Chapter IV: Introduction (3)

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered. The blade may be excurvate or straight. The distal end is usually acute but may be broad. The stem is expanded and the side edges may be ground. The basal edge is incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: Because of the poor grade of material used, the shallow, random flaking which shapes the blade and stem is, in most cases, poor. Some blade edges may be finely serrated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Lehmann Rock Shelter in Texas by J. Charles Kelley (1947b) and was described by Suhm and Krieger who also give an estimated age of about 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D. or part thereof (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954). Suhm and Krieger list the Fairland type as characteristic of Central Texas. Occasional examples appear in collections throughout Oklahoma and elsewhere (Bell, 1960). Four of the eight measured examples are made of quartzite and four are made of a poor grade of flint The illustrated example is made of quartzite. All examples, including 39 that were broken and not measured, are from the collection of Eugene L. Grace of Anniston, Alabama. They were recovered from late Archaic and early Woodland sites.

FLINT CREEK, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1958b): A-37

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Flint Creek is a medium to large, finely serrated, stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: Examples which provided the features (including the illustrated example) ranged in measurements as follows: length--maximum, 76 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.; average, 55 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem width--maximum, 19 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually inversely tapered but may be tapered or, occasionally, horizontal. The blade is excurvate and is usually finely serrated; the distal end is acute. The stem, usually formed by corner or side notching, is expanded. The side edges of the stem are usually excurvate; rarely, straight. The stem base edge is usually excurvate but may, on rare examples, be straight. It may be thinned or unfinished with rind still in evidence. Several examples were lightly ground on the stem base edge.

FLAKING: The thick blade is shaped by broad, random flaking. Deep, narrow, and often long flakes were removed from the blade edges to shape and finish the blade and to form fine regular serrations. These flakes were removed alternately from opposite faces, making the serration projections rather sharp. Broad, deep flakes, struck from the basal corners or sometimes the sides of the hafting area, shape the stem. Some of the straighter stemmed examples are reworked along the stem side edges, but usually no retouch is noted in the notches. Basal edges are often slightly thinned by broad shallow flaking.

COMMENTS: The type was named from Cambron Site 78 on Flint Creek in Morgan County, Alabama, where numerous examples were first collected. The illustrated example is one of several from the predominantly Copena site, Cambron Site 53, in Morgan County, Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), 69 examples were recovered from Zone A, Levels 1 through 8. Of these 69 examples, 40 per cent were from Levels 3 and 4, indicating a climax in the late Archaic--early Woodland times. One example each was recovered from Levels 4, 5 and 7 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961), ten examples were recovered from Stratum I (Woodland) and one from Stratum II (Archaic). The Flint Creek type was important at Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), where most examples were found in upper Zone C (Archaic) and lower Zone B (Woodland). This is a late Archaic to early Woodland type. The type appears to be related to Dustin points illustrated by Ritchie (1961). Similar examples may be recognized among points illustrated as Palmillos by Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954), who give the distribution as from East Texas across the state to the Trans-Pecos area, and from the upper Brazos and Trinity valleys to the central and eastern coastal plain. The distribution extends southward in Mexico to southern Tamaulipas. The type is associated with late Archaic and early Woodland cultures. The Dustin points are from Michigan and from the Lamoka Lake Site, Schuyler County, New York.

FLINT RIVER SPIKE, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-38

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, narrow, lanceolate point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen cotypes (including the illustrated example) from University of Alabama Site Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) range in measurements as follows: length--maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.; average, 50 mm.: width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 16 mm.: thickness--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be median ridged or biconvex. The blade is usually excurvate, but may be straight with an acute distal end. The base is usually rounded, but an occasional example may display a straight, unfinished basal edge. The hafting area includes the basal area from the base to the widest point of the blade, which is usually less than half way from base to distal end. The base is usually thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by random percussion flaking. Many of the flakes are rather deep. Some retouch appears along the edges, especially along the blade edges, of about half the examples.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Flint River Mound at the mouth of Flint River in Madison County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), where the illustrated example was recovered. Of the 41 examples from this site, 24 were from upper Zone A (Woodland), 14 from lower Zone A and Zone B (Woodland) and three from upper Zone C (Archaic). Two examples were recovered from Level 3 (Woodland) at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. Six examples (excluding material from the 100-foot trench) were recovered at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): two examples were recovered from Level 1, Zone A, one each from Levels 2, 3 and 6, Zone A, and one from Level 1 of Zone B. Flint River Spike and Bradley Spike appear to be of late Woodland cultural association and may be typologically related. Unlike Bradley Spike, however, Flint River Spike has no stem and may be retouched along the blade edges. A late Woodland association is suggested for Flint River Spike in North Alabama.

FORT ANCIENT, =Bell= (Bell, 1960): A-39

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, thick, triangular point that may be serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) lists the length as from about 30 mm. to 50 mm. and the width as about 15 mm. or less. The illustrated example measures 32 mm. long, 14 mm. wide, and 6 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. The blade is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate near the distal end or, rarely, excurvate. Blade edges may be serrated. (Serrated examples are more readily identified.) The distal end may be keenly acute or acuminate. The base may be straight or excurvate. It is usually thinned and may be slightly expanded.

FLAKING: The point displays random flaking which is usually broad and fairly deep, with some fine retouch near the distal end. The serrations on the serrated examples are the result of the removal of broad regular flakes from the edge of alternate faces, leaving an irregular pattern along the blade edges. Occasionally the basal edge was retouched as well as thinned by removal of broad flakes.

COMMENTS: "The Fort Ancient points are associated with the Feurt Focus of the Fort Ancient aspect of the Ohio Valley. The Fort Ancient point has been recognized among archaeologists, both amateur and professional, in the Ohio region for a number of years." (Bell, 1960). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. This Woodland-Mississippian site has produced Fort Ancient, Madison, Jacks Reef Corner Notched, Knight Island, Swan Lake and Copena points. One Fort Ancient point was recovered from Level 1 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. Bell (1960) dates the type at some time from about 1200 A.D. to 1600 A.D. Morgan (1952), in summarizing the prehistoric Indian cultures of the Ohio region, says of the Fort Ancient aspect of the Mississippian period: "Their trait assemblage is indicative of a people with a mixed cultural background, both Woodland and Mississippi elements being involved. White trade goods at one site show that some of these people were probably still in existence as late as the last quarter of the seventeenth century."

FRAZIER, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-40

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, narrow, triangular point with a well thinned basal edge.

MEASUREMENTS: "In size these points range from 2 to 2-3/4 inches." (Bell, 1960.) Alabama examples are slightly shorter. Measurements of 4 plesiotypes, including the illustrated example, are: length--maximum, 51 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 49 mm.: width at base--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 23 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm. Basal depth on one incurvate base example was 1 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is excurvate. A slightly serrated appearance is found on some examples as the result of retouching along the blade edge. The distal end is acute. The hafting area includes an undetermined basal portion of the blade which is more or less parallel along the basal edges. The basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate; it is thinned and, rarely, ground.

FLAKING: Large shallow flakes, removed to shape the faces, were followed by shorter deeper flaking along all edges. The secondary flaking along the basal edge is usually broader and longer than that used along the blade and hafting area edges. Some retouching along the blade edges results in a finely serrated appearance.

COMMENTS: This point is named after the Frazier Site in Benton County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 389 in Limestone County, Alabama. No examples were recovered from control sites in the Tennessee Valley. The type is comparatively rare in Alabama and the cultural association is not known, but it usually appears in surface collections from early Archaic sites. Kneberg (1956) suggests a late Archaic association in Tennessee and a "probable time period from about 1500 B.C. to early centuries A.D." The point is similar to Paint Rock Valley points but is narrower. The base is not as incurvate and the flaking is usually better controlled.

GARTH SLOUGH, =Cambron= (This Paper): (Formerly classified as Catahoula)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, expanded-barb point. Barbs are prominent and usually obtuse.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of eight plesiotypes (including the illustrated example) from which descriptions were drawn are: length--maximum, 47 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.; average, 40 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 33 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem width--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: stem length--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 5 mm.: thickness--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulder barbs are usually expanded and broad; the barb ends may be obtuse or straight. The blade is usually incurvate; rarely, recurvate or straight. Most examples are finely serrated with an acute distal end. The stemmed hafting area is formed by diagonal notches. The stems of the measured examples are straight. The base may be straight or excurvate, thinned, and may be ground on some examples.

FLAKING: Remnants of blade scars may be evident on the faces. Random, secondary flaking may leave a median ridge on some examples. This flaking, along with some fine retouch produced fine serrations along the blade edges. Broad flakes were removed to form the basal notches.

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples from surface sites in the Garth Slough area in Morgan County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type is found on Transitional Paleo and Early Archaic sites in North Alabama. One example was recovered from the bottom of Stratum II (Early Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). What appears to be a smaller variant of the type was recovered from level V at Danger Cave, Utah (Jennings, 1957) and listed as type W37. Radiocarbon dates from this level range from 6863 ±500 B.P. at the base of the level to 3893 ±240 B.P. in the topmost part of the level. One example was recovered from Cave Spring, Level 9, Stratum III, in association with Big Sandy, Cave Spring, Colbert Dalton, Decatur, Frazier, Greenbrier Dalton, Jude, Lerma Rounded Base, Paint Rock Valley, and Stanfield points. The Garth Slough point was formerly but incorrectly, classified as Catahoula.

GARY, =Newell and Krieger= (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-41

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized point with contracted stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) gives the size range as about 40 mm. to 80 mm. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) note that the stem length is more consistent than the length of the blade. The illustrated example measures 57 mm. in length, 26 mm. in shoulder width, 18 mm. in stem width, 14 mm in stem length and 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders may be horizontal or tapered and are occasionally rounded or expanded barbed. The blade is usually straight to excurvate, but may be incurvate or recurvate (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954). The distal end is acute. The stem is usually contracted, with straight or excurvate side edges and a rounded to pointed basal edge.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad random flaking. The blade edges are retouched by the removal of deep short flakes. The stem may be retouched.

COMMENTS: The type was named after points found in Texas and was formerly called Gary Contracting Stem. The illustrated specimen is from Cambron Site 76 in Limestone County, Alabama. There is considerable variation within the Gary type, and further study may lead to classification into separate types (Bell, 1958, quoting Baerreis, Freeman and Wright, 1958). Several Gary points were recovered from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Most of the examples were in the upper half of Zone A, which would indicate a late Archaic to Woodland association. Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) and Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) also produced Gary points from both Woodland and Archaic strata. Jenkins (1975) has demonstrated Gary as the dominant projectile point type for Middle Woodland in the Central Tombigbee area (Miller I and II).

GREENBRIER, =Kneberg= (Lewis and Kneberg, 1960): A-42

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Greenbrier is a medium to large point with expanded auricles and shallow ground side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures in length, 63 mm.; in shoulder width, 25 mm.; in stem width, 25 mm.; in stem length, 12 mm.; in thickness, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. Shoulders are tapered and may be weakly barbed. The blade is usually parallel, with fine serrations, and may be beveled on each side of both faces. The distal end is acute. The hafting area displays broad side notches, created as the shoulder tapers in to the expanded stem. Notches on the illustrated example are 4 mm. deep and 14 mm. wide. Side edges of the hafting area are usually heavily ground. The base is incurvate, thinned and lightly ground.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is broad and thin. The short flaking which was used to bevel the blade edges and create fine serrations may occasionally appear on the shoulder edges of the hafting area. The notches were formed by the removal of one or more fairly large flakes, followed by secondary flaking. Most Alabama examples were made of Ft. Payne chert or other good material.

COMMENTS: The type was briefly described by Lewis and Kneberg (1960), who point out that several examples were illustrated from the Nuckolls Site (Lewis and Kneberg, 1958). Good examples illustrated in that paper are Figs. 24-30, 37, and 48-49. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 53, Limestone County, Alabama. Its general appearance is somewhat similar to that of the Pine Tree point and it often appears on the same sites. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example was recovered from Level 11 of R-4 trench, one from Zone C, one from Level 1, Zone D, and two from Level 2, Zone D. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) one example was recovered from the center of Stratum II (Archaic). One example was recovered from upper Zone C (Archaic) at Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). This evidence indicates a shellmound Archaic association at Flint River, early Archaic at Flint Creek and early Archaic to transitional Paleo-Indian at Stanfield-Worley. A suggested age is from 5000 years ago to about 9000 years ago.

GREENEVILLE, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1957): A-43

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized trianguloid point with parallel to excurvate basal edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Kneberg (1957) lists the range as 1.5 inches to 2.5 inches. The nine plesiotypes, including the illustrated example (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957), from Cambron Site 284 (Camp Creek Site) are: length--maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 29 mm.; average, 33 mm.: width--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 20 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: width at base--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 19 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate or straight above the hafting area. The distal end is acute. The hafting area usually has parallel sides but may taper slightly towards the blade. Of the nine measured examples, seven have a basal concavity 1.0 mm. deep and two examples have a straight basal edge. The basal edge is usually thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by random flaking. Most examples show some secondary flaking along the blade edges. This flaking ranges from narrow to broad, but usually fairly deep flake scars are exhibited. Points that have secondary flaking may not be flaked on all blade edges. Basal thinning appears, accomplished by broad flaking along the basal edge which is often followed by some secondary flaking. Of the nine measured examples, seven are made of black to gray local flint, one is quartzite and one chalcedony.

COMMENTS: The type was named (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957) after the Camp Creek Site (Cambron Site 284), which is near Greeneville, Tennessee. While the illustrated example is from the plough level of this site, examples were recovered from all levels. A radiocarbon date of 2050 ±250 B.P. was secured at this site. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) Level 1 produced five examples; Levels 2 and 3, two each; Levels 4, 5 and 8, one each. All were from Zone A. Four examples, one from Level 1, two from Level 2, and one from Level 5 were recovered at University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Alabama. Three examples were recovered from upper Stratum I (Woodland) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) 19 examples were recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland) and three from Zone C (upper Archaic). This Woodland point is scattered along the western edge of the Appalachians from Greeneville, Tennessee, to South Alabama as well as in the Tennessee River Valley and other areas.

GUILFORD, =Coe= (Coe, 1952): A-44

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, lanceolate point with incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) gives the range of the length from about 60 mm. to 135 mm. Measurements listed by Coe (1959) range as follows: length--maximum, 120 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 90 mm.: width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 30 mm. The illustrated plesiotype measures 84 mm. long, 24 mm. in width, 11 mm. wide at the base, 12 mm. thick, 1 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex and thick but may approach median ridged. The blade is usually excurvate but may be nearly straight. The distal end may be acute or apiculate. The hafting area is contracted with short, rounded auricles, incurvate base and some basal thinning. Side edges of the hafting area are usually lightly ground. The hafting area may be defined by a break in the contour of the side edges or may be described as extending to somewhere near the widest part of the blade.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are usually shaped by well controlled, random flaking. Coe (1952) describes some flaking as being transverse-oblique. Careful secondary flaking in the form of short, often deep, flaking appears along the side edges. The basal concavity is formed by the removal of broad flakes. A variety of local materials including quartz, quartzite, porphyritic rhyolite, andesite and varieties of argillite or novaculite were used (Coe, 1959).

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Guilford focus of the Carolina Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Cambron 326, Buncombe County, North Carolina. The type was described by Bell (1960). At the Doerschuk Site Coe (1959) recovered Guilford points above Morrow Mountain and below Halifax types. He suggests a date of around 6000 years ago in the Carolina Piedmont area. He gives the distribution as widespread throughout the Piedmont of North Carolina but points out that they "do not have a distribution much north of Virginia or south of Piedmont, Georgia." Examples appear on several sites in western North Carolina. Examples were illustrated by Miller (1962) from Sites 44Mc66 and 44Mc75, Mecklenburg County, Virginia (Plate 39 W and X, Plate 40 N, Plate 44 P, T and V, Plate 45B). An early Archaic association prior to 5000 years ago is suggested. Recent evidence from Randolph County indicates that the Archaic Guilford complex may extend into the Alabama Piedmont (O'Hear and Knight, 1975).

GUILFORD ROUNDED BASE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-44-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized lanceolate point with a rounded base.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten plesiotypes from Cambron 326 (Harwood 98), Buncombe County, North Carolina ranged in measurement as follows: length--maximum, 72 mm.; minimum, 53 mm.; average, 61 mm.: width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 23 mm.: thickness--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 10 mm. The length from base to widest point of blade ranges from 21 mm. to 35 mm. and averages 28 mm. The illustrated example measures about 63 mm. long, 23 mm. wide, 14 mm. thick and 25 mm. from base to widest point of blade. Coe (1959) illustrated an example 30 mm. long.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate with widest point less than halfway from the base to the distal end. This point of maximum width may mark the termination of the hafting area. Some examples are beveled on one side of each face. Side edges of the hafting area are tapered. The basal edge is rounded. Basal edges may be lightly ground.

FLAKING: The measured examples (all made of quartzite) are shaped by well controlled random flaking. Secondary flaking of a deeper shorter nature appears on all edges. This flaking may have been accomplished by a percussion.

COMMENTS: The type was named after examples illustrated by Coe (1959) along with Guilford points (Bell, 1960). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 326, Buncombe County, North Carolina. At the Doerschuk Site, Coe (1959) recovered examples with Guilford points above Morrow Mt. and below Halifax types. He suggests a date of around 6000 years ago in the Carolina Piedmont area. He gives the distribution as Carolina Piedmont and not much north of Virginia or south of Piedmont, Georgia. Examples appear on several sites in western North Carolina. Miller (1962) illustrated examples from Roanoke River drainage area in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, as follows: Site 44Mc75 (Plate 29, Fig. F, Plate 45, Fig. L); Site 44Mc66 (Plate 40, Figs. G, H, M; Plate 41, Figs. I, J); Site 44Mc73 (Plate 42, Fig. D); Bluestone Creek drainage area (Plate 48, Figs. 1, 2a). The similarity of the type to Lerma Rounded Base points may be an indication that they are coeval. An early Archaic association prior to 5000 years ago is suggested.

GUNTERSVILLE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-59

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized, lanceolate point with straight base and excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, including the illustrated example, ranged in measurements as follows: length--maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.; average, 35 mm.: width at base--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 14 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 5 mm. The blade width of four examples ranged from a maximum of 21 mm. to a minimum of 13 mm. and averaged 16 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. The blade is excurvate. The widest point may be at the base or somewhat below the midsection. The distal end is acute. Side edges of the hafting area may be parallel or slightly contracted. (It is difficult to define the extent of the hafting area on examples with contracted side edges.) The basal edge is straight and thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random, flaking appears on the faces with fine secondary flaking along the blade edges and sides of the hafting area. Fairly long, often broad, flakes were removed in order to thin the basal edge. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named after sites in Guntersville Basin of the Tennessee River where many examples are found. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 12, Limestone County, Alabama. Six examples in association with Madison points, a stone disc and other artifacts were taken from Burial 6, Site Lu 92, Lauderdale County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942). Examples illustrated along with Madison and Ft. Ancient points, were described as Dallas component triangular points by Lewis and Kneberg (1946). Both Guntersville Lanceolate and Madison points were illustrated and described by Kneberg (1956) as Late Mississippi Triangular. She states, "In eastern Tennessee it is equally numerous in the Mouse Creek and Dallas Cultures, and occurs in smaller numbers in historic Cherokee sites" (1956). The type was classified as Type W in the Guntersville Basin where it appeared in association with trade goods in several historic burials. A burial at Lewis Bluff in Wheeler Basin of Tennessee River (Cambron and Waters, 1959a) yielded examples in association with Madison points, complicated-stamped sherds and plain, shell-tempered ware, an elbow-clay pipe and other artifacts. Two examples were recovered from the middle section of Stratum I and upper half of Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). Guntersville Lanceolate appears to be associated with late Mississippian and historic cultures in the Tennessee Valley. Kneberg (1956) suggests a probable date of 1300 A.D. to 1800 A.D.

HALIFAX, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-112

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Halifax is a small to medium-sized, side-notched point usually made of vein quartz or, occasionally, quartzite.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists a range of length from 56 mm. to 29 mm. with an average length of 44 mm. and a range of width from 25 mm. to 17 mm. with an average width of 20 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 30 mm.; shoulder width, 21 mm.; stem width, 18 mm.; stem length, 9 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; depth of notch, 3 mm.; width of notch, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. The blade is usually straight but may be excurvate. The distal end is acute. The stem is expanded with straight or incurvate side edges and straight or excurvate basal edge. The stem base edge and side notches of the hafting area are usually ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, often deep, random flaking. Some examples show good secondary flaking along the blade edges. The notches were worked out by the removal of several flakes. Some points are asymmetrical due to variation in depth and location of notches. According to Coe (1959) "The typical specimen was relatively thick and worked from a core. These cores, however, frequently originated as thick spalls struck from quartz or quartzite boulders common to this area of the Roanoke River."

COMMENTS: The type was named after Halifax County, North Carolina, where examples were recovered from the Gaston Site on the Roanoke River. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 94, Buncombe County, North Carolina. A radiocarbon date of 5440 ±300 B.P. was secured for the type at the Gaston Site, where it appeared above Guilford and below Savannah River points. Coe (1959) suggests "a relationship to Lamoka points of the New York area." This, in turn, indicates that the type is ancestral to Lamoka points, similar to Swan Lake points, of Alabama and Tennessee Valley area. In Alabama Swan Lake is associated with the Woodland culture. Halifax points are found on several sites in Buncombe County, North Carolina. Miller (1962) illustrated examples (Plate 42, Figs. J, K, M and U) from Site 44Mc73, which is described as a pre-pottery site. Swan Lake points from Site 44Ha7 (Plate 52, Figs. F, N, T, V and DD) are described by Miller (1962) as "typical Woodland types." Thus both Halifax and Swan Lake points appear in the John H. Kerr Basin of the Roanoke River, Virginia and North Carolina. A type resembling Halifax has been isolated in Randolph County in an Archaic context (O'Hear and Knight, 1975).

HAMILTON, =Lewis= (Lewis, 1955): A-45

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Hamilton is a small, triangular point with incurvate blade and incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) lists the length range as 22 mm. to 45 mm.; the length mode, 40 mm. The illustrated plesiotype measures 37 mm. long, 18 mm. wide at base, 4 mm. thick, 3 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade ranges in shape from near straight to deeply incurvate but is usually slightly incurvate. Fine serrations along the blade edges are rare. The distal end is acute. The base is usually incurvate but may be straight and is always thinned.

FLAKING: According to Kneberg (1956) "Exceptionally fine pressure chipping characterizes this type." The faces are worked by broad, shallow flaking with fine retouch along the blade edges. The basal edge is thinned by the removal of broad shallow flakes and is rarely retouched except near the junction of the basal edge with the side edges.

COMMENTS: "The Hamilton Incurvate point and Hamilton culture are named from Hamilton County, Tennessee, where they were first identified." (Kneberg, 1956). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. According to Kneberg (1956) the Hamilton is "a late Woodland type associated with the Hamilton culture. This is the culture characterized by dome-shaped burial mounds in eastern Tennessee. It is also found in middle Tennessee with the Decatur and Harmon's Creek Woodland cultures." An example was recovered from Level 1 at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). At University of Alabama Site Ms 201, Marshall County, Alabama, two examples were recovered from Level 1 and one from Level 5. At the Flint River Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) one example was recovered from each zone: Zones A and A-B (both Woodland), Zone C, and Zone D (Archaic). This evidence indicates a Woodland or possibly late Archaic association at Flint River. Examples are found on Woodland and Mississippian sites in North Alabama. Kneberg (1956) suggests a probable age of about 500 A.D. to 1000 A.D. Bell (1960) suggests a date of about 300 A.D. to 800 A.D.

HAMILTON STEMMED, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-108

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, expanded-stem point with an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Lewis and Kneberg (1946), Plate 65, illustrate two examples of Hamilton Stemmed points. These two are 72 mm. and 76 mm. long respectively. The illustrated example measures 75 mm. long, 30 mm. in shoulder width, 18 mm. in stem width, 12 mm. in stem length, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered, forming short sharp barbs. The blade is excurvate. The rather sharply-acute distal end gives the blade edge a near-recurvate appearance. The stem is expanded with straight side edges; the stem base, thinned and either straight or slightly excurvate.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow-to-deep random flaking. One or all blade edges may be secondarily flaked by the removal of fine, shallow flakes or rather crude deep flakes. The corner notches are formed by strong, broad flaking (usually by removal of one flake from each side of each notch). Stem edges may be retouched, with fine flaking having been employed to thin the base of the stem.

COMMENTS: The type is named after Hamilton County, Tennessee where the Hamilton culture was first recognized. The illustrated plesiotype is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama, which has produced several examples of Hamilton points. It is a late Woodland type associated with the Hamilton culture. Kneberg states (1956), "This is the culture characterized by dome-shaped burial mounds in eastern Tennessee. It is also found in middle Tennessee with the Decatur and Harmon's Creek Woodland cultures." Local examples have been classified as Hamilton corner notched. An example was illustrated by Rowe (1947) as a rare Hamilton culture type from eastern Tennessee.

HARDAWAY, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-46

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized, side notched point with concave base.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the measurements of examples from the North Carolina Piedmont as follows: length--maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 35 mm.: width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 25 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm. The length of samples in the Tennessee Valley ranges from a maximum of 50 mm. to a minimum of 29 mm. The average measurements of 28 examples from 16 sites follow: length, 40 mm.; width, 21 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. (Soday and Cambron, n. d.). The illustrated example measures 38 mm. long, 23 mm. wide at the distal end of hafting area, 26 mm. wide at base, 6 mm. thick, 21 mm. wide across hafting constriction, 4 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is usually straight but may be excurvate. Blade edges may be serrated. The distal end is usually acute. The hafting area is auriculate with expanded-rounded auricles. Coe (1959) describes the average side notch as about 4 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide. This results in a short hafting constriction. The basal edge is incurvate and thinned. Both side and basal edges of the hafting area are usually ground.

FLAKING: The face is shaped by broad well controlled flaking. A weak median ridge created by broad, shallow secondary flaking is often seen near the distal end of the blade face. The basal edge of the hafting area is thinned by the removal of broad flakes. Most edges of both the hafting area and the blade are finely retouched.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Hardaway Site in Stanley County, North Carolina and has been referred to in the Tennessee Valley as Corner Notched Dalton. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76, Limestone County, Alabama. Examples were recovered in Zone IV at the Hardaway Site in association with Dalton, Quad, and Hardaway blade types (Coe, 1959). At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) most examples were recovered from Zone D in association with Dalton, Big Sandy I and other early types. A radiocarbon date of 9640 ±450 B.P. was secured. A transitional Paleo-Indian association is suggested.

HARPETH RIVER, =Crabtree= (Cambron, 1970): A-130

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Harpeth River point is a medium to large side notched point with flattened blade, beveled on both sides of each face and displays shallow serrations.

MEASUREMENTS: Seventeen cotypes from sites in Cheatham and Dickson Counties, Tennessee, along the Harpeth River and one example from near McMinnville, Tennessee, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 90 mm.; minimum, 53 mm.; average, 67 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 26 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 23 mm.: width at base--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 25 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.: hafting area length--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 16 mm.: width of hafting area in notches--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 21 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Shoulders are tapered. The blade may be excurvate or straight with fine serrations and is beveled on each side of both faces. The distal end is usually acute but may be acuminate. The hafting area displays broad, shallow side notches and is well defined by a sharp change in the contour of the edge of the point at the junction of the blade and is auriculated with expanded-rounded auricles. Side edges of the hafting area are incurvate and ground. The basal edge is straight, usually ground, and is thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. Blade edges are steeply beveled on each side of both faces by the removal of deep, short, narrow flakes which resulted in fine serrations along the blade edges. The shallow notches that form the hafting area are steeply flaked. This usually leaves expanded shoulder barbs.

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites along the Harpeth River in Cheatham and Dickson Counties, Tennessee, where 60% of the 50 odd examples were recovered from one site which had also produced Big Sandy, Dalton, Greenbrier, P-8 Corner Notched, Pine Tree, Cumberland, LeCroy, and Copena points. These points are in the collection of Wayne Crabtree, Pegram, Tennessee. In general outline the Harpeth River points may somewhat resemble Dalton, Russell Cave, Greenbrier or Pine Tree points. One example has strong basal thinning on one face and what appears to be a flute struck from a prepared striking platform on the other face. One example has been recovered from Overton County and one from Humphreys County, Tennessee. One site along the Harpeth River from which 5 examples were recovered produced Big Sandy, Pine Tree, Turkey Tail and Cotaco points. The associations of Harpeth River points with other Early Archaic and Transitional Paleo points, as well as their hafting area and flaking characteristics, indicate a placement of the type in very Early Archaic or late Transitional Paleo cultural association. Forty-eight cotypes of Rockport variety of Harpeth River are described along with eighteen illustrations in the Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (Adair and Sims, 1970).

JACKS REEF CORNER NOTCHED, =Ritchie= (Ritchie, 1961): A-21

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, corner notched point with a thin, flattened, excurvate (or often parallel-angular) blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine examples, including the illustrated example from Limestone County, Alabama, provided traits and the following measurements: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 42 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: thickness--maximum, 5 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm. Ritchie (1961) gives the following approximate measurements: length--maximum, 57 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 47 mm.: approximate average width--38 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm. (most examples are under 5 mm.). Alabama examples tend to be longer than New York examples. Corner notches average about 7 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened, rarely, plano-convex. The shoulders are tapered with sharp thin barbs. The blade may be excurvate or parallel-angular. The distal end ranges from narrow to broad-acute. The hafting area is corner notched. The base of the expanded stem is usually straight; rarely, incurvate. It is thinned and may be lightly ground. These features are similar to those of New York points.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are formed by broad, shallow, random flaking. Retouching was done by carefully controlled, broad, shallow secondary flaking followed by fine retouching along the blade edges. Broad flakes were struck off to form the notches, which were then finely retouched. This point is usually made of local materials.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Jacks Reef Site in Onondaga County, New York. Ritchie previously referred to the type as "broad corner notched" or corner notched with angular edges. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 116, Limestone County, Alabama. A radiocarbon date of 1056 ±250 B.P. was obtained for samples from the White Site, Norwich, New York (Ritchie, 1961). It is considered to be late middle Woodland and early late Woodland in New York. It is an important type in central New York and occurs in Ohio (Ritchie, 1961). An example from Site Ct 27 was illustrated (Plate 294, No. 1) by Webb and DeJarnette (1942) as Type 47. For several years, the type has been referred to in the Tennessee Valley where it is found on late Woodland sites, as "Corner Notched Woodland". One example was recovered from Level 3, Zone A at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), six from Zone A (Woodland) at Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) and one example each from Levels 1 and 2 at Ms 201, Rockhouse Shelter, in Marshall County, Alabama. Examples from P-12 Pit at Russell Cave in Jackson County, Alabama, were dated by radiocarbon method at 1500 ±175 B.P. (John W. Griffin, personal communication).

JACKS REEF PENTAGONAL, =Ritchie= (Ritchie, 1961): A-60a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a thin, small to medium-sized pentagonal point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following traits and measurements: length--maximum, 61 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 42 mm.: width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 20 mm.: width at base--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm.: length of hafting area--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 20 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is straight; the distal end, acute. The hafting area consists of one-half to one-third (usually about two-fifths) of the length of the point. It is contracted, with straight side edges. The basal edge may be straight or incurvate 1 or 2 mm. and is thinned. There is usually a sharp break between the blade and the hafting area.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. Fine retouch was used to finish all edges. The basal edge is treated in the same manner as the blade and hafting area edges. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the late Point Peninsula Jacks Reef Site in Onondaga County, New York. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. Alabama examples are narrower and longer than New York examples as described by Ritchie (1961). The type has been classified locally as "Mississippi Pentagonal". The type was dated at the White Site near Norwich, Chenango County, New York, at 1057 ±250 B.P. (Ritchie, 1961). Ritchie also mentioned a thicker, cruder middle Archaic variant. The type is coeval with Jacks Reef Corner Notched at Point Peninsula and Owasco sites in New York. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), two examples were recovered from Level 1 and one from Level 3. This indicates a late Woodland association at this site. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 1, two from Level 2 and one each from Levels 4 and 5. This occurrence indicates a Woodland association. Associations in surface collections indicate a late Woodland association. The larger, broader examples may be derived from Copena Triangular points, but all examples were made in a manner similar to the way in which Madison points were made. This indicates a transitional placement between Copena and Mississippian. The type is probably around 1000 years in age or older in Alabama.

JEFF, =Soday and Cambron= (This Paper): A-47

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Jeff is a medium-sized, broad, auriculate point with straight basal edge and expanded auricles.

MEASUREMENTS: The range in length of examples from the Tennessee Valley is from 69 mm. to 28 mm.; the average measurements of 10 examples from 10 sites are as follows: length, 47 mm.; width at base, 25 mm.; thickness, 7 mm. (Soday and Cambron, n. d.). The illustrated example measures 49 mm. long, 25 mm. wide at upper end of hafting area, 30 mm. wide at base, 7 mm. thick, 2 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is excurvate and may be slightly beveled on one side of each face and/or serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is auriculate (expanded-rounded). The basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate and may be beveled or thinned. Side and basal edges of the hafting area are usually ground.

FLAKING: The flattened blade is produced by removal of broad, thin flakes. Secondary flaking along the blade edges is shorter and deeper and may result in weak serrations. Short flakes were removed along the side and basal edges of the hafting area. In some cases the angle of the flaking along the basal edge produced a short bevel.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Jeff area of Madison County, Alabama, where several examples were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76, Limestone County, Alabama. Examples are always found in association with uniface tools and other early point types and are not found on shellmound Archaic middens. This evidence and field observations suggest a transitional Paleo association.

JUDE, =Madison-Huntsville Chapter of Alabama Archaeological Society= (Madison-Huntsville Chapter of Alabama Archaeological Society, 1961): A-48

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Jude is a small, straight-stemmed point with a short blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight cotypes from the type site area and one example from Colbert County, Alabama provided the traits and the following measurements: length--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 19 mm.; average, 24 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 5 mm. The illustrated example measures 25 mm. in length, 19 mm. in shoulder width, 15 mm. in stem width, 11 mm. in stem length and 5 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex; rarely, plano-convex. Shoulders are usually horizontal; rarely, tapered or inversely tapered. Blade edges are nearly always straight; rarely, excurvate. The distal end is usually acute. The stem is straight or, rarely, slightly expanded. Stem width exceeds the stem length. Side edges of the stem are straight. The thinned basal edge is usually slightly incurvate but may be straight. All stem edges are usually lightly ground.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flakes shape the blade and stem and are followed along all edges by similar but somewhat shorter secondary flaking. All measured examples were made of local material and except for one made of smoky quartz, all were patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Jude Hollow in Madison County, Alabama, where examples were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Brosemer Site 6 in Jude Hollow. Examples from surface collections have produced a range of cultural material including Paleo-Indian and Transitional Paleo-Indian, as well as Archaic and Woodland. The most frequent associations indicate early Archaic or Transitional Paleo-Indian, as do patination and basal grinding. On at least one site in Colbert County, Alabama, later Archaic and Woodland artifacts are absent (Holland, personal communication). Several examples were recovered from the Cave Springs Site (Moebes, 1974) in association with and below Big Sandy and Dalton points. This association indicates a Transitional Paleo-Indian association at this site. The type seems to be somewhat similar to Elam points of Texas (Suhm and Jelks, 1962).

KAYS, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-49

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Kays point is a medium to large, straight-stemmed point with excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven plesiotypes from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County, Alabama, provided traits and the following measurements: length--maximum, 88 mm.; minimum, 56 mm.; average, 63 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem width--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.: thickness--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 9 mm. The illustrated example measures 59 mm. in length, 30 mm. in shoulder width, 17 mm. in stem width, 14 mm. in stem length, and 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered, but may be horizontal and may be rounded on some examples. The blade is excurvate, but may be nearly straight. The distal end is acute to sharply acute. The stem is straight and is slightly wider than it is long, with a straight basal edge that may be very slightly incurvate or excurvate. The edges of the stem are thinned and may be ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, shallow to deep flaking. While a few examples appear to have been shaped by collateral flaking, random flaking is usually employed. Short, regular, secondary flaking was used to finish the blade and hafting area edges. All examples of the measured group are patinated and are made of local materials.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Kays Landing Site in Henry County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County, Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 8, 9 and 10 in Zone A. This indicates an Archaic association. Three examples were recovered from Stratum II (Archaic) at the Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) 12 of the 18 examples recovered were from Zone C (upper Archaic), two from Zone C-D, two from Zone D (lower shellmound Archaic) and one each from Zones A and B (Woodland). This is a strong indication of late Archaic association at this site. Kneberg (1956) suggests a middle Archaic to late Archaic association and a date of about 3000 B.C. to A.D. Ritchie (1961) notes the marked similarity of Kays points to Genesee points of New York. The latter have radiocarbon dates of 4941 ±260 B.P. to 3684 ±250 B.P. Genesee points average 3 to 3-1/2 inches in length and range to 6 inches or longer, considerably larger than Kays points. A middle to late Archaic association is indicated by available evidence, including surface associations.

KIRK CORNER NOTCHED, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-50

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium- to large-sized, corner notched point with blade edges that are usually serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the following measurements for the type: range of length--40 mm. to 100 mm., average length, 60 mm.; range of width--20 mm. to 45 mm., average width, 30 mm.; range of thickness--6 mm. to 12 mm., average thickness, 8 mm. The measurements of 15 plesiotypes from Cambron Sites 19 and 20 in Morgan County, Alabama, range as follows: length--69 mm. to 39 mm., average, 51 mm.: shoulder width--39 mm. to 29 mm., average, 34 mm.: stem width--29 mm. to 23 mm., average, 25 mm.: stem length--12 mm. to 9 mm., average, 11 mm.: thickness--10 mm. to 5 mm., average, 7 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 59 mm.; shoulder width, 36 mm.; stem width, 25 mm.; stem length, 11 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. Shoulders are strongly barbed. The blade is usually excurvate but may be straight or recurvate. Blade edges are usually serrated and beveled on both sides of each face. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is corner notched. The notches average about 11 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide. Side edges of the expanded stem are straight and the stem base edge either straight, slightly incurvate or, rarely, excurvate. On Alabama examples, the stem base is thinned and usually ground, but basal grinding is rarely found on examples from the North Carolina Piedmont (Coe, personal communication).

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random flaking. The edges are shaped by fine, regular, secondary flaking, which often resulted in serrations and beveled blade edges. The notches were formed by the removal of long, broad flakes, one from each side on each face. The edges of the notches were often retouched. Broad, shallow flakes were removed to thin the basal edge, which was then finely retouched. Local materials were used in the manufacture of these points.

COMMENTS: The type is named after examples excavated in the North Carolina Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19, Morgan County, Alabama. Coe (1959) estimates the age as about 8000 years ago at the type sites. Seven examples were recovered from Archaic Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 2, 6 and 9 in Zone A. One example was recovered from Level 6 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201, Marshall County, Alabama. Practically all examples from surface collections are from early Archaic sites. Evidence suggests an early Archaic association, with ground base examples being earliest.

KIRK SERRATED, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-51

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, straight-stemmed point with deep serrations.