Chapter VI: Introduction (5)

"An early Woodland type associated with Greeneville and Camp Creek types. These three types represent 50% of all points from Camp Creek Site." (Kneberg, 1957). A radiocarbon date of 2050 ±250 B.P. was obtained from Level C at this site (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). One example was recovered from the upper level of Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River Mound one example was taken from Zone A. Greeneville and Camp Creek points were more numerous at this site. This evidence indicates a sparse late Woodland association in north Alabama. Three examples appear in the University of Alabama surface collections from Guntersville Basin of the Tennessee River.

OSCEOLA, =Ritzenthaler= (Ritzenthaler, 1946 and Bell, 1958): A-65

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a large, parallel sided point with deep, narrow side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) gives the size as ranging from 3 inches to 9 inches in length with most examples measuring between 4 inches and 5 inches. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 97 mm.; width of blade, 32 mm.; width at base, 27 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.; depth of notches, 7 mm.; width of notches, 5 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Blade edges are usually near parallel for most of the length of the blade, then slope rather abruptly to an acute distal end. Local examples may be sparsely serrated along the blade edges. "The hafting area is notched from the side edges near the base and may be either squared or rounded. The stem base is either straight or incurvate with the incurvate base being more typical." (Bell, 1958). The base of the illustrated example is ground.

FLAKING: Bell (1958) describes the flaking as well done, first by rather large percussion flaking and then by finer flaking along the edges and base. Long, shallow, random flaking was usually employed. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Osceola Site in Wisconsin. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19, Morgan County, Alabama. A somewhat similar type is described by Ritchie (1961) as Otter Creek points associated with the Archaic cultures of Vermont and New York. Bell (1958) states that the type is associated with the Old Copper Culture of Wisconsin where radiocarbon dates suggest an age of 7000 to 5000 years ago. He also lists distribution as Wisconsin, Illinois and Missouri. Alabama examples usually appear on early Archaic sites. The type is probably related to the Big Sandy Complex.

PAINT ROCK VALLEY, =Mahan= (Cambron, 1958a): A-66

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Paint Rock Valley point is a medium sized, broad, triangular point with incurvate base and excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example, from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 46 mm.: blade width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 28 mm.: width at base--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 25 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: depth of basal concavity--maximum, 3 mm.; minimum, 1 mm.; average, 2 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Blade edges are usually excurvate, rarely straight. The distal end is usually acute but may be broad. The hafting area consists of an indeterminate basal portion of the blade that is usually slightly contracted. The base is usually incurvate, rarely straight, and may be thinned or beveled.

FLAKING: Broad, sometimes deep, random flaking was used to shape the blade and hafting area. Rather long secondary flakes were struck off along the edges, with a minimum of fine retouch having been carried out. Short flakes struck from the basal edge often resulted in a beveling of the basal edge. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: This type was named from points found on sites in the Paint Rock River Valley in Jackson County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee. It resembles several Texas types (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): Kinney, with an estimated age of 4000 years ago, which is shorter and broader; Matamoros with an estimated age of 500 A.D., which is smaller and usually beveled; Tortugas, estimated age 6000 years ago, which is beveled and has no contraction of the base. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, two examples were recovered from Level 11 and one from Level 9. Other types from these lower levels include Cumberland, Quad, Dalton, Wheeler and Big Sandy I points. One example was recovered from Burial 8 at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) in association with Morrow Mountain, Crawford Creek, White Springs and possibly Eva points, as well as bone points and other artifacts. These associations indicate an early Archaic to transitional Paleo-Indian connection. At the Hardaway Site (Coe, 1959) points similar to Paint Rock Valley points were recovered from Stratum IV along with Dalton and Quad points.

PALMER, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-67

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Palmer point is a small corner notched point with a straight, ground base and pronounced serrations (Coe, 1959).

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the following measurements: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 35 mm.: width--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 20 mm.: thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 8 mm.: average width of notches, 3 mm.: length of notches, measured along stem edge, 5 mm. to 7 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 46 mm.; width at shoulders, 25 mm.; width of stem, 21 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.; width of notches, 3 mm.; depth of notches, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are barbed. Blade edges are usually straight, but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. Most examples are serrated, some quite deeply. The hafting area is corner notched. Side edges of the stem are usually incurvate. The basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. It is thinned and ground.

FLAKING: "These points were made by pressure flaking upon a prismatic flake of the proper proportions. The serrations apparently were made at the time when the point was finished, since the flake scars produced by the serrations were long and overlapped toward the center of the blade." (Coe, 1959). The notches were formed by the removal of deep broad flakes. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points recovered from the Hardaway Site in Piedmont, North Carolina. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 92 in Madison County, North Carolina. Concerning the type at the Hardaway Site, Coe (1959) states, "Following the Hardaway occupation, the style of projectile points changed to a small corner-notched serrated variety with extensive grinding along the base. Along with this the use of the small hafted snub-nosed scraper increased considerably." He gives distribution as "Camp Creek Site in Tennessee and northward along the Atlantic Coast into New England." He further states, "On the basis of excavated data, this type must have an antiquity of nearly 8000 years." Two examples are listed by Cambron and Waters (1961) from the bottom of Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter. Three Palmer points were classified by Cambron from the surface collection of the University of Alabama from Guntersville Basin on the Tennessee River. The type is also found on western North Carolina sites.

PEDERNALIS, =Kelley= (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-68

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with bifurcated stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Suhm and Jelks (1962) list some measurements in mm., as follows: "Length, max. 130, min. 30, av. between 60 and 90; average width 30 to 50; stem width 15 to 30; stem length 15 to 20." The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 87 mm.; width of shoulders, 32 mm.; width of stem, 28 mm.; stem length, 25 mm.; thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or flattened. Shoulders may be horizontal or barbed. "Blade edges are usually straight or excurvate, but occasionally incurvate, recurved, or narrowed to a slim needle-like tip." (Bell, 1958.) The distal end is usually acute. The stem is usually straight, but may be slightly contracted with straight or excurvate side edges. The basal edge is incurvate, usually deeply so, and may be thinned by removal of large flakes, and may be near beveled on some examples. Grinding of basal edges is seldom present.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow flakes were removed to shape the blade and stem. Deeper shorter flaking was used to finish all edges. On many examples large broad flakes were removed to form the shoulders, especially on barbed examples. The thinning of the bases of some examples was accomplished by removal of one or several large thin flakes. Local materials were generally used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites in central Texas where it is regarded as a diagnostic type of the "Round Rock Focus" (Kelley, 1947a). The illustrated example is from the Helen Womack collection of Bedford County, Tennessee. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) list Pedernalis as "very common over all of central Texas." It is listed as a common point found with the Edwards Plateau aspect of the Archaic period with an estimated age of 4000 B.C. to 500 or 1000 A.D. (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954). An example of the type appears in unknown provenience at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). A broken example from the middle of the Archaic Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) appears to have been reworked on one blade edge to a burin. Two examples were recovered from Zone C (upper Archaic) at Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). A suggested association for Alabama is late Archaic or early Woodland.

PICKWICK, =DeJarnette= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-69

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, expanded shoulder point with recurvate blade edges and tapered stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Twelve cotypes from the Tennessee River Valley of North Alabama provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 117 mm.; minimum, 71 mm.; average, 85 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 48 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 44 mm.: stem width--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 10 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 76 mm.; shoulder width, 41 mm.; stem width, 19 mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered, but may be horizontal, and are always expanded. About one-half of the measured examples had asymmetrical shoulders. Blade edges are recurvate and may be slightly serrated. The distal end is acute. Stems are thick and tapered, rarely straight. Side edges of the stem are usually incurvate and may be ground. The basal edge may be excurvate or straight and rarely ground.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Short, deep, regular flaking was used to finish the blade edges, often resulting in fine serrations. A minimum of retouch was used along the stem edges. Local materials were utilized.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on sites in Pickwick Basin of the Tennessee River Valley. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 48 in Lincoln County, Tennessee. It is similar to Ledbetter Stemmed points (Kneberg, 1956), but both blade edges are recurvate. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) five examples were recovered from Zone A, one from Level 2, two from Level 3 and one each from Levels 4 and 7. At Little Bear Creek Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) examples were recovered from levels as follows: Levels 1 and 2, 1 each; Level 3, 13; Level 4, 3; Level 5, 4; Levels 6 and 7, 1 each. Levels 1 and 2 are Woodland, the other levels contained Archaic materials. At Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) one each was recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland), four examples from Zone C, one from Zone C-D and three from Zone D. Zones C, C-D and D are Archaic. The above evidence indicates a beginning in middle Archaic and a climax in late Archaic for the type.

PINE TREE, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1956): A-70

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, side notched, serrated point with expanded shoulders.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes from Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 66 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 59 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem width--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 12 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened. Shoulders are narrow, tapered, and expanded. Blade edges are recurvate and serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is side notched with expanded stem. The notches average about 9 mm. wide and 3 mm. deep. Side edges of the stem are incurvate. The basal edge is thinned and incurvate.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was used to shape the blade and stem faces. Collateral or random flaking was used to retouch the sides of the blade faces to a near median ridge resulting in serrations. The side notches were formed by the removal of one large flake or several smaller flakes. Retouch was carried out along the basal edge. All examples are patinated and are made of local materials.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near Cambron Site 76, the Pine Tree, (Cambron, 1956) in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County, Alabama. An example was illustrated by Webb and DeJarnette (1942) as type 54 from Colbert County, Alabama, Site Ct 27 (Plate 294). One example, of unknown provenience, from Site Ms 53A (Webb and Wilder, 1951) in Marshall County, Alabama, was recovered (Plate 29-C, No. 16). The type is pre-shellmound in North Alabama and is considered an early Archaic point type. One example was found on a site on Valley River at Andrews, North Carolina. Other than this occurrence the known distribution is Alabama and Southern Tennessee.

PINE TREE CORNER NOTCHED, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-70-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, corner notched, serrated point with expanded shoulders.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 72 mm.; minimum, 40 mm.; average, 54 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem width--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex, rarely flattened. Shoulders are usually inversely tapered, rarely horizontal, and the barbs are expanded. Blade edges are usually incurvate, rarely straight, and serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is usually corner notched, rarely side-notched, with expanded stem. Notches measured along the stem edge average about 11 mm. deep and about 5 mm. wide. Side edges of the stem are usually straight. The base is thinned and usually straight, but may be excurvate, rarely incurvate. Light basal grinding may be present.

FLAKING: Random flaking was first employed to shape the blade and stem faces. This was followed by collateral, rarely random, flaking, usually resulting in regular serrations along the blade edges. Blade edges were worked in to form expanded barbs. The corner notches were formed by the removal of one or more large flakes, with retouch along the stem edge. Some retouch was used to finish the basal edge. All examples are patinated and are usually made of local materials.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near the Pine Tree Site Cambron 76 (Cambron, 1956) in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19 in Morgan County, Alabama. The type was formerly included with the Pine Tree point (Cambron, 1957) but was later referred to locally as Pine Tree Variant. It is a pre-shellmound or early Archaic type. Physical characteristics indicate a greater antiquity for this type than for the Pine Tree type, but surface collection associations suggest a contemporaneous existence.

PLEVNA, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-72

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Plevna is a medium to large, corner notched point with excurvate base and beveled on one edge of each face.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes from North Alabama and Southern Tennessee, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 95 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 65 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem length--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 15 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is rhomboid. Shoulders are inversely tapered or horizontal. Where shoulder barbs are present they may be expanded. Blade edges are usually straight, but may be incurvate or excurvate and may be serrated. They are always beveled on one edge of each face. Distal ends are acute. The hafting area is corner notched, with deep narrow notches that average about 4 mm. wide at the blade edge, 2 or 3 mm. wide at the bottom of the notch, and about 6 mm. deep along the stem edge. The expanded stem usually has straight side edges, and the basal edge is always excurvate, thinned, and ground.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was employed to produce flattened faces of the blade. Most blades were probably excurvate with a gentle bevel before one edge of each face was reworked by short, shallow to deep, flaking which often created serrations. Repeated reworking of these blade edges resulted in steep beveling and often in incurvate blade edges. The notches were formed at the widest part of the blade by the initial removal of one broad deep flake from each side of each face. The area thus thinned was then notched by removal of short fine flakes. The hafting area was thinned by broad, shallow flaking followed by the removal of small, shallow flakes along the basal edge. Local materials were used, and all examples showed patination.

COMMENTS: The point is named from points found on the Plevna Site (Cambron 79) in Madison County, Alabama, associated with Eva and other early Archaic types. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 38, Limestone County, Alabama. The type is associated with pre-shellmound materials in North Alabama and is considered an early Archaic type. Physical characteristics suggest that Plevna points may be ancestral to the unbeveled, late Archaic to early Woodland St. Charles points (Bell, 1960) found throughout the Ohio Valley and in surrounding states. A date of sometime before 5000 years ago is suggested for the type in Alabama.

QUAD, =Soday and Cambron= (Cambron and Waters, 1959a): A-73

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Quad is a medium sized, broad, unfluted or fluted, point with an expanded-rounded, auriculate hafting area.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifty-one examples from thirty-one sites in the Tennessee River Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) provided the following measurements: unfluted points--maximum length, 86 mm.; minimum length, 47 mm.; average length, 57 mm.; average width, 23 mm.; average thickness, 7 mm.: fluted points--maximum length, 79 mm.; minimum length, 39 mm.; average length, 52 mm.; width, 24 mm.; average thickness, 7 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 60 mm.; width at base, 31 mm.; width of blade above hafting area, 29 mm.; width of hafting constriction, 28 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. Blade edges above the hafting area are convex. The distal end is acute. The auriculate hafting area is expanded-rounded with a hafting constriction along the side edges near the auricles. The base is incurvate and may be thinned or fluted. Hafting area edges are usually ground, especially the constriction.

FLAKING: Flaking on the faces is usually random but may be collateral. Retouch with short, fairly deep flaking, is usual on all edges. Because of the thinness of these points, fluted examples have short flutes similar to the Clovis points.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near the Quad Site (Soday, 1954) in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) near the Quad Site. The unfluted variant was described by Bell (1960), and he suggests a date of some portion of the period from 8000 B.C. to 4000 B.C. He illustrates examples from Tennessee and Ohio. An unfluted example was found in Level 11 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, in the same stratum as Wheeler, Paint Rock Valley, Cumberland, Dalton, and other points. An example from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) was recovered in pre-Archaic Stratum III along with a Beaver Lake point. A Quad-like point was recovered from the Quad Site in the same stratum as a fluted midsection, Dalton, and Big Sandy I points (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a). Coe (1959) found similar points associated with Daltons on the lower levels of the Hardaway Site in Piedmont, North Carolina. The above evidence and surface associations indicate a transitional Paleo association with an age of 10,000 years ago or more.

REDSTONE, =Mahan= (This Paper): A-75

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, triangular, fluted point with an incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven points from seven sites in the Tennessee Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) range in length as follows: longest, 117 mm. (from Soday Site 475 in Morgan County, Alabama); shortest, 67 mm. (from Serio 1, Madison County, Alabama); average, 89 mm. The average width of the seven points is 37 mm. and the average thickness, 7 mm. The illustrated specimen measures in length, 110 mm.; width at base, 34 mm.; thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 9 mm.; longest flute, 70 mm.; shortest flute, 26 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is fluted. The blade is straight with an acute distal end. Grinding along the basal edge for about one-third of the length of the point designates the hafting area. The auriculated base is parallel-rounded and incurvate and may show multiple flutes on one or both faces. The basal edge is thinned on each side of the flute and ground.

FLAKING: The flakes removed in order to shape the blade and hafting area are narrow, shallow and random. The edges were finished by the removal of alternate flakes along the blade and hafting area edges, leaving a fine, irregular pattern. The short flute was removed first from a flattened face, the longer flute from a median ridged face that shows multiple flute scars (Cambron and Hulse, 1961).

COMMENTS: The type was named after Redstone Arsenal in Madison County, Alabama, where the illustrated specimen, a classic example, was recovered from Brosemer Site M-17, a site that has produced other early points. Several examples have been illustrated in the Tennessee Archaeologist as follows: Vol. X, No. 1, p. 17, Fig. 45 (Morgan County, Alabama, Soday, 1954); Vol. X, No. 2, p. 40, Fig. 1, p. 48, Fig. 87, p. 50, Fig. 96 (Madison County, Alabama, Mahan, 1954); Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 36, Figs. 3 and 4 (Chickamauga Lake, Tennessee, Lewis, 1956); Vol. XIII, No. 2, p. 82, Fig. 7 (Weakley County, Tennessee, Taylor, 1957); Vol. XV, No. 2, p. 124, Fig. 19 (Limestone County, Alabama), p. 142, Fig. 1, (Humphreys County, Tennessee, Lewis, 1959); Vol. XVI, No. 1, p. 58, Figs. 18, 19 (Henry County, Tennessee, Lewis, 1960a). The Redstone type appears to be a variant of the Clovis and probably was in use at about the same time as Clovis points. Charcoal from hearths with which a Clovis point was presumed to have been associated, gave dates in excess of 37,000 years ago (Crook and Harris, 1958). When dating methods were improved, dates in excess of 42,000 years ago were obtained at this site. This means the Redstone, as well as the Clovis, could have been in use as early as 42,000 years ago, but most archaeologists suggest a date of about 15,000 years ago.

RHEEMS CREEK, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-113

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized stemmed point with straight blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen cotypes in the Harwood collection from Cambron Site 326 in Buncombe County, North Carolina, provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 41 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 21 mm.: stem width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 37 mm.; shoulder width, 19 mm.; stem width, 12 mm.; stem length, 9 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, rarely plano-convex. Shoulders are tapered and fairly broad. Blade edges are usually straight, but may be excurvate, rarely incurvate. The distal end is acute. The stem is usually straight but may be tapered. The basal edge is excurvate and usually thick, but may be thinned.

FLAKING: The entire point appears to have been made by short, fairly deep, random percussion flaking. The lack of retouch along the blade edges leaves an irregular blade edge outline that somewhat resembles crude serrations on some examples. All examples from the site are made of vein quartz.

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Rheems Creek Site (Cambron Site 326) in Buncombe County, North Carolina. A few examples approach Bradley Spike in size and flaking, but are broader with a more triangular blade. The smaller examples somewhat resemble Coosa points, but are not retouched along the edges and are made of quartzite. The cultural association of this type is as yet unknown, as the type site has produced artifacts belonging to transitional Paleo, Archaic and Woodland components. A category of tool types resembling Rheems Creek has been identified in Randolph County from Mid-Archaic to Early Woodland (O'Hear and Knight, 1975).

RUSSELL CAVE, =Cambron= (This paper): A-117

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Russell Cave point is a medium sized, expanded stem point with shallow serrations and straight blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven examples, including the illustrated specimen, from the lower G layer at Russell Cave in North Alabama provided the following measurements and features: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 44 mm.; average, 54 mm: shoulder width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem width at base--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem width at narrowest point--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 19 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem length--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. The blade is usually straight; rarely excurvate. Blade edges are shallowly serrated. The distal end is acute. The stem is expanded. The side edges of the stem are incurvate and usually ground. The basal edge is straight, usually ground and may be beveled.

FLAKING: Shallow, broad, random flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Short, fairly deep flakes were removed to shape and finish the blade and to form fine regular serrations. These were flaked alternately from opposite faces, making the short serration projections rather sharp. The sides of the hafting area are usually steeply flaked to form an expanded stem. The basal edge is usually thinned by the removal of broad shallow flakes, but may be rather steeply flaked.

COMMENTS: The type was named from Russell Cave in Jackson County, Alabama, where the seven cotypes were recovered from lower G layer. This was the deepest excavated layer and produced three radiocarbon dates: Level 17, 7565 ±250 years B.P.; Level 20, 8095 ±275 and 8435 ±275 years B.P. These dates place the type in early Archaic at this site. Distribution of the type is not known.

SAND MOUNTAIN, =Cambron= (This paper): A-119

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, serrated, triangular point with an incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Six cotypes from the Jones Bluff Reservoir in Lowndes County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 24 mm.: width at base--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.: thickness--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 5 mm.: basal concavity--maximum 4 mm.; minimum, 1 mm.; average, 2 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex--rarely, flattened. The blade is usually straight, but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. Blade edges are serrated. The distal end is usually acute but may be acuminate. The base is incurvate and may be expanded.

FLAKING: The point displays random flaking which is usually broad and fairly deep. The serrations are the result of the removal of regular flakes from the edge of alternate faces. The basal edge was thinned by removal of shallow flakes. Local materials, generally quartzites, were used.

COMMENTS: The point is named from sites on Sand Mountain in North Alabama where the type was first recognized. The illustrated example was recovered from Hulse site 39 near Decatur, Alabama. No examples were recognized from the control sites in the Tennessee Valley. Examples from Sites Lo 32 and Lo 13 in Jones Bluff Reservoir, Lowndes County, Alabama, were recovered from Levels 1 and 2 in association with Weeden Island pottery. This suggests an Early Mississippian association at these sites. In Autauga County, Alabama, examples were found in association with Autauga Check Stamped, McLeod Check Stamped and Wright Check Stamped pottery. This suggests a late Woodland association in this area. At Site Dk-101 in DeKalb County, Alabama, three examples were recovered from Level 1 and two from Level 3. This suggests a late Woodland and Mississippian association at this site. The type seems to have appeared in late Woodland times and lasted into Mississippian times.

SAVAGE CAVE, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1974): A-124

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, side-notched point with excurvate blade edges, biconvex cross-section, deep side notches and finely retouched blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The range of measurements of 14 examples; 7 from New York, 5 from Savage Cave and 2 from the Pine Tree Site (Cambron, 1956) at Decatur, Alabama, are: length 44-75 mm.; shoulder width, 23-30 mm.; stem width, 18-25 mm.; stem length, 9-10 mm., thickness, 6-9 mm.; notch width, 7-9 mm.; notch depth, 3-5 mm.

FLAKING: Good random flaking was employed to shape the faces of the blade and hafting area. Fine retouch is evident along the edges. The deep side notches were finished by the removal of one large flake from both sides of each notch.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate and is finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is deeply side notched. The basal edge is nearly always straight, but may be slightly excurvate. Light grinding may be evident on most examples. The part of the hafting area between the notches and the base is expanded. All examples were patinated.

COMMENTS: This type is named from Savage Cave, Kentucky, where 8 whole or broken examples were recovered. One example was recovered from the surface, two from Level 1, one from Level 2, three from Level 3, one of which was worked to a drill, and one from Level 4. All examples except one from the surface were recovered from Stratum II. It appears that the Savage Cave point overlaps in time with Big Sandy points at this site, with Savage Cave points appearing later. One example illustrated as an Otter Creek point in Plate 21, Fig. 2 from Malta, Saratoga County, New York, (Ritchie, 1971) appears to be a Savage Cave point.

SAVANNAH RIVER, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-5a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large stemmed point often made of quartzite.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists some measurements of North Carolina examples as follows: length--maximum, 170 mm.; minimum, 70 mm.; average, 100 mm.: width--maximum, 70 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 50 mm. These measurements exceed those from six examples, including the illustrated example, from Elmore County, Alabama, and one from Buncombe County, North Carolina, which are as follows: length--maximum, 70 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 56 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 22 mm.: stem length--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened, rarely plano-convex. Shoulders are usually tapered but may be straight. Blade edges are excurvate, but may be parallel from the shoulders for one-third to one-half the length of the blade. The distal end is acute. The stem may be straight or tapered, with incurvate or straight side edges and a straight or incurvate basal edge that is usually thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was employed to shape the blade and stem faces, with some retouch along all edges. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The point is named from points of the Savannah River Focus of the Archaic period in Redmont, North Carolina. The illustrated example is from Amling Site El 4 in Elmore County, Alabama. This type includes points illustrated in Caldwell (1947) as belonging to the Savannah River Focus of Georgia. Similar points from Camp Creek were illustrated by Lewis and Kneberg (1957) as Appalachian Stemmed, but they seem more acceptable as Savannah River points. One example each was recovered from Level 3 and 4 (pre-pottery) at the University of Alabama Site 1 Ru 28 in Russell County, Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River. Coe (1959) found Savannah River to be late Archaic. Further excavation in the Roanoke River area revealed Savannah River points in early Woodland association (Coe, personal communication). Savannah River points overlay the "Old Quartz" industry in Georgia. The above evidence places Savannah River points in late Archaic and early Woodland associations.

SMITHSONIA, =Allen and Hulse= (This Paper): A-136

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large sized, straight stemmed point with finely serrated blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Thirteen cotypes from sites at Smithsonia, Beacon Island and Waterloo along the Tennessee River below Florence, Alabama, provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 96 mm.; minimum, 61 mm.; average, 77 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum 28 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.: stem length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 82 mm.; shoulder width, 33 mm.; stem width, 15 mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 11 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened. Shoulders are usually barbed but may be inversely tapered. Blade edges are serrated and are usually straight or excurvate but some examples may have one straight and one excurvate blade edge. The basal edge and sides of the stem are thinned, straight and may be lightly ground. The distal end is acute. Serrations on the blade edges are finely executed as opposed to deeper serrations on the Kirk Serrated projectile point. The shoulders are usually barbed. The stem and base are always straight whereas the Kirk Serrated base may be incurvate.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were formed by broad, shallow, random flaking. The blade edges were then finely serrated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from Ralph Allen Site 41 at Smithsonia, Alabama, where the type was first recognized. The illustrated example is from this site located on the north side of the Tennessee River in Lauderdale County, Alabama. Three examples are illustrated in Plate 152 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942). One is in the top right of the plate and two are in the upper left of the lower figure on the same plate. These examples were recovered from the Bluff Creek Site Lu^o 59. This site was located fourteen miles west of Florence, Alabama, on the banks of the Tennessee River. These points were associated with burials along with other artifacts that indicate a late Archaic and early Woodland placement, as does the formal attributes of this point type.

SOUTH PRONG CREEK, =Lewis= (This Paper): A-138

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The South Prong Creek point is a large, broad, stemmed, and serrated point.

MEASUREMENTS: Examples which provided the features, including the illustrated example, ranged in measurements as follows: length--maximum, 101 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 72 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 59 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 38 mm.: stem width--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade edges are usually straight but may be slightly excurvate or recurvate and are always serrated with an acute distal end that is devoid of serrations. Shoulders may be straight or tapered. The stem is short and thinned at the base and along the side edges. The basal edge may be straight or excurvate and may exhibit light grinding.

FLAKING: The thin blade is shaped by good, broad, and shallow random flaking on the faces. The removal of small deep flakes along the blade edges, starting above the shoulders and ending below the distal end, produced strong serrations and a beveling effect. The removal of fairly large flakes at the junction of the stem and shoulders thinned the sides of the stem as well as the shoulders at this point.

COMMENTS: The type was named from a surface site on South Prong Creek in Richmond County, Georgia, near Augusta, in the Red Hills fall line and approximately 300 feet above mean sea level. Eight examples, including the illustrated example, were recovered from this site (Lewis Site No. 606). Two examples of unknown origin from the Augusta-Richmond County Museum helped provide additional measurements and features for the type. Other artifacts recovered from the type site include: 13 Big Sandy points, 1 Greenbrier Dalton point, 1 Ecusta point, 1 Plevna point, 26 Morrow Mountain points, 1 Morrow Mountain Straight Base point, 3 Morrow Mountain Rounded Base points, 3 Guilford Rounded Base points, 1 Guilford point, 8 Savannah River points, 1 Gary point, 1 Wade point, 1 Yadkin point, 2 Madison points, 25 P-1 Stemmed points, 1 used scraper, 1 flint gouge, 7 mortars, 3 manos, 1 hammer-abrader, 7 steatite hammers, and 1 perforater. These artifacts suggest a Transitional Paleo-Early Archaic and Archaic occupation of the site with a sparse occupation by Woodland and Mississippian people. An age of 3000 to 4500 years B.P. is suggested for the type (Michie, personal communication, 1975). The association of other artifacts from the site indicates an earlier date for the type (Lewis, personal communication, 1975).

STANFIELD. =Cambron and Hulse= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-80

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large sized, narrow, triangular point with biconvex blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine autotypes from North Alabama, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 118 mm.; minimum, 54 mm.; average, 73 mm.: width at base--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 22 mm.: thickness--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section of the blade is biconvex, and most hafting area cross-sections are flattened. Blade edges are usually parallel, rarely excurvate. The distal end is acute. The hafting area includes an undetermined basal portion of the side edges. It is parallel sided, with a straight, rarely slightly excurvate, basal edge that is thinned. The hafting area is usually flattened.

FLAKING: From fairly deep to shallow random flaking was used to shape the faces. Usually one third to two thirds of the total length from the distal end is flaked to median ridge, and broader shallower flakes were removed from the hafting area. Short, broad, and deeper flakes were removed in retouching the side edges of the blade and all edges of the hafting area. Local materials were usually employed, and all examples were patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples recovered from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) in Colbert County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from the Pine Tree Site (Cambron Site 76) in Limestone County, Alabama. Examples recovered at Stanfield-Worley were all in Zone D, two in Level 1 and one in Level 5. Radiocarbon dates from this zone are 8920 ±400 and 9640 ±450 B.P. Four examples were recovered from Stratum III (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a) at the Quad Site in association with Dalton, Lerma, Big Sandy I, and other points and were listed as Type P-11. All surface finds are made from sites that have produced early materials. It is suggested that this type be placed in the transitional Paleo-Indian cultural stage with a date of somewhere around 10,000 years ago.

STANLEY, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-79

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Stanley is a medium sized point with "a broad triangular blade, a small squared stem and a shallow notched base." (Coe, 1959).

MEASUREMENTS: Seven plesiotypes from North Alabama and South Tennessee provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 47 mm.; minimum, 42 mm.; average, 46 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 33 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 31 mm.: stem width--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or plano-convex, rarely flattened. Shoulders are usually horizontal or tapered, rarely inversely tapered, and may be expanded. Blade edges may be excurvate, straight, or recurvate and usually have an angular break in the blade outline near the distal end. Blade edges may be serrated near the base. The distal end is usually acute, but may be somewhat apiculate. The stem is usually straight. Stems of the plesiotypes are shorter and broader than stems of the cotypes. Thus, the basal edge of the plesiotypes is more incurvate than notched, as it is in the cotypes.

FLAKING: Blade scars and/or rather long, shallow, random flakes are in evidence on the faces of the blade and stem. On the serrated examples the serrations are broader and deeper near the shoulders, and the points are usually serrated no more than half the length of the blade. Fine regular retouch was carried out along the blade edges near the distal end. Fairly long, often broad, flakes were removed in order to thin the basal edge. Local materials were used, and all points show some patination.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found in Piedmont, North Carolina, especially at the Doerschuk and Hardaway Sites, where they were found above Kirk and below Morrow Mountain occupation levels and are placed somewhere above 5000 B.C. (Coe, 1959). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 146 in Limestone County, Alabama. An example was recovered from Level 11 of Zone A at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Also in this level (145 trench) were Eva and Morrow Mountain points. One example was recovered from Zone C (upper Archaic) at the Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a).

SUBLET FERRY, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-115

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, serrated, shallowly side notched point.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 48 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 42 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem width--maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem length--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered and narrow. Blade edges are usually excurvate, but may be parallel-angular, and are finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is shallowly side notched near the base, with the shoulders and stem usually nearly the same width. The basal edge is straight and thinned.

FLAKING: Shallow to deep flaking was used to shape the blade and stem faces. Long, narrow flakes were removed to form serrations along the blade edges. The hafting notches were formed by the removal of a fairly large deep flake from each side of each face near the base and were sometimes finished by the removal of several small flakes in the notches. Broad, thin flakes were removed in thinning the basal edge. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on sites near Sublet Ferry on the Tennessee River in Jackson County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from W. H. Baker Site 16 in the area. Other artifacts from this site suggest early Woodland and possibly late Archaic assemblages. Typologically the Sublet type seems intermediate between Damron Side Notched and Knights Island. Cultural association of the type is at present uncertain, but surface collection associations indicate that it is an early Woodland type.

SWAN LAKE, =Cambron and Hulse= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-81

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thick point with shallow side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example, from Hulse Site 54 in Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 41 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 38 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem width--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but is sometimes near median-ridged. Shoulders are narrow, tapered, and may be expanded. Blade edges are usually straight but may be incurvate or excurvate. Distal ends are acuminate. The hafting area is shallowly side notched. Side edges of the stem are incurvate. The basal edge may be excurvate or straight. Nearly all examples retain some rind on the base, and many basal edges are unfinished. A few basal edges are lightly ground.

FLAKING: Short, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the blade and stem. Flakes removed in retouching the blade and stem edges are short and fairly deep. Several flakes were usually removed to form the side notches. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points recovered from the Swan Lake area of Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 54 in this area. The type may be related to Trinity points (Suhm and Jelks, 1962) and Halifax points (Coe, 1959). The side notched variant of Archaic Lamoka points of New York (Ritchie, 1961) may be an early variation of the Swan Lake type. Radiocarbon dates from 3500 B.C. to 2500 B.C. have been obtained for Lamoka points (Ritchie, 1961). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) most Swan Lake points were concentrated in the first two levels of Zone A, but a few examples were found as deep as Levels 7 and 8, with one from Level 1 in Zone B. This indicates Woodland association at this site, with possibly an Archaic connection. Four of eight examples from the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, were in the two top levels. All six examples from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) were from Stratum I (Woodland). At Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) four examples were recovered from Zone A, one from Zone B (Woodland) and one from Zone C (Archaic). The Swan Lake point appears to have been introduced in the Archaic period but reached a climax in the Woodland period.

TURKEY TAIL, =Scully= (Scully, 1951): A-82

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, double pointed lanceolate point with side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: The type ranges from about 3 inches to 8 inches in length with an average length of about 6 inches (Bell, 1960). The illustrated plesiotype provided the following measurements: length, 174 mm.; width at widest part of blade, 42 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; length of stem, 17 mm.; width of stem, 18 mm.; notch depth, 3 mm.; notch width, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Shoulders may be horizontal or tapered. Blade edges are excurvate. The distal end may be acute or broad. The stem is expanded and pointed with an acute or broad basal edge that is thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Short deep flakes may be removed to retouch the edges. One or several flakes were removed from the sides of each face to form shallow side notches. A good grade, often exotic, material was used.

COMMENTS: The type was named because of the resemblance of the hafting area to a turkey's tail. The illustrated example is the shortest of four Turkey Tail points and one similar unnotched blade 8 inches long which were recovered from a shellmound burial by Harry Smith from Cambron Site 14 in Limestone County, Alabama. "The type commonly occurs in caches of several points, ranging from 4 or 5 up to 40 or more." (Bell, 1960.) This indicates a ceremonial usage. A late Archaic or early Woodland association with a date range from about 2000 B.C. to 500 B.C. is suggested by Scully (1951).

WADE, =Hulse= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-84

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, barbed, straight stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 70 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.; average, 51 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 42 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 14 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex or flattened. Shoulders are barbed, with barbs often as long as the stem. Blade edges may be excurvate or straight. The distal end is acute. The stem is usually straight but may be slightly expanded. Side edges of the stem are usually straight, and the basal edge may be straight or slightly incurvate. It is thinned and may be slightly ground.

FLAKING: Deep to shallow, random flaking was used on the blade and stem faces. Short, fairly deep, flakes were removed in retouching the blade and stem edges. One large, broad, deep flake was removed from the basal corners of each face to form barbs. The resulting notched edges were usually retouched by the removal of several small flakes. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: The type was named from points from several sites near Wade Landing on the Tennessee River, Limestone County, Alabama, where they were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 148 (Ray Site) in Limestone County, Alabama. Three Wade points were found with pre-ceramic sitting burial No. 66 at the University of Alabama Site Lu 59 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942) along with one beaver incisor, three bone awls, one distal end of a point or knife, one two-hole stone gorget, and one gorget fragment. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), points were more numerous in late Archaic and early Woodland levels. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Woodland Level 2. One example was recovered from the Woodland stratum at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At the Little Bear Creek Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) one example was recovered from the Woodland stratum and one from late Archaic. Three examples were recovered from the Woodland stratum and seven from late Archaic at the Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). The above evidence indicates a strong late Archaic association and suggests that the type continued in use as late as middle Woodland, with a probable date of 2500 B.C. to 1500 B.C.

WASHINGTON, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-13

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thick, side notched, serrated point.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 20 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 10 mm.: stem width--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.: stem length--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 5 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered. Blade edges may be excurvate or straight and are usually serrated. The distal end may be acute, sharply acute, or broad. The hafting area has broad, shallow side notches from 1 to 2 mm. deep and about 4 to 5 mm. wide. The expanded stem base may be excurvate or straight and is usually thinned.

FLAKING: Most of the points are made of white quartzite but show good workmanship. The blade and hafting area were formed by shallow, random flaking. The blade edges were serrated by the removal of broad, deep flakes. The side notches were formed by the removal of one broad, deep flake from each side of each face about one-third the length of the point from the base. Some retouching was carried out, especially near the distal end.

COMMENTS: The point was named for Washington County, Alabama, where the type was first recognized. Apparently an important type in this area of the state, it occurs in surface collections from late pottery-producing sites. The illustrated example is from Slater Site 7, Washington County, Alabama. The size indicates an arrow point. Perino (personal communication) reports examples from Woodland sites in Clinton County, Illinois.

WASHITA, =Bell= (Bell, 1958): A-116

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thin, triangular, side notched point.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) lists length as 27 mm. to 19 mm. with the majority averaging slightly less than 25 mm. Suhm and Krieger (1954) give the width as 20 mm. to 12 mm. and state that the notches are usually 2 mm. to 3 mm. deep.

FORM: The cross-section appears to be flattened. Blade edges may be straight or excurvate. The distal end is acute. Side notches forming the hafting area "are cut in from the edge perhaps 1/4 to 1/3 of the distance from the base to the tip (distal end)." (Bell, 1958.) The base is straight or slightly incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: Fairly broad, shallow, random flaking appears to have been used to shape the faces, with a minimum of retouch along the edges.