Chapter IX: Appendix

The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended by discoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late for incorporation in its proper place.

_Populus balsamifera_, L., var. _candicans_, Gray.--One of the commonest and stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Cold rivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming a tall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fall mountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely pubescent petioles and the ciliate margins of the broad cordate leaves at once distinguish this tree from the usually smaller but more common _P. balsamifera_ ("Some Trees and Shrubs of Western Cheshire County, N. H." Mr. M. L. Fernald, in _Rhodora_, III, 233).

The above is the _Populus candicans_, Ait., of the text.

_Salix discolor_, Muhl.--There are many fine trees at Fort Kent, Maine, one with trunk 13 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._, September, 1901.)

_Salix balsamifera_, Barrett.--A handsome tree at Fort Kent, 25-30 feet high, with trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._, September, 1901.)

_Cratægus Crus-Galli_, L.--Nantucket, Massachusetts. Young trees were set out in 1830, enclosing an oblong of about an acre and a half. The most flourishing of these have obtained a height of about 30 feet and a trunk diameter near the ground of 10-12 inches. Now established, probably through the agency of birds, along swamps and upon hill-slopes. (L. L. D.)

_Prunus Americana_, Marsh.--One clump of small trees in a thicket at Alstead Centre, N. H., has the characteristic spherical fruit of this species. _P. nigra_, Ait., with oblong, laterally flattened fruit, is abundant. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)

_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _barbatum_, Trelease.--Characteristic trees (Cheshire County, N. H.), with small, firm, deep green, three-lobed leaves, appear very distinct, but many transitions are noted between this and the typical _Acer Saccharum_. (_Rhodora_, III, 234.)

_Acer Saccharum_, Marsh., var. _nigrum_, Britton.--Occasional in alluvium of the Cold river (Cheshire county, N. H.). The large, dark green, "flabby" leaves, with closed sinuses and with densely pubescent petioles and lower surfaces, quickly distinguish this tree from the ordinary forms of the sugar maple. (_Rhodora_, III. 234.)

_Fraxinus Pennsylvanica_. Marsh., var. _lanceolata_, Sarg.--Common along the Connecticut at Walpole, N. H. (M. L. Fernald _in lit._, September, 1901.)

GLOSSARY.

=Abortive.= Defective or barren, through non-development of a part.

=Acuminate.= Long-pointed.

=Acute.= Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point.

=Adherent.= Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its whole length to the ovary.

=Adnate.= Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea of congenital adhesion.

=Aggregate fruits.= Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the same flower; as in the blackberry.

=Ament.= Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow, birch, poplar, etc.

=Anther.= The part of the stamen which bears the pollen.

=Appressed.= Lying close against another organ.

=Ascending.= Rising upward, or obliquely upward.

=Axil.= Angle formed on the upper side between the leaf stem or flower stem and the branch from which it springs.

=Bract.= Reduced leaf subtending a flower or flower-cluster.

=Branches, primary.= The leading or main branches thrown out directly from the trunk, giving a general shape to the head.

=Branches, secondary.= Never directly from the trunk but from other branches.

=Buttressed.= Supported against strain in any direction by a conspicuous ridge-like enlargement of the trunk vertically to the roots. Several of these buttresses often give a tree a square appearance.

=Caducous.= Dropping off very early after development.

=Calyx.= The outer set of the leaves of the flower.

=Campanulate.= Bell-shaped.

=Capitate.= Head-shaped or collected in a head.

=Capsule.= A dry compound fruit.

=Carpel.= A simple pistil.

=Catkin.= See ament.

=Ciliate.= Margin with hairs or bristles.

=Coherent.= One organ uniting with another.

=Compound.= See leaf, ovary, etc.

=Connate.= Similar organs, more or less grown together.

=Connective.= The part of the anther connecting its two cells.

=Coriaceous.= Thick, leathery in texture.

=Corolla.= Leaves of the flower within the calyx.

=Corymb.= That sort of flower-cluster in which the flower stems arranged along the central axis elongate, forming a broad convex or level top, the flowers opening successively from the outer edge towards the center.

=Crenate.= Edge with rounded teeth.

=Crenulate.= Edge with small rounded teeth.

=Cyme.= Flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the central flower opening first; blossoming outward.

=Deciduous.= Falling off, as leaves in autumn, or calyx and corolla before fruit grows.

=Declining.= Bent downwards.

=Decurrent.= Leaves prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion: branchlets springing out beneath the point of furcation, as the feathering along the trunk of elms, etc.

=Dentate.= With teeth pointing outwards.

=Disk.= Central part of a head of flowers; fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower; any rounded, flat surface.

=Drupe.= A stone fruit; soft externally with a stone at the center, as the cherry and peach.

=Erose.= Eroded, as if gnawed.

=Exserted.= Protruding, projecting out of.

=Falcate.= Scythe-shaped.

=Fertile.= Flowers containing the pistil, capable of producing fruit. Anthers in such blossoms, if any, are generally abortive.

=Fibrovascular.= Bundle or tissue, formed of wood fibers, ducts, etc.

=Filament.= Part of stamen supporting anther.

=Fungus.= A division of cryptogamous plants, including mushrooms, etc.

=Furcation.= Branching.

=Glabrous.= Smooth without hairiness or roughness.

=Glandular.= Bearing glands or appendages having the appearance of glands.

=Glaucous.= Covered with a bloom: bluish hoary.

=Globose= or =globous.= Spherical or nearly so.

=Habit.= The general appearance of a plant.

=Habitat.= The place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps, in water, upon dry hillsides, etc.

=Hybrid.= A cross between two species.

=Imbricated.= Overlapping.

=Inflorescence.= Mode of disposition of flowers; sometimes applied to the flower-cluster itself.

=Involucre.= Bracts subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers.

=Keeled.= Having a central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat.

=Key.= A winged fruit; a samara.

=Lacerate.= Irregularly cleft, as if torn.

=Lanceolate.= Lance-shaped, broadest above the base, gradually narrowing to the apex.

=Leaf.= Consisting when botanically complete of a blade, usually flat, a footstalk and two appendages at base of the footstalk; often consisting of blade only.

=Leaf, compound.= Having two to many distinct blades on a common leafstalk or rachis. These blades may be sessile or have leafstalks of their own.

=Leaf, pinnately compound.= With the leaflets arranged along the sides of the rachis.

=Leaf, palmately compound.= With leaflets all standing on summit of petiole.

=Leaf-cushions.= Organs resembling persistent decurrent footstalks, upon which leaves of spruces, etc., stand; sterigmata.

=Leaf-scar.= The scar left on the twig where the petiole was attached.

=Lenticel.= Externally appearing upon the bark as spots, warts, and perpendicular or transverse lines.

=Linear.= Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel.

=Monopetalous.= Having petals more or less united.

=Mucronate.= Abruptly tipped with a small, sharp point.

=Nerved.= Having prominent unbranched ribs or veins.

=Obcordate.= Inversely heart-shaped.

=Obovate.= Ovate with the broader end towards the apex.

=Obtuse.= Blunt or rounded at the end.

=Orbicular.= Having a circular or nearly circular outline.

=Ovary.= The part of the pistil containing the ovules.

=Ovoid.= A solid with an oval or ovate outline.

=Ovuliferous.= Bearing ovules.

=Panicle.= General term for any loose and irregular flower-cluster, commonly of the racemose type, with pedicellate flowers.

=Pedicel.= The stalk of a single flower in the ultimate divisions of an inflorescence.

=Peduncle.= The stem of a solitary flower or of a cluster.

=Perfect.= Having both pistils and stamens.

=Perianth.= The floral envelope consisting of calyx, corolla, or both.

=Persistent.= Not falling for a long time.

=Petal.= A division of the corolla.

=Petiole.= The stalk of a leaf.

=Petiolule.= The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.

=Pistil.= The seed-bearing organ of the flower.

=Pistillate.= Provided with pistils; usually applied to flowers without stamens.

=Pollen.= The fertilizing grains contained in the anthers.

=Puberulent.= Minutely pubescent.

=Pubescent.= Covered with short soft or downy hairs.

=Raceme.= A simple cluster of pediceled flowers upon a common axis.

=Rachis.= The main axis of a compound leaf, of a raceme or of a spike.

=Ramification.= Branching.

=Range.= The geographical extent and limits of a species.

=Reflexed.= Turned backward.

=Reticulated.= Netted; in the form of a network.

=Revolute.= Rolled backward from the margin or apex.

=Samara.= Key fruit; winged fruit, like that of the ash or maple.

=Scarf-bark.= The thin, outermost layer which often peels off.

=Segment.= One of the divisions into which a plane organ, such as a leaf, may be divided.

=Sepal.= A calyx leaf.

=Serrate.= With teeth inclining forward.

=Serrulate.= With small teeth inclining forward.

=Sessile.= Not stalked, as when the leaf blade or flower rests directly upon the twig.

=Simple leaf.= Not compound, having one blade not jointed with its stem.

=Sinuate.= Strongly wavy-margined.

=Sinus.= Interval between two lobes or divisions of a leaf; sometimes sharp-angular, sometimes rounded.

=Spatulate.= Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.

=Spike.= A cluster of sessile or nearly sessile lateral flowers on an elongated axis.

=Spray.= The smaller branches and ultimate branchlets of a tree taken as a whole.

=Stamens.= The pollen-bearing organs of a flower, each stamen consisting of a filament (stem) and anther which contains the pollen.

=Staminate.= Having stamens.

=Sterile.= Variously applied: to flowers with stamens only; to stamens without anthers; to anthers without pollen; to ovaries not producing seed, etc.

=Stigma.= Part of pistil which receives the pollen.

=Stipels.= Appendages to a leaflet, analogous to the stipules of a leaf.

=Stipules.= Appendages of a leaf, usually at the point of insertion.

=Striate.= Streaked, or very finely ridged lengthwise.

=Style.= Part of pistil uniting ovary with stigma; often wanting.

=Sucker.= A shoot of subterranean origin.

=Suture.= The line of union between parts which have grown together; most often used with reference to the line along which an ovary opens.

=Terete.= Cylindrical.

=Ternate.= In threes.

=Tomentose.= Densely pubescent or woolly.

=Truncate.= As if cut off at the end.

=Umbel.= An inflorescence in which the flower stems spring from the same point like the rays of an umbrella.

=Verticillate.= Arranged in a circle round an axis; whorled.

=Villose= or =villous.= With long, soft hairs.

=Whorl.= Arranged in a circle about an axis.

INDEX.

A

Abele. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40

Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam_ 20-22

=Abietacæ.= (=Pinoideæ=) 1-22
Larix 1-4
Pinus 4-12
Picea 12-18
Tsuga 19, 20
Abies 20-22

Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
(Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129, 130

=Aceraceæ.= (Maple family). 140-153
Acer barbatum, Michx. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
barbatum, var. nigrum, Sarg. _Black maple_ 146, 147
dasycarpum, Ehrh. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
Negundo, L. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
nigrum, Michx. _Black maple_ 146,147
Pennsylvanicum, L. _Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood_ 149-151
platanoides _Norway maple_ 146
rubrum, L. _Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple_ 140-142
saccharinum, L. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144
saccharinum, Wang. _Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
saccharinum, var. nigrum, T. and G. _Black maple_ 146, 147
Saccharum, Marsh. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146
Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease 172
Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. _Black maple_ 146, 147, 172
spicatum, Lam. _Mountain maple_ 148, 149
Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
Negundo, Karst, _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153

Ailanthus family. (=Simarubaceæ=) 133

Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus,
Desf.) 133

Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic.) 70

Alnus glutinosa, Medic, _European alder_ 70
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_, 116, 117
American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
holly. (Hex opaca, Alt.) 138-146

=Anacardiaceæ.= (Sumac family) 134-137
Rhus copallina. _Dwarf sumac_, 137
glabra. _Smooth sumac_, 137
hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
toxicodendron. _Poison ivy_, 137
typhina, L. _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135
venenata, DC. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137
vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137

Apple family. (=Pomaceæ=) 112-121
Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L.) 1
=Aquifoliaceæ.= (Holly family) 138-140
Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138, 140

Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra,
Marsh.) 167-168
European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata,
Sarg.) 166, 172
Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115
Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.) 164,165
White ash. (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164

Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153

Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
(Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30

B

Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37
(Populus candicans, Alt.). 37-39, 171

Balsam. (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22
(Populus balsamifera, L.) 36, 37

Basket ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168

Basswood. (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155

Bear oak. (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94

Beech family. (=Fagaceæ=) 70-94

Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.) 70-72
Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt.) 59, 60

Betula lenta, L. _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62
lutea, Michx. L. _Yellow, Gray birch_ 63, 64
nigra, L. _Red, River birch_ 55,66
papyrifera. Marsh. _White, Canoe. Paper birch,_ 68-70
Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68
populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
white birch_ 66-68

=Betulaceæ.= (Birch family) 57-70
Alnus glutinosa, Medic. _European alder_ 70
Betula lenta, L. _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62
lutea, Michx. f. _Yellow, Gray birch_ 63, 64
nigra, L. _Red, River birch_ 65, 66
papyrifera, Marsh. _White, Canoe, Paper birch_ 68-70
var. minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68
populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small
white birch_ 66-68
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood,
Water beech_ 59, 60
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58

Birch family. (=Betulaceæ=) 57-70

Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
Red, River birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch
(Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64

Bird cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125

Bitternut (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57

Black ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
birch (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128
maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var_. nigrum, Britton) 146, 147, 172
oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43

Blue beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60

Box elder (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78

Boxwood (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157

Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of _Ilex opaca_ on farm of
Col. Minot Thayer 139

Brittle willow (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45

Brown ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
(Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165

Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80

Butternut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47

Buttonball (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111

Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111

C

Canada plum (Primus nigra. Ait.), 122, 123

Canoe birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), 68-70

=Caprifoliaceæ.= (Honeysuckle family) 168, 169

Viburnum Lentas L. _Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum_ 168, 169

Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood.
Water beech_ 59,60

Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
amara, Nutt. _Bitter nut. Swamp hickory_ 55-57
porcina, Nutt. _Pignut. White hickory_ 53-55
tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53

Castanea dentata. Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter. _Chestnut_ 72-74
vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74

Cat spruce. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18

Cedar, Arbor vitæ. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L.) 23,24
Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L.) 26-28
White cedar. (Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach) 25,26

Celtis occidentalis. L. _Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash,
Sugar berry_ 100-102

Chamæcyparis sphæroidea. Spach. White cedar 25,26

Cherry. (Primus Avium, L.) 128
Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126
Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) 127,128
Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. 124,125

Cherry birch. (Betula lenta, L.) 61,62

Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, _var_. Americana, Watson & Coulter) 72-74

Chestnut oak. (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.) 84,85
(Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84

Chinese sumac. (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133

Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) 125,126

Clammy locust. (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132

Cockspur thorn (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171

Conifer family, (=Pinoideæ=) 1-28

Cork elm. (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99,100

=Cornaceæ.= (Dogwood family) 150-160
Cornus alternifolia, L, f. _Dogwood, Green osier_ 157, 158
florida, L _Flowering dogwood, Boxwood_ 156, 157
Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
(Populus heterophylla. L.) 33, 34

Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45

Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
coccinea, L. _Thorn_ 118, 119
coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G. _Thorn_, 120, 121
Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
punctata, Jacq. _Cockspur thorn_ 118
submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121

=Cupressaceæ.= (Pinoideæ) 23-28
Cupressus 25, 26
Juniperus 26-28
Thuja 23, 24

Cupressus thyoides, L. _White cedar_ 25, 26

D

Diospyros Virginiana, L. _Persimmon_ 160-162

Dogwood family. (=Cornaceæ=) 156-160

Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L.) 156, 157
Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158

Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14

=Drupaceæ.= (Plum family) 122-128
Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
Americana, _var._ nigra, Waugh. _Wild, Red, Horse,
Canada plum_ 122, 123
Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
nigra, Ait. _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126

Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Tuckerman) 68
black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. semiprostrata) 12
sumac. (Rhus copallina) 137

E

=Ebenaceæ.= (Ebony family) 160-162
Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon 160-162

Ebony family. (=Ebenaceæ=) 160-162

Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137

Elm family. (=Ulmaceæ=) 95-102

Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas) 99, 100
Slippery, Red elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98

European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic.) 70
mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia) 113-115

F

=Fagaceæ.= (Beech family) 70-94

Castanea dentata, Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74
sativa, _var._ Americana, Watson & Coulter _Chestnut_ 72-74
vesca, _var._ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74

Fagus Americana, Sweet _Beech_ 70-72
atropunicea, Sudw. _Beech_ 70-72
ferruginea, Ait. _Beech_ 70-72

Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77-78
Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
nana, Sarg. _Scrub oak, Bear oak_ 93, 94
obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
palustris, Du Roi _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
tinctoria, Bartram _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91

Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22

Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill.) 20-22

Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164
lanceolata. Borkh. _Green ash_ 166, 172
nigra. Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
Pennsylvanica, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165

Fraxinus Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164,165
sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
viridis, Michx. f. _Green ash_ 166, 172

G

Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41

Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust_ 129, 130

Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63,64
(Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam.) 8, 9

Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg.) 166, 172
osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158

Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass., Willow. (_Salix fragilis_, 1890) 44

Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160

H

Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102

Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4

=Hamamelidaceæ.= (Witch Hazel family) 108, 109
Liquidambar styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109

Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7

Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.) 19, 20

Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51

Hicoria alba, Britton. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut_ 51-53
glabra, Britton. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
minima, Britton. _Butternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51

Holly family. (=Aquifoliaceæ=) 138-140

Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.) 138-140

Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130

Honeysuckle family. (=Caprifoliaceæ=) 168,169

Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L.) 100-102
(Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168

Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57,58

Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60

Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122,123

I

Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138-140

Ironwood. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
(Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58

Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron) 137

J

Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9

=Juglandaceæ.= (Walnut family) 47-57
Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51
amara, Nutt. _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
porcina, Nutt. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53

Hicoria alba, Britton _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53
glabra, Britton. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55
minima, Britton. _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57
ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_, 49-51

Juglans cinerea, L. _Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut_, 46, 47
nigra, L. _Black walnut_ 48, 49

June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117

Juniper. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4

Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28

L

Labrador spruce. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18

Laconia, N.H., Pussy willow, 35 ft. high. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 41

Larch. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4

Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx.) 31,32

Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4

=Lauraceæ.= (Laurel family) 106-108
Sassafras officinale. Nees. _Sassafras_ 106-108
Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108

Laurel family. (=Lauraceæ=) 106-108

=Leguminosæ.= (Pulse family) 129-132
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia_ 129, 130
Robinia pseudacacia. L. _Locust_ 131, 132
viscosa, Vent. _Clammy locust_ 132

Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47

Leverwood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.) 57, 58

Lime. (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155

Linden family. (=Tiliaceæ=) 153-155

Linden. (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155

Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109

Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106

Locust. (Robinia pseudacacia, L.) 131, 132
Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) 132
Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) 129,130

M

Magnolia family. (=Magnoliaceæ=) 104-106

=Magnoliaceæ.= (Magnolia family) 104-106
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106

Malus Malus, Britton. Apple tree 115

Maple family. (=Aceraceæ=) 140-153

Maple, Black maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
Britton) 127, 146, 172
Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) 151-153
Mountain maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149
Norway maple (_cultivated_) (Acer platanoides) 146
Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum,
Marsh.) 144-146, 172
Silver, Soft, White maple, River (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum,
L.) 149-151

Mazard cherry. (Prunus Avium, L.) 128

Mockernut. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53

Moosewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151

=Moraceæ.= (Mulberry family) 102-104

Morus alba, L. _White mulberry_ 104
rubra, L. _Red mulberry_ 102, 103

Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80

Mountain ash (Pyrus Americana, DC.) 112, 113
(Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) 113-115

Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115
maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.) 148, 149

Mulberry family. (=Moraceæ=) 102-104

Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L.) 102, 103
White mulberry. (Morus alba, L.) 104

N

Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169

Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153
Negundo, Karst. 151-153

Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102

Norway maple. (Acer platanoides) 146
pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11

Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160

O

Oak, Black, Yellow oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91
Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80
Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii) 84, 85
Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-08
Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78
Red oak (Quercus rubra, L.) 86, 87
Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89
Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd.) 85
Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), 80-82
White oak (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77

Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47

Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68

=Oleaceæ.= (Olive family) 162-168
Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164
lanceolata, Borkh. _Green ash_ 166, 172
nigra, Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
Pennsylvania, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
Pennsylvania, _var._ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172
pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165
sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168
viridis, Michx. f. _Green ash_ 166

Olive family. (=Oleaceæ=) 162-168

Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.) 157, 158

Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58

Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) 79, 80

P

Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70

Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L.) 115

Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160

Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L.) 160-162

Picea alba, Link _White spruce_ 16-18
Canadensis, B. S. P. _White spruce_ 16-18
nigra, Link. _Black spruce_ 12-14
nigra, _var._ semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
rubra, Link _Red spruce_ 15, 16

Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125

Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55

Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93

Pine family: Conifers. (=Pinoideæ=) 1-28

Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9
Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill.) 6, 7
Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
Scotch pine (_dit_ incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris,
L.) 11, 12
White pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6

=Pinoideæ.= (Pine family: Conifers) 1-28
=Abietaceæ.= 1-22
Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir_ 20-22
Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4
Picea alba, Link _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
Canadensis, B.S.P. _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18
nigra, Link. _Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce_ 12-14
rubra, Link. _Red spruce_ 15, 16
semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. _Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine_ 8, 9
resinosa, Ait. _Red, Norway pine_ 10, 11
rigida, Mill. _Pitch, Hard pine_ 6, 7
Strobus, L. _White pine_ 4-6
sylvestris, L. _Scotch pine_ 11, 12
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20

=Cupressaceæ.= 2, 23-28
Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
thyoides, L. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26
Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28
Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitæ, White cedar_ 23, 24

Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill.) 6, 7

Plane tree family. (=Platanaceæ=) 110, 111
=Platanaceæ.= (Plane tree family) 110, 111

Platanus occidentalis, L. _Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball,
Plane tree_ 110, 111

Plum family. (=Drupaceæ=) 122-128

Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 123, 124, 171
Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171

Poison elder (Rhus vernix. L.) 136, 137
ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) 137
sumac (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137

=Pomaceæ.= (Apple family) 112-121
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_ 116, 117
Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg., _Thorn_ 121
coccinea, L,. _Thorn_ 118, 119
coccinea, _var._ mollis, T. & G. 120, 121
Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171
mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121
punctata, Jacq....._Cockspur thorn_ 118
submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121
subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121

Malus malus, Britton _Apple tree_ 115

Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115

Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
sambucifolia, R[oe]m. _Mountain ash_ 113, 115

Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106
Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) 29, 30
Balsam, Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera. L.) 36, 37
Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) 34, 35
Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx.) 31, 32
Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40

Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68

Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar_ 39, 40
balsamifera, L. _Balsam_ 3, 36, 37
balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
balsamifera, _var._ intermedia _Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead_ 36

Populus balsamifera, _var._ latifolia _Balsam, Poplar,
Balm of Gilead_ 36
candicans, Ait., _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35
grandidentata, Michx. _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
heterophylla, L. _Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood_ 34, 35
tremuloides, Michx. _Aspen, Poplar_ 29, 30

Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) 77, 78

Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68

Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171
_var_. nigra, Waugh _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171
Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128
nigra, Ait. _Wild plum_ 122, 123, 171
Pennsylvanica, L. f. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125
serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128
Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126

Pulse family. (=Leguminosæ=) 129-132

Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171

Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115
communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115
malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115
sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115

Q

Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77
bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89
coccinea, _var._ tinctoria, Gray. _Black oak_ 89-91
ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80
minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85
nana, Sarg. ...._Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94
obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
palustris, Du Roi. _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93
platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82
prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak_ 85
prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84
pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94

Quercus rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87
stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78
tinctoria, Bartram. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91
velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91

R

Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28
elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98
maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
mulberry (Morus rubra, L.) 102, 103
oak (Quercus rubra, L.) 86, 87
pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) 10, 11
plum (Prunus nigra, Ait.) 22, 123
spruce (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16

Rhus copallina _Dwarf sumac_ 137
glabra _Smooth sumac_ 137
hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
toxicodendron _Poison ivy_ 137
typhina, L. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135
venenata, DC. _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137
vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137

River ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) 164, 165
birch (Betula nigra, L.) 65, 66
maple (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144

Robinia pseudacacia, L. _Locust_ 131, 132
viscosa, Vent. _Clammy locust_ 132

Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.) 82-84
elm (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99, 100
maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146, 172

Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.) 127, 128

S

=Salicaceæ.= (Willow family) 28-46
Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar_ 39, 40
balsamifera, L. _Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead_ 36, 37
balsamifera, _var._ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
balsamifera, _var._ intermedia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
balsamifera, _var._ latifolia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36
candicans, Ait. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171
deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35

Populus grandidentata, Michx. _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32
heterophylla, L. _Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34
monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood poplar_ 34, 35
tremuloides, Michx. _Poplar, Aspen_ 29, 30

Salix alba, L. _White willow_ 43, 45, 46
_var._ cærulea, Koch _White willow_ 45
_var._ vitellina, Koch _White willow_ 4
balsamifera, Barrett 171
discolor, Muhl. _Pussy willow, Glaucous willow_ 40, 41, 171
falcata, Pursh _Black willow_ 42
fragilis, L. _Crack willow, Brittle willow_ 43-45
nigra, Marsh. _Black willow_ 42, 43

Sassafras officinale, Nees _Sassafras_ 106-108
Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108

Savin (Juniperus Virginiana, L.) 26-28

Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.) 88, 89

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) 11, 12

Scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85
oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) 93, 94
pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8,9
white oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.) 85

Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.) 116, 117

Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51

Sheep berry (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169

Silver-leaf poplar (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
maple (Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144

=Simarubaceæ.= (Ailanthus family) 133
Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. _Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac_ 133

Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18

Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.) 97, 98

Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68

Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137

Soft maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
(Acer saccharinum, L.), 142-144

Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113
sambucifolia, R[oe]m. _Mountain ash_ 113, 115

Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160

Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
Red spruce (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16
White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18

Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9

Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L.) 134, 135

Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151

Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L.) 100-102

Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146
tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.) 144-146

Sumac family. (=Anacardiaceæ=) 134-137

Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac
(Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 133
Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L.) 136, 137
Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina) 137
Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137
Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L.) 134, 135

Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) 167, 168
hickory (Carya amara, Nutt.) 55-57
maple (Acer rubrum, L.), 140-142
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
poplar (Populus heterophylla, L.) 33, 34
spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14
white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.) 80-82

Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L.) 61, 62
gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.) 108, 109
viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L.) 168, 169

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.) 110, 111

T

Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx.) 2-4

Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass.,
_Ilex opaca_, fine specimen 139

Thorn. Cockspur (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.) 117, 118, 171
(Cratægus coccinea, L.) 118, 119
(Cratægus mollis, Scheele) 120, 121

Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L.) 129, 130

Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitæ, White cedar, Cedar_ 23, 24

=Tiliaceæ.= (Linden family) 153-155
Tilia Americana, L. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 153-155
Europæa _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
heterophylla, Vent. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155
puebescens, Ait. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155

Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) 183

Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20

Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106

Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.) 159, 160

U

=Ulmaceæ.= (Elm family) 95-102
Celtis occidentalis, L. _Hackberry_, _Nettle tree_, _Hoop ash_,
_Sugar berry_ 100-102
Ulmus Americana, L. _American_, _White elm_ 95-97
fulva, Michx. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
puebescens, Walt. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98
racemosa, Thomas. _Cork_, _Rock elm_ 99, 100

V

Viburnum Lentago, L. _Sheep berry_ 168, 169

W

Walnut family. (=Juglandaceæ=) 47-57

Walnut, Black walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) 48, 49
Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L.) 46, 47
Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) 51-53
Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) 49-51

Water beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) 59, 60
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93
spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14

Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass., _Ilex opaca_, on estate of 139

Whistlewood (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) 149-151

White ash (Fraxinus Americana, L.) 162-164
birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) 68-70
(Betula populifolia, Marsh.) 66-68
cedar (Cupressus thyoides, L.) 25, 26
(Thuja occidentalis, L.) 23, 24
elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) 95-97
hickory (Carya porcina, Nutt.) 53-55
maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 140-142
(Acer saccharinum, L.) 142-144
mulberry (Morus alba, L.) 104
oak (Quercus alba, L.) 75-77
pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) 4-6
poplar (Populus alba, L.) 39, 40
spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18
willow (Salix alba) 43, 45, 46

White-heart hickory (Carya tomentosa, Nutt) 51-53

Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) 104-106

Whitewood (Tilia Americana, L.) 153-155

Wild plum (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) 171
(Prunus nigra, Ait.) 122, 123, 171
red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) 124, 125

Willow family. (=Salicaceæ=) 28-46

Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) 42, 43
Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L.) 43-45
Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.) 40, 41, 171
White willow. (Salix alba, L., _var._ vitellina, Koch) 45, 46

Witch hazel family. (=Hamamelidaceæ=) 108, 109

Y

Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) 63, 64
oak. (Quercus velutina, Lam.) 89-91