Chapter XXIV: Section 1: When a soldier shall be convicted of an offence (1)

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the punishment for which, as authorized by Article II. of this order or the custom of the service, does not exceed that which an inferior court-martial may award, the punishment so authorized may be increased by one half for every previous conviction of one or more offences within eighteen months preceding the trial and during the current enlistment; provided that the increase of punishment for five or more previous convictions shall not exceed that thus authorized when there are four previous convictions, and that when one or more of such five or more previous convictions shall have been by general court-martial, or when such convictions shall have occurred within one year preceding the trial, the limit of punishment shall be dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor for three months.

When the conviction is of an offence punishable under Article II. of this order or the custom of the service with a greater punishment than an inferior court-martial can award, but not punishable with dishonorable discharge, the sentence may, on proof of five or more previous convictions within eighteen months and during the current enlistment, impose dishonorable discharge and forfeiture of all pay and allowances in addition to the authorized confinement, and when this confinement is less than three months it may be increased to three months.

When a non-commissioned officer is convicted of an offence not punishable with reduction, he may, if he shall have been convicted of a military offence within a year and during the current enlistment, be sentenced to reduction, in addition to the punishment already authorized.

SEC. 2. In every case when an offence on trial before a court-martial is of a character admitting of the introduction of evidence of previous convictions, and the accused is convicted, the court, after determining its findings, will be opened for the purpose of ascertaining whether there is such evidence, and, if so, of hearing it. These convictions must be proved by the records of previous trials, or by duly authenticated orders promulgating the same, except in the cases of conviction by summary court, when a duly authenticated copy of the record of said court shall be deemed sufficient proof. Charges forwarded to the authority ordering a general court-martial, or submitted to a summary, garrison, or regimental court, must be accompanied by the proper evidence of such previous convictions as may have to be considered in determining upon a sentence.

ARTICLE IV.

When a soldier shall, on one arraignment, be convicted of two or more offences, none of which is punishable under Article II. of this order or the custom of the service with dishonorable discharge, but the aggregate term of confinement for which may exceed six months, dishonorable discharge with forfeiture of pay and allowances may be awarded in addition to the authorized confinement.

ARTICLE V.

This order prescribes the _maximum_ limit of punishment for the offences named, and this limit is intended for those cases in which the severest punishment should be awarded. In other cases the punishment should be graded down according to the extenuating circumstances. Offences not herein provided for remain punishable as authorized by the Articles of War and the custom of the service.

ARTICLE VI.

Summary courts are subject to the restrictions named in the 83d Article of War. Soldiers against whom charges may be preferred for trial by summary court shall not be confined in the guard-house, but shall be placed in arrest in quarters, before and during trial and while awaiting sentence, except when in particular cases restraint may be necessary.

ARTICLE VII.

The following substitutions for punishments named in Article II. of this order are authorized at the discretion of the court:

Two days' confinement at hard labor for one dollar forfeiture; one day's solitary confinement on bread and water diet for two days' confinement at hard labor or for one dollar forfeiture; provided that a non-commissioned officer not sentenced to reduction shall not be subject to confinement; and provided that solitary confinement shall not exceed fourteen days at one time, nor be repeated until fourteen days have elapsed, and shall not exceed eighty-four days in one year. Whenever the limit herein prescribed for an offence or offences may be brought within the punishing power of inferior courts-martial, as defined by the 83d Article of War, by substitution of punishment under the provisions of this article, the said courts have jurisdiction of such offence or offences.

ARTICLE VIII.

Non-commissioned officers above the rank of corporal shall not, if they object thereto, be brought to trial before regimental, garrison, or summary courts-martial without the authority of the officer competent to order their trial by general court-martial; nor shall sergeants of the post non-commissioned staff or hospital stewards be reduced, but they may be dishonorably discharged whenever reduction is included in the limit of punishment.

U. S. SIGNAL AND TELEGRAPH CODE.

(Authorized by G. O. No. 59, A. G. O., June 28, 1889.)

ALPHABET.

A ·- F ·-· K -·- P ····· U ··-
B -··· G - -· L ---- Q ··-· V ···-
C ·· · H ···· M - - R · ·· W ·- -
D -·· I ·· N -· S ··· X ·-··
E · J -·-· O · T - Y ·· ··
Z ··· · & · ···

NUMERALS.

1 ·- -· 3 ···- -· 5 - - - 7 - -·· 9 -··-
2 ··-·· 4 ····- 6 ····· 8 -···· 0 ----

PUNCTUATION MARKS.

Comma ·-·- Interrogation -··-· Parenthesis Pn
Semicolon Si Quotation Qn Brackets Br
Colon Ko Paragraph - - - - Dollar mark Sx
Period ··- -·· Exclamation - - - · Dash Dx
Hyphen Hx Underline Ux

NOTE.--A fraction is made by inserting a dot between the numerator and denominator:

Example, ⅞ - -·· · -····

SIGNALS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

1. Wait a moment.
4. Start me.
5. Have you anything for me?
7. Are you ready?
8. Busy on other wires (or stations).
9. Train order (or important military message)--give way.
13. Do you understand?
18. What is the matter?
27. Adjust your magnet (or flash).
30. Circuit closed (or close station).
44. Answer quick.
73. Accept compliments.
92. Deliver (ed).
134. Who is at the key (flag, or torch)?
Ahr. Another.
Ans. Answer.
Ck. Check.
Col. Collect.
D H. Dead head.
G A. Go ahead.
G E. Good-evening.
G M. Good-morning.
G N. Good-night.
G R. Government rate.
N M. No more.
O B. Official business.
O K. All right.
Opr. Operator.
Pd. Paid.
Qk. Quick.
Sig. Signature.

TO SIGNAL WITH FLAG OR TORCH.

The flagman faces exactly toward the communicating station; staff is vertical in front of centre of body, butt at height of waist. The _dot_ (·) is represented by a motion to the right, and the _dash_ (-) by a motion to the left of the sender. The _space_, whether separating elements of _spaced characters_ (C, O, R, Y, Z, and "&"), or separating words, will be represented by a "front" motion.

Thus the motions:

Right, right, front, right, represent C.

Right, front, right, represent O.

Right, front, right, right, represent R.

Each motion will embrace an arc of 90°, starting from and returning to the vertical.

The _long dash_ (letter "L" and numeral "naught") is distinguished from the "T" dash by a slight pause at the lowest point of dip, and with this exception there will be no pause whatever between the motions required for any single letter.

A slight pause will be made between letters.

At the end of each word, abbreviation, or conventional signal the space signal, or "front" motion, is made, _preceded and followed by a pause_ equivalent to that made between letters.

CONVENTIONAL SIGNALS FOR HELIOGRAPH OR FLASH LANTERN.

=To Call a Station.=--Turn a steady flash on the station and keep it there until answered by a steady flash. Both stations will then adjust, each on the other's flash. When adjustments are satisfactory, the station called will acknowledge and cut off its flash, and the calling station will proceed with the message.

=Adjustment.=--If the receiver sees that the sender's mirror needs adjusting, he will turn on a steady flash until answered by a steady flash. When adjustment is satisfactory, the receiver will acknowledge, and the sender will resume his message.

CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR FLAG OR TORCH.[23]

=To Call a Station.=--Signal the "call letter" of the station required, or, if the call letter be not known, signal "A" without pause until acknowledged. The calling station will then proceed with the message.

=To Acknowledge a Call.=--Signal "I" three times followed by "front" and the call letter of the acknowledging station.

=To Break or Stop the Signals from the Sending Station.=--Signal "A" without pause until acknowledged.

=To Start the Sending Station after Breaking.=--Signal "G A " followed by "front" and the last word correctly received; the sender will immediately resume his message, beginning with the word indicated by the receiver. If nothing has been received, signal "R R"; the sender will then repeat all.

=Error in Sending.=--Signal seven dots (·······) rapidly followed by "front," and resume the message, beginning with the last word correctly sent.

=End of Address.=--Signal the period (··--··) followed by "front."

=Signature Follows.=--Signal "Sig" followed by "front."

=To Acknowledge Receipt of a Message.=--Signal "O K" followed by "front" and personal signal or initial of receiver.

PENETRATION OF PROJECTILES.

Experiments at Lydd, in 1886, showed that earthen parapets of sandy loam 12 feet thick were but little affected by the fire from B. L. 12-pdr. and 20-pdr. with steel shells, and the following rough rules will probably suffice against field-guns:

For friable soil, such as sand, etc. 2 yards
For medium soil, such as ordinary earth 2½ yards
For tenacious soil, such as clay 3 yards

The following data, obtained from experiments by the Germans, may prove of service:

PENETRATION FROM ARTILLERY-FIRE.

--------------------------------------------+----------------------
Field-artillery. |Garrison and Siege
| Artillery.
--------------------------------------------+----------------------
Shrapnel; {bullets } in earth, 16 to 39 in.|In earth 39 in.
{fragments} |
|
Shrapnel, wood, overhead cover 2 in. | Wood, }
|overhead cover } 4 in.
|
Individual shot: |
Striking fair, earth 39 to 79 in. |Earth 10 to 13 ft.
Striking fair, brickwork 39 in. |
Striking fair, snow about 27 ft. |
--------------------------------------------+----------------------

PENETRATION FROM INFANTRY-FIRE.

Sand 29½ in.
Rammed snow 6 ft. 9 in.
Sheaves of grain 16 ft. 9 in.
Pine 39 in.
Steel plate 0.8 in.
Ordinary earth 39 in.
Swampy or wet ground 79 in.
Laid sods and turf 79 in.
Oak 24 in.
Brickwork 19½ in.
A double thickness of planks filled in with broken stone 7.8 in.

Penetration at all ranges has been increased with the new rifle (U.S.). At 200 to 300 yards protection is afforded by about 0.2 inch of steel plate and about 0.3 inch wrought iron; at same distances penetration in earth is 25 inches, in pine, 30 inches.

GUN-PITS FOR FIELD-ARTILLERY.

THE FRENCH GUN-PIT.

=Description.=--The French gun-pit consists of an epaulement, whose general direction is perpendicular to the line of fire, with wings or returns at the sides, along which trenches are dug on the inside for the protection of the cannoneers. The earth for the epaulement is taken from a rectangular pit one and a half feet deep, and from the ramps and trenches leading to it. If there is not sufficient earth, more is obtained by digging a ditch in front. The lateral trenches may be prolonged and deepened to any extent.

=Construction.=--To trace the pit:

1. Lay off a line about ten feet in length perpendicular to the line of fire, to mark the foot of the interior slope of the epaulement.

This line should be long enough to give the piece a field of fire of 90 degrees; mark the extremities and centre of the line with stakes or otherwise.

2. In the wings lay off two lines five to seven feet in length, making with the first line angles such that the trenches shall not restrict the field of fire or interfere with the recoil of the piece.

3. Complete the rectangle of the pit, and mark the points of intersection of the trenches and the ramps leading to it.

4. In soft ground it will be found to be more expeditious to use shovels; if the ground is hard, three picks and five shovels will be necessary for each detachment of eight men. The men should commence by breaking ground along the interior slope; having picked a breadth of about two feet, they face about and advance toward the rear of the pit.

As soon as there is room the shovels follow the picks.

In picking the men should be instructed to strike together to avoid accident.

Under pressure this pit can be constructed in one and a half hours.

THE GERMAN GUN-PIT.

The German gun-pit consists of a rectangular excavation one and a half feet deep, with a ramp leading to it from the rear. The epaulement is formed like an ordinary glacis, and surrounds all but the entrance.

This pit is easily and rapidly constructed, and, as seen from a distance, presents a very small target.

The parapet being the same height all round, the gun can fire in any direction by widening the pit, which would then take the form of a semicircle.

=Construction.=--1. Lay off a line four yards in length perpendicular to the direction of the line of fire. At each extremity erect a perpendicular of four yards.

2. From the vertices of the right angles thus formed lay off one yard on both the front and side lines, and mark the four points so determined, together with the rear extremities of the sides, with sabres or stakes.

3. Commence and continue the digging as prescribed in the construction of the French gun-pit.

The pockets _aa_ are for the reception of ammunition.

4. The ramp is laid out and completed after the pit is finished, or simultaneously with it, as may be most desirable.

An ordinary gun detachment can construct this pit in one hour.

THE AUSTRIAN GUN-PIT.

A simple rectangular pit one and a half feet deep, with front epaulement and ramp.

=Construction.=--Constructed similarly to the German, the earth from the pit being thrown to the front.

It can be made in less than half an hour, and while affording no special cover to the cannoneers, as do the German and English, it can be made in half that time, and does not present a conspicuous target.

It has the further advantage of very rapid cover, and of being capable of transformation into any desirable pit if there be time.

THE ENGLISH GUN-PIT.

This type is a true "gun-pit," the bottom being below the natural surface of the ground, sloping up at back of pit toward the rear. It affords excellent cover for the piece and its detachment, can be readily marked out, and constructed in a comparatively short time.

The lateral trenches, if extended, would afford a covered way along the front of the battery.

The defects in this pit are a contracted field of fire, the conspicuous mark which the embrasure gives the enemy, the lack of ammunition-pockets, and want of drainage.

=Construction.=--1. Lay off 8 feet 6 inches on a line perpendicular to the probable direction of fire for the interior crest, and at the middle point of this line determine a perpendicular to it; on this perpendicular lay off from the interior crest distances of 6 feet, 10 feet, and 18 feet, and through their extremities determine lines parallel to the interior crest; on these lines find points that are 6 feet from the perpendicular on both sides of it, putting in a stake or sabre at each point so determined. Extend the parallels at 6 feet and 10 feet, 4 feet on each side, and mark the points thus established for the lateral trenches.

2. Commence excavating at the interior crest, throwing the earth to the front and sides (being careful to allow a berme of about one foot), thus forming an epaulement 1 foot 6 inches high and 10 feet 5 inches thick at bottom, extending round to the front corner of the lateral trenches. Then throw the earth out to the side front to form mounds about 4 feet high in front of the lateral trenches to still better protect the detachment, sufficient space being left in front for an embrasure. Dig down two feet throughout the pit back to the line 10 feet from the interior crest and level off the bottom. Slope up from the bottom of the pit at ten-foot line back to the eighteen-foot line. If desirable to connect adjoining pits of this class, extend the lateral trenches until they meet.

Time of construction of pit complete in all its details, with detachment of eight cannoneers, gunner, and chief of section, in stiff clay, without previous practice, one hour and twenty minutes.

ORDINARY RUSSIAN GUN-PIT.

This type differs from the gun-pit proper, in that the wheels rest on the natural surface of the ground, the side-pits being for the cannoneers. The only apparent advantages are good cover for the detachment under heavy fire, drainage as far as the piece is concerned, and facility for ingress and egress. The obvious disadvantages are contracted space for working party in digging, contracted field of fire, and the mark presented by the embrasure to hostile fire.

=Construction.=--Lay off on a line perpendicular to the probable direction of fire 10 feet, prolong the line 5 feet 3 inches in both directions, and mark the four points thus determined with stakes or sabres. At the middle point of the ten-foot line erect a perpendicular to it and lay off on this perpendicular to the rear 9 feet 2 inches; through this point determine a parallel to the ten-foot line and lay off on it, on both sides of the perpendicular, 9 feet and 14 feet 3 inches, marking the four points so determined with stakes or sabres.

The parallelograms whose vertices are thus established fix the surface-lines of the lateral trenches. Dig down to 4 feet 6 inches for the bottom of the trenches and throw the dirt to the front and side, giving the epaulement a height of 3 feet, and leaving space for the embrasure in front. When time permits, cut outside and rear steps for the trenches, as indicated, to admit of quick egress for the gun detachment.

Time of construction complete, soil and detachment same as English pit, two hours.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON GUN-PITS.

In forming the epaulement, leave a berme of at least a foot; and, when there is time, level and ram the earth, which, in front of the muzzle, should not be more than three and one half feet above the bottom of the pit. If there are side trenches, the earth in front of them should be high enough to afford complete protection to the men occupying them.

Pockets for the reception of the ammunition are very important in saving the ammunition from water which may accumulate, and from the fire of the enemy.

The field of fire should not be less than 90 degrees.

Avoid narrow embrasures as presenting an easy mark, and as likely to draw the fire of the enemy.

Cover should first be provided for the men and horses; then for the material.

If the position is occupied for some time, strengthen the parapet by earth from a ditch in front. Prolong the lateral trenches of the adjacent pits until they meet, forming a continuous parapet; if possible, plank or macadamize the bottom of the pit. Traverses between the guns will be found effective.

In order to conceal the parapets, cover the fresh earth with boughs, sod, or top-soil of the prevailing or surrounding color. If in winter, use snow for this purpose. A very effective plan is to dig a small trench or parapet from fifty to seventy-five yards in front of the real pits, thus deceiving an enemy as to where the real fire comes from.

If the ground does not afford natural cover for the limbers, limber-pits, similar to the Austrian gun-pits, can be easily constructed. They should be one foot deeper.

TREATMENT OF SICK MEN.

=Bleeding.=--Blood from the veins is dark and flows slowly; that from arteries is bright red and is thrown out in spurts.

To suppress bleeding from a vein, use cold water when slight; or place a moderately tight bandage below the wound.

If an artery, completely obstruct the artery by pressure at the bleeding point, or between it and the heart. Do this by means of the fingers, a pad and bandage, a plug, or a tourniquet. Make a knot in a handkerchief and place it at the proper spot over the course of the artery, then tie the handkerchief around the limb and by means of a stick twist it tight. In bleeding from hand, fore arm, or arm apply around arm near the shoulder; in bleeding of the foot, leg, or thigh apply around leg between knee and hip according to circumstances.

=Chafing.=--Chafing between the thighs may be alleviated by keeping the parts scrupulously clean, and powdered with fuller's earth, or a mixture of oxide of zinc and very finely powdered starch.

=Colic.=--Dose of castor-oil, hot applications to belly, and a teaspoonful of Squibb's mixture or ginger essence in water.

=Cholera Morbus.=--1 teaspoonful of paregoric, ¼ grain of morphine, or 1 teaspoonful of Squibb's mixture diluted may be given at once. Hot applications to belly. Stimulants in case of collapse.

=Constipation.=--A seidlitz powder, or a tablespoonful of Rochelle or Epsom Salts before breakfast; a teaspoonful of compound liquorice powder, or 2 or 3 compound cathartic pills, late at night.

=Burns and Scalds.=--Cover with vaseline or carron oil (equal parts of lime water and oil). If oil is not at hand, use flour or scraped potato. A tablespoonful of baking-soda to a teacupful of water soon relieves pain. Dress with lint or cotton-wool. Blisters should be carefully opened with a needle or scissors.

=Diarrhœa.=--Dose of castor-oil; if after oil has acted the diarrhœa persists, a teaspoonful of Squibb's mixture diluted; or a camphor and opium pill, to be repeated in an hour if necessary.

=Drowning.=--If the patient has stopped breathing, tight clothing is first loosened; the individual is then turned over on his face, a roll of clothing, a rolled blanket, etc., being placed under his stomach, his mouth and nose are cleared of sand, mud, or other substances collected therein, and pressure is made upon the spine and kept up until water ceases to flow from the mouth. The patient is then turned over on his back, and the roll placed under his shoulder-blades so as to raise the shoulders and extend the throat. The tongue, being drawn well forward, is either secured by a string or rubber band, passing around the base of the organ and the chin, fixed by thrusting a small stick or pencil across the top of it behind the molar teeth, or held by an assistant. Then, kneeling behind the patient's head, seize the arms above the elbows and draw them outwards and upwards until they are fully extended above the head. After a pause of about two seconds the arms are carried back to their original positions, the operator making firm pressure on the chest at the same time. This procedure is carried out at the rate of about fifteen times a minute. Whenever the arms are raised, the chest is expanded and air enters the lungs; when they are brought down and pressure is made upon the chest, the latter is compressed and the air is expelled. The natural movements of respiration are hence imitated. This should be kept up for hours if necessary, and until natural breathing returns, or the case has been given up as hopeless by competent authority. During this time warm and dry clothing should have been placed on the patient, a fire built, and warm articles of any kind used to restore the heat of the body. The body and limbs should be constantly rubbed towards the trunk. As soon as the patient is able to swallow a teaspoonful of hot liquor in a tablespoonful of water may be given every few minutes until the danger is over.

As soon as the patient begins to breathe of his own accord the artificial process should be timed to aid the natural respiration. Breathing may be stimulated by holding hartshorn to the nose, slapping the skin, or by dashing hot water on the chest.

After being restored the patient should be carefully carried in a recumbent position, put in a warm bed, and carefully watched for stoppage of breathing. If the patient has not stopped breathing when drawn out of the water, proceed as above, omitting artificial respiration except when the natural function begins to fail.

=Emetics.=--Gunpowder dissolved in water. One tablespoonful of mustard in a pint of water and then copious draughts of tepid water. Twenty grains of sulphate of zinc dissolved in water, to be followed by a cupful of tepid water, and repeated every three minutes until 3 or 4 doses have been given or vomiting has occurred.

=Fainting.=--Place patient on his back, head low, arms and feet may be elevated; loosen tight clothing; dash cold water in face; hold hartshorn to nostrils; a little whiskey and water when able to swallow.

=Frost-bites.=--Rub with snow or cold water.

=Intoxication.=--Pour water over head; give teaspoonful of ground mustard stirred up in a teacupful of lukewarm water; then, after vomiting has occurred, give a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a teacupful of water, or a large draught of vinegar. If in danger of dying, general application of heat to body is imperative.

=Heat Exhaustion= resembles an ordinary fainting spell, and is similarly treated. Unlike sunstroke this condition presents a cool moist skin.

=Sunstroke.=--Its symptoms of warning are headache and oppression, followed after a time by loss of consciousness; breathing labored; skin intensely hot; perspiration absent; the bladder and bowels sometimes discharge involuntarily.

Convey immediately to a cool place; remove clothing; place in cold bath, or wrap with sheets soaked in cold water, and keep wet with ice-water if possible. If this cannot be done, sponge thoroughly and continually the head and body, lumps of ice being rubbed over the chest and placed over the large blood-vessels in the arm-pits and groins.

Discontinue application of cold when consciousness returns, to be renewed only in case temperature rises above normal (98.9° F.) or insensibility returns.

=Sore Feet.=--If the feet begin to chafe, rub the socks with common soap where they come in contact with sore places. By rubbing the feet with hard soap before the march you may escape having sore feet. The feet should be washed every night and thoroughly dried. Blisters should not be opened, but have a thread run through.

TABLES OF WEIGHT, CAPACITY, ETC.

NUMBER OF POUNDS IN A BUSHEL.

Oats 32
Beans 60
Onions 57
Castor beans 46
Barley 48
Peas 60
Timothy-seed 45
Flaxseed 56
Corn or rye 56
Clover-seed 60
Dried apples or peaches 28
Hemp-seed 44
Wheat 60
Potatoes 60
Salt 50
Bluegrass-seed 14

NUMBER OF POUNDS IN A BARREL.

Flour 196
Beef, pork, or fish 200
Salt 280

CYLINDERS FOR LIQUID MEASURES.

Diam. Height.
1 gill 1¾ in. 3 in.
½ pint 2¼ " 3⅝ "
1 pint 3½ " 3 "
1 quart 3½ " 6 "
1 gallon 7 " 6 "
2 gallons 7 " 12 "
8 " 14 " 12 "
10 " 14 " 15 "

CAPACITY OF BOXES.

A cubic yard contains 21.69 bushels.

1 barrel = 24 x 16 x 28 inches
½ " = 24 x 24 x 14 "
1 bushel = 16 x 16.8 x 8 "
1 " = a cylinder 14 in. diam. x 14 in. deep
½ " = 12 x 11.2 x 8 inches
1 peck = 8 x 8.4 x 8 "
1 gallon = 8 x 8 x 4.2 " (dry)
1 " = 6 x 6 x 6.42 " (liquid)
½ " = 7 x 4 x 4.5 "
1 quart = 4 x 4 x 4.1 " (dry)
1 " = 4 x 4 x 3.61 " (liquid)

In freighting ships 42 cubic feet are allowed to a ton.

ARMY WAGON (INSIDE MEASUREMENT).

Length { 9½ ft. at bottom }
{10 " " top }; width, 3 ft. 4 in.; depth, 1 ft. 9 in.

TO DETERMINE THE QUANTITY OF GRAIN OR HAY.

=Corn.=--Two cubic feet of sound dry corn in the ear will make one bushel of shelled corn.

To determine the number of bushels of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, multiply together the interior length, breadth, and height of the crib in feet, and divide by 2.

=Oats.=--A nose-bag will contain about 10 pounds of good oats.

A cubic foot of good oats weighs about 25¾ pounds.

To determine, approximately, the number of bushels of oats in a bin, multiply the length, breadth, and height in feet together, and multiply the result by O.8047.

To determine the number of bushels a wagon will contain, apply the same rule.

=Hay.=

Hay loose allow 5 pounds to a cubic foot
Hay in stack " 8 " " " " "
Hay baled " 11 " " " " "
Wagon-load of stack hay " 450 to 500 cubic feet to a ton
" " " new-mown hay " 700 cubic feet to a ton

=Straw.=--Allow 10 to 12 pounds to a cubic foot.

MEASURES OF LENGTH.

LONG MEASURE.

12 inches make 1 foot ft.
3 feet " 1 yard yd.
5½ yards " 1 rod rd.
40 rods " 1 furlong fur.
8 furlongs, or 320 rods, " 1 mile mi.
3 miles " 1 league lea.

SURVEYOR'S MEASURE.

7.92 inches make 1 link li.
100 links " 1 chain ch.
80 chains " 1 mile mi.

SQUARE MEASURE.

144 square inches make 1 square foot sq. ft.
9 square feet " 1 square yard sq. yd.
30¼ square yards " 1 square rod sq. rd.
160 square rods " 1 acre A.

LAND MEASURE.

10,000 square links make 1 square chain
10 square chains " 1 acre
640 acres " 1 square mile

CUBIC MEASURE.

1728 cubic inches make 1 cubic foot cu. ft.
27 cubic feet " 1 cubic yard cu. yd.
128 cubic feet " 1 cord C.

LIQUID MEASURE.

The standard U. S. gallon equals 231 cubic inches, and contains 8.3311 pounds of pure water at 62° F.

A cubic foot of pure water at 62° F. weighs 62.32 pounds.

The liquid quart is about six sevenths of a quart of dry measure.

1 litre = 8.4536 gills = 2.1134 pints = 1.0567 quarts.

DRY MEASURE.

The bushel (Winchester) contains nearly 2150.42 cubic inches, and is a cylinder measure 18½ inches across and 8 inches deep.

A bushel measure will contain 9.31 gallons of pure water at 62° F.

1 litre = 1.816 pints = .908 quart.

APOTHECARIES' MEASURE.

60 minims (♏) 1 fluid drachm (f. ʒ)
8 drachms (water 1.732 cu. in., 1 fluid oz. (f. ℥)
437½ grains)
20 ounces 1 pint (O.)
8 pints (water 70,000 grains) 1 gallon (gall.)
1 drop 1 grain
60 drops 1 drachm
1 drachm 1 teaspoonful
4 drachms 1 tablespoonful
8 drachms (2 tablespoonfuls) 1 ounce
2 ounces (water 875 grains) 1 wineglassful
3 ounces 1 teacupful

MISCELLANEOUS TABLES.

COUNTING.

12 things make 1 dozen doz.
12 dozen " 1 gross gr.
12 gross " 1 great gross g. gr.

PAPER.

24 sheets make 1 quire qr.
20 quires " 1 ream ream
2 reams " 1 bundle bund.
2 bundles " 1 bale

BOOKS.

A book in which

Each sheet is folded into 2 leaves is a folio
" " " " 4 " " quarto, or 4to
" " " " 8 " " octavo, or 8vo
" " " " 12 " " duodecimo, or 12mo
" " " " 16 " " 16mo
" " " " 24 " " 24mo
" " " " 32 " " 32mo

MISCELLANEOUS VALUES.

4 inches make 1 hand, used in measuring horses
9 " " 1 span, " sacred history
18 feet " 1 cubit, " " "
6 " " 1 fathom, " measuring depths

MEASURES OF WEIGHT.

AVOIRDUPOIS = METRIC WEIGHTS.

--------------------+---------+------------+------------+-------
Avoirdupois. | Grammes.|Decagrammes.|Kilogrammes.|Millier
| | | | (Ton).
--------------------+---------+------------+------------+-------
1 drachm | 1.77184| | |
1 ounce (16 drachms)| 28.34954| 2.83495| |
1 pound (16 ounces) |453.59256| 45.35926| 0.45359 |
1 hundredweight | | | 45.3552 |
1 ton (20 cwt.) | | | 907.1040 |0.9071
--------------------+---------+------------+------------+-------

Ton. Hundredweight. Pounds. Ounces. Drachms.
1 = 20 = 2000 = 32,000 = 522,000
1 = 100 = 1,600 = 25,600
1 = 16 = 256
1 = 16

TROY = METRIC WEIGHTS.

1 lb. = 12 oz. = 240 dwts. = 5760 grs.
1 " = 20 " = 480 "
1 " = 24 "

TABLES FOR CONVERTING U. S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

CUSTOMARY TO METRIC.

LINEAR.

Inches to Feet to Yards to Miles to
Millimetres. Metres. Metres. Kilometres.

1 = 25.4001 0.304801 0.914402 1.60935
2 = 50.8001 0.609601 1.828804 3.21869
3 = 76.2002 0.914402 2.743205 4.82804
4 = 101.6002 1.219202 3.657607 6.43739
5 = 127.0003 1.524003 4.572009 8.04674
6 = 152.4003 1.828804 5.486411 9.65608
7 = 177.8004 2.133604 6.400813 11.26543
8 = 203.2004 2.438405 7.315215 12.87478
9 = 228.6005 2.743205 8.229616 14.48412

SQUARE.

Square Square Square Acres to
Inches to Feet to Yards to Hectares.
Square Square Square
Centimetres. Decimetres. Metres.

1 = 6.452 9.290 0.836 0.4047
2 = 12.903 18.581 1.672 0.8094
3 = 19.355 27.871 2.508 1.2141
4 = 25.807 37.161 3.344 1.6187
5 = 32.258 46.452 4.181 2.0234
6 = 38.710 55.742 5.017 2.4281
7 = 45.161 65.032 5.853 2.8328
8 = 51.613 74.323 6.689 3.2375
9 = 58.065 83.613 7.525 3.6422

CUBIC.

Cubic Cubic Cubic Bushels to
Inches to Feet to Yards to Hectolitres.
Cubic Cubic Cubic
Centimetres. Metres. Metres.

1 = 16.387 0.02832 0.765 0.35239
2 = 32.774 0.05663 1.529 0.70479
3 = 49.161 0.08495 2.294 1.05718
4 = 65.549 0.11327 3.058 1.40957
5 = 81.936 0.14158 3.823 1.76196
6 = 98.323 0.16990 4.587 2.11436
7 = 114.710 0.19822 5.352 2.46675
8 = 131.097 0.22654 6.116 2.81914
9 = 147.484 0.25485 6.881 3.17154

CAPACITY.

Fluid
Drachms to Fluid Quarts Gallons
Millilitres Ounces to to to
or Cubic Millilitres. Litres. Litres.
Centimetres.

1 = 3.70 29.57 0.94636 3.78543
2 = 7.39 59.15 1.89272 7.57087
3 = 11.09 88.72 2.83908 11.35630
4 = 14.79 118.29 3.78543 15.14174
5 = 18.48 147.87 4.73179 18.92717
6 = 22.18 177.44 5.67815 22.71261
7 = 25.88 207.02 6.62451 26.49804
8 = 29.57 236.59 7.57087 30.28348
9 = 33.27 266.16 8.51723 34.06891

WEIGHT.

Grains Avoirdupois Avoirdupois Troy
to Ounces to Pounds to Ounces to
Milligrammes. Grammes. Kilogrammes. Grammes.

1 = 64.7989 28.3495 0.45359 31.10348
2 = 129.5978 56.6991 0.90719 62.20696
3 = 194.3968 85.0486 1.36078 93.31044
4 = 259.1957 113.3981 1.81437 124.41392
5 = 323.9946 141.7476 2.26796 155.51740
6 = 388.7935 170.0972 2.72156 186.62088
7 = 453.5924 198.4467 3.17515 217.72437
8 = 518.3914 226.7962 3.62874 248.82785
9 = 583.1903 255.1457 4.08233 279.93133

1 Gunter's chain = 20.1168 metres
1 square statute mile = 259.000 hectares
1 fathom = 1.829 metres
1 nautical mile = 1853.25 metres
1 foot = 0.304801 metre, 9.4840158 log.
1 avoirdupois pound = 453.5924277 gramme
15432.35639 grains = 1 kilogramme

METRIC TO CUSTOMARY

LINEAR.

Metres to Metres to Metres to Kilometres
Inches. Feet. Yards. to Miles.

1 = 39.3700 3.28083 1.093611 0.62137
2 = 78.7400 6.56167 2.187222 1.24274
3 = 118.1100 9.84250 3.280833 1.86411
4 = 157.4800 13.12333 4.374444 2.48548
5 = 196.8500 16.40417 5.468056 3.10685
6 = 236.2200 19.68500 6.561667 3.72822
7 = 275.5900 22.96583 7.655278 4.34959
8 = 314.9600 26.24667 8.748889 4.97096
9 = 354.3300 29.52750 9.842500 5.59233

SQUARE.

Square Square Square Hectares to
Centimetres Metres to Metres to Acres.
to Square Square Square
Inches. Feet. Yards.

1 = 0.1550 10.764 1.196 2.471
2 = 0.3100 21.528 2.392 4.942
3 = 0.4650 32.292 3.588 7.413
4 = 0.6200 43.055 4.784 9.884
5 = 0.7750 53.819 5.980 12.355
6 = 0.9300 64.583 7.176 14.826
7 = 1.0850 75.347 8.372 17.297
8 = 1.2400 86.111 9.568 19.768
9 = 1.3950 96.875 10.764 22.239

CUBIC.

Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic
Centimetres Decimetres Metres Metres
to Cubic to Cubic to Cubic to Cubic
Inches. Inches. Feet. Yards.

1 = 0.0610 61.023 35.314 1.308
2 = 0.1220 122.047 70.629 2.616
3 = 0.1831 183.070 105.943 3.924
4 = 0.2441 244.094 141.258 5.232
5 = 0.3051 305.117 176.572 6.540
6 = 0.3661 366.140 211.887 7.848
7 = 0.4272 427.164 247.201 9.156
8 = 0.4882 488.187 282.516 10.464
9 = 0.5492 549.210 317.830 11.771

CAPACITY.

Millimetres
or Cubic Centilitres Litres Decalitres Hectolitres
Centimetres to Fluid to to to
to Fluid Ounces. Quarts. Gallons. Bushels.
Drachms.

1 = 0.27 0.338 1.0567 2.6417 2.8377
2 = 0.54 0.676 2.1134 5.2834 5.6755
3 = 0.81 1.014 3.1700 7.9251 8.5132
4 = 1.08 1.353 4.2267 10.5668 11.3510
5 = 1.35 1.691 5.2834 13.2085 14.1887
6 = 1.62 2.029 6.3401 15.8502 17.0265
7 = 1.89 2.367 7.3968 18.4919 19.8642
8 = 2.16 2.705 8.4535 21.1336 22.7019
9 = 2.43 3.043 9.5101 23.7753 25.5397

WEIGHT.

Milligrammes Kilogrammes Hectogrammes Kilogrammes
to to to Ounces to Pounds
Grains. Grains. Avoirdupois. Avoirdupois.

1 = 0.01543 15432.36 3.5274 2.20462
2 = 0.03086 30864.71 7.0548 4.40924
3 = 0.04630 46297.07 10.5822 6.61387
4 = 0.06173 61729.43 14.1096 8.81849
5 = 0.07716 77161.78 17.6370 11.02311
6 = 0.09259 92594.14 21.1644 13.22773
7 = 0.10803 108026.49 24.6918 15.43236
8 = 0.12346 123458.85 28.2192 17.63698
9 = 0.13889 138891.21 31.7466 19.84160

Quintals to Milliers or tonnes Kilogrammes
Pounds to Pounds to Ounces
Avoirdupois. Avoirdupois. Troy.

1 = 220.46 2204.6 32.1507
2 = 440.92 4409.2 64.3015
3 = 661.39 6613.9 96.4522
4 = 881.85 8818.5 128.6030
5 = 1102.31 11023.1 160.7537
6 = 1322.77 13227.7 192.9044
7 = 1543.24 15432.4 225.0552
8 = 1763.70 17637.0 257.2059
9 = 1984.16 19841.6 289.3567

SALUTES.

Salutes are fired between sunrise and sunset, and, as a rule, never on Sunday. Salute to the Union, one gun for each state, fired at meridian, July 4th; the international salute, 21 guns.

The President, 21 guns, both on arriving at and departing from a military post.

On arriving at a military post:

The Vice-President and President of the Senate 19 guns

Members of the Cabinet, Chief Justice, Speaker
of the House of Representatives, Governors in
their respective states and territories, Committees
of Congress visiting officially 17 "

Assistant Secretary of War 15 "

Sovereign or Chief Magistrate of a foreign state 21 "

Members of Royal Family 21 "

Viceroy, Governor-general, or Governors of provinces
belonging to foreign states 17 "

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 17 "

Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary 15 "

Ministers Resident accredited to the United States 13 "

Chargés d'Affaires or subordinate diplomatic agent
in charge of mission in the United States 11 "

Consuls-general accredited to the United States 9 "

To General-in-Chief, Field-marshal, or Admiral 17 "

To Lieutenant-General or Vice-Admiral 15 "

To Major-General or Rear-Admiral 13 "

To Brigadier-General or Commodore 11 "

An officer on duty, according to brevet rank, receives the salute of that rank.

Officers of volunteers or militia are saluted only when in service of United States.

Officers on retired list are not saluted.

Officers of foreign services are saluted according to their rank.

TABLE FOR CALCULATING CLOTHING ACCOUNTS.

Take the numbers from the columns A and B corresponding to the date
immediately preceding the date of the man's enlistment.

------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
January. | February. | March. | April. | May. |
-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+---+--+-----+---+--+
Date.| A| B |Date.| A| B |Date.| A| B |Date.| A | B|Date.| A | B|
-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+---+--+-----+---+--+
1 | 1|180| 1 |32|149| 1 |60|121| 1 | 91|90| 1 |121|60|
2 | 2|179| 2 |33|148| 2 |61|120| 2 | 92|89| 2 |122|59|
3 | 3|178| 3 |34|147| 3 |62|119| 3 | 93|88| 3 |123|58|
4 | 4|177| 4 |35|146| 4 |63|118| 4 | 94|87| 4 |124|57|
5 | 5|176| 5 |36|145| 5 |64|117| 5 | 95|86| 5 |125|56|
6 | 6|175| 6 |37|144| 6 |65|116| 6 | 96|85| 6 |126|55|
7 | 7|174| 7 |38|143| 7 |66|115| 7 | 97|84| 7 |127|54|
8 | 8|173| 8 |39|142| 8 |67|114| 8 | 98|83| 8 |128|53|
9 | 9|172| 9 |40|141| 9 |68|113| 9 | 99|82| 9 |129|52|
10 |10|171| 10 |41|140| 10 |69|112| 10 |100|81| 10 |130|51|
11 |11|170| 11 |42|139| 11 |70|111| 11 |101|80| 11 |131|50|
12 |12|169| 12 |43|138| 12 |71|110| 12 |102|79| 12 |132|49|
13 |13|168| 13 |44|137| 13 |72|109| 13 |103|78| 13 |133|48|
14 |14|167| 14 |45|136| 14 |73|108| 14 |104|77| 14 |134|47|
15 |15|166| 15 |46|135| 15 |74|107| 15 |105|76| 15 |135|46|
16 |16|165| 16 |47|134| 16 |75|106| 16 |106|75| 16 |136|45|
17 |17|164| 17 |48|133| 17 |76|105| 17 |107|74| 17 |137|44|
18 |18|163| 18 |49|132| 18 |77|104| 18 |108|73| 18 |138|43|
19 |19|162| 19 |50|131| 19 |78|103| 19 |109|72| 19 |139|42|
20 |20|161| 20 |51|130| 20 |79|102| 20 |110|71| 20 |140|41|
21 |21|160| 21 |52|129| 21 |80|101| 21 |111|70| 21 |141|40|
22 |22|159| 22 |53|128| 22 |81|100| 22 |112|69| 22 |142|39|
23 |23|158| 23 |54|127| 23 |82| 99| 23 |113|68| 23 |143|38|
24 |24|157| 24 |55|126| 24 |83| 98| 24 |114|67| 24 |144|37|
25 |25|156| 25 |56|125| 25 |84| 97| 25 |115|66| 25 |145|36|
26 |26|155| 26 |57|124| 26 |85| 96| 26 |116|65| 26 |146|35|
27 |27|154| 27 |58|123| 27 |86| 95| 27 |117|64| 27 |147|34|
28 |28|153| 28 |59|122| 28 |87| 94| 28 |118|63| 28 |148|33|
29 |29|152| | | | 29 |88| 93| 29 |119|62| 29 |149|32|
30 |30|151| | | | 30 |89| 92| 30 |120|61| 30 |150|31|
31 |31|150| | | | 31 |90| 91| | | | 31 |151|30|
-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+---+--+-----+---+--+

[Part 2 of Table.]
------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
June. | July. | August. | September | October. |
-----+---+--+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+---+--+
Date.| A | B|Date.| A| B |Date.| A| B |Date.| A| B |Date.| A | B|
-----+---+--+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+---+--+
1 |152|29| 1 | 1|183| 1 |32|152| 1 |63|121| 1 | 93|91|
2 |153|28| 2 | 2|182| 2 |33|151| 2 |64|120| 2 | 94|90|
3 |154|27| 3 | 3|181| 3 |34|150| 3 |65|119| 3 | 95|89|
4 |155|26| 4 | 4|180| 4 |35|149| 4 |66|118| 4 | 96|88|
5 |156|25| 5 | 5|179| 5 |36|148| 5 |67|117| 5 | 97|87|
6 |157|24| 6 | 6|178| 6 |37|147| 6 |68|116| 6 | 98|86|
7 |158|23| 7 | 7|177| 7 |38|146| 7 |69|115| 7 | 99|85|
8 |159|22| 8 | 8|176| 8 |39|145| 8 |70|114| 8 |100|84|
9 |160|21| 9 | 9|175| 9 |40|144| 9 |71|113| 9 |101|83|
10 |161|20| 10 |10|174| 10 |41|143| 10 |72|112| 10 |102|82|
11 |162|19| 11 |11|173| 11 |42|142| 11 |73|111| 11 |103|81|
12 |163|18| 12 |12|172| 12 |43|141| 12 |74|110| 12 |104|80|
13 |164|17| 13 |13|171| 13 |44|140| 13 |75|109| 13 |105|79|
14 |165|16| 14 |14|170| 14 |45|139| 14 |76|108| 14 |106|78|
15 |166|15| 15 |15|169| 15 |46|138| 15 |77|107| 15 |107|77|
16 |167|14| 16 |16|168| 16 |47|137| 16 |78|106| 16 |108|76|
17 |168|13| 17 |17|167| 17 |48|136| 17 |79|105| 17 |109|75|
18 |169|12| 18 |18|166| 18 |49|135| 18 |80|104| 18 |110|74|
19 |170|11| 19 |19|165| 19 |50|134| 19 |81|103| 19 |111|73|
20 |171|10| 20 |20|164| 20 |51|133| 20 |82|102| 20 |112|72|
21 |172| 9| 21 |21|163| 21 |52|132| 21 |83|101| 21 |113|71|
22 |173| 8| 22 |22|162| 22 |53|131| 22 |84|100| 22 |114|70|
23 |174| 7| 23 |23|161| 23 |54|130| 23 |85| 99| 23 |115|69|
24 |175| 6| 24 |24|160| 24 |55|129| 24 |86| 98| 24 |116|68|
25 |176| 5| 25 |25|159| 25 |56|128| 25 |87| 97| 25 |117|67|
26 |177| 4| 26 |26|158| 26 |57|127| 26 |88| 96| 26 |118|66|
27 |178| 3| 27 |27|157| 27 |58|126| 27 |89| 95| 27 |119|65|
28 |179| 2| 28 |28|156| 28 |59|125| 28 |90| 94| 28 |120|64|
29 |180| 1| 29 |29|155| 29 |60|124| 29 |91| 93| 29 |121|63|
30 |181| 0| 30 |30|154| 30 |61|123| 30 |92| 92| 30 |122|62|
| | | 31 |31|153| 31 |62|122| | | | 31 |123|61|
-----+---+--+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+--+---+-----+---+--+

[Part 3 of Table.]
------------+-------------
November. | December.
-----+---+--+-----+---+---
Date.| A | B|Date.| A | B
-----+---+--+-----+---+---
1 |124|60| 1 |154|30
2 |125|59| 2 |155|29
3 |126|58| 3 |156|28
4 |127|57| 4 |157|27
5 |128|56| 5 |158|26
6 |129|55| 6 |159|25
7 |130|54| 7 |160|24
8 |131|53| 8 |161|23
9 |132|52| 9 |162|22
10 |133|51| 10 |163|21
11 |134|50| 11 |164|20
12 |135|49| 12 |165|19
13 |136|48| 13 |166|18
14 |137|47| 14 |167|17
15 |138|46| 15 |168|16
16 |139|45| 16 |169|15
17 |140|44| 17 |170|14
18 |141|43| 18 |171|13
19 |142|42| 19 |172|12
20 |143|41| 20 |173|11
21 |144|40| 21 |174|10
22 |145|39| 22 |175| 9
23 |146|38| 23 |176| 8
24 |147|37| 24 |177| 7
25 |148|36| 25 |178| 6
26 |149|35| 26 |179| 5
27 |150|34| 27 |180| 4
28 |151|33| 28 |181| 3
29 |152|32| 29 |182| 2
30 |153|31| 30 |183| 1
| | | 31 |184| 0
-----+---+--+-----+---+---

CAMP FURNITURE.

The following-named articles, manufactured by the Gold Medal Camp Furniture Manufacturing Company, of Racine, Wis., can be obtained of furniture dealers:

=Folding Camp-bed.=--6 feet 2 inches long by 2 feet 4 inches wide. When folded, it is 3 feet 4 inches long by 5 inches wide. Weight, 14 pounds. Cost, $3.50. Mosquito-bar frame, 75 cents.

=Folding Camp-table.=--Top 2 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 2 inches. Will comfortably seat four persons. Folded it is 3 feet 2 inches long by 5 × 7 inches. Weight, 16 pounds. Cost, $3.75. Extra shelf, 75 cents.

=Folding Camp-chair.=--Folded, 3 feet long by 3 × 3 inches. Weight, 4½ pounds. Cost, $2.

=Folding Camp-stool.=--75 cents.

The attention of officers desiring such articles is called to the mess-chest and stove manufactured by H. K. Coale, 1223 Chamber of Commerce, Chicago Ill.

THE OFFICER'S FIELD MESS-CHEST FOR SIX PERSONS.

Size, 22 × 15 × 12 inches. Weight, 60 lbs. Price, $50.

CONTENTS.

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

1 quadruple-plated butter-dish.
1 " covered sugar-bowl.
1 " creamer.
6 Rogers & Bros. best triple-plate steel knives.
6 " " " " forks.
6 " " " tablespoons.
6 " " " teaspoons.
1 " " " butter-knife.
1 " " " sugar-shell.
1 large salt-shaker, strong glass.
1 " pepper-shaker, " "
1 screw-top oil-jug, " "
1 " vinegar-jug, " "
1 [japanned] tray, 13 × 16 inches.
1 large corkscrew.
6 individual butter-shells.
1 brass bottle-tray.

WHITE ENAMELLED WARE.

6 cups.
6 saucers.
6 plates.
6 soup-bowls.
3 10-inch vegetable-dishes, B. & W. ware.
1 14-inch meat-platter, " "
1 16-inch " " "
1 4-quart pitcher, " "
1 mustard-pot.
1 Sears' set carvers, 3 pieces, buck-horn handles.
1 best steel bread-knife.
1 new patent lemon-squeezer.
1 nickel-plated liquor-mixer.
1 agate-ware teapot.
1 syrup-jug.
6 snow-white enamel tumblers.
1 wire teapot-stand.

COALE'S CAMP-STOVE AND OUTFIT.

Sold with or without chest.

This chest is made very strong, with metal corners, size 13 × 19 × 28 inches. Contains: 1 stove with oven (stove is 26 × 17½ × 11 inches; has 4 cast-iron 7-inch lids; oven is 8 × 16½ × 10½ inches), 4 lengths pipe, 1 elbow, 1 baking-pan, 1 frying-pan, 1 basting-spoon, 3 camp-kettles, 1 wash-bowl, 6 iron knives, forks, and spoons, 6 white enamel cups, 6 white enamel saucers, 1 carving-knife and fork, 1 tea-kettle, 1 saucepan, 1 poker, 1 wire broiler, 1 cake-turner, 1 basting-fork. This outfit is for rough and ready service, and can be thrown into a wagon on short notice.

Price of outfit as above, with oven, packed in pine box $15.00
Same with chest 25.00

INDEX.

Abscess, 207

Accidents to carriages, 273

Accoutrements, cost of, 442

Adiabatic transformation, 363

Air-space, initial, defined, 363

Allowance, projectiles for target practice, 447
, revolver ammunition, 160
of wagons, 297

Ammunition, 3.2-inch gun, description of, 96
, 3.6 " " " " , 108
, 3.6 " (mortar) " " , 117
, Hotchkiss revolving cannon, 322
, 1.65-inch mountain, description of, 6, 7
, 3.0 " " " " , 27-29
, fixed, for field-guns, " " , 87
, 1.65-inch, instructions for packing, 18
, how supplied to mountain-batteries, 60, 61
, allowance for target practice, 447
, allowance for revolver practice, 160
, how prepared, 31, 32, 180, 181
, proportion of each kind for mountain-battery, 34
, rounds in box for 1.65-inch, 12
, care of, 178
, how painted, 178
chest, contents of, 135
boxes for 1.65-inch, 12
pack, rounds carried, in 12

Angle of departure, 364
of elevation, 364
of sight, 364

Animals, salt and vinegar for, 433

Apothecaries' measure, 485

Artillery commander, duties of, 376
corps, 262
, divisional, 262
, transportation by sea, 301
, how stored on shipboard, 301, 302
, disembarkation from shipboard, 303, 314
, transportation by rail, 301
, organization of, 261
, proportion of, in army, 262
teams, power of, 194
-wagon, weight and description of, 149
-harness, 150
-wagon harness, 157

Axes, where carried on caisson, 142

Axle-seats for field-gun carriage, nomenclature, 127

Armament, how stored on railroad cars, 306
on shipboard, 302

Army-wagon, inside measurement, 482

Austrian light artillery, 121
mountain-artillery, 70, 71
gun-pits, 473

Barley, pounds in bushel, 481

Barrels, weights and dimensions of, 417

Barrack chairs, allowance of, 453

Battalion commander, duties of, 377

Batteries, the different kinds of, 261

Battery books and records, 431
, light, enlisted men for, 263
, composition of, 262
, organization of, 263
, present organization, of 434
commander, duties of, 377
guard, 181-187
, cost of, 435
, special-duty men allowed, 434
, supply table of ordnance stores for, 445
tableware and kitchen utensils, 451

Battery-wagon and forge, weight and description of, 144
, nomenclature, 145
, articles carried on, 145
, storing of implements, 147

Beans, pounds in bushel, 481

Beef, pounds in barrel, 481

Belt, officer's, cost of, 443

Bivouacs, 288

Blacking for harness, 62

Bladder, inflammation of, 207
, irritation of, 207

Blasting, dynamite, 420

Blocks, etc., 394

Blue-grass seed, pounds in bushel, 481

Boats, buoyancy of, 416
for bridges, 415

Books kept in light battery, 431

Bowbrake, nomenclature and description, 127

Bowels, inflammation of, 208

Boxes, capacity of, 482

Bran-mash, how made, 206

Bread, rule for making, 69

Breaking camp, 296

Breech-block, field-gun, description of, 73
mechanism, field-gun, action of, 81
, how dismounted, 83
, how assembled, 83
, 3.6-inch mortar, 113
, Gatling gun, action of, 331
, Hotchkiss revolving cannon, how assembled, 321
, how dismounted, 320

Bridges, boat, 415
, floating, 415
, flying, 414
, frame, 406
, lock, 406-408
, sling, 409
, stringer, 411
, trestle, 404
, roadway for, 403
, passage of military, 278
, weights borne by, 402

Bronchitis, 208

Bronze-handle for field-gun, 80

Bruce feed for Gatling gun, 332

Buoyancy of boats, 416
of casks, 416

Burns, 209
and scalds (men), 478

Bushel, cubic yards in, 482

Caisson, field, nomenclature and description, 139
, weights and equipments, 143
, articles carried on, 140
, implements stowed on, 141
, Hotchkiss revolving cannon, 325

Camp, selection of, 280
, laying out of, 280, 283-287
, duties on reaching, 281
, breaking of, 296
, for mountain-batteries, 67-68
, for battalion of artillery, 286
-furniture, 494
-stove, 495

Canister, general description, 371
, 3.2-inch, description of, 96
, 3.6 " " " , 108
, 1.65 " " " , 7
, 3.0 " " " , 29
, how painted, 178
, when used, 372, 387

Canvas buckets, where carried on caisson, 142

Cannoneers, 1.65-inch gun mountain-battery, 21
, 3.0 " " " " , 34

Carpenter's and wheelwright's chest, contents of, 145

Carriages, accidents to, 273

Carriage,
field-gun, description of, 129
, nomenclature, 125
, Hotchkiss revolving cannon, 323
, Gatling gun, 337
, Gardner gun, 351
, Maxim automatic machine-gun, 358

Carriage, metallic, for machine-gun, 361
, 1.65-inch gun, description of, 8
, how packed, 17
, 3.0-inch gun, description of, 24
, 3.6-inch mortar, description and nomenclature, 114
, field-gun, axle-seat, nomenclature, 127
, bowbrake, " , 127
, elevating device, nomenclature, 127-129
, care of, 174
, limber, articles carried on, 136

Cartridge, 1.65-inch gun, how assembled, 32
-bags, how filled, 180
-case, " " , 32

Cargoes, how packed, 41
, how loaded, 42
, how unloaded, 47

Carrier-ring, description of, 75

Cars, horse, dimensions of, 303
, passenger, seating capacity, 306

Castor beans, pounds in bushel, 481

Casks, buoyancy of, 416

Chafing (men), 478

Cholera morbus (men), 478

Clothing, allowance of, 452
and equipment for men on march, 267
, table for calculating, accounts, 492
, weight of, 454

Clover-seed, pounds in bushel, 481

Cold, 53

Collar, steel, description of and how fitted, 154-156

Colic, spasmodic, 55, 209
(men), 478

Commander, artillery, duties of, 376
, battalion, " " , 377
, battery, " " , 377

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Handbook for Light ArtilleryChapter XXIV: Section 1: When a soldier shall be convicted of an offence (1)

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