Chapter I: A Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base. Ailanthus (1)

IA Outlines of leaflets serrate { Sumacs (except Poison sumac)
{ Mountain ashes
{ Walnuts
{ Hickories
I A C Leaflets oval, apex obtuse Locusts (except Honey locust)
I A C Leaflets oblong, apex acute Poison sumac
I B Outlines of leaflets entire Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B Outlines of leaflets serrate Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly
entire Box elder
J Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns
on stem and trunk Honey locust

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE PAGE

I. Larix Americana 4
II. Pinus Strobus 6
III. Pinus rigida 7
IV. Pinus Banksiana 9
V. Pinus resinosa 11
VI. Picea nigra 14
VII. Picea rubra 16
VIII. Picea alba 18
IX. Tsuga Canadensis 20
X. Abies balsamea 22
XI. Thuja occidentalis 24
XII. Cupressus thyoides 26
XIII. Juniperus Virginiana 28
XIV. Populus tremuloides 30
XV. Populus grandidentata 32
XVI. Populus heterophylla 34
XVII. Populus deltoides 35
XVIII. Populus balsamifera 37
XIX. Populus candicans 39
XX. Salix discolor 41
XXI. Salix nigra 43
XXII. Juglans cinerea 47
XXIII. Juglans nigra 49
XXIV. Carya alba 51
XXV. Carya tomentosa 53
XXVI. Carya porcina 55
XXVII. Carya amara 57
XXVIII. Ostrya Virginica 58
XXIX. Carpinus Caroliniana 60
XXX. Betula lenta 62
XXXI. Betula lutea 64
XXXII. Betula nigra 66
XXXIII. Betula populifolia 68
XXXIV. Betula papyrifera 70
XXXV. Fagus ferruginea 72
XXXVI. Castanea sativa, var. Americana 74
XXXVII. Quercus alba 77
XXXVIII. Quercus stellata 78
XXXIX. Quercus macrocarpa 80
XL. Quercus bicolor 82
XLI. Quercus Prinus 84
XLII. Quercus Muhlenbergii 85
XLIII. Quercus rubra 87
XLIV. Quercus coccinea 89
XLV. Quercus velutina 91
XLVI. Quercus palustris 93
XLVII. Quercus ilicifolia 94
XLVIII. Ulmus Americana 97
XLIX. Ulmus fulva 98
L. Ulmus racemosa 100
LI. Celtis occidentalis 102
LII. Morus rubra 103
LIII. Liriodendron Tulipifera 103
LIV. Sassafras officinale 108
LV. Liquidambar Styraciflua 109
LVI. Platanus occidentalis 111
LVII. Pyrus Americana 113
LVIII. Pyrus sambucifolia 115
LIX. Amelanchier Canadensis 117
LX. Cratægus mollis 121
LXI. Prunus nigra 123
LXII. Prunus Americana 124
LXIII. Prunus Pennsylvanica 125
LXIV. Prunus Virginiana 126
LXV. Prunus serotina 128
LXVI. Gleditsia triacanthos 130
LXVII. Robinia Pseudacacia 132
LXVIII. Rhus typhina 135
LXIX. Rhus Vernix 137
LXX. Ilex opaca 140
LXXI. Acer rubrum 142
LXXII. Acer saccharinum 144
LXXIII. Acer Saccharum 146
LXXIV. Acer Saccharum var. nigrum 147
LXXV. Acer spicatum 149
LXXVI. Acer Pennsylvanicum 151
LXXVII. Acer Negundo 153
LXXVIII. Tilia Americana 155
LXXIX. Cornus florida 157
LXXX. Cornus alternifolia 158
LXXXI. Nyssa sylvatica 160
LXXXII. Diospyros Virginiana 162
LXXXIII. Fraxinus Americana 164
LXXXIV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica 165
LXXXV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata 166
LXXXVI. Fraxinus nigra 168
LXXXVII. Viburnum Lentago 169

BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.

PAGE
ATKINS, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

AVERILL, C. K. v

Populus balsamifera, L.
(_Rhodora_, II, 35) 36

Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123

Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84

BAILEY, L. H. Populus candicans, Ait. 37

BAILEY, W. W. Celtis occidentalis, L. 100

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. 166

BARTRAM, WILLIAM Quercus tinctoria (1791) 89

BATCHELDER, F. W. Betula nigra, L. 65

Salix discolor, Muhl.
(Laconia, N. H.) 41

BATES, J. A. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

Sassafras officinale, Nees 106

BISHOP, J. N. v

Celtis occidentalis, L. 100

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. 164

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. 166

Juglans nigra, L.
(_in lit._, 1896) 48

Morus rubra, L. 102

Populus heterophylla, L. 33

Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84

Thuja occidentalis, L. 23

BISSELL, C. H. v

Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. 117

Pinus sylvestris, L.
(_in lit._, 1899) 12

Prunus Americana, Marsh.
(_in lit._, 1900) 123

Rhus copallina 137

BRAINERD, EZRA Carya porcina, Nutt. 53

Cratægus punctata, Jacq. 118

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99

BREWSTER, WILLIAM Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD Acer Saccharum, _var._ nigrum 172

BROWNE, D. T. Ilex opaca (_Trees of North
America_, 1846) 139

_Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club_, XVIII, 150

Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

CHAMBERLAIN, E. B. Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898) 97

CHURCHILL, J. R. Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123

COLLINS, J. F. v
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129

DAME. L. L. Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. 171
Salix fragilis, L. (_Typical Elms and
other Trees of Massachusetts_,
p. 85) 44

DAY, F. M. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

DEANE, WALTER Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895) 106

DUDLEY, W. R. Populus heterophylla, L. 33

EGGLESTON, W.W. Carya porcina, Nutt. 53
Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
Morus rubra, L. 102
Platanus occidentalis, L. 110
Populus deltoides, Marsh. 34
Sassafras officinale, Nees. 106
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 99

ENGLER, ADOLPH v

FERNALD, M. L. Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. (_in lit._, Sept.,
1901) 172
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129
Populus balsamifera, L. _var._
candicans, Gray (_Rhodora_.
III, 233) 171
Salix balsamifera, Barratt. 171
Salix discolor, Muhl.
(_in lit._, Sept., 1901) 171

FLAGG Morus rubra, L. 102

FLINT, W. F. v
Acer Negundo, L. 151
Quercus alba, L. 75

_Flora of Vermont_ Betula lenta, L. (1900) 61
Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. (1900) 117
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.
(1900) 164
Picea nigra, Link (1900) 12
Pinus rigida, Mill (1900) 6
Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900) 34
Quercus alba, L. (1900) 75

FURBISH, MISS KATE Cratægus coccinea, L. (May, 1899) 119
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

GOODALE, G. L. Pinus Banksiana. Lamb 8

GRANT Sassafras officinale, Nees 106

GRAY, ASA Ilex opaca, Ait. (_Manual of
Botany_, 6th ed.) 138

HAINES, MRS. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

HARGER, E. B. Picea nigra (_Rhodora_, II, 126) 13

HARPER, R. M. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (_Rhodora_
II, 122) 104

HARRINGTON, A. K. Picea alba, Link 17

HASKINS, T. H. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (_Garden and
Forest_, V, 86) 99

HOLMES, DR. EZEKIEL Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh 159

HOSFORD, F. H. Cratægus mollis, Scheele 120

HOYT, MISS FANNY E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

HUMPHREY, J. E. Picea alba, Link 17
Quercus palustris, Du Roi
(_Amherst Trees_) 91

JACK, J. G. Cratægus coccinea, L. (1899-1900) 119

JESSUP, HENRY GRISWOLD Carya amara, Nutt 55
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99

JOSSELYN, JOHN Sassafras officinale, Nees (_New England
Rarities_, 1672) 106

KNOWLTON, C. H. Pinus rigida, Mill. (_Rhodora_, II, 124) 6

MANNING, WARREN H. vi

MATTHEWS, F. SCHUYLER Morus rubra. L. 102

MICHAUX, FILS, FRANÇOIS ANDRÉ Ulmus fulva (_Sylva of North
America_, III, ed. 1853) 97

MORRIS, E. L. v

MORSS, CHARLES H. vi

OAKES, WILLIAM Morus rubra, L. 102

PARLIN, J. C. Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896) 106

PRANTL, KARL VON v

PRINGLE, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham.
& Schlecht 113
Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm 84

RAND, E. L. Pinus Banksiana 8

_Rhodora_, III, 234 Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum,
Trelease 172
Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
Britton 172

_Rhodora_, III, 58 Ilex opaca, Ait. 139

_Rhodora_, III, 234 Prunus Americana, Marsh 171

ROBBINS, JAMES W. Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99

ROBINSON, DR. B. L. vi

ROBINSON, JOHN Cratægus coccinea, L. (1900) 119

ROBINSON, R. E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

RUSSELL, L. W. Diospyros Virginiana. L. 161
Quercus palustris, Du Roi 92
Quercus stellata. Wang 77

SARGENT, CHARLES S. Cratægus coccinea, L. (_Botanical
Gazette_, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission) 119
Cratægus mollis, Scheele
(_Botanical Gazette_. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901) 121

SETCHELL, W. A. Populus heterophylla. L. 33

STONE, W. E. Quercus palustris.
Du Roi (_Bull. Torr. Club_, IX, 57) 91

SWAN, DR. C. W. vi

TERRY, MRS. EMILY H. Picea alba. Link 17

TRELEASE, WILLIAM Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum 172

TUCKERMAN, EDWARD Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Marsh. 68

WAGHORNE, A. C. Cratægus coccinea, L. (1894) 119

ABBREVIATIONS.

Ait.--Aiton, William.

Barratt, Joseph.
B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg,
Justus F.
Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.

Carr.--Carrière, Éli Abel.
Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.
Coulter, John Merle.

DC.--De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.
Desf.--Desfontaines, René Louiche.
Du Roi, Johann Philip.

Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.
Engelm.--Engelmann, George.

Gray, Asa.

Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.

Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.
Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.

L.--Linnæus, Carolus.
L. f.--Linnæus, fils, Carl von.
Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.
Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.
Link, Heinrich Friedrich.

Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.
Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
Michx.--Michaux, André.
Michaux, fils.--François André.
Mill.--Miller, Philip.
Moench, Konrad.
Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.

Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.
Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.

Peck, Charles H.
Poggenburg, Justus F.
Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.

Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.

Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.
Scheele, A.
Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.
Spach, Eduard.
Sterns, E. E.
Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.
Sweet, Robert.

T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.
Thomas, David.

Vent.--Ventenat, Étienne Pierre.

Walt.--Walter, Thomas.
Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
Watson, Sereno.
Waugh, Frank A.
Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.

TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.

PINOIDEÆ. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

ABIETACEÆ. CUPRESSACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like; stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on its surface.

ABIETACEÆ.

LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES.

Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in _Larix_), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted, linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases; cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging, especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in _Pinus_) the first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales; seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance below the surface.

CUPRESSACEÆ.

THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS.

Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years, opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5 pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in _Abietaceæ_.

Larix Americana, Michx.

_Larix laricina, Koch._

TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER.

=Habitat and Range.=--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.

Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward
along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth
beyond the Arctic circle.

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--abundant, filling swamps acres in extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce; growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet; Massachusetts,--rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the northern half of the state; reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).

South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to
Minnesota.

=Habit.=--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of 1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender; branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull yellow in autumn.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at the surface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth; season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, globular, reddish.

Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on the short, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green, needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile.

=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; the sterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterile roundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bracts crimson or red.

=Fruit.=--Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoid to cylindrical, 1/2-3/4 of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown while growing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scales thin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seeds small, winged.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil, preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young trees becomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the mature tree much more attractive than the European species common to cultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable from collectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled when dormant. Propagated from seed.

=Note.=--The European species, with which the mature plant is often
confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form
common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches.

1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
2. Sterile flowers.
3. Different views of stamens.
4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
5. Fruiting branch.
6. Open cone.
7. Cone-scale with seeds.
8. Leaf.
9. Cross-section of leaf.

PINUS.

The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our species are all minutely serrulate.

Pinus Strobus, L.

WHITE PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands.

Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
Winnipeg.

New England,--common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of 2500 feet, forming extensive forests.

South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the
Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and
Iowa.

=Habit.=--The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at the ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primeval forest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a height ranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above its deciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branches nearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually of five, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees; branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at the base, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots running horizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations, extremely durable when exposed.

=Bark.=--On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged; on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season's shoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becoming smooth and light russet brown.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/4-1/2 inch long, oblong or ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown.

Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, soft bluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a single fibrovascular bundle, sessile.

=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown; stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near the terminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scales pink-margined.

=Fruit.=--Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical, often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scales rather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged, smooth.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; free from disease; grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in open ground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grown from seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collected plants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk.

Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which are distinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense and rounded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth.

PLATE II. PINUS STROBUS.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen.
3. Branch with fertile flowers.
4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
6. Branch with cones.
7. Cross-section of leaf.

Pinus rigida, Mill.

PITCH PINE. HARD PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in swamps.

New Brunswick to Lake Ontario.

Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, _Rhodora_, II, 124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New Hampshire,--most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont,--common in the northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); common in the other New England states, often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying extensive areas.

South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameter of 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet, with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous, tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem, often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctly whorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace of regularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at every stage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near the base and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout, terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broad connecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish or reddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separating into scales; season's shoots rough to the tips.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/2-3/4 inch long, narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scales brownish.

Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, dark yellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles; sessile; sheaths when young about 1/2 inch long.

=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots, clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slight angle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single or clustered.

=Fruit.=--Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile, finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid, ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season; scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurved prickles.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; well adapted to exposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almost any soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuable among other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness of outline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to the loss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldom offered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, but collected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from the seed.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old.
8. Open cone.
9. Seed.
10. Cross-section of leaf.

=Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.=

_Pinus divaricata. Sudw._

SCRUB PINE. GRAY PINE. SPRUCE PINE. JACK PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky slopes.

Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly
down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle.

Maine,--Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G. Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M. Day, E. L. Rand, _et al._); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog (Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire,--around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on points extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster _in lit._, 1899); Welch mountains (_Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, XVIII, 150); Vermont,--rare, but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E. Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle).

West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to
Minnesota.

=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameter at the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded points and islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with a diameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils and upon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, the head scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape and proportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils, and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender, and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches, scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliage yellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged, rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough with the persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shoots yellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute or rounded, usually enclosed in resin.

Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch in length and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous, stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascular bundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surface convex, inner concave or flat.

=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides or about the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or in clusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish.

=Fruit.=--Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the general direction of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip, whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when mature without prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but in general oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually much distorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard to transplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen or collectors. Propagated from seed.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
6. Fruiting branch.
7. Open cone.
8, 9. Variant leaves.
10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves.

Pinus resinosa, Ait.

RED PINE. NORWAY PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods.

Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to
the southern end of Lake Winnipeg.

Maine,--common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol (Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peat bogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead, scattered; New Hampshire,--ranges with the pitch pine as far north as the White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to several hundred acres in extent; Vermont,--less common than _P. Strobus_ or _P. rigida_, but not rare; Massachusetts,--still more local, in stations widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--not reported.

South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to
Minnesota.

=Habit.=--The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of 100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low, stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, rounded or conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or less irregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts at the ends of the branches.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridges which separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchlets rough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout, orange-brown, smooth.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds conical, about 3/4 inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested with rather loose scales.

Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, and conspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped, straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and the inner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots.

=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season's shoots, oblong, 1/2-3/4 inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at the ends of the season's shoots.

=Fruit.=--Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem, maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; when opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened at the apex.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliaged evergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in all well-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldom disfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not common in nurseries. Propagated from seed.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones.
5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons.
8. Seeds with cone-scale.
9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves.

= Pinus sylvestris, L.=

SCOTCH PINE (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir).

Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout northern Europe and Asia.

At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an introduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rocky pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions have proved very favorable (C. H. Bissell _in lit._, 1899).

Like _P. resinosa_ and _P. Banksiana_, it has its foliage leaves in twos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded; aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguished from the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2 inches long, while those of _P. resinosa_ are 5 or 6; and from the latter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward at maturity, while those of _P. Banksiana_ follow the direction of the twig.

Picea nigra, Link.

_Picea Mariana, B. S. P. (including Picea brevifolia, Peck)._

BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE. WATER SPRUCE.

=Habitat and Range.=--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds, wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands and mountain slopes.

Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky
mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon
in Alaska.

Maine,--common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to the exclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections, occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire and Vermont,--common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes; the dwarf form, var. _semi-prostrata_, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--frequent; Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--rare; on north shore of Spectacle ponds in Kent (Litchfield county), at an elevation of 1200 feet; Newton (Fairfield county), a few scattered trees in a swamp at an altitude of 400 feet: (New Haven county) a few small trees at Bethany; at Middlebury abundant in a swamp of five acres (E. B. Harger, _Rhodora_, II, 126).

South along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; west
through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.

=Habit.=--In New England, usually a small, slender tree, 10-30 feet high and 5-8 inches in diameter; attaining northward and westward much greater dimensions; reduced at high elevation to a shrub or dwarf tree, 2 or 3 feet high; trunk tapering very slowly, forming a narrow-based, conical, more or less irregular head; branches rather short, scarcely whorled, horizontal or more frequently declining with an upward tendency at the ends, often growing in open swamps almost to the ground, the lowest prostrate, sometimes rooting at their tips and sending up shoots; spray stiff and rather slender; foliage dark bluish-green or glaucous. This tree often begins to blossom after attaining a height of 2-5 feet, the terminal cones each season remaining persistent at the base of the branches, sometimes for many years.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, separating into rather close, thin scales; branchlets roughened with the footstalks of the fallen leaves; twigs in autumn dull reddish-brown with a minute, erect, pale, rusty pubescence, or nearly smooth.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovate, pointed, reddish-brown. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped, dark bluish-green, the upper sides becoming yellowish in the sunlight, the faces marked by parallel rows of minute bluish dots which sometimes give a glaucous effect to the lower surface or even the whole leaf on the new shoots, 4-angled, 1/4-3/4 of an inch long, straight or slightly incurved, blunt at the apex, abruptly tipped or mucronate, sessile on persistent, decurrent footstalks.

=Inflorescence.=--April to May, a week or two earlier than the red spruce; sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the preceding year; about 3/8 inch long, ovate; anthers madder-red: fertile flowers at or near end of season's shoots, erect; scales madder-red, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin erose, rarely entire.

=Fruit.=--Cones, single or clustered at or near ends of the season's shoots, attached to the upper side of the twig, but turning downward by the twisting of the stout stalk, often persistent for years; 1/2-1-1/2 inches long; purplish or grayish brown at the end of the first season, finally becoming dull reddish or grayish brown, ovate, ovate-oval, or nearly globular when open; scales rigid, thin, reddish on the inner surface; margin rounded, uneven, eroded, bifid, or rarely entire.

=Horticultural Value.=--Best adapted to cool, moist soils; of little value under cultivation; young plants seldom preserving the broad-based, cone-like, symmetrical heads common in the spruce swamps, the lower branches dying out and the whole tree becoming scraggly and unsightly. Seldom offered by nurserymen.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, side view.
4. Stamen, top view.
5. Branch with fertile flowers.
6. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
7. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
8. Fruiting branch.
9. Seed.
10. Leaf.
11. Cross-sections of leaves.

=Picea rubra, Link.=

_Picea rubens, Sarg. Picea nigra, var. rubra, Engelm._

RED SPRUCE.

=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps.

Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St.
Lawrence.

Maine,--throughout: most common towards the coast and in the extreme north, thus forming a belt around the central area, where it is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated slopes; New Hampshire,--throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, the White mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area, and the higher parts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont,--throughout; the common spruce of the Green mountains, often in dense groves on rocky slopes with thin soil; Massachusetts,--common in the mountainous regions of Berkshire county and on uplands in the northern sections, occasional southward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.

South along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an altitude of
4500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4000-5000 feet in West Virginia;
west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.

=Habit.=--A hardy tree, 40-75 feet high; trunk 1-2-1/2 feet in diameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches longer than those of the black spruce, irregularly whorled or scattered, the lower often declined, sometimes resting on the ground, the upper rising toward the light, forming while the tree is young a rather regular, narrow, conical head, which in old age and in bleak mountain regions becomes, by the loss of branches, less symmetrical but more picturesque; foliage dark yellowish-green.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smoothish and mottled on young trees, at length separating into small, thin, flat, reddish scales; in old trees striate with shallow sinuses, separating into ashen-white plates, often partially detached; spray reddish or yellowish white in autumn with minute, erect, pale rusty pubescence.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, conical, brownish, 1/3 inch long. Leaves solitary, at first closely appressed around the young shoots, ultimately pointing outward, those on the underside often twisting upward, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, 1/2-3/4 inch long, straight or curved (curvature more marked than in _P. nigra_), needle-shaped, dark yellowish-green, 4-angled; apex blunt or more or less pointed, often mucronate; base blunt; sessile on persistent leaf-cushions.

=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary on wood of the preceding year, 1/2-3/4 inch long, cylindrical; anthers pinkish-red: fertile flowers lateral along previous season's shoots, erect; scales madder-purple, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin entire or slightly erose.

=Fruit.=--Cones; single or clustered, lateral along the previous season's shoots, recurved, mostly pointing downward at various angles, on short stalks, falling the first autumn but sometimes persistent a year longer, 1-2 inches long (usually larger than those of _P. nigra_), reddish-brown, mostly ovate; scales thin, stiff, rounded; margin entire or slightly irregular.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself to a great variety of soils and lives to a great age. Its narrow-based conical form, dense foliage, and yellow green coloring form an effective contrast with most other evergreens. It grows, however, slowly, is subject to the loss of its lower branches and to disfigurement by insects. Seldom offered in nurseries.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, side view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch with cones of two seasons.
8. Seed.
9. Leaf.
10. Cross-sections of leaves.

=Picea alba, Link.=

_Picea Canadensis, B. S. P._

WHITE SPRUCE. CAT SPRUCE.[1] SKUNK SPRUCE.[2] LABRADOR SPRUCE.

=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils, high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil.

[Footnote 1, 2: So called from the peculiarly unpleasant odor of the crushed foliage and young shoots,--a characteristic which readily distinguishes it from the _P. nigra_ and _P. rubra_.]

Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and
Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all
other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea.

Maine,--frequent in sandy soils, often more common than _P. rubra_, as far south as the shores of Casco bay; New Hampshire,--abundant around the shores of the Connecticut river, disappearing southward at Fifteen-Mile falls; Vermont,--restricted mainly to the northern sections, more common in the northeast; Massachusetts,--occasional in the mountainous regions of Berkshire county; a few trees in Hancock (A. K. Harrington); as far south as Amherst (J. E. Humphrey) and Northampton (Mrs. Emily H. Terry), probably about the southern limit of the species; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.

West through the northern sections of the northern tier of states
to the Rocky mountains.

=Habit.=--A handsome tree, 40-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-2 feet at the ground, the trunk tapering slowly, throwing out numerous scattered or irregularly whorled, gently ascending or nearly horizontal branches, forming a symmetrical, rather broad conical head, with numerous branchlets and bluish-green glaucous foliage spread in dense planes; gum bitter.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk pale reddish-brown or light gray, on very old trees ash-white; not as flaky as the bark of the red spruce, the scales smaller and more closely appressed; young trees and small branches much smoother, pale reddish-brown or mottled brown and gray, resembling the fir balsam; branchlets glabrous; shoots from which the leaves have fallen marked by the scaly, persistent leaf-cushions; new shoots pale fawn-color at first, turning darker the second season; bark of the tree throughout decidedly lighter than that of the red or black spruces.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovoid or conical, about 1/4 inch long, light brown. Leaves scattered, stout as those of _P. rubra_ or very slender, those on the lower side straight or twisted so as to appear on the upper side, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, about 3/4 of an inch long; bluish-green, glaucous on the new shoots, needle-shaped, 4-angled, slightly curved, bluntish or sharp-pointed, often mucronate, marked on each side with several parallel rows of dots, malodorous, especially when bruised.

=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the preceding season; distinctly stalked; cylindrical, 1/2 an inch long; anthers pale red: fertile flowers at or near ends of season's shoots; scales pale red or green, spirally imbricated, broader than long; margin roundish, entire or nearly so; each scale bearing two ovules.

=Fruit.=--Cones short-stalked, at or near ends of branchlets, light green while growing, pale brownish when mature, spreading, 1-2-1/2 inches long, when closed cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, cylindrical or ovate-cylindrical when open, mostly falling the first winter; scales broad, thin, smooth; margin rounded, sometimes straight-topped, usually entire.

=Horticultural Value.=--A beautiful tree, requiring cold winters for its finest development, the best of our New England spruces for ornamental and forest plantations in the northern sections; grows rapidly in moist or well-drained soils, in open sun or shade, and in exposed situations. The foliage is sometimes infested by the red spider. Propagated from seed.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, side view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch.
8. Open cone.
9. Seed with ovuliferous scale.
10. Leaves.
11. Cross-sections of leaves.

=Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.=

HEMLOCK.

=Habitat and Range.=--Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods, ravines, mountain slopes.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario.

Maine,--abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central portions, becoming rare northward, disappearing entirely in most of Aroostook county and the northern Penobscot region; New Hampshire,--abundant, from the sea to a height of 2000 feet in the White mountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont,--common, especially in the mountain forests; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,--common.

South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama,
ascending to an altitude of 2000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to
Michigan and Minnesota.

=Habit.=--A large handsome tree, 50-80 feet high; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches going out at right angles, not disposed in whorls, slender, brittle yet elastic, the lowest declined or drooping; head spreading, somewhat irregular, widest at the base; spray airy, graceful, plume-like, set in horizontal planes; foliage dense, extremely delicate, dark lustrous green above and silver green below, tipped in spring with light yellow green.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, interior often cinnamon red, shallow-furrowed in old trees; young trunks and branches of large trees gray brown, smooth; season's shoots very slender, buff or light reddish-brown, minutely pubescent.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Winter buds minute, red brown. Leaves spirally arranged but brought by the twisting of the leafstalk into two horizontal rows on opposite sides of the twig, about 1/2 an inch long, yellow green when young, becoming at maturity dark shining green on the upper surface, white-banded along the midrib beneath, flat, linear, smooth, occasionally minutely toothed, especially in the upper half; apex obtuse; base obtuse; leafstalk slender, short but distinct, resting on a slightly projecting leaf-cushion.

=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers from the axils of the preceding year's leaves, consisting of globose clusters of stamens with spurred anthers: fertile catkins at ends of preceding year's branchlets, scales crimson.

=Fruit.=--Cones, on stout footstalks at ends of branchlets, pointing downward, ripening the first year, light brown, about 3/4 of an inch long, ovate-elliptical, pointed; scales rounded at the edge, entire or obscurely toothed.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; grows almost anywhere, but prefers a good, light, loamy or gravelly soil on moist slopes; a very effective tree single or in groups, useful in shady places, and a favorite hedge plant; not affected by rust or insect enemies; in open ground retains its lower branches for many years. About twenty horticultural forms, with variations in foliage, of columnar, densely globular, or weeping habit, are offered for sale in nurseries.

1. Branch with flower-buds.
2. Branch with sterile flowers.
3. Sterile flowers.
4. Spurred anther.
5. Branch with fertile flowers.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovule, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch.
8. Cover-scales with seeds.
9. Leaf.
10. Cross-section of leaf.

=Abies balsamea, Mill.=

FIR BALSAM. BALSAM. FIR.

=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain slopes.

Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great
Bear Lake region.

Maine,--very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white pine, black spruce, red spruce, and a few deciduous trees, growing at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Katahdin; New Hampshire,--common in upper Coos county and in the White mountains, where it climbs up to the alpine area; in the southern part of the state, in the extensive swamps around the sources of the Contoocook and Miller's rivers, it is the prevailing timber; Vermont,--common; not rare on mountain slopes and even summits; Massachusetts,--not uncommon on mountain slopes in the northwestern and central portions of the state, ranging above the red spruces upon Graylock; a few trees here and there in damp woods or cold swamps in the southern and eastern sections, where it has probably been accidentally introduced; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.

South to Pennsylvania and along high mountains to Virginia; west to
Minnesota.

=Habit.=--A slender, handsome tree, the most symmetrical of the New England spruces, with a height of 25-60 feet, and a diameter of 1-2 feet at the ground, reduced to a shrub at high altitudes; branches in young trees usually in whorls; branchlets mostly opposite. The branches go out from the trunk at an angle varying to a marked degree even in trees of about the same size and apparent age; in some trees declined near the base, horizontal midway, ascending near the top; in others horizontal or ascending throughout; in others declining throughout like those of the Norway spruce; all these forms growing apparently under precisely the same conditions; head widest at the base and tapering regularly upward; foliage dark bright green; cones erect and conspicuous.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a variegated ashen gray, appearing smooth at a short distance, but often beset with fine scales, with one edge scarcely revolute, giving a ripply aspect; branches and young trees mottled or striate, greenish-brown and very smooth; branchlets from which the leaves have fallen marked with nearly circular leaf-scars; season's shoots pubescent; bark of trunk in all trees except the oldest with numerous blisters, containing the Canada balsam of commerce.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, roundish, resinous, grouped on the leading shoots. Leaves scattered, spirally arranged in rows, at right angles to twig, or disposed in two ranks like the hemlock; 1/2-1 inch long, dark glossy green on the upper surface, beneath silvery bluish-white, and traversed lengthwise by rows of minute dots, flat, narrowly linear; apex blunt, in young trees and upon vigorous shoots, often slightly but distinctly notched, or sometimes upon upper branches with a sharp, rigid point; sessile; aromatic.

=Inflorescence.=--Early spring. Lateral or terminal on shoots of the preceding season; sterile flowers oblong-cylindrical, 1/4 inch in length; anthers yellow, red-tinged: fertile flowers on the upper side of the twig, erect, cylindrical; cover-scales broad, much larger than the purple ovuliferous scales, terminating in a long, recurved tip.

=Fruit.=--Cones along the upper side of the branchlets, erect or nearly so in all stages of growth, purplish when young, 3-5 inches long, 1 inch or more wide; puberulous; cover-scales at maturity much smaller than ovuliferous scales, thin, obovate, serrulate, bristle-pointed; ovuliferous scales thin, broad, rounded; edge minutely erose, serrulate or entire; both kinds of scales falling from the axis at maturity; seeds winged, purplish.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England, but best adapted to the northern sections; grows rapidly in open or shaded situations, especially where there is cool, moist, rich soil; easily transplanted; suitable for immediate effects in forest plantations, but not desirable for a permanent ornamental tree, as it loses the lower branches at an early period. Nurserymen and collectors offer it in quantity at a low price. Propagated from seed.

1. Branch with flower-buds.
2. Branch with sterile flowers.
3. Branch with fertile flowers.
4. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
5. Fruiting branch.
6. Ovuliferous scales with ovules at maturity, inner side.
7. Cone-scale and ovuliferous scale at maturity, outer side.
8-9. Leaves.
10-11. Cross-sections of leaves.

=Thuja occidentalis, L.=

ARBOR-VITÆ. WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.

=Habitat and Range.=--Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and ponds.

Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba.

Maine,--throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern portions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimes bordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; New Hampshire,--mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county, disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only in isolated localities south of the White mountains; Vermont,--common in swamps at levels below 1000 feet; Massachusetts,--Berkshire county; occasional in the northern sections of the Connecticut river valley; Rhode Island,--not reported; Connecticut,--East Hartford (J. N. Bishop).

South along the mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee;
west to Minnesota.

=Habit.=--Ordinarily 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, in northern Maine occasionally 60-70 feet in height, with a diameter of 3-5 feet; trunk stout, more or less buttressed in old trees, tapering rapidly, often divided, inclined or twisted, ramifying for the most part near the ground, forming a dense head, rather small for the size of the trunk; branches irregularly disposed and nearly horizontal, the lower often much declined; branchlets many, the flat spray disposed in fan-shaped planes at different angles; foliage bright, often interspersed here and there with yellow, faded leaves.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees a dead ash-gray, striate with broad and flat ridges, often conspicuously spirally twisted, shreddy at the edge; young stems and large branches reddish-brown, more or less striate and shreddy; branchlets ultimately smooth, shining, reddish-brown, marked by raised scars; season's twigs invested with leaves.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves in opposite pairs, 4-ranked, closely adherent to the branchlet and completely covering it, keeled in the side pairs and flat in the others, scale-like, ovate (in seedlings needle-shaped), obtuse or pointed at the apex, glandular upon the back, exhaling when bruised a strong aromatic odor.

=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Flowers terminal, dark reddish-brown; sterile and fertile, usually on the same plant, rarely on separate plants; anthers opposite; filaments short; ovuliferous scales opposite, with slight projections near the base, usually 2-ovuled.

=Fruit.=--Cones, terminal on short branchlets, spreading or recurved, about 1/2 inch long, reddish-brown, loose-scaled, opening to the base at maturity; persistent through the first winter; scales 6-12, dry, oblong, not shield-shaped, not pointed; margin entire or nearly so; seeds winged all round.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; adapts itself to all soils and exposures, but prefers moist locations; grows slowly. Young trees have a narrowly conical outline, which spreads out at the base with age; retains its lower branches in open places, and is especially useful for hedges or narrow evergreen screens; little affected by insects; often disfigured, however, by dead branches and discolored leaves; is transplanted readily, and can be obtained in any quantity from nurserymen and collectors. The horticultural forms in cultivation range from thick, low, spreading tufts, through very dwarf, round, oval or conical forms, to tall, narrow, pyramidal varieties. Some have all the foliage tinged bright yellow, cream, or white; others have variegated foliage; another form has drooping branches. The bright summer foliage turns to a brownish color in winter. It is propagated from the seed and its horticultural forms from cuttings and layers.

1. Flowering branch with the preceding year's fruit.
2. Branch.
3. Sterile flower.
4. Stamen.
5. Fertile flower.
6. Scale with ovules.

=Cupressus thyoides, L.=

_Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. Chamæcyparis thyoides, B. S. P._

WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR.

=Habitat and Range.=--In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fills to the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast.

Cape Breton island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps
introduced in both.

Maine,--reported from the southern part of York county; New Hampshire,--limited to Rockingham county near the coast; Vermont,--no station known; Massachusetts,--occasional in central and eastern sections, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island,--common; Connecticut,--occasional in peat swamps.

Southward, coast region to Florida and west to Mississippi.

=Habit.=--20-50 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter at the ground, reaching in the southern states an altitude of 90 and a diameter of 4 feet; trunk straight, tapering slowly, throwing out nearly horizontal, slender branches, forming a narrow, conical head often of great elegance and lightness; foliage light brownish-green; strong-scented; spray flat in planes disposed at different angles; wood permanently aromatic.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, reddish, fibrous, shreddy, separating into thin scales, becoming more or less furrowed in old trees; branches reddish-brown; fine scaled; branches after fall of leaves, in the third or fourth year, smooth, purplish-brown; season's shoots at first greenish.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves mostly opposite, 4-ranked, adherent to the branchlet and completely covering it; keeled in the side pairs and slightly convex in the others, dull green, pointed at apex or triangular awl-shaped, mostly with a minute roundish gland upon the back.

=Inflorescence.=--April. Flowers terminal, sterile and fertile, usually on the same plant, rarely on separate plants, fertile on short branchlets: sterile, globular or oblong, anthers opposite, filaments shield-shaped: fertile, oblong or globular; ovuliferous scales opposite, slightly spreading at top, dark reddish-brown.

=Fruit.=--Cones, variously placed, 1/2 inch in diameter, roundish, purplish-brown, opening towards the center, never to the base; scales shield-shaped, woody; seeds several under each scale, winged.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England, growing best in the southern sections. Young trees are graceful and attractive, but soon become thin and lose their lower branches; valued chiefly in landscape planting for covering low and boggy places where other trees do not succeed as well. Seldom for sale in nurseries, but easily procured from collectors. Several unimportant horticultural forms are grown.

1. Branch with flowers.
2. Sterile flower.
3. Stamen, back view.
4. Stamen, front view.
5. Fertile flower.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
7. Fruiting-branch.
8. Fruit.
9. Branch.

=Juniperus Virginiana, L.=

RED CEDAR. CEDAR. SAVIN.

=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes, borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps.

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario.

Maine,--rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley, reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire,--most frequent in the southeast part of the state; sparingly in the Connecticut valley as far north as Haverhill (Grafton county); found also in Hart's location in the White mountain region; Vermont,--not abundant; occurs here and there on hills at levels less than 1000 feet; frequent in the Champlain and lower Connecticut valleys; Massachusetts,--west and center occasional, eastward common; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--common.

South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian
Territory.

=Habit.=--A medium-sized tree, 25-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 8-20 inches, attaining much greater dimensions southward; extremely variable in outline; the lower branches usually nearly horizontal, the upper ascending; head when young very regular, narrow-based, close and conical; in old trees frequently rather open, wide-spreading, ragged, roundish or flattened. In very exposed situations, especially along the seacoast, the trunk sometimes rises a foot or two and then develops horizontally, forming a curiously contorted lateral head. Under such conditions it occasionally becomes a dwarf tree 2-3 feet high, with wide-spreading branches and a very dense dome; spray close, foliage a sombre green, sometimes tinged with a rusty brownish-red; wood pale red, aromatic.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk light reddish-brown, fibrous, shredding off, now and then, in long strips, exposing the smooth brown inner bark; season's shoots green.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves dull green or brownish-red, of two kinds:

1. Scale-like, mostly opposite, each pair overlapping the pair above, 4-ranked, ovate, acute, sometimes bristle-tipped, more or less convex, obscurely glandular.

2. Scattered, not overlapping, narrowly lanceolate or needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, spreading. The second form is more common in young trees, sometimes comprising all the foliage, but is often found on trees of all ages, sometimes aggregated in dense masses.

=Inflorescence.=--Early May. Flowers terminating short branches, sterile and fertile, more commonly on separate trees, often on the same tree; anthers in opposite pairs; ovuliferous scales in opposite pairs, slightly spreading, acute or obtuse; ovules 1-4.

=Fruit.=--Berry-like from the coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales, the extremities of which are often visible, roundish, the size of a small pea, dark blue beneath a whitish bloom, 1-4-seeded.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers sunny slopes and a loamy soil, but grows well in poor, thin soils and upon wind-swept sites; young plants increase in height 1-2 feet yearly and have a very formal, symmetrical outline; old trees often become irregular and picturesque, and grow very slowly; a long-lived tree; usually obtainable in nurseries and from collectors, but must frequently be transplanted to be moved with safety. If a ball of earth can be retained about the roots of wild plants, they can often be moved successfully. There are horticultural forms distinguished by a slender weeping or distorted habit, and by variegated bluish or yellowish foliage, occasionally found in American nurseries. The type is usually propagated from the seed, the horticultural forms from cuttings or by grafting.

1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
2. Sterile flower.
3. Stamen with pollen-sacs.
4. Fertile flower.
5. Fruiting branch.
6. Branch.
7. Branch with needle-shaped leaves.

SALICACEÆ. WILLOW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipules either minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescence from axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before the leaves, in nearly erect, spreading or drooping catkins, sterile and fertile on separate trees; flowers one to each bract, without calyx or corolla; stamens one to many; style short or none; stigmas 2, entire or 2-4-lobed; fruit a 2-4-celled capsule.

POPULUS.

Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers; stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided, elongated or spreading.

SALIX.