Chapter XIX: Conclusion (2)

Hadrian de Castello, Cardinal Bishop of Bath and Wells, 97, 112, 115.
Hailes, Blood of, 380.
Hales, John, 433 _n_.
Halidon Rig, 407.
Hamburg, 311.
Hampton Court, 140, 239, 398, 410, 421.
Harwich, 375.
Henry II., 4, 271 and _note_, 275.
----- IV., 4, 6, 15, 180, 232.
----- IV. of Castile, 207.
----- V., 53, 66.
----- VI., 5, 7.
----- VII., his descent, 5-8;
his birth, 7;
His claim to the throne recognised by Parliament, 8, 13;
Yorkist rivals to, 9;
his sons and daughters, 13;
marriage, 13;
bestows Greenwich on his wife, 15;
sends Arthur and Catherine to Ludlow Castle, 14;
centralising policy, 17;
Irish policy, 18;
Renaissance under, 20;
praised by Erasmus, 23;
his theological conservatism, 24;
proposes marriages for his children, 26;
discusses Catherine's dower, 26;
suggests marrying her himself, 27;
entertains Philip of Burgundy, 27;
designs on Castile, 28, 29;
his suggested marriage with Margaret of Savoy, 28, 48;
his methods of government, 36-38;
last advice to his son, 43;
death, 43;
funeral and tomb, 44;
his treasure, 149, 245, 246;
other references to, 79, 80, 173, 178, 180, 182, 183, 232,
284, 374, 409, 426.
----- VIII., his descent and parentage, 5;
birth, 15;
baptised and said to have been destined for a clerical career,
16;
offices and titles, 16, 17;
his tutors, 20-22;
his handwriting, 21;
studies languages, 22;
is visited by Erasmus, 22, 23;
corresponds with Erasmus, 23;
studies theology, 24;
is devoted to music, 24;
his minstrels, 24;
his choristers and compositions, 25, 47;
becomes heir-apparent and Duke of Cornwall, 25;
created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 25;
suggested matrimonial alliances, 26;
is betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, 27;
protests against the marriage, 28;
methods of government, 36;
decay of the peerage under, 37;
the ministers of, 38, 48-50;
peaceful accession, 43;
executes Dudley and Empson, 44;
marriage to Catherine, 45, 46;
coronation, 46, 48;
intervenes in favour of Venice, 53;
renews his father's treaties, 54;
his first crusade, 55;
joins Ferdinand against France, 56;
unsuccessfully attacks Guienne, 57, 58;
his league with Maximilian, 61 and _note_;
his desertion by Ferdinand, 61-63;
his success in France, 64-66;
the pacific character of his reign, 67, 68;
makes the Treaty of Lille, 69;
his honesty, 72, 73;
discovers duplicity of his allies, 73, 74;
makes peace with France, 74, 75;
his promotion of Charles Brandon, 80;
anger at Brandon's marriage to Mary Tudor exaggerated, 82-84;
rivalry with Francis I., 86, 87;
claims title of "Protector of Scotland," 87, 88;
is suggested as Emperor, 99, 102-104;
allows Wolsey much power, 109 _sqq._;
his services to the Papacy, 107;
his book against Luther, 123-126;
receives title of _Fidei Defensor_, 126;
his political activity, 128-131;
his meeting with Charles, 139, 140;
his meeting with Francis at the Field of Cloth of Gold,
141-143;
his second meeting with Charles, 143;
his rights to the crown of France, 149, 158;
his recourse to war loans, 164, 165;
doubts the legality of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon,
173, 174, 195-199, 219;
the premature death of his children, 174-177, 182;
his passion for Anne Boleyn, 189-192;
his conscience, 193, 194, 209, 218;
his first steps towards divorce, 198-201;
his justification for expecting divorce, 199, 200;
licence to commit bigamy, 206;
ceases to work in harmony with Wolsey, 203, 204;
his canonical affinity to Anne Boleyn, 206-208, 344;
is urged by Clement to settle the divorce for himself, 213;
attends the Legates' Court in person, 221;
praises Catherine, 221, 222;
finds the impossibility of obtaining a favourable verdict at
Rome, 226;
breaks with Rome, 228, 231, 428, 429;
appeals to a General Council, 230;
contends for the supremacy of the State, 233;
his support necessary to the Church, 238;
makes peace with Charles, 224;
reproves Wolsey, 242, 243;
the difference between the results of his policy and Wolsey's,
244, 245;
the difficulty of his position, 250;
his divorce interwoven with the question of papal jurisdiction
in England, 251;
he summons Parliament, 251 _sqq._;
his harmony with Parliament, 256, 261 _sqq._;
his observance of the constitution and parliamentary
privileges, 258, 430, 435, 436;
his interest in Parliament, 263;
encourages the Commons to bring complaints to him, 266;
his recognition as "Supreme Head," 268, 286, 325, 328,
330 _n_, 331;
is compared to Henry II., 271 and _note_;
his anti-clerical bias, 272, 273, 285;
his position between two parties, 276;
decisions of the Universities, 283, 284, 288;
his influence with Parliament, 284, 285, 287 _sqq._;
meets Francis at Boulogne, 294;
his marriage with Anne Boleyn, 295, 296, 300;
Cranmer pronounces the divorce, 296, 300, 302;
sentence of greater excommunication drawn up against him, 303;
his treatment of Catherine, 303, 304;
his position abroad, 305 _sqq._;
closes the Staple at Calais, 308;
his position at home, 313;
his episcopal appointments, 318;
his marriage to Catherine pronounced valid by Clement, 321;
becomes more despotic, 322, 323;
sends Fisher and More to the Tower, and the Friars Observants
to the block, 324;
position as Supreme Head of the Church, 325-330;
executes Fisher and More, 331-334;
rejoices at Catherine's death, 335;
obtains the Statute of Uses, 336;
orders a general visitation of the monasteries, 337-339;
dissolves the monasteries and divides monastic spoils with
the laity, 341;
dislikes, divorces, and beheads Anne Boleyn, 343-346;
marries Jane Seymour, 346, 347;
power to bequeath the crown given him by Parliament (_see_
Acts of Succession), 348;
his position strengthened by the death of Catherine and of
Anne Boleyn, 349, 350;
refuses to side against Francis I., 350, 351;
deals with the Pilgrimage of Grace, 355;
his answer to the rebels, 356;
conference with Aske, 357;
establishes Council of the North, 358;
his relations with Cardinal Pole, 358, 359;
his good fortune culminates in the birth of Edward VI., 360,
361;
development of his intellect, 363, 364;
completes the Union of England and Wales, 365, 366;
establishes peace in Ireland, 367;
thinks of marrying a French princess, 369, 370;
and then of Christina of Milan, 370, 371;
desecrates the shrine of St. Thomas, 372;
is excommunicated by the Pope, 373;
removes possible claimants to the throne, 374, 375;
and takes other measures for defence, 375-377;
issues the Ten Articles, 378, and _The Bishops' Book_, 379;
permits the Bible in English and destroys images, 379, 380;
and dissolves the greater monasteries, 381;
issues a manifesto against the Pope's authority to summon a
General Council, and enters into negotiations with
the German princes, 381, 382;
marries Anne of Cleves, 382-386;
but remains a Catholic at heart, 387-389;
and presses the Six Articles, 390;
repudiates the German alliance, 393;
ruins Cromwell, 394;
and divorces Anne, 395;
marries Catherine Howard, 398, 399;
renews his alliance with Charles V. and represses heresy, 400;
erects new bishoprics and endows new professorships, 401;
executes the Countess of Salisbury and Catherine Howard, 403,
404;
makes war on Scotland, renewing his feudal claims to that
kingdom, 406 _sqq._;
joins Charles V. against France, 409, 410;
marries Catherine Parr, 410;
invades France and captures Boulogne, 412;
is deserted by Charles, and left to face alone the French
invasion, 413;
on its failure makes peace with France, 415;
issues various religious proclamations and _The King's Book_,
416, 417;
debases the coinage and appropriates the lands of chantries,
418, 419;
his last speech to Parliament, 419, 420;
his illness, 424;
and death, 425;
will and burial, 426.
----- ---- descriptions of, as a child, 19;
on his accession, 39;
by Mountjoy, 40;
by Sir Thomas More, 48, 428;
by Falier in 1529, 240;
in 1541, 402.
----- ---- his popularity, 35, 38;
his accomplishments, 22, 25, 39, 40, 239;
his athletic prowess, 39-41, 95, 239;
his display of wealth, 96;
his love of pleasure in the beginning of his reign, 46-48;
his morality, 185-187;
his love of gambling, 241;
his hasty temper, 132, 133;
his hardening of character, 240, 323, 402;
his affection for Mary, 304;
his egotism, 427;
his imperial ideas, 362-364;
his piety, 105, 106, 274;
his illnesses, 240 and _note_, 402, 424.
----- ---- gradual evolution of his character, 427, 428;
causes of his dictatorship, 429;
a constitutional king, 430;
the typical embodiment of his age, 431;
careful of law, but careless of justice, 435;
use of Acts of Attainder, 436;
imitates Tiberius, 436 _n_;
illustrates the contrast between morals and politics, 437, 438;
character of his aims, 439;
comparison of the good and evil that he did, 439, 440.
"Henry VIII." by Shakespeare, 110, 116 _n_, 197 _n_, 434 _n_.
Henry of Navarre, 186.
Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 16.
Hereford, Bishops of. _See_ Foxe, Edward, and Bonner, Edmund.
Hertford, Earl of. _See_ Seymour, Edward.
Hildebrand, 233.
Hobbes, Thomas, 433.
Holbein, Hans, 140, 371, 384 and _note_.
Holy League (of 1511), 55, 64, 88, 107.
---- ----- (of 1526), 168-170, 225.
---- Roman Empire. _See_ Empire.
Horsey, Dr. William, Chancellor of London, 236 and _note_.
Houghton, John, 331.
Howard, Admiral Sir Edmund, 63.
------ Catherine. _See_ Catherine.
------ Henry, Earl of Surrey, poet, 21, 422, 423.
------ Thomas I., Earl of Surrey, afterwards second Duke of Norfolk, one
of the four dukes in Henry VIII.'s reign, 2 _n_;
Lord High Treasurer, 49;
wins Flodden and is made Duke of Norfolk, 68, 80;
his opinions on the imperial election, 102;
his pensions, 116.
------ Thomas II., Earl of Surrey, afterwards third Duke of Norfolk, was
one of the four dukes in Henry VIII.'s reign, 2 _n_;
his military campaigns, 157, 413, 422;
his relationship to Anne Boleyn, 203, 343 _n_;
takes the seal from Wolsey, 246;
his pocket-boroughs, 253;
speaks of the "infinite clamours" against the Church, 271,
291;
sent to the papal nuncio, 282;
talks to Sir Thomas More of the fickleness of princes, 248;
presides at Anne Boleyn's trial, 344;
is sent to the North, 355, 357, 358 _n_, 407;
mouthpiece of the King in Parliament, 391;
his relationship to Catherine Howard, 397, 399, 416;
possibility of ruling during Edward VI.'s minority, 421;
is attainted, 423, 424.
Hull, 357.
Hungary, 51, 226 _n_.
Hunne, Richard, 236 _n_.
Hurst Castle, 375.
Hussey, Sir John, Baron Hussey, 353.
Hutton, John, 370.

I.

Imperialism, Henry VIII.'s, 362, 363. Indies, the, 51, 104. Innocent III., 334. Inquisition, the, 292. _Institution of a Christian Man_. See _Bishops' Book_. _Intercursus Magnus_, 48. Ireland, Yorkist influence in, 9; rebellions in, 10, 11, 305, 306, 366, 367; Henry VIII. made Lord-Lieutenant of, 17; Henry VII.'s policy in, 18; English hold over, 245, 250; tributary to the Pope, 275; English rule firmly established in, 367; other references to, 131, 150, 373. Irish Parliament. _See_ Parliament. Isabella of Castile, 11, 14, 26, 27, 30, 51 _n_, 370. Isabella of Portugal, 96, 167. Italy, 29-31, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60, 66, 67, 69-71, 76, 90, 93, 94, 100, 104, 105, 114, 144, 148, 154, 159, 164, 168, 170, 215, 216, 224, 225, 227, 228, 251, 294, 358, 376, 382.

J.

James II., 186.
----- IV. of Scotland, 11, 12, 22, 48, 65, 66, 87, 88, 105, 200, 229, 234.
----- V. of Scotland, 13, 180, 305, 314, 315 _n_, 357, 369, 373, 402-403,
406.
Jane Seymour, Henry's attentions to, 343 _n_, 346-348;
her marriage to Henry, 346;
birth of her son, 360;
her death and burial, 360, 361;
other references to, 379, 384 _n_, 426.
Jesus College, Oxford, 21 _n_.
John, King, 275.
Juana, Queen of Castile, 27, 28, 51 and _note_, 52, 93 _n_.
Julius II., his warlike tendencies, 1 _n_, 52, 53, 228;
grants the dispensation for Henry VIII. to marry his
brother's widow, 26, 45, 173, 193, 316 _n_;
joins the League of Cambrai, 29;
renews his treaties with Henry VIII., 54;
is besieged by Louis at Bologna, 55, 56, 106, 107;
Ferdinand's relations with, 59, 60;
supposed existence of a brief of, 218;
is succeeded by the peaceful Leo, 69;
other reference to, 176.

K.

Keilway, Robert, 234 _n_. Kelso, 407. Kent, 11, 252. Kildare, Earl of. _See_ Fitzgerald, Gerald. Kimbolton, 335. "King John," Shakespeare's, 35, 308. _King's Book, The_, 417, 418. Knight, Dr. William, 94, 189, 206 and _note_, 207, 208, 210, 214.

L.

Ladislaus of Hungary, 90.
Lambeth, 120.
Lancastrian claim to the throne, 7, 8, 32, 180 _n_.
----------- rule, 32, 33.
Landriano, battle of, 226.
Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, 270.
Lark, Peter, prebendary of St. Stephen's, 117, 118 _n_.
Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, 273, 354, 401.
Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Sieur de, 215, 216, 224.
Lawson, Sir George, 407.
Lee, Edward, Archbishop of York, sent to Spain to examine the forged
brief, 218;
opposition to the divorce, 306;
letter to Cromwell, 366 _n_.
Leicester, 248.
Leith, 413.
Leo X., his election as Pope, 229;
styles Henry defender of the faith, 3, 126;
gives Henry permission to bury James IV. who was excommunicate, 66;
becomes Pope, 69;
makes Wolsey a cardinal, 77 and _note_;
interview with Francis, 86;
forms a Holy League, 88, 107;
sends Campeggio to England, 97;
desires neither Francis nor Charles as Emperor, 101, 102, 104;
refuses preferment to Spanish inquisitors, 105;
intercedes for Polydore Vergil, 112;
issues bull against Luther, 124;
receives Henry's book, 126;
negotiates with Charles, 147;
is anxious for family aggrandisement, 153;
death, 154;
supposed attempt to poison, 230;
efforts at reform, 234 _n_, 268;
other references to, 70, 100, 108, 121, 146, 234 _n_.
_Leviathan, The_, by Hobbes, 433.
Lewis the Bavarian, 329.
Lewisham, 15.
Leyva, Antonio de, 163.
Lichfield, Bishopric of, 318.
Lille, 65, 69, 80.
Lincoln, 353.
------- Earl of. _See_ Pole, John de la.
------- Bishops of. _See_ Longland, John; Wolsey, Thomas.
Lisle, Viscount. _See_ Dudley, John.
Llandaff, Bishop of. _See_ Athequa, George.
Lollardy, 232.
London, 11, 52, 128, 129, 147, 165, 166, 177, 187, 221, 225, 236, 247,
253, 260, 298, 313, 318, 319, 353, 358, 366, 388, 421, 439.
------ Bishops of. _See_ Bonner, Edmund; Stokesley, John; and Tunstall,
Cuthbert.
------ Treaty of (1518), 110, 138, 144, 147.
Longland, John, Bishop of Lincoln, confessor to Henry VIII., 198 _n_, 306,
403;
defends the divorce in the House of Lords, 259 _n_, 318;
for a time is in confinement, 402.
Longueville, Duc de, 64, 74.
Lords, House of. _See also_ Parliament.
----- ----- passes attainder against Wolsey, 246;
freedom of speech in, 259 _n_;
clerical representation in, 287, 318;
is anxious to abolish the Pope's authority, 319;
Henry's last address to, 419-421;
passes bills of Wills and Uses, 293.
Louis XI., 30, 136.
----- XII., joins in League of Cambrai, 29;
anxious to prevent Catherine's marriage to Henry, 45;
at peace with Henry, 47;
besieges the Pope in Bologna, 55, 106, 107;
his impiety denounced, 56;
his secret negotiations with Ferdinand, 59, 60;
rumours of his intention to proclaim the White Rose King of
England, 64;
agrees to Ferdinand's Italian plans, 70, 71;
makes peace with Henry, 74;
marries Mary Tudor, 74;
anxious to attack Spain, 75;
his death, 78, 79;
other references to, 52, 53, 62, 81, 87, 176, 212, 297 _n_.
----- XIV., 432.
Louise of Savoy, 138, 150, 167, 201, 224.
Lovell, Francis, first Viscount Lovell, 9, 10, 50.
Luebeck, 311.
Ludlow Castle, 14.
Luke, Ann, 16.
Luther, Martin, Henry's book against, 24, 123, 124, 126;
his books burned in St. Paul's Churchyard, 125;
his books, 272, 388;
Pope's bull against, 124;
other references to, 193 _n_, 351.
Lydgate, John, 21.

M.

Macerata, Dr., 161.
Machiavelli, Nicholas, 69, 276, 436 _n_, 440.
Madrid, 68.
------ Treaty of, 168.
Magna Carta, 35 and _note_, 271.
Maidstone, 380.
Mainz, Archbishop of, 100.
Manners, Edward, third Earl of Rutland, 253 _n_.
Mannock, Henry, 398, 403.
Mantua, Marquis of, 86.
Manuel, Don Juan, 154.
Marck, Robert de la, 144, 168.
Margaret of Burgundy, 9, 10, 51 _n_.
-------- of Navarre, 370.
-------- of Savoy, 27, 28, 45, 48, 65, 73, 80, 81, 89, 139, 224.
-------- Tudor, Queen of Scotland, her children, 12, 13;
visited as a child by Erasmus, 22;
increases English influence in Scotland, 87, 88;
divorce granted to, 200, 212;
is lectured on her sinfulness by Henry, 209, 210;
Mary's issue preferred to her's, 84, 348.
Marguerite de Valois, 28, 146.
Marignano, battle of, 86, 89, 132.
Marillac, Charles de, 393-395, 397, 398, 403.
Marny, Harry, Lord Marny, 50, 355.
Marseilles, 162, 316.
Marsiglio of Padua, 329 and _note_.
Martyr, Peter, of Angera, 66, 176.
Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold, 30, 51 _n_.
---- of Guise, 369.
---- Queen of England, her birth, 176;
her claim to the throne, 179, 180, 309, 310, 312, 344,
348 _n_;
proposed marriages for, 97, 138, 143, 146, 148, 156, 167,
168, 173, 177, 185, 195-197, 213, 305, 422;
her legitimacy, 273, 300 _n_, 348;
Henry's affection for, 304 and _note_;
treatment of, 304, 347, 349;
accession, 430;
conscience of, 194;
persecutions of, 401;
childlessness 12;
other references to, 261, 342.
---- Queen of Scots, 348, 362, 407-409, 415.
---- Regent of the Netherlands (sister of Charles V.), 344 _n_, 370.
---- Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., is visited as a child by Erasmus, 22;
proposed marriages for, 26, 28, 29, 45, 65, 71-74;
marriage to Louis XII., 74, 107, 188;
her appearance, 78;
her marriage to Suffolk, 78-85, 83 _n_;
her children to succeed to the crown by Henry's will, before
those of her elder sister Margaret, 84, 348;
other reference to, 212.
Mason, Sir John, 402, 432 _n_.
Matilda, Empress, 179, 180.
Matthew's Bible, 379.
Maximilian I., Emperor, his designs on Castile, 28, 29;
marries Mary of Burgundy, 30;
the lands of, 51;
his alliance with Henry, 61 and _note_;
serves as a private soldier, 64, 65;
signs the Treaty of Lille, 69;
his intended attack on Venice, 70, 71;
renews his truce with France, 70, 71;
makes a secret treaty with Ferdinand, 72;
his perfidy, 74;
joins the Holy League, 88;
his Milan expedition, 89-91, 93;
shifts for money, 89-91;
joins second League of Cambrai, 94;
failing health, 98;
death, 99;
other references to, 51 _n_, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 69, 72,
73, 75, 77, 81, 101, 105, 108, 133.
May Day Riots, 119, 135.
Medici, Cardinal de. _See_ Clement VII.
------ Lorenzo de, 86.
Melancthon, Philip, 396.
Melfi, 215.
Membrilla, 50.
Memo, Dionysius, 25.
Mendoza, Inigo de, Bishop of Burgos, imperial ambassador, 114 _n_, 132,
202, 203, 220.
Michelet, Jules, 32, 36, 142 _n_.
Milan, 51, 52, 61, 66, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 85, 86, 89-91, 93, 99, 101,
107, 108, 115, 116 _n_, 136, 147, 154, 155, 163, 168, 310, 351,
393, 404, 412.
Military science in the sixteenth century, 68, 69.
Modena, 153.
Mohacz, battle of, 164, 312.
Monarchy, mediaeval and modern, 29-32.
Monasteries, condition of, 338-340; visitation of, 337 _sqq._;
dissolution of, 339, 341, 342.
Moncada, Hugo de, 170, 171, 215.
Montdidier, 160.
Montmorenci, Anne de, grand master of France, 203 _n_, 247 _n_.
More, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor, 2, 273;
visits Henry with Erasmus, 22, 23, 42;
a friend of Richard Pace, 89;
opposes the divorce, 293 _n_;
resigns chancellorship, 294;
anxious for peace, 158, 159;
as Speaker, defends the liberty of the House of Commons,
165;
his persecution of heretics, 194 and _note_;
denounces Wolsey, 278;
is sent to the Tower, 324;
attainted, 331;
refuses to acknowledge the royal supremacy, 332;
death, 333;
other references to, 110, 133, 150 and _note_, 236, 248,
293, 328, 331 _n_, 350, 428, 438.
Morlaix, 157.
Mortimer, Margaret, 199, 200.
Mortimer's Cross, 5.
Morton's fork, 49.
Mountjoy, Lord. _See_ Blount, William.
Muxetula, J.A., Spanish ambassador, 215.

N.

Najera, Abbot of, 163. Naples, 29, 51, 52, 71, 93, 100, 101, 104, 136, 147, 168, 215, 216, 225, 230 _n_, 380. Napoleon Bonaparte, 154. Nassau, Henry, Count of, 144. Navarre, 29, 57-59, 75, 85, 93, 96, 136, 144, 147, 148, 168. Navy, the, 57, 63, 109, 122, 126, 127, 157, 315, 369, 375. ---- the French, 145, 413. _Necessary Doctrine, The._ See _King's Book_. Nero, Henry VIII. compared to, 172. Netherlands, the, commercial treaty with, 27; Margaret of Savoy regent of, 27, 28, 65; joined to Austria, 30; aided by Henry, 54; armies in, 69; Charles assumes government of, 85; Maximilian joins Charles in, 93; wool-market of, 137, 299; protection of, 156; union with Spain, 181; executioners in, 344 _n_; other references to, 96, 104, 272, 370, 383, 393. _See also_ Burgundy and Flanders. Neville, George, third Baron Abergavenny, 305. ------- Sir John, 402. ------- John, Baron Latimer, 410. Newgate Prison, 5. Nice, 295, 372. Nix, Richard, Bishop of Norwich, 273, 319. Nonsuch Palace, 239. Norfolk, Dukes of. _See_ Howard. Normandy, 148, 150. Norris, Henry, 343, 345. Northumberland, Duke of. _See_ Dudley, John. -------------- Earl of. _See_ Percy, Henry. Norwich, Bishop of. _See_ Nix, Richard. Nottingham, 248. Novara, French defeat at, 66. Noyon, Treaty of, 93, 94, 147.

O.

Oatlands, 398, 421. Orleans, Louis d'. _See_ Longueville, Duc de. ------- Charles, Duc d', son of Francis I., 168. ------- 283. Ortiz, Dr. Pedro, Imperial ambassador, 305. Oxford, 9, 49, 123, 243, 254, 255, 274, 283, 334, 401. ------ Earl of. _See_ Vere.

P.

Pace, Richard, Dean of St. Paul's, his mission to Maximilian, 90, 91, 99; mission to the Electors, 102, 103; his treatment by Wolsey, 114 and _note_, 116, 129, 130, 155, 161; other references to, 77 _n_, 89, 121, 123, 124, 128, 152, 159, 230, 236, 237. Padua, 283, 329. Paget, William, first Baron Paget of Beaudesert, 194, 424. Papacy, the, its triumph over general councils, 174, 328; its corruption in sixteenth century, 154, 229; becomes increasingly Italian, 153, 226, 229, 230; Englishmen excluded from, 230; confusion of temporal and spiritual interests, 153, 228-231; its subservience to Charles V., 153, 169, 216, 224, 225. Papal Curia, 230, 294, 300. ----- powers of dispensation. _See_ Dispensation. Paris, 65, 68, 83 and _note_, 127, 141, 283, 358, 386, 411, 439. Parlement, the French, 436 _n_. Parliament, discredited by failure of Lancastrian experiment, 32-34; distrusted by Wolsey, 120, 235, 258; revived by Henry VIII. as an instrument of government, 236, 257, 264; Henry's treatment of, 258, 260, 262, 263 and _note_, 264-266; how far packed (in 1529, 1534, 1536, 1539), 252 _sqq._, 252 _n_, 260 and _note_, 261, 389, 390; elections and royal nominations to, 252, 261, 368, 389, 390; extensive powers of, 259 _n_; freedom of speech in, 235, 259, 260, 288; Strode and Ferrers' cases, 259; resists Wolsey's demands (1523), 165; independence under Henry VIII., 259 and _note_, 262, 264; refuses to grant taxes, 260; rejects Statutes of Wills and Uses, 262, 289, 293; rejects bill against Wolsey, 246, 278; rejects first draft of Proclamations Act, 391; refuses taxes, 246, 260, 289; criticises Henry's divorce, 259, 260, 289; modifies Government measures, 263 _n_; but supports Henry against the Church and the Papacy, 266, 267; complains of clerical exactions and jurisdiction, 235; and passes measures against them, 279, 289, 293; passes the Act of Annates, 289, 290; Act of Appeals, 298, 299, 319; Act of Supremacy, 325; Acts of Succession (_see_ Succession); other references to, 2, 8, 13, 35, 159, 166, 234, 238, 250, 257, 270, 272, 273, 284, 286, 313, 315 _n_, 329, 336, 337, 341, 348 and _note_, 392, 400, 401, 419-421, 427, 430. _See also_ Lords, House of, and Commons, House of. ---------- of Drogheda, 18. ---------- Irish, 367. Parr, Catherine. _See_ Catherine. Pasqualigo, 66, 73, 79, 86, 240. Passages, 57. Paston, John, 253 _n_. Paul III. publishes bull against Henry, 302; creates Fisher a cardinal, 332, 350; finds himself powerless to deprive Henry of his kingdom, 334; sends Pole to Flanders, 358, 372; other references to, 339, 361. Pavia, 154, 163, 169, 216, 283, 351. Peerage, decay of the, 37. Percy, Henry, Lord Percy, afterwards Earl of Northumberland, 188, 344. Pescara, Marquis de, 163. Peter's pence, 320. Peterborough, 335, 401. Petit, John, M.P. for London, 260. Peto, Cardinal William, 338. Petre, Dr. William, 378, 431 _n_. Philip of Burgundy, King of Castile, 23, 26, 27, 38, 51 and _note_, 93 _n_, 137. ------ of Hesse, 311. ------ IV., 329. Philippa, granddaughter of Edward III., 180. Physicians, College of, 401. Piedmont, 351. Pilgrimage of Grace, 357, 358, 369, 406. Pisa, 55, 69. Plantagenets, the, 4. Plymouth, 14, 55. Pole, Edmund de la, Earl of Suffolk, the White Rose, 27, 38, 43, 44, 64. ---- Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, 358, 373, 403, 436 _n_. ---- Sir Geoffrey, 373, 374. ---- Sir Henry, Baron Montague, 374. ---- John de la, Earl of Lincoln, 10, 44. ---- Reginald, Cardinal, 1, 305, 332 _n_, 358-360, 369, 372-374, 376. ---- Richard de la, 44. Pommeraye, Giles de la, 291 _n_. Pontefract, 248, 355. Popes. _See_ Adrian VI.; Alexander VI.; Clement VII.; Julius II.; Leo X.; Paul III. Portsmouth, 413, 414. Portugal, King of. _See_ Emmanuel. -------- Queens of. _See_ Catherine, Eleanor, Isabella. Poynings, Sir Edward, 18, 50. Poynings' Law, 18. _Praemunire_, 35 _n_, 120, 234, 246, 284, 285, 349, 381. Praet, Louis de Flandre, Sieur de, 113. Prester John, 229. Privy Council. _See_ Council. Proclamations, Act of, 391. Protestantism, 194, 232, 272, 326, 380-382, 387, 416. Provence, 30, 162. Provisors, Statute of, 282.

Q.

Quignon, Cardinal, 202.

R.

Ravenna, 224, 226. Reading, Prior of, 273. Reformation, the, partly due to the divorce, 232, 233; partly due to the anti-ecclesiastical bias of the laity, 267 _sqq._, 272; different aspects of, 325-329; not due to Henry VIII., 439, 440; other references to, 275, 348. Reggio, 153. Reigate, 253 _n_. Renaissance, the, under Henry VII., 20, 31. Renard, Simon, 261. Renee, daughter of Louis XII., 61 _n_, 71, 85, 100, 202, 205, 206. Rhodes, 164, 312. Rich, Sir Richard, first Baron Rich, 332, 354. Richard III., 4, 7, 10, 49, 80, 158, 165, 305, 306. ------- Duke of York, 9, 18, 19. Richmond, 20 _n_, 43, 44. -------- Duke of. _See_ Fitzroy, Henry. -------- Earl of. _See_ Henry VII. and Tudor, Edmund. Rochester, 385. --------- Bishop of. _See_ Fisher, John. Rogers, John, 379. Roman Empire, Holy. _See_ Empire. ----- law, 3, 32, 38, 323 _n_, 362. Rome, 1, 12, 17, 69, 74, 89, 93, 99, 115, 119, 126, 132, 162, 186, 191, 197 _n_, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208, 211, 238, 249, 251, 267, 269, 276, 282, 287, 290, 291, 294, 295, 297, 305, 315, 316, 319, 320-323, 349, 350, 351, 359, 364, 372, 381, 387, 402, 428-430, 439. Rose, Red and White, union of, 13. ---- the White. _See_ Pole, Edmund de la, and Courtenay, Henry. Roses, Wars of the, 5, 6, 181, 429. Rovere, Francis Maria della, Duke of Urbino, 153. Royal marriages, 37. Roye, 160. Russell, John, first Earl of Bedford, 307. Ruthal, Thomas, Bishop of Durham, one of Henry's ministers, 49, 127; appointed privy seal, 92, 273; death, 116, 117. Rutland, Earl of. _See_ Manners, Edward.

S.

Sack of Rome, 171, 172, 178, 200, 212, 216, 226, 230, 316, 428, 439. Sadleir, Sir Ralph, 394, 402. Sagudino, 95. St. Albans, 6, 117. --- Andrews, 88, 248, 415. --- Angelo, 170, 171. --- Asaph, Bishop of. _See_ Standish, Henry. --- Bartholomew Massacre, 439. --- Januarius, 380. --- John, 172. --- ---- Knights of, 164, 381. --- Leger, Sir Anthony, 367. --- Mathias, 163. --- Omer, 344 and _note_. --- Paul, 194, 296, 326. --- Paul's Cathedral, 14, 43, 66, 125. --- Peter's, 170, 171. --- Pol, Francis de Bourbon, Count of, 225. Salisbury, Bishopric of, 318. --------- Bishops of. _See_ Audley, Edmund; Shaxton, Nicholas. --------- Countess of. _See_ Pole, Margaret. Sampson, Richard, Bishop of Chichester, 394. Sandwich, 140. Sandys, Sir William, 131. Sanga, Gio. Batt., 206, 213 _n_, 216, 225. Sarpi, Paolo, 16 _n_. _Sarum Use, The_, 417. Savoy, Louise of. _See_ Louise. ----- Margaret of. _See_ Margaret. Saxony, Duke of, 103, 383. Scarborough, 357. Schwartz, Martin, 10. Scotland, Henry VIII.'s claim to suzerainty over, 406 _n_, 408, 409; war with, 11, 405-408; Roman law in, 32; infant king of, 69; English influence in, 88; Albany leaves, 97; English interests in, 149, 150; Albany again in, 156; peace with, 315, 324; other references to, 159, 250, 369, 375, 383, 399. Scottish borders, 11, 17, 66, 157, 315, 362, 364, 375. Scotus, Duns, 123, 334. Selim, Sultan, 164. Sessa, Duke of, 169. Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford, afterwards Duke of Somerset, Scottish expeditions, 69, 411, 413, 415; rises in Henry's favour, 346, 416, 422; commands in France, 413; speech at his execution, 434 _n_. ------- Queen Jane. _See_ Jane. ------- Sir John of Wolf Hall, 346. ------- Sir Thomas, 410. Sforza, Francesco Maria, 66, 76, 89. Shakespeare, William, 21, 35, 110, 114, 116 _n_, 197 _n_, 308, 434 _n_. Shanklin Chine, 414. Shaxton, Nicholas, Bishop of Salisbury, 401. Sheen, 43. Sheffield, Sir Robert, 113. Ships:-- _Great Harry_ or _Henry Grace a Dieu_, 140. _Henry Imperial_, 63, 363. _Katherine Pleasaunce_, 140. _Mary Rose_, 157, 414. _Princess Mary_, 127. _Royal George_, 414. Shoreham, 414. Shrewsbury, 252 _n_. ---------- Earl of. _See_ Talbot, George. Sibylla of Cleves, 383. Sicily, 230 _n_. Simnel, Lambert, 9, 10, 18. Sinclair, Oliver, 407. Sittingbourne, 385. Six Articles, The, 390, 392, 400, 401, 411, 415, 418, 431. Skeffington, Thomas, Bishop of Bangor, 114 _n_. ----------- Sir William, 366. Skelton, John, 19, 21 and _note_, 66, 338. Smeaton, Mark, 344, 345. Smithfield, 400. Solway Moss, 407, 408. Somerset, Charles, Lord Herbert, afterwards Earl of Worcester, 50, 110, 122. -------- Duke of. _See_ Seymour, Edward. Southampton, 52, 57, 127, 390. ----------- Earls of. _See_ Fitzwilliam, Sir William; Wriothesley, Sir Thomas. Southwell, Sir Richard, 423. Spain, 31, 32, 57, 69, 73, 75, 78, 94, 95, 101, 104, 108, 137, 139, 143, 156, 159, 162, 166, 167, 178, 181, 201, 218, 223, 228, 292, 301, 309, 312, 316, 370, 382. Spanish alliance, 26, 143, 410. Spithead, 414. Spurs, battle of, 64, 65, 74. Stafford, Edward, third Duke of Buckingham, 9, 37 _n_, 38, 50, 111, 118, 179, 181, 182, 248, 434 _n_. -------- Henry, Earl of Wiltshire, 50. Stafileo, Dean of the Rota, 197 _n_. Standish, Henry, Bishop of St. Asaph, 130, 234-236, 259 _n_, 269. Stanley, Thomas, first Earl of Derby, 8. ------- Sir William, 10. Star Chamber. _See_ Court. Stephen, King, 180. Stewart, Henry, first Lord Methven, 200. ------- John, Duke of Albany, 87, 88, 97, 156, 157. Stile, John, 37 _n_. Stillington, Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 306. Stirling, 88. Stoke-on-Trent, 10. Stokesley, John, Bishop of London, 259 _n_, 282 _n_, 300, 327 _n_. Strode's case, 259. Stuarts, the, 8, 32, 35 and _note_, 233, 261, 341, 366. Succession to the Crown, 179-184, 348 _n_; denied to women, 179, 180. ---------- Acts of, 321, 324, 348. Suffolk, Countess of. _See_ Pole, Margaret. ------- Duke of. _See_ Brandon, Charles. ------- Earl of. _See_ Pole, Edmund de la. Supreme Head, Henry VIII. as, 268, 286, 325, 328, 330 _n_, 331, 377, 378, 421. Surgeons, College of, 401. Surrey, Earl of. _See_ Howard, Henry. Switzerland, 272. Swynford, Catherine, 6.

T.

Talbot, George, fourth Earl of Shrewsbury, 50, 355 _n_. Tarbes, Bishop of. _See_ Grammont, Gabriel de. Taunton, 255. Taylor, Dr. John, 64 _n_, 235, 236. Ten Articles, The, 378. Thames, 63. Therouanne, 64, 65. Thomas, St. _See_ Aquinas. Torregiano, Pietro, 44. Torture, use of, 432. Toulouse, 283. Tournay, 10, 65, 68, 73, 74, 77, 80, 115, 181. Tower of London, 2, 10, 19, 38, 44, 50, 112, 114 and _note_, 272, 324, 332, 345, 367, 374, 394, 402-404, 422-424. Trinity House, 126. Tudors, the, pedigree of, 5, 7, 8, 14; infant mortality of, 12, 174-177, 342, 343; education of, 19; orthodoxy of, 24; courage of, 63; liveries of, 21; adulation paid to, 32, 35, 36, 239, 248; autocracy, characteristics of, 38, 233, 433, 435; government of, 30, 34, 36, 134, 270, 279 _n_, 329, 366, 368, 430, 434; discontent under, 256, 313. Tudor, Edmund, Earl of Richmond, 5, 6. ----- ------ Duke of Somerset, son of Henry VII., 22, 38. ----- Jasper, 5. ----- Owen, 5, 6. Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of London and Durham, his opinions on foreign policy, 92, 94; present at the burning of Luther's books, 125; wide discretion allowed him by Henry, 133; sent to Spain, 166; is Lord Privy Seal, 273; is not summoned to Parliament (1532), 289; in opposition to the divorce, 306; president of the Council of the North, 358; other references to, 102, 289, 297 _n_, 386, 394. Tyndale, William, 272, 274.

U.

Uniformity, Act of, 391, 417. Urbino, the Pope's seizure of, 376. ------ Duke of. _See_ Rovere.

V.

Vaux, John Joachim, 247 _n_. Vendome, Duc de, 160. Venice, 25, 29, 51-54, 61, 69-71, 76, 89, 90, 99, 112, 114, 118, 159, 168, 224. Vere, John de, thirteenth Earl of Oxford, 355 _n_. Vergil, Polydore, 77, 111, 112, 182. Vinci, Leonardo da, 140. Vinea, Peter de, 329.

W.

Wales, 315, 364 and _note_.
----- Prince of. _See_ Arthur, Prince;
_also_ Henry VIII.
----- Statute of, 365-367.
Wallop, Sir John, 402, 410.
Walsingham, Sir Edmund, Lieutenant of the Tower, 272.
---------- Sir Francis, 38.
Warbeck, Perkin, 10, 11, 18, 19.
Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury,
marries Henry VIII. to Catherine of Aragon, and crowns
them, 46, 48;
is diplomatist, Lord Chancellor and Archbishop, 48, 92,
258;
is Chancellor of Oxford University, 49;
is present at the burning of Luther's books, 125;
debates the legality of Henry's marriage, 174;
his views on papal authority, 269;
compares Henry VIII. with Henry II., 271;
but admits that _Ira principis mors est_, 270;
death, 296;
other references to, 120, 248, 286.
Warwick, Earl of. _See_ Edward.
Waterford, 11.
Welz, 99.
West, Nicholas, Bishop of Ely, 110, 122, 338.
Westminster, 2, 278, 421, 424.
----------- Abbey, 5, 44, 46, 175, 300, 395, 426.
----------- Bishopric of, 401.
Weston, Sir Francis, 344.
Whitehall Palace, 239, 421.
Wight, Isle of, 375.
William the Conqueror, 3.
------- III., 186.
Wills and Uses, Statute of, 262, 289, 293, 336.
Wilton, 242.
Wiltshire, Earls of. _See_ Boleyn, Thomas;
Stafford, Henry.
Winchcombe, Abbot of, 234, 235.
Winchester, 14, 198, 247, 254, 255, 294, 318.
---------- Bishops of. _See_ Beaufort, Henry;
Fox, Richard;
Gardiner, Stephen.
Windsor, 156, 157, 167, 361, 421, 425, 426.
------- Sir Andrew, 119.
Wingfield, Sir Richard, 166.
--------- Sir Robert, 91.
Woking, 421.
Wolf, John, 259 _n_.
Wolman, Dr. Richard, 198, 199.
Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal Archbishop of York, his birth, 38;
becomes Henry's almoner and member of council, 56;
his industry and many preferments, 177 and _note_;
is made cardinal, 77 and _note_;
is made legate, 97;
his domestic policy, peacefulness of, 119;
his distrust of parliaments, 120, 235, 258;
his partnership with the King, 121, 122, 129-132;
his neglect of the navy, 127;
his demands for money, 164, 165;
his results contrasted with Henry's, 244;
his foreign policy, 56, 62, 77, 78, 89, 98, 108-110,
137 and _note_, 144-147, 160, 166, 167;
opposition to his foreign policy, 92;
results of his foreign policy, 163, 164, 224, 245, 246;
his alliances with Charles V., 148-152, 156, 157;
his alliances with Francis I., 141, 142, 195;
conducts the conference at Calais, 144-147;
is a candidate for the Papacy, 146, 154, 155, 230;
his projects for ecclesiastical reform, 268, 269, 338;
suppresses monasteries, 338;
his educational endowments, 243, 338;
his wealth, 97, 115, 209;
his pensions, 115, 116;
his arrogance, 109 _sqq._;
his jealousy of others, 82, 83, 112-114, 182 and _note_;
his mistress and children, 117, 118;
his impatient temper, 132, 133;
his genius for diplomacy, 135, 136;
his character by Giustinian, 118;
his unpopularity, 203;
his first steps towards the divorce, 198, 200;
visits France in connection with the divorce, 201, 202;
his commission with Campeggio to try, and the trial of,
the divorce, 214, 221-223;
his fall precipitated by his failure to obtain the divorce,
154, 204, 223, 239;
his fall involves the ruin of the Church, 211, 237, 238;
his real attitude towards the divorce, 205, 206;
his attainder passed in the House of Lords, but rejected
in the House of Commons, 246, 247;
devotes his last days to his archiepiscopal duties, 247;
accused of treason and arrested, 247;
his remarks on the fickleness of royal favour; and his
death, 248;
other references to, 66, 81, 94, 119, 123, 138, 141, 142,
177, 235, 242, 248 _n_, 251, 272, 273, 278, 350,
399, 401, 410, 426, 439.
Woodstock, 177.
Woodville, Elizabeth, 15.
Woolwich, 126.
Worcester, 254 _n_.
--------- Bishopric of, 318.
--------- Bishops of. _See_ Ghinucci, Girolamo;
Giglis, Sylvester de;
Latimer, Hugh;
Pace, Richard.
--------- Cathedral, 14.
--------- Earl of. _See_ Somerset, Charles.
Worsley, Sir James, 259 _n_.
Wotton, Dr. Nicholas, 384.
Wriothesley, Sir Thomas, afterwards Earl of Southampton, 390, 394, 402,
411, 423.
Wulford, Ralf, 11.
Wuertemberg, 311.
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 188 and _note_, 189, 402.
Wycliffe, John, 232, 270, 274.
Wynter, Thomas, 118.

X.

Ximenes, Cardinal, 73.

Y.

York, 9, 39, 114, 247, 358, 403, 406. ---- Archbishopric of, 88, 117, 298, 318, 329. York, Archbishops of. _See_ Bainbridge, Christopher; Lee, Edward; Wolsey, Thomas. ---- Dukes of. _See_ Richard; Henry VIII.; Charles I. of England. ---- House, 239. Yorkist claimants, 9-11, 13. ------- plots, 9-11, 15.

Z.

Zapolya, John, 226 _n_. Zurich, 89.

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