Chapter XX: The Hero in History

Across the spaces of the centuries flit the figures known as heroes, some not heroic in aspect but great through the very power which has forbidden them to vanish utterly from the scenes of struggle. Poets who wrote immortal lines and philosophers who mocked the baseness of the age which set up shams for worship, reformers with a fierce belief in the cause that men as good as they abhorred to the point of merciless persecution--these rank with the soldier, rank higher than the monarch whose name must be placed upon the roll because his personality was strong to mould events that made the history of his country. High and low, prince or peasant--all knew the throes of struggle with opposing forces, since without effort none have attained to heroism.

Back into the Middle Ages Dante and Savonarola draw us, marvelling at the narrow limits which bound the vision of such free unfettered minds. The little grey town of Tuscany lives chiefly on the fame of the poet and preacher who loved her so passionately though she proved a cruel and ungrateful mother. The Italian state has ceased to assert its independence, and the brawling of party-strife no longer draws the mediator to make peace and, if possible, secure to himself some of the rich treasures of the Florentines whose work was {229} coveted afar. Pictures of wondrous beauty have been defaced and stolen, statuary has crumbled into the dust that lies thick upon the tombs of great men who have fallen. But the words of the _Divine Comedy_ will never be forgotten, and the glory of an epic rests always with Italian literature. All the cold and passionless intellect of the Renaissance can be personified in Lorenzo the Magnificent, who encouraged the pagan creeds that the Prior of San Marco yearned to overthrow. Enemies in life, they serve as opposing types of the fifteenth century Italian, one earnest, ardent, filled with zeal for self-sacrifice, the other an epicure, gratifying each whim, yet deserving praise because in every form he encouraged beauty. There is something fine in the magnanimity of the Medicean tyrant when he tried to conciliate the honest monk; there is something infinitely noble in the very weakness of the martyr, whose death disappointed so many of his followers because it proved that he had not miraculous powers.

The charm of Southern cities makes the background for the drama between man and the devil seem dingy in comparison, but even Central Europe has romantic figures in the Reformation times. No sensuous Italian mind could have defied Pope and Emperor so stoutly and changed the religion of many European nations without the world being drenched in blood. Luther is a less gallant champion than William of Orange who fought for toleration and lost life and wealth in the cause, but his words were powerful as weapons to reform the ancient abuses of the Church. He is singularly steadfast among the ranks of men struggling for freedom of the soul, but hardly daring to war against the cramping dogmas of the past.

{230}

The soldiers of the Catholic Church have all the glamour of tradition to render them immortal--they are the saints now whose lot was humblest upon earth. The Crusader has clashed through the ages with the noise of sword and armour, attracting the lover of romance, though he performed less doughty deeds than the monk of stern asceticism, whose rule forbade him to break peace. He enjoys glory still as he enjoyed the hour of victories, and the battle that might bring death but could not result in shame. The Brethren of St Dominic and St Francis shrank in life, at least, from the reverence paid to the sacrifice of worldly pleasures. They were marvellously simple, and believed that only some stray picture on their convent walls would remain to tell their story. They judged themselves unworthy to be praised, and their creed of cheerful resignation would have forbidden them to accept the adulation of the hero-worshipper which was lavished in their age upon more brilliant warriors of the Church.

Time has had revenge upon the Grand Monarch and the usurping tyrant, yet their names must be upon the roll of heroes, since they played a mighty part in the events that make history and cannot suffer oblivion though they have ceased to tower above the subjects they despised. Louis XIV's personality needs the mantle of magnificence which fell from France after the predominance of years. Napoleon can be watched in obscurity and exile till the price of countless victories is estimated more truly now than was possible for his contemporaries. His successor has become a mere tinsel figure meddling with strange impunity with the destinies of Europe, and possessing qualities so little heroic that only his audacious visions and his last great failure make the memory of France's last despotic ruler {231} one that must abide with the memory of those other Revolutionaries of 1848.

Mazzini and Garibaldi receive once more the respect that poverty stripped from them when they led a forlorn cause and gave up home and country. Earthly admiration came too late to console them for the ills of exile and the loss of their beloved, but they both knew that a struggle had not been vain which would leave Italy free. Romance forgets these sons of the South and their brief taste of popular glory. Youth looks further back for idols placed on pinnacles of tradition, despising shabby modern garb and loving the blood-stained suit of armour.

Rousseau has risen triumphant above the strife of tongues that would dispute his claims to the heroic because his life was marred and incomplete. He has credit now for a fierce impersonal love of truth and purity. He is a great teacher and a great philosopher, though none ever placed him among the heroic in action or in character. His cynical contemporary, Voltaire, still has some veil of vague obscurity which hides his brilliance from the world apt to reckon him a mere scoffer and destroyer of beliefs. He has more profound faith perhaps than many who took up the sword to defend religion, but he covered his spirit of tolerance with many cloaks of mockery, ashamed to be a hero in conventional trappings, eager to win recognition for his wit rather than immortality for the courage of the convictions he so firmly held.

Not of equal stature are the heroes looming through the curtain Fate drops before each scene of the world's drama when another play begins. There were selfish aims sometimes in the breasts of the patriotic, worldly ambitions in the Reformers, the lust of persecution {232} in the Saints. Yet these great protagonists of history are easy to distinguish among the crowd of actors who have played their parts. Their words grip the attention, their actions are fraught with real significance, and it is they who win applause when the play is at an end.

{233}

Index

Aboukir, 175, 177
Aboukir Bay, 174
Acre, 175, 177
Addison, 158
Ajaccio, 168, 171
Albizzi, Rinaldo degli, 31
Albizzi, the, 30, 31
Aldgonde, Sainte, 92
Alençon, Prince, 109
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 217, 218, 219, 220, 225
Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 225
Alexander, Emperor of Russia, 178
Alexander of Parma, 97
Alexandria, 174
Alexis, 137, 138, 144
Alfonso of Naples, 32
Alighieri, Durante, 21
Alma, Battle of, 209
Alps, the, 207
Alsace, Province of, 215
Alva, Duke of, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93
Amelia, Daughter of George I, 148
America, discovery of, 40
Amiens, Treaty of, 176
Amsterdam, 93, 139
_Anna Karenina_, 221
Angelico, Fra, 31
Angelo, Michael, 127
Angoulême, Duchess of, 180
Anita, wife of Garibaldi, 197
Anjou, 18, 45, 106, 111
Anjou, Duke of, 97, 98
Anna of Saxony, Princess, 80
Anne of Austria, 91, 118, 139
Anthony of Bourbon, 103
Antwerp, 86, 91, 95, 98
_Apostolato, Popolare_, the, 191
Apraxin, Admiral, 142
Aragon, Prince of, 18
Archangel, 138
Arezzo, 22
Aristotle, 16
Armand Jean Duplessis, 116, 117
Arouet, Francois Marie (see Voltaire)
Arques, Battlefield, 116
_Arrabiati_, the, 49
Artois, Count of, 180
Assisi, 14
Athens, Duke of, 30
Auerstädt, Battle of, 178
Augsburg, 56, 61, 71
Augustine, Saint, 53
Augustus, King of Poland, 142, 149
Augustus, William, 149
Austerlitz, Battle of, 178
Austria, 64, 70, 91, 96, 118, 121, 129, 151, 156,
172, 173, 175, 179, 180, 183, 186, 188, 192, 198,
202, 208, 209, 210
Austria, Emperor of, 202
Azov, 139

Balaclava, Battle of, 209
Bassi, Ugo, 193, 198, 204
Barras, 172
Bartholomew, Saint, Massacre of, 92, 107
Bassompierre, 125
Bastile, the, 125, 157, 171
Bavaria, 150
Bavaria, Dukes of, 14
Bayard, Knight, 67, 68
Béarns, 102
Beatrice, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28
Beauharnais, Eugene, 172, 184
Beauharnais, Hortense, 207
Beauharnais, Josephine, 172, 177, 207
"Beggars, The," 84, 85, 86, 90, 92, 94, 95
Beghards, the, 13
Bègue, Lambert Le, 13
Bèguines, 13
Behrs, Sophia, 221
Belgium, 211
_Bellerophon_, the, 182
Berlaymont, 83, 84
Berlin, 145, 160, 178
Berne, 174
Biagrasse, La, 67
Bianchi, the, 24
Bismarck, Herr Otto von, 210, 215
Blücher, 182
Bohemia, 152, 201
Bologna, 20, 26, 42, 69
Bonaparte, Charles, 169
Bora, Catherine von, 60
Bordeaux, 215
Borodino, Battle of, 180
Borsi, Marquis, 41
Botticelli, 38, 39
Boulogne, 178
Bourbon, 102
Bourbon, Constable of, 67, 68
Bourges, Archbishop of, 13
Brabant, Duke of, 86, 98
Brandenburg, Elector of, 145
Brederode, noble, 83, 84
Brienne, 169
Brill, 92
Brussels, 71, 83, 84, 88, 96
Buonaparte, Jerome, 179
Buonaparte, Joseph, 179
Buonaparte, Louis, 179
Burgundy, 64, 65

Cairo, 174
Cajetan, Papal Legate, 56
Calais, 73
Calas, 164
Calvin, John, 100, 163
Cambalet, Marquis of, 126
_Camicia Rossa_, the, 197
_Camisaders_, the, 93
_Campanile_, the, 32
Cambalet, Madame de, 127
Cane della Scala, 28, 29
Canossa, 14
Caprera, 201
Carbonari, the, 185, 186, 187, 188
Carlyle, 191
Casimir, John, 97
Cateau Cambrésis, 75
Catherine de Medici, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110
Catherine of Aragon, 64, 66
Catherine, Queen, 140, 143
Catholic League, the, 112, 114
Cavalcanti, Guido, 23
Cavour, Count, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206
Cencio, 15
Cerchi, the, 21, 24
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 192, 194, 196, 201
Charles I of England, 122, 129
Charles II of England, 133
Charles II of Spain, 132
Charles V, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 100
Charles VI of Austria, 150
Charles VII, 67
Charles VII, Emperor, 151
Charles VIII of France, 45, 46, 47
Charles IX, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109
Charles X, 186
Charles XII of Sweden, 140, 142, 145, 149, 152
Charles, Count of Anjou, 18, 45
Chartres, 114
Châtelet, Marquis du, 159, 160
Chevreuse, Madame de, 124
Chièvres, Flemish Councillor, 66
Chillon, Marquis de (see Richelieu), 117
Christ, 10, 38, 54, 58
Christianity, 11
_Ciompi_, the, 30
Cirey, 159, 160
Civil Code, the, 176
Cloth of Gold, Field of the, 65
Colbert, 130, 135
Coligny, Admiral de, 98, 99, 106, 107, 108
Columbus, Christopher, 64
Commune, the, 166
Compiègne, 208
Concini, 118, 119
_Concordat_, the, 176
Condé (Enghien), General, 129, 133, 137
Condé, Prince de, 106
_Confessions_, Tolstoy's, 224
Conrad, 18
Conradin, 18
Constantinople, 12, 32
"Continental System," the, 180
Corneille, 131
Corsica, island, 168, 170, 171
Cosimo dei Medici, 31, 33, 33, 34
_Cossacks_, the, 221
"Council of Trouble" (Blood), 89, 91
Crimea, the, 200, 209
Cromwell, Protector, 170
Crusades, the, 11

D'Aiguillon (see Madame de Cambalet)
D'Albert of Navarre, 65
Dante Alighieri, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 32, 187, 228
Delft, 95, 98
De Luynes, 119, 120
Denis, Madame, 161, 162
Deptford, 139
Desaix, General, 175
Dettingen, Battle of, 151
_Devin du Village, Le_, play, 165
Diet of Spires, 61
Diet of Worms, 57, 58
Dijon, 101
Directory, the, 173, 174
_Divine Comedy_, the, 28, 29, 229
Domenico, Fra, 49, 50, 51
Dominic, Saint, 13, 42, 230
Dominicans, 13, 43
Donati, Lucrezia, 34
Donati, the, 21, 23, 24, 26
Don John, 96, 97
Doukhobors, the, 225
Dresden, Treaty of, 152
Dreux, 113
Duc d'Enghien, 129
Duplessis, Armand Jean, 116

Egmont, Count, 79, 80, 81, 85, 87, 88, 89
Egypt, 174, 175, 177
Eisenach, 57
Eisleben, 52, 62
Elba, 180, 181, 182
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 90, 95, 97, 106, 108
_Émile_, 165
Enghien (Condé) (see Condé, General)
England, 63, 65, 69, 122, 135, 150, 152, 153, 157,
168, 172, 175, 176, 180, 182, 209, 211
Epérnon, General, 119
Erasmus, 55, 60
Erfurt, 52, 56, 223
Eric, Duke of Brunswick, 58
Eugénie, Empress, 208, 211, 212
Evelyn, John, 139

Faesulae, 20
Farinata degli Uberti, 19
Fénélon, Priest, 134
Ferdinand, 63
Ferdinand I, 184, 192, 200, 205
Ferdinand II, Emperor, 126
Ferdinand of Bohemia, 120
Ferney, 162
Ferrara, 41
Fet, Poet, 222
Flanders, 81, 135
Fleury, General, 202
Florence, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30,
31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47,
48, 49, 51
Flushing, 92
France, 17, 25, 27, 45, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74,
75, 85, 92, 95, 103, 109, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125,
126, 129, 130, 131, 135, 150, 152, 153, 168, 172,
175, 176, 201, 203, 207, 216
Francis I of France, 57, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 113
Francis II of Austria, 184, 202, 205
Francis Joseph II, Emperor, 202, 205
Francis, Saint, 13, 230
Franciscans, 13
Frankfort, 54, 61, 151, 180
Frankfort, Treaty of, 215
Frate, the, 27
Frederick II, 15, 17, 18
Frederick II, of Brandenburg and Hohenzollern, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 160, 161, 178
Frederick, Elector of Saxony, 53, 55, 64
Frederick, Elector Palatine, 120
Frederick, Prince of Wales, 148
Frederick William I, 145, 146, 147, 148, 154, 156
Fronde, La, 129
Frondeurs, the, 129

Galitzin, 137, 138
Gambetta, 213, 215
Gaston, brother of Louis XIII, 124
Garibaldi, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204,
205, 206, 207, 210, 230
Gay, 158
Gemma, 23
Geneva, 162, 164, 165, 166, 190
Genoa, 12, 168, 186, 189
George I of England, 148
George II of England, 151
Germany, 61, 62, 69, 70, 74, 85, 100, 154, 218
Ghent, Pacification of, 96
Ghibellines, 14, 16, 19, 22, 25
Giotto, 32
Giuliano, 38, 39
Gordon, Patrick, 140
Granvelle, Cardinal, 78, 79, 81
Greece, 175
Grenoble, 181
Grisi, 191
Guelfs, the, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22
Guise, Duke of, 103, 107
Guise, Henry of, 102, 108, 109, 112

Haarlem, 93, 94
Hamburg, 61
Henry II of France, 71, 75, 109
Henry III of France, 110, 112, 114
Henry IV of Germany, 14
Henry IV of France, 114, 116
Henry VI, 15
Henry VIII, 59, 63, 64, 65, 70
Henry of Anjou, 106, 111
Henry d'Albret, 113
Henry de Bourbon, 105
Henry of Guise, 102, 108, 111
Henry of Luxemburg, Emperor, 27, 28
Henry of Navarre, 97, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 113, 115
Henry, Prince of Bourbon, 102, 104
Henry of Valois, 112
Hohenlinden, Battle of, 175
Hohenstaufen, House of, 15, 17
Hohenzollern, House of, 210
Holland, 83, 85, 93, 95, 96, 98, 133, 179
Holy Land, 12
Holy Wars, 12
Homer, 28
Hoorn, Admiral, 85, 86, 89
Hubertsburg, 153
Huguenots (Confederates), 101, 102, 108, 118, 120, 123
Hungary, 65

Imola, Tower of, 37
India, 153, 174
"Indulgences," 54
_Inferno_, the, 26, 27, 29
Inkerman, Battle of, 209
Inquisition, the, 70, 76, 82, 83
Isabella, 63
Isabella of Portugal, 67
Italy, 12, 15, 17, 20, 27, 42, 45, 64, 67, 69, 122,
127, 173, 174, 175, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189,
191, 192, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 210
Ivan, half-brother of Peter the Great, 137
_Ivan the Fool_, 223
Ivry, Battlefield, 116

Jaffa, 175
Jansenists, the, 163
Jarnac, Battle of, 104
_Je l'ai vu_, play, 157
Jena, 59, 178
Jerusalem, 12, 15
Jesuits, the, 163
Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 63
John of Austria, 96

Katte, Lieutenant von, 149
Kléber, 177
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 139
Knox, John, 100

La Barre, 164
Ladies' Peace, The, 68
Lambert Le Bègue, 13
Landgrave of Hesse, 70
"League of the Compromise," 82, 83
Leboeuf, Marshal, 211
Lefort, 138
Legion of Honour, the, 176
Leibnitz, 159
Leipzig, Battle of, 180
Leo X, Pope, 54, 55
Leonora, wife of Concini, 118, 119
Leopold, Prince, 210, 211
Lesser Brothers, 14
Leszczynski, Stanislaus, 142
_Lettres anglaises_, 158
Leuthen, 152
Leyden, 94
Lille, Battle of, 135
Lisle, Rouget de, 176
Livonia, 140
Livy, 32
Locke, 158
Lombardy, 43, 68, 184, 202, 203
Longwy, Fortress of, 215
Lorenzo, Church of San, 32
Lorenzo the Magnificent, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38-41, 43, 229
Lorraine, Province of, 215
Louis XI, 65
Louis XIII, 118, 119, 122, 124, 127
Louis XIV, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 154, 230
Louis XVI, 165, 176, 180, 208
Louis XVIII, 180
Louis, Count of Nassau, 82, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96
Louis de Bourbon, 103, 104
Louis Philippe, King, 86, 207, 208
Louis, Saint, of France, 113
Louvain, 89
Louvre, the, 104, 117, 130
Low Countries, the, 63, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 87, 89, 90, 93
Lowe, Sir Hudson, 182
Lucerne, 218
Luçon, Bishop of, 117, 118, 119, 120
Ludovico, 37
Lulli, 132
Lunéville, Treaty of, 176
Luther, Johnny, 60
Luther, Martin, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
60, 61, 62, 69, 70, 100, 229
Luxemburg, 211
Luxemburg, Henry of, 27
Lyons, 17, 181

Madrid, 67
Madrid, Treaty of, 68
Magenta, Battle of, 202
Maggiore, Lake, 201
Magyars, 10
Mahomet, 9
Maintenon, Madame de, 133, 134, 136
Malines, 93
Malta, 69, 174, 175
Mameli, poet, 193
Manfred, 18
Manin, President of Venice, 198
Mantua, Duke of, 122
Marboeuf, 169
Marches, the, 206
Marco, San, 39, 41, 43, 48, 49, 50, 229
Marengo, Battle of, 175
Margaret of Parma, 78, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89
Margaret of Valois, 104, 105, 106, 108
Margrave of Baireuth, 149
Maria Theresa, 132, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 172
Marie Antoinette, 166, 172, 208
Marie de Medici, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127
Marie Louise, 177, 179, 180, 184
Marillac, Marshal, 125
Marino, San, 184
Marlborough, Duke of, 135
Marly, 131
Marmont, 173
Marsala, 204
_Marseillaise_, the, 176
Marseilles, 188
Martino, San, 21, 202
Mary, Queen of Scots, 101
Mary, Princess, 66
Matthias, Archduke, 96
Maurice, Duke of Saxony, 70, 71, 80
Maximilian, Emperor, 20
Mayenne, 113
Mazarin, 129, 131, 132
Mazarins, the, 129, 130
Mazeppa, Hetman, 142
Mazzini, Guiseppe, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,
191, 192, 193, 196, 199, 201, 222, 231
Medici, Cosimo dei, 31, 32, 33, 34
Medici, Lorenzo dei, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48
Medici, Piero, dei, 44, 45, 47
Medici, the, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 45, 66, 109
Menshikof, 140
Mentana, Battle of, 210
Metternich, Prince, 184, 185
Metz, 212, 215
Mexico, 210
Middelburg, 92
Milan, 20, 35, 36, 37, 64, 65, 66, 67, 174, 192, 202
Milan, Duchess of, 35, 37
Milan, Duke of, 35, 36
Miloslavski, Mary, 137
Miloslavski, Sophia, 137, 138, 143
Mirandola, Pico della, 42, 43
Modena, 184
Molière, 131, 162
Moltke, General von, 211, 212
Molwitz, Battle of, 151
Mons, 93, 97
Monsieur, Peace of, 109
Montebello, Battle of, 201
Monte Video, 197
Montigny, son of Hoorn, 91, 92
Montpensier, Duchess of, 111
Moreau, General, 175
Moscow, 137, 141, 180, 222
Muhlberg, 70
Murat, General, 184

Namur, 96
Nantes, Edict of, 114, 133
Naples, 16, 18, 32, 36, 39, 45, 63, 65, 66, 184, 191, 200
Napoleon Buonaparte, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,
173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182,
183, 188, 189, 196, 230
Napoleon, Louis, 193, 201, 207, 208
Napoleon III, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 215
Narva, 140
Naryshkin, Nathalie, 137
Nassau, 82
Navarre, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110,
112, 113, 115, 116
Navarre, d'Albert of, 65
_Navarre, Princesse de_, 159
Nelson, 174, 178
_Neri_, the, 24
Netherlands, the, 66, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78,
82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 133
Neva, river, 141, 142
New Learning, 63
Newton, 158, 159
New World, 64
Nice, 203
Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 216, 218
Niemen, 178
Nihilists, the, 225
Notre Dame, Cathedral of, 118, 129
_Nouvelle Héloïse, La_, play, 165
Novara, Battle of, 196, 200
Nuremburg, 61

_Oepide_, tragedy, 157
Orange, Prince of (see William)
Orleans, Duke of, 186
Orsini, Clarice, 34

Palermo, 16, 204, 205
Paoli, 168, 169
Papacy, the, 14, 15, 18, 52, 56, 66, 70
_Paradiso_, the, 28
Paris, 27, 59, 101, 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 119,
157, 158, 162, 167, 171, 181, 186, 208, 212, 213
Paris, the Congress of, 200
Parma, Duchess of, 79, 85
Parma, Duke of, 113
Pauline, sister of Napoleon, 199
Pavia, 67
_Pazzi, Carro dei_, 37
Pazzi, banking-house of, 37, 38, 39, 40
Pazzi Conspiracy, 36
Pazzi, Francesco dei, 37
Peter, Prince of Aragon, 18
Petersburg, Saint, 141, 142, 144, 145
Peter the Great, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
143, 144, 145, 226
Philip, Archduke of Austria, 64
Philip II, Emperor of Spain, 71, 75, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87,
88, 89, 92, 93, 97, 98, 105, 113, 118
Philip IV of Spain, 122
Philip, King of France, 25
"Piagnoni" (Snivellers), 47, 49, 50
Piedmont, 184, 189, 193, 199, 200
Pilo, Rosalino, 204, 205
Pisa, 12
Pisa, Archbishop of, 30, 39
Pisa, Lord of, 28
Pistoia, 24
Pitt, William, 178
Pius IV, 41
Pius VII, 184
Plasencia, city of, 72
Plato, 32
Plautus, 53
Poitou, 117
Poland, 150, 216
Poland, King of, 141, 142
_Polikoushka_, 218
Poltava, Battle of, 142
Pomerania, province, 152
Pompadour, Madame de, 158, 166
Pont Neuf, 117
Pope Alexander VI, 45, 48
Pope Boniface, 25
Pope Clement VII, 68
Pope Gregory VII, 14
Pope Gregory IX, 15, 16
Pope Innocent IV, 16, 43, 44
Pope Julius, 68
Pope Leo X, 54, 66
Pope Sixtus IV, 36, 42
Pope, the, 14, 16, 37, 41, 47, 48, 53, 62, 64, 69, 173, 208
Portinari, the, 21
Portinari, Beatrice, 22
Portugal, 67, 105, 133, 179
Portugal, King of, 105
Potsdam, 160, 161
Potsdam Guards, 145, 146
Poussin, 127
_Power of Darkness_, the 223
"Pragmatic Sanction", the, 150
Prague, 152
Preaching Brothers, 14
Pressburg, 151
Prior, 158
Protestants, 61, 78, 86, 92, 93, 109, 114, 122
Prussia, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 160, 180,
209, 210, 211, 215
Puglia, Francesco da, 49, 50
_Purgatorio_, the, 28
Pyrenees, Treaty of, 130

Quatre, Henri, 113

Racine, 131
Radetsky, Field-Marshal, 195
Ramboullet, Julie de, 127
Ramolino, 189
Ramolino, Letitia, 168
Ravaillac, 115
Ravenna, 29
Requesens, Don Luis, 94, 95
_Resurrection_, Tolstoy's, 226
Revival of Letters, 55
Revolution, French, 155, 170
Rheims, 114
Rheinsburg, Castle of, 149
Rhodes, 69
Riario, 37, 38
Richelieu, Cardinal, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129
Rochelle, La, 109, 121
Rocroy, Battle of, 129
Rohan, Chevalier, 157
Rohan, Duke of, 122
Roman Emperor, the Holy, 64
Roman Empire, 68
Rome, 13, 15, 20, 24, 35, 38, 47, 54, 55, 56,
61, 101, 117, 121, 195, 196, 197, 198, 204, 207, 210
Roon, General von, 212
Rossbach, Battle of, 152
Rotondo, Monte, Battle of, 210
Rouen, 103
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 164, 165, 166, 167, 230
Ruel, 127
Ruffini, Jacopo, 189, 191
Russia, 139, 141, 142, 152, 156, 172, 179, 180,
200, 209, 217, 219, 224
Ryssel, 79
Ryswick, Peace of, 135

Sadowa, Battle of, 209, 210
Saint Augustine, Order of, 53
Saint-Cyr, Convent of, 133
Saint Dominic, 13, 42, 230
Saint Francis, 13, 230
Salemi, city of, 204
Salviati, Archbishop, 38
Sansoni, Cardinal Raffaelle, 38
San Yuste, Monastery of, 71, 72
Sardinia, 184, 198, 199, 201, 204, 205
Sardinia, King of, 184, 194, 196, 204, 205
Savonarola, Girolamo, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 228
Savoy, 69, 122, 190, 203
Savoy, Duchy of, 184, 198, 206
Saxony, 59, 70, 80, 150, 152, 179
Saxony, Elector of, 53, 58, 61, 70, 87
Sayes Court, 139
Scala, Cane della, 28
Scarron, Poet, 133
Sebastopol, Siege of, 217, 223
Sedan, Battle of, 212
Segovia, Castle of, 91
Seine, river, 9
Selim, 65
Sepulchre, the Holy, 11
Servetus, 100
Sforza, Galeazzo, 35, 37
Sicily, 63, 184, 191, 204, 205, 206
Silent, William the (see William)
Silesia, 150, 151, 152, 153
Simone de Bardi, 22
_Social Contract_, the, 165
Solferino, Battle of, 202
Soliman the Magnificent, 69
Sorbonne, the, 101, 112
Spain, 63, 64, 67, 70, 76, 78, 81, 86, 87, 90,
91, 97, 105, 118, 122, 126, 130, 133, 150, 179, 210
Spain, King of, 86, 104
Speyer, Diet of, 61
Stäel, Madame de, 180
States-General, the, 81, 95, 96
Staupnitz, 53
St Bartholomew, Massacre of, 92, 107
St Helena, 182
St Jerome, brothers of, 72
St John, Knights of, 69
St Peter's, 16, 53, 54
_Streltsy_, the, 138, 139
Sully, 114
Susa, Pass of, 123
Swabia, 14, 18
Swarte, John de, 79
Sweden, 141, 142
Swift, Jonathan, 157
Switzerland, 190
Syria, 175

Tetzel, 54, 55
Thiers, Monsieur, 215
Thionville, Fortress of, 215
Third Estate, the, 158
Thirty Years' War, 126
Tilsit, Treaty of, 178, 180
Titelmann, Peter, 78
Titian, 72
Toledo, Duke of Alva, 88
Toleration, Edicts of, 111
Tolstoy, Countess, 223
Tolstoy, Count Leo, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227
Torriano, 73
Toulon, 172
Tours, 213
Trafalgar, Battle of, 178
Trianon, village, 166
"Troubles, Council of," 89
Tuileries, the, 104, 180, 181, 210
Turenne, General 133, 137
Turgeniev, novelist, 217, 221
Turin, 206
Turkey, 140, 142, 200, 208, 217
Tuscany, 19, 184, 192
Tyrol, the, 201

Uguccione, Lord of Pisa, 28
Umbria, 206
United States, 198
Urbino, Duke of, 37

Valladolid, 76
Valois, Henry of, 112
Vassy, 103
Vatican, the, 117
Venetia, 202
Venice, 12, 20, 36, 184, 198, 203, 205, 206, 210
Vergil, 27, 28, 53
Verona, 28
Versailles, 130, 131, 132, 134, 154, 159, 213, 215
Victor Emmanuel II, 196, 198, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207
Victor Emmanuel, King, 184
Vienna, 183, 185, 192, 198
Voltaire, 136, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 231
Volterra, town of, 36, 38, 40
Volturno, Battle of, 206

Waiblingen (Ghibellines), 14
Walcheren, 92, 95
_War and Peace_, 221
Warsaw, 216
Waterloo, Battle of, 182
Weaving Brothers, 13
Weimar, 57
_Welf_, 14
Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 179, 182
Wellington, Duke of (see Wellesley)
Westphalia, 179
Wilhelm I, Emperor, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215
Wilhelmina, 147, 148, 149
_Wilhelmus van Nassouwen_, 92
William III of England, 135, 139
William, Prince of Orange, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 108, 229
William the Stadtholder, 135
Wittenburg, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62
Wolsey, Cardinal, 65
Worms, 57, 58, 61, 69
Wörth, Battle of, 212

Yasnaya Polyana, 219, 221, 223

Zaandem, 139
Zealand, 93, 95, 96, 98
Zierickzee, 95
Zorndorf, Battle of, 152
Zutphen, 93

End of Project Gutenberg's Heroes of Modern Europe, by Alice Birkhead