vierkaser, at an altitude of 1600 meters. A small cave or rather rock shelter.

Windholes on the Untersberg. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, pages 103, 104.)--Windholes have been found by Fugger on the lower slopes of the Untersberg:

Near the Hochbruch at Fürstenbrunn.

In the débris of the Neubruch.

In the débris of the Veitlbruch.

Hotel Cellar at Weissenbach on the Attersee. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 20.)--There is a small cave here, at an altitude of 452 meters, which is utilized as a cellar, and which is said to contain ice in summer.

Cave near Steinbach. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 20.)--A small cave containing ice on the northwest slopes of the Höllengebirge. Altitude about 700 meters.

The Kliebensteinhöhle or Klimmsteinhöhle. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 20.)--On the north slope of the Höllengebirge, near the Aurachkar Alp, between Steinbach and the Langbath Lakes. Altitude about 1300 meters. Length about 40 meters, width 20 meters, height 15 meters.

The Wasserloch. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 21.)--On the south slope of the Höllengebirge, near the Spitzalpe. Altitude about 1350 meters. At the bottom of a gorge is a snow heap and a small cave. The snow becomes ice in the cave.

Cave on the Zinkenkogl near Aussee. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 21.)--Altitude about 1800 meters. A snow slope leads to an ice floor 18 meters long and 4 meters wide.

Cave on the Kasberg. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 22.)--South of Grünau near Gmunden. Altitude about 1500 meters. Small cave 12 meters long, 4 meters wide.

The Wasseraufschlag on the Rothen Kogel. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 22.)--A tunnel near Aussee. The ice in it was formerly used.

The Gschlösslkirche. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 22.)--On the Dachstein range, facing the Lake of Gosau. A small cave, mostly filled with snow.

Cave with Ice on the Mitterstein. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 23.)--On the Dachstein, one hour and a quarter from the Austria hut. Altitude about 1800 meters. Cave 5 meters to 6 meters wide, 30 meters long. In the rear a passage leads apparently to a windhole where there is a strong draught.

Windholes in the Obersulzbach Valley in the Pinzgau. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 105.)--Fugger found ice among these on the 1st of August, 1886.

Ice in an Abandoned Nickel Mine on the Zinkwand, in the Schladming Valley. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 105.)

Windholes on the Rothen Kogel near Aussee. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 106.)--These were found to contain ice on the 2d of September, 1848.

Cave on the Langthalkogel. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 23.)--On the Dachstein plateau between Hallstatt and Gosau. A small cave which contains ice.

Eislunghöhle. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 24.)--A small cave between the Hochkasten and Ostrowiz in the Priel range.

The Geldloch or Seelücken on the Oetscher. (Schmidl, _Die Höhlen des Ötscher and Die Oesterreichischen Höhlen_; Cranmer and Sieger, _Globus_, 1899, pages 313-318, and 333-335.)--The second known notice of a glacière cave is the account of a visit to the Oetscher Caves in 1591. After lying in manuscript for two and a half centuries, it was published by Dr. A. Schmidl in 1857, in _Die Höhlen des Ötscher_, pages 21-36. According to the account, which is naive, but evidently truthful, Kaiser Rudolf II. ordered Reichard Strein, owner of the Herrschaff Friedeck, to investigate the Ötscher and especially its caves. He did so, with the title of _Kaiserlicher Commissarius_, and accompanied by the _Bannerherr_ Christoph Schallenberger, Hans Gasser, and eleven porters. On September the 16th, 1591, they visited the Seelücken, where they found a lake in the front of the cave, and where the party had great difficulties in climbing round on to the ice.

The Seelücken on the Oetscher is situated at an altitude of 1470 meters. It opens nearly due south. The ice floor is about 20 meters below the entrance and is about 38 meters long and 24 meters wide; at the rear, it rises for some 15 meters as an ice wall at an angle of about 60°, and then forms a second ice floor about 45 meters long by 19 meters wide. The front part of the ice is sometimes, about July, covered with water. The cave continues further back, in two branches, and Professors Cranmer and Sieger consider that it is a large windhole, in which draughts are infrequent, on account of its length and because the openings are near the same level. There are also several up and down curves and in these cold air remains and acts something like a cork in stopping draughts.

On the 13th of September there were no draughts, and the temperatures between 11 A. M. and 12 M. were:--

Outside air +7.1°
Inside near entrance +1.5°
A little further in +1.1°
At the lowest point near ice +0.8°

On the 31st of October, 1897, there was a draught, which followed the curves of the cavern, and which flowed out at the southern end. The temperatures were:--

Outside air +3.7°
Inside near entrance +1.3°
At the lowest point near ice +0.8°
On the second, higher ice floor +1.0°
In the main passage behind ice +1.4°

Cave on the Kühfotzen near Warscheneck. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 25.)--A small cave containing ice.

Eiskeller on the Rax. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 25; Cranmer, _Eishöhlen_, etc., page 61.)--Altitude about 1660 meters. A doline with a small cave at the bottom, in which melting snow was found on the 19th of September, 1896.

The Tablerloch. (Cranmer, _Eishöhlen_, etc., pages 19-60.)--On the Dürren-Wand in the mountains south of Vienna, 2 hours distant from Miesenbach R. R. station. Altitude about 1000 meters. Entrance 7 meters wide, 3.5 meters high. Slope 30° from entrance. Lowest point 22 meters below entrance. Extreme length of cave 50 meters, width 23 meters, height 15 meters. Professor Cranmer found fresh ice beginning to form on the 12th of November, 1893; on the 1st of December, 1894; and on the 20th of October, 1895. He found it melting away on the 3d of June, 1894; on the 1st of June, 1895; and on the 31st of May, 1896. The rates at which the ice formed or melted, however, were not always the same in different parts of the cave. The greatest amount of ice observed seems to have been in March and April. In the summer months no perceptible movements of air seem to have been noticed. This was also sometimes the case in the winter months, during which, however, movements of air were at other times plainly perceptible.

The Gipsloch. (Cranmer, _Eishöhlen_, etc., page 60.)--A small cave on the Hohen-Wand near Wiener-Neustadt. It is rather a cold cave than a glacière.

The Windloch. (Cranmer, _Eishöhlen_, etc., page 61.)--On the Hohen-Wand near Wiener Neustadt. Small cave. Snow found in it on June the 2d, 1895.

Eisloch in the Brandstein on the Hochschwab. (Cranmer, _Eishöhlen_, etc., page 64.)--Altitude about 1600 meters. A moderately large cave. On the 21st of August, 1895, there was an ice floor 10 meters long and 5 meters broad. Temperature in rear of cave, -0.2°.

Caves on the Beilstein. (Krauss, _Höhlenkunde_, 1894, pages 207-219; Cranmer, _Eishöhlen_, etc., page 63.)--These lie about 4 hours on foot from Gams in Steiermark, at an altitude of 1260 meters, in a place where the mountain is much broken up by fissures and snow basins. The large cave has two openings, from which steep snow slopes descend. The cave is 60 meters long, 15 meters to 18 meters broad, and about 7 meters high. Clefts in the rock in two places lead to two lower, small ice chambers. In the neighborhood of the large cave are two small ones. Prof. Cranmer found fresh ice in the Beilsteinhöhle on the 20th of August, 1895. Two days before, fresh snow had fallen on the neighboring mountain peaks.

Eishöhle on the Brandstein. (Cranmer, _Eishöhlen_, etc., page 62.)--A small cleft cave near the Langriedleralm near Gams in Steiermark. On the 20th of August, 1895, it contained some ice.

The Frauenmauerhöhle.--Described in Part I., page 37.

The Bärenloch near Eisenerz. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 28.)--In the neighborhood of the Frauenmauerhöhle. Altitude 1600 meters. A steep snow slope leads to an ice floor 13 meters long.

The Katerloch. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 29.)--On the Göserwand near Dürnthal, Glemeinde Gschaid in Steiermark. A large cave, some 190 meters long and 80 meters wide. A thin ice crust has been found on parts of the walls in the rear.

Caves in the Stein Alps. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 29.)--The plateau of Velica Planina lies, at an altitude of 1600 meters, 9 kilometers north of Stein in the Duchy of Krain. There are three caves containing ice on the plateau. The first is a big one and is called V. Kofcih. The second is called Mala Veternica. The third and biggest is called Velika Veternica; its length is about 100 meters and its breadth 30 meters.

Glacière Caves on the Nanos Mountain. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 34.)--In the southwestern Krain, 5 kilometers from Präwald. There are four caves containing ice reported on the Nanos mountain. Two of them are big. The altitude of one of these is 1300 meters, of the other 1350 meters.

Brlowa Jama. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 36.)--Seven kilometers from Adelsberg. Small glacière cave.

Kosova Jama. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 38.)--Near Divacca. Forty meters long, 20 meters broad.

Glacière near Adelsberg. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 36.)--Small cave. One hour from Adelsberg.

Kacna Jama. (J. Marinitsch, _La Kacna Jama_, _Mémoires de la Société de Spéléologie_, vol. I., page 83.)--A great pit near the railroad station of Divacca. Herr Marinitsch observed the following temperatures on January 2d, 1896:--

At Divacca -2° C.
In the Kacna Jama at 40 meters -1.1° C.
" " " " " 100 meters +1.2° C.
" " " " " 210 meters +2.1° C.

Sanct Canzian, Karst. (E. A. Martel, _Les Abimes_, page 564, note.)--During the winter of 1889-1890, Herr Marinitsch found stalactites of ice as far as the seventeenth cascade of the Recca; 1000 meters from the third entrance of the river. The temperature of the Recca was then at 0°; during the summer, the temperature of the water rises to 27° (?).

The Grosses Eisloch of Paradana. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 36.)--On the high plateau of the forest of Tarnowa, east of Görz. A large pit cave, 30 meters to 40 meters deep. Professor Fugger says of it: "The flora in the basin-like depression has the character of high mountain vegetation, with every step it resembles more this flora as it exists in the neighborhood of glaciers, until finally in the deepest point of the basin all vegetation stops."

The Kleines Eisloch of Paradana. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 37.)--A small pit glacière, 500 meters distant from the Grosses Eisloch of Paradana.

Suchy Brezen. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 37.)--A small pit glacière, situated about midway between the Grosses and Kleines Eisloch of Paradana.

Prevalo Cave. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 37.)--In the Buchenhochwald, south of Karnica. Small glacière.

Cave of Dol. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 38.)--On a mountain near Haidenschaft. Small glacière.

Glacière near Matena in Bezirke Radmansdorf. (Petruzzi in Haidinger's _Berichte_, etc., vol. VII., page 68.)--On a wooded height. The ice commences to melt in the early summer.

Glacière on the Schutzengelberge near the Golac. (Petruzzi in Haidinger's _Berichte_, etc., vol. VII., page 64.)--A small glacière.

Glacière Cave near Lazhna-gora or Latzenberg. (Valvasor, _Die Ehre des Herzogthumes Crain_, vol. I., pages 242, 243; Hacquet, _Oryctographia Carniolica_, 1778, III., page 159.)--In the neighborhood of Vishnagora in the Krain. The entrance is under a church. It is a large cave, 40 meters long and 20 meters high, where the ice all melts by the end of the summer. Valvasor gives the following account of this cave in 1689, which seems the first printed notice of a glacière in German:--

"Near to Lazchenberg up by the church of St. Nicholas, where a _Thabor_ stands, one finds a big hole, which sinks into the stony rocks. Through this one descends deep with torches: there opens then underneath as big a cavity as the biggest church could be, and the same is extremely high, in the form of a cupola. One sees there different teeth, formed and hardened from the water turned to stone. Further down one arrives to a deep gully: into which, however, I have not been. On the other side one must again ascend, and then one comes again to a cupola: in which cupola ice stands up like an organ from the earth.

"There also one sees icicles of pure ice of different sizes and heights, of which many are one or two _klafters_ high and as thick as a man; but many only two or three spans high or higher, and as thick as an arm, and some also thinner. This ice is formed from the drops of falling water; and indeed in summer; for in winter there is no ice therein. Over such ice one must then ascend, as there are then said to be separate holes and grottoes. But no one has been any further."

Glacière on the Dini Verh. (Petruzzi in Haidinger's _Berichte_, etc., vol. VII., page 67.)--Near Tomischle in the Krain. Small glacière.

Eiskeller near Rosseck. (Petruzzi in Haidinger's _Berichte_, etc., vol. VII., page 64.)--On the Pograca Mountain in the Krain, northeast of the Hornwald, near the Meierhof Rosseck. Small glacière cave.

Gorge near Rosseck. (Valvasor, _Die Ehre des Herzogthumes Crain_, vol. I., page 243 and page 517 ; Petruzzi in Haidinger's _Berichte_, etc., vol. VII., page 64.)--Behind the ruined castle of Rosseck, on the Pograca Mountain in the Krain, is a gorge, at whose bottom are four little holes containing ice most of the year.

Valvasor wrote of this cave in 1689: "Near Rosseck immediately back of the castle there opens a mighty cavern entirely in stony rock, and yawns in the shape of a cauldron down into the earth. Above as wide as a good rifle shot, but below quite narrow. And there underneath there are many holes where the ice remains through the whole summer. From such ice have Duke Frederick Graf and Duke von Gallenberg daily made use in summer to cool their wine. Six years ago I descended there in the month of August, and found ice enough in all the holes."

In the same volume Freiherr Valvasor elaborates his remarks about this cave and that at Latzenberg, repeating in the main the observations in the paragraph just given. He says: "There hang also long icicles which are quite pleasant to look at. * * * This ice breaks all too easily and quickly. * * * Contrarywise, however, this ice lasts much longer in the sun and the heat than other ice. * * * Some might think it would eventually turn into stone: this, however, does not happen: for it remains only in summer and disappears in winter: as I can say for certain, as I have been in myself in the winter as well as in the summer time. * * * For as in the summer the floor is quite covered with ice: it makes walking so dangerous and bad that one cannot take a step without climbing irons; but in the winter time one goes safely and well. * * *"

Freiherr Valvasor was evidently an accurate observer, and, if for his word "winter" we substitute "autumn," his account will be much more nearly correct than might have been expected two centuries ago.

The Kuntschner Eishöhle. (Petruzzi in Haidinger's _Berichte_, etc., vol. VII., pages 65, 66.)--This is known also as the Töplitzer, Unterwarmberger or Ainödter Grotto. It lies 2 kilometers from Kuntschen, and 12 kilometers from Töplitz near Neustädtel, in the Krain. Altitude about 630 meters. Petruzzi says: "Of all so far noticed ice grottoes it is the most wonderful and splendid." In August and September, 1849, the temperatures near the ice were about two degrees above freezing. On the 16th of August, there were many long ice stalagmites and stalactites; on the 29th of September they had diminished materially. Petruzzi says also: "One leaves the abundant vegetation of the Alpine summer flora, and through bushes and dwarf underbrush, through bare and half moss covered rocks and débris, through rotten and twisted tree stems, one comes to the hall of eternal winter, where the microscopic mosses of the north surround the thousand year old stalactites, hanging from the dripping vault, with an always passing, always freshly forming, tender sulphur colored down." Dr. Schwalbe has also examined this cave.

The Friedrichsteiner or Gottscheer Eishöhle.--Described in Part I., page 51.

The Handler Eisloch.--7 kilometers south of Gottschee and about twenty minutes from the village of Handlern, near Rieg. Altitude 596 meters. Small cave. Professor Hans Satter of Gottschee told me he doubted whether ice ever formed there now.

The Suchenreuther Eisloch.--Described in Part I., page 55.

Ledenica na Veliki Gori. (Petruzzi in Haidinger's _Berichte_, etc., vol. VII., page 67.)--In the Krain, 11 kilometers from Reifnitz, on the Balastena Mountain. Altitude 1253 meters. Much ice was found there on the 10th of July, 1834.

Mrzla Jama. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 34.)--On the Innerkrainer Schneeberg, 13 kilometers from Laas.

Glacière Caves on the Kapella. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 39.)--On a pass in the neighborhood of Piacenza. Altitude 800 meters.

Glacière Cave in West Bosnia. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_. page 39.)--West of Kljuc, county Petrovac, district Smoljama, near village Trvanj. Called Trvanj, also Ledenica. Altitude about 1000 meters, length 170 meters, breadth from 4 meters to 30 meters.

Rtanj, Servia. (A. Boué, _La Turquie d'Europe_, 1840, vol. I., page 132; Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, pages 72-74.)--This glacière is on the south side of Siljak, near the village Muzinac. A passage 60 meters long leads to a hall about 10 meters in height. Dr. Boué found snow here in August, the thermometer standing below freezing point. The people in the neighborhood told Dr. Boué that the snow is formed in June and disappears in September and that it is sometimes carried to Nisch. He also heard of similar cavities on the Bannat Mountain. Dr. Cvijic observed in the hall a temperature of +0.4° C.

Ledena Pec, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, pages 68, 69.)--On the Ledini Verh or Glacial Peak, at an altitude of 800 meters; distant one hour and a half from the village of Souvold. Length of passage 108 meters; at entrance about 6 meters, at end about 15 meters in height. On the 10th of May, 1893, there was plenty of ice and snow. Temperature of outside air +19° C.; inside air at rear +0.5° C. Probably permanent glacière.

Dobra Ledenica, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 70.)--West of Ledeno Brdo. Probably periodic glacière. On July 25th, 1890, the temperature of the outside air was +26° C.; of the inside air +3.5°C. _Ledenica_ is the name for a glacière in Servia.

Ledenica in the Mala Brezovica, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 70.)--Length 43 meters. A large, permanent glacière. On July 28th, 1890, the outside air was +23°: inside air +2°.

Ledenica Treme in the Souva Planina, Servia. (Cvijic, Dr. A., _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 71.)--Altitude 1600 meters to 1700 meters. A rather large, probably permanent glacière. Plenty of ice in it on April 21st, 1894.

Zla Ledenica, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 72.)--On the Kucaj. A permanent glacière, 7 meters or 8 meters deep. On July 25th, 1890, outside air +25°; inside air at snow +6°.

Glacière on the Devica, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 74.)--Under the peak Lazurevica. Altitude 1000 meters. A narrow passage leads to a hall 17 meters long by 12 meters wide and 20 meters high. On June 30th, 1893, there was plenty of snow in the passage and ice in the hall.

Glacière Vlaska Pecura, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 74.)--On the Devica, under the Golemi Vech. A small periodic glacière.

Glacière in the Zdrebica, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 74.)--On the southeast side of the Souva Planina, near the village Veliki Krtchimir. A small periodic glacière. On April 20th, 1874, plenty of snow and ice.

Glacière Stoykova, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, pages 75, 76.)--On the Kucaj. A large pit cave with a total depth of 23 meters. Probably a permanent glacière. On July 21st, 1890, plenty of ice and snow. Outside air +21°; inside air in hall +0.5°.

Glacière on the Topiznica Mountain, Servia. (Dr. A. Cvijic, _Spélunca_, vol. II., 1896, page 76.)--Altitude 1100 meters. A large pit cave with an extreme depth of 27 meters. In August, 1893, there was plenty of snow and ice, and the inside temperature was +1°.

Glacière Cave near Borszék. (Bielz, _Siebenbürgen_, 1885, page 334.)--About an hour distant from the baths, in broken limestone. It seems to be a rock fissure, at the end of which ice is found till towards the middle of July.

Glacière Cave near Sonkolyos in the Korös Valley. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 51.)--Small cave.

Glacière near Zapodia. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 50.)--Near Petrosc in the Bihar Mountains. Altitude 1140 meters; length 20 meters, width 7 meters.

Pescerca la Jesere. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 50.)--Between Vervul la Belegiana and the Batrina in the Bihar Mountains. Small freezing cave.

Glacière Cave near Verespatak, in Transylvania. (Bielz, _Siebenbürgen_, page 52.)--Small cave.

Gietariu near Funacza. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 50.)--In the Bihar Mountains. Small glacière cave.

Cave of Skerizora. (Karl F. Peters, _Sitzungsbericht der K. K. Akademie der Wissenchaften_, Wien, vol. XLIII., 1861, page 437; Bielz, _Siebenbürgen_, 1885, page 37.)--This is one of the greatest glacière caves known. It lies in the Bihar Mountains, three hours from the village of Ober-Girda, which can be reached from Gyula Fehérvar, via Topánfalva. It is a pit cave, in limestone, at an altitude of 1127 meters. The pit is about 57 meters broad, and 45 meters deep, with exceedingly steep walls. The entrance is in the northeast wall and is about 10 meters high. This leads into a nearly circular hall 47 meters in diameter and about 20 meters high. The floor is ice. In the southeast corner is a hole over 75 meters deep. In the northwest wall is an opening 14 meters wide, which forms the beginning of a sort of gallery 54 meters long and which at its further end is 24 meters wide and 8 meters high. This is also covered with a flooring of ice, which in some places can only be descended by step cutting. This passage is also richly adorned with ice stalactites and stalagmites. At its end is another also nearly circular hall, 21 meters in diameter and about 22 meters high. This is called the '_Beszerika_' or church. In one place there is a magnificent collection of ice stalagmites called the "Altar." Peters found in dirt on the sides of the cave remains of bats not very different from those now living in the vicinity. He thinks the bats may have come there before the cave became a glacière; or else that they may even now sometimes get into the first hall and there perish from cold. This makes it uncertain, therefore, whether the remains can be considered as of the past or the present.

Eishöhle bei Roth.--Described in Part I., page 35.

Mines on the Eisenberg. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 59.)--These lie near Blankenburg in the Thüringer Wald and have been known to contain ice.

The Ziegenloch or Grosses Kalte Loch, and the Kleines Kalte Loch. (Behrens, _Hercynia Curiosa_, pages 68, 70.)--These lie near Questenberg in the Southern Harz Mountains, at an altitude of about 300 meters. The Grosses Loch is described as a sort of small pit some 8 meters deep, in one side of which opens a small fissure some 10 meters long. Ice has been found in this in April; Schwalbe found none there in July. The Kleines Loch was another small cold cave near the Ziegenloch, but it has been filled up. Behrens says that the dampness at the cave at Questenberg is precipitated as snow.

Holes with Ice near Sanct Blasien. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 109.)--In the Black Forest, among boulders at an altitude of 820 meters.

Holes with Ice near Hochenschwand. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 109.)--In the Black Forest, among boulders at an altitude of 820 meters.

Eisstollen and Eiskeller at the Dornburg. Described in Part I., page 59. (Poggendorff's _Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Ergänzungsband_, 1842, pages 517-519.)--Ice appears to have been discovered at the Dornburg in June, 1839. It was found from a depth of 60 centimeters down to 8 meters. The width of the ice-bearing talus was from 12 meters to 15 meters; and it is said that it becomes wider in winter and narrower in summer.

Beschertgluck Mine, Freiberg District. (Prestwich, _Collected papers_, etc., page 206.)--Mr. Prestwich quotes Daubuisson as having seen the shaft of the mine lined with ice to a depth of 80 toises (144 meters?).

Ice in the Zinc Mines on the Sauberg. (Reich, _Beobachtungen über die Temperatur des Gesteines_, 1834, pages 175 and 205.)--These are near Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony and formerly contained ice in winter. They are reported now to be destroyed.

The Garische Stollen. (Lohman, _Das Höhleneis_, etc., page 3.)--Near Ehrenfriedersdorf in the Freiwald. Lohman found much ice in this in January, less in March, and scarcely any in May.

The Ritterhöhle. (Lohman, _Das Höhleneis_, page 5.)--Near Ehrenfriedersdorf in the Freiwald. Small ice deposit. The rock is granite.

The Stulpnerhöhle. (Lohman, _Das Höhleneis_, page 6.)--Near the Ritterhöhle. Small ice deposit in granite rock.

Eisloch and Eishöhle near Geyer in Saxony. (Lohman, _Das Höhleneis_, page 7.)--These are in a place called die Binge. Both are small.

The Alte Thiele. (Lohman, _Das Höhleneis_, page 8.)--Near Buchholz in Saxony. Small ice deposit.

Mine Pits in the Saxon Erzgebirge. (Reich, _Beobachtungen über die Temperatur des Gesteines_, 1834.)--Extremely low temperatures have been found in several of these pits:--

In the Churprinz Friedrich August Erbstollen near Freiberg.

In the Heinrichs-Sohle in the Stockwerk near Altenberg.

In the Henneberg Stollen, on the Ingelbach, near Johanngeorgenstadt.

In the Weiss-Adler-Stollen, on the left declivity of the valley of the Schwarzwasser, above the Antonshütte.

Holes Holding Ice on the Saalberg. (_Annalen der Physik und Chemie_, 1850, LXXXI., page 579.)--These lie between Saalberg and the Burgk. Ice is found here on the surface from June to the middle of August. From the observations of Professor Hartenstein, Fugger deduces that this place must be the lower end of one or more windholes.

Millstone Quarry of Niedermendig. (M. A. Pictet, _Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève_, 1821, vol. I., page 151.)--On the Niederrhein. There are many connecting pits and galleries here, in which ice has been found in the hottest days of summer as well as in March. The abandoned shafts are utilized as beer cellars.

Eisgrube on the Umpfen. (Voigt, _Mineralogische Reisen durch das Herzogthum Weimar_, 1785, vol. II., page 123.)--In the Rhöngebirge, twenty minutes from Kaltennordheim, are some irregular masses of columnar basalt, at an altitude of about 500 meters, among which abundant ice has been found up to late in the summer.

Cave near Muggendorf, Franconia.--The landlord of the Kurhaus Hotel at Muggendorf, told me that there was a small cave in the vicinity where there was ice in the winter and spring, but that it all melted away before August.

Cave on the Dürrberg. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 59.)--Near Zwickau in Bohemia. Small cave which sometimes contains ice.

The Schneebinge. (Lohman, _Das Höhleneis_, page 11.)--Near Platten in Bohemia. A small ice deposit in an old mine.

Ice among Basaltic Rocks on the Pleschiwitz. (Pleischl, in Poggendorff's _Annalen der Physik und Chemie_, vol. LIV., 1841, pages 292-299.)--Above Kameik near Leitmeritz in Bohemia. Professor Pleischl, in May, 1834, found ice under the rocks a little distance from the surface. The surface of the rocks was then warm. On the 21st of January, 1838, Professor Pleischl found snow on the outside of the rocks, but no ice underneath. He was assured by the people of the district that the hotter the summer, the more ice is found.

Glacière on the Zinkenstein. (Pleischl, in Poggendorff's _Annalen der Physik und Chemie_, vol. LIV., 1841, page 299).--The Zinkenstein is one of the highest points of the Vierzehnberge, in the Leitmeritz Kreis. There is a deep cleft in basalt, where ice has been found in summer.

Eislöcher on the Steinberg. (Pleischl, in Poggendorffs _Annalen der Physik und Chemie_, vol. LIV., 1841, page 299.)--In the Herrschaft Konoged. Small basalt talus where ice is found in the hottest weather.

Windholes in Bohemia. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 109.)--In the neighborhood of Leitmeritz. These are in basaltic rock. Ice sometimes forms at the lower extremity. The most notable are--

On the Steinberg near Mertendorf on the Triebschbach;

On the Kelchberg near Triebsch;

On the Kreuzberg near Leitmeritz;

On the Rodersberg near Schlackenwerth;

In the Grossen Loch near Tschersink.

Ice in a Pit near Neusohl. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 109.)

The Frainer Eisleithen. Described in Part I., page 33. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 163.) Professor Fugger quotes the following observations by Forester Wachtl at Frain:--

1861. 1862.
January -7° to -2° -5°
February -2° to 0° -5° to -2°
March 0° to +1° -1° to 0°
April +1° to +2° 0°
May +2° +2° to +5°
June +2° to +3° +3° to +6°
July +3° +3° to +5°
August +3° to +7° +5°
September +7° to +6° +3° to +6°
October +6° +5°
November -- +5°
December -1° to -3° 0° to -2°

Démenyfálva Jegbarlang. Described in Part I., page 24.

Dóbsina Jegbarlang. Described in Part I., page 13. (Pelech; _The Valley of Stracena and the Dobschau Ice Cavern_; Schwalbe, _Über Eishöhlen und Eislöcher_, page 31.)--Pelech gives the following measurements: The Grosser Saal is 120 meters long, 35 meters to 60 meters wide, and 10 meters to 11 meters high, with a surface area of 4644 square meters. The ice mass is estimated as 125,000 cubic meters in volume. The length of the Korridor is 200 meters; the left wing being 80 meters, and the right wing 120 meters long. The cave was first entered on July 15th, 1870, by Herr Eugene Ruffiny, of Dóbsina, and some friends. He had happened to fire a gun in front of it, and hearing a continuous muffled rolling echo within, determined to explore it.

Dr. Schwalbe quotes the following series of observations in Dóbsina during the year 1881:

DEEPEST POINT FROM KORRIDOR
ENTRANCE. GROSSER SAAL. OF KORRIDOR. TO KLEINEN SAAL.

January -2.2° -4.2° -2.2° -0.6°
February -1.2° -3.4° -1.9° -0.3°
March -1.4° -2.1° -0.9° -0.2°
April -0.25° -1.25° -0.7° +0.3°
May +0.7° +0.9° -0.5° +0.5°
June +1.0° +1.5° -0.5° +0.5°
July +1.8° +2.1° +0.2° +1.1°
August +3.4° +3.8° +0.24° +0.80
September +2.00 +2.3° -0.3° -0.15°
October -0.2° +0.2° -0.5° -0.2°
November -1.3° -1.9° -0.6° -0.3°
December -2.2° -3.2° -0.65° -1.75°
------ ------ ------ ------
Year +0.04° -0.44° -0.69° -0.02°

The Philadelphia _Evening Bulletin_, March, 1st, 1899, printed the following note about Dóbsina: "In this cave, some sixteen years ago, a couple named Kolcsey elected to pass the week immediately following their marriage. They took with them a plentiful supply of rugs, blankets and warm clothing, but notwithstanding all precautions, their experience was not of a sufficiently pleasant nature to tempt imitators."

Lednica of Szilize. (M. Bel, _Philosophical Transactions_, London, 1739, vol. XLI., page 41 _et seq._; Townson, _Travels in Hungary_, 1797; Terlanday, _Petermann's Mittheilungen_, 1893, page 283.)--It lies 1.5 kilometers from the village of Szilize, near Rosenau, in Gomör County, in the Carpathians, at an altitude of 460 meters. A pit about 35 meters deep, 75 meters long, and 48 meters wide opens in the ground, and at the southern end, in the perpendicular wall, is the cave. The entrance is 22 meters wide, 15 meters high, and faces north. A slope 4 meters long sinks with an angle of 35° to the floor of the cave, which is nearly circular in form, with a diameter of about 10 meters. On the east side of the cave there seems to be a hole in the ice some 10 meters deep.

In 1739, there was published in London a curious letter in Latin from Matthias Bel, a Hungarian _savant_, about the cavern of Szilize. He says: "The nature of the cave has this of remarkable, that, when outside the winter freezes strongest, inside the air is balmy: but it is cold, even icy, when the sun shines warmest. As soon as the snow melts and spring begins, the inner roof of the cave, where the midday sun strikes the outside, begins to sweat clear water, which drops down here and there; through the power of the inner cold it turns to transparent ice and forms icicles, which in thickness equal large barrels and take wonderful shapes. What as water drops from the icicles to the sandy floor, freezes up, even quicker, than one would think.

"The icy nature of the cave lasts through the whole summer, and what is most remarkable, it increases with the increasing heat of the sun. In the beginning of the spring the soft winter's warmth begins to give way soon thereafter, and when spring is more advanced, the cold sets in, and in such a manner, that the warmer does the (outside) air grow, the more does the cave cool off. And when the summer has begun and the dog days glow, everything within goes into icy winter. Then do the drops of water pouring from the roof of the cave change into ice, and with such rapidity that where to-day delicate icicles are visible, to-morrow masses and lumps, which fall to the ground, appear. Here and there, where the water drips down the walls of the cave, one sees wonderful incrustations, like an artificial carpeting. The rest of the water remains hanging on the ice, according to the warmth of the day. For when for a longer time it is warmer, the ice of the stalactites, of the walls and of the floor increases; but when the ruling heat, as sometimes happens, is diminished through north winds or rainstorm, the waters freeze more slowly, the ice drips more fully and begins to form little brooklets. When however the temperature gets warmer, the icy nature of the cave begins once more. Some have observed, that the nature of the grotto receives the changes of temperature ahead, like a barometer. For, when a warmer temperature sets in outside, the waters change into ice, several hours before the heat sets in, while the opposite takes place, when by day the temperature is colder; for then even by the warmest sky the ice begins to melt noticeably.

"When the dog days have passed and the summer has already changed into fall, the cave with its own nature follows the conditions of the external air. In the early months and while the nights are growing colder, the ice diminishes visibly; then when the air cools off more and more and when the brooks and side are rigid with frost, it begins to melt as though there was a fire built underneath, until, when winter reigns, it is entirely dry in the cave, without a sign of ice being left behind. Then gentle warmth spreads into the entire cave, and this icy grave becomes a safety resort for insects and other small animals, which bear the winter with difficulty. But besides swarms of flies and gnats, troops of bats and scores of owls, hares and foxes take up their abode here, until with the beginning of spring, the cave once more assumes its icy appearance."

These assertions of Bel are the most inaccurate ones made about glacières. Yet, strange to say, they have colored the literature of the subject down to our own times; and have been repeated many times, sometimes with, sometimes without, the hares and foxes; the latest repetition seeming to occur in 1883.

Cave near the Village of Borzova, Torna County, Carpathians. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 52.)--Reported to contain ice, but nothing certainly known.

CRIMEA.

Ledianaia Yama. (Montpeyreux, _Voyage autour du Caucase_ V., page 440; Hablizl, _Description physique de la Tauride_, 1783, pages 43-45.)--On the Karabi-Yaïla, 32 kilometers southwest of Karasubazar. Altitude about 1800 meters. A fairly large pit glacière cave. The name means an abyss of ice.

Glacière Cave on the Yaïla of Oulouzène at Kazauté. (Montpeyreux, _Voyage autour du Caucase_, II., page 380.)--A small pit cave.

CAUCASUS.

Glacière Cave in the Khotevi Valley. (Montpeyreux, _Voyage autour du Caucase_, II., page 379.)--In the province of Radscha, near the Monastery Nikortsminda. A large pit cave which must be of the same order as that of Chaux-les-Passavant and from which the inhabitants of Koutaïs get ice.

Glacières near Koutaïs. (E. A. Martel, _Les Abimes_, page 397.)--"Dr. A. Sakharov, it appears, has recently discovered in the government of Koutaïs caves containing ice."

Cave of Sabazwinda. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 126.)--Near the town of Zorchinwall, on the river Liachwa, province of Gori, in Georgia, near the Ossete Mountains. Ice has been found in the cave in summer. In December there was none.

URAL.

Glacière Cave near Sukepwa. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 63.)--On the Volga, province of Zlatoust. Small cave on the river bank.

Glacière Cave on the Tirmen Tau. (Lepechin, _Tagebuch der Reise_, etc., vol. II., page 28.)--Near the village of Chaszina, 160 kilometers from Orenburg. Small cave.

Glacière Cave of Kurmanajeva. (Lepechin, _Tagebuch der Reise_, etc., vol. II., page 5.)--Near Kurmanajeva, a village 49 kilometers from Tabinsk, in the Government of Orenburg. A large cave. Lepechin found ice in one part of the cave and deep water in another. There were draughts in some places.

Cave on the Baislan Tasch. (Lepechin, _Tagebuch der Reise_, etc., II., page 40.)--The Baislan Tasch is a mountain on the right bank of the Bielaja River, which flows into the Kama. There is a large cave in the mountain in which ice has been found.

Cave on the Muinak Tasch. (Lepechin, _Tagebuch der Reise_, etc., II., page 38.)--The Muinak Tasch is a mountain on the Bielaja River. There is a large cave in it, in which a little ice has been found.

Cave of Kungur. (Lepechin, _Tagebuch der Reise_, etc., II., page 137; Rosenmüller and Tilesius, I., page 79.)--The Cavern of Kungur is near the town of Kungur in the Government of Perm. There are in it many passages and grottoes connecting with one another, some of which contain ice. It is a fine, large cave, whose greatest length is 400 meters.

Mines of Kirobinskoy. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 65.)--These mines are 53 kilometers southeast of Miask in the Ural; they have been abandoned. One of them contains ice all the year round.

Caves of Illetzkaya-Zatschita. (Murchison, Vernieul and Keyserling, _The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains_, 1845, vol. I., page 186.)--72 kilometers southeast from Orenburg. The caves are in the Kraoulnaïgora, a gypsum hillock 36 meters high, rising in the midst of an undulating steppe, which lies on a vast bed of rock salt. Only one of the caves contains ice. There are strong draughts in places.

SIBERIA.

Cave near the Fortress Kitschigina. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 66.)--A small cave, 17 kilometers east of Kajilskoi, 192 kilometers from Petropaulowsk, 605 kilometers from Tobolsk. The cave is in an open plain, and sometimes contains ice.

Wrechneja Petschera. (Fugger, _Eishöhlen_, page 66.)--Near the village Birjusinska, in the neighborhood of Krasnojarsk, on the right bank of the Yenisei. Large glacière cave.