Chapter XL: Appendix: A (5)

I had always three boiling-point thermometers in use, and for several months five; the instruments were constructed by Newman, Dollond, Troughton, and Simms, and Jones, and though all in one sense good instruments, differed much from one another, and from the truth. Mr. Welsh has had the kindness to compare the three best instruments with the standards at the Kew Observatory at various temperatures between 180° and the boiling-point; from which comparison it appears, that an error of l·5° may be found at some parts of the scale of instruments most confidently vouched for by admirable makers. Dollond’s thermometer, which Dr. Thomson had used throughout his extensive west Tibetan journeys, deviated but little from the truth at all ordinary temperatures. All were so far good, that the errors, which were almost entirely attributable to carelessness in the adjustments, were constant, or increased at a constant ratio throughout all parts of the scale; so that the results of the different instruments have, after correction, proved strictly comparable.

The kettle used was a copper one, supplied by Newman, with free escape for the steam; it answered perfectly for all but very high elevations indeed, where, from the water boiling at very low temperatures, the metal of the kettle, and consequently of the thermometer, often got heated above the temperature of the boiling water.

I found that no confidence could be placed in observations taken at great elevations, by plunging the thermometer in open vessels of boiling water, however large or deep, the abstraction of heat from the surface being so rapid, that the water, though boiling below, and hence bubbling above, is not uniformly of the same temperature throughout.

In the Himalaya I invariably used distilled, or snow or rain-water; but often as I have tried common river-water for comparison, I never found that it made any difference in the temperature of the boiling-point. Even the mineral-spring water at Yeumtong, and the detritus-charged glacial streams, gave no difference, and I am hence satisfied that no objection can be urged against river waters of ordinary purity.

On several occasions I found anomalous rises and falls in the column of mercury, for which I could not account, except theoretically, by assuming breaks in the column, which I failed to detect on lifting the instrument out of the water; at other times, I observed that the column remained for several minutes stationary, below the true temperature of the boiling water, and then suddenly rose to it. These are no doubt instrumental defects, which I only mention as being sources of error against which the observer must be on the watch: they can only be guarded against by the use of two instruments.

With regard to the formula employed for deducing the altitude from a boiling-point observation, the same corrections are to a great extent necessary as with barometric observations: if no account is taken of the probable state of atmospheric pressure at the level of the sea at or near the place of observation, for the hour of the day and month of the year, or for the latitude, it is obvious that errors of 600 to 1000 feet may be accumulated. I have elsewhere stated that the pressure at Calcutta varies nearly one inch (1000 feet), between July and January; that the daily tide amounts to one-tenth of an inch (=100 feet); that the multiplier for temperature is too great in the hot season and too small in the cold; and I have experimentally proved that more accuracy is to be obtained in measuring heights in Sikkim, by assuming the observed Calcutta pressure and temperature to accord with that of the level of the sea in the latitude of Sikkim, than by employing a theoretical pressure and temperature for the lower station.

In the following observations, the tables I used were those printed by Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau for the East India Company’s Magnetic Observatory at Simla, which are based upon Regnault’s Table of the ‘Elastic Force of Vapour.’ The mean height of the barometrical column is assumed (from Bessel’s formula) to be 29·924 at temp. 32°, in lat. 45°, which, differing only ·002 from the barometric height corresponding to 212° Fahrenheit, as determined experimentally by Regnault, gives 29·921 as the pressure corresponding to 212° at the level of the sea.

The approximate height in feet corresponding to each degree of the boiling-point, is derived from Oltmann’s tables. The multipliers for the mean temperature of the strata of atmosphere passed through, are computed for every degree Fahrenheit, by the formula for expansion usually employed, and given in Baily’s Astronomical Tables and Biot’s Astronomie Physique.

For practical purposes it may be assumed that the traveller, in countries where boiling-point observations are most desired, has never the advantage of a contemporaneous boiling-point observation at a lower station. The approximate difference in height is hence, in most cases, deduced from the assumption, that the boiling-point temperature at the level of the sea, at the place of observation, is 212°, and that the corresponding temperature of the air at the level of the sea is hotter by one degree for every 330 feet of difference in elevation. As, however, the temperature of boiling water at the level of the sea varies at Calcutta between July and January almost from 210·7° to 212·6°, I always took the Calcutta barometer observation at the day and hour of my boiling-point observation, and corrected my approximate height by as many feet as correspond to the difference between the observed height of the barometer at Calcutta and 29·921; this correction was almost invariably (always normally) subtractive in the summer, often amounting to upwards of 400 feet: it was additive in winter, and towards the equinoxes it was very trifling.

For practical purposes I found it sufficient to assume the Calcutta temperature of the air at the day and hour of observation to be that of the level of the sea at the place of observation, and to take out the multiplier, from the mean of this and of the temperature at the upper station. As, however, 330 feet is a near approach to what I have shown (Appendix I) to be the mean equivalent of 1° for all elevations between 6000 and 18,000 feet; and as the majority of my observations were taken between these elevations, it results that the mean of all the multipliers employed in Sikkim for forty-four observations amounts to 65·1° Fahrenheit, using the Calcutta and upper station observations, and 65·3° on the assumption of a fall of 1° for every 330 feet. To show, however, how great an error may accrue in individual cases from using the formula of 1° to 330, I may mention that on one occasion, being at an elevation of 12,000 feet, with a temperature of the air of 70°, the error amounted to upwards of 220 feet, and as the same temperature may be recorded at much greater elevations, it follows that in such cases the formula should not be employed without modification.

A multitude of smaller errors, arising from anomalies in the distribution of temperature, will be apparent on consulting my observations on the temperature at various elevations in Sikkim; practically these are unavoidable. I have also calculated all my observations according to Professor J. Forbes’s formula of 1° difference of temperature of boiling-water, being the equivalent of 550 feet at all elevations. (See Ed. Phil. Trans., vol xv. p. 405.) The formula is certainly not applicable to the Sikkim Himalaya; on the contrary, my observations show that the formula employed for Boileau’s tables gives at all ordinary elevations so very close an approach to accuracy on the mean of many observations, that no material improvement in its construction is to be anticipated.

At elevations below 4000 feet, elevations calculated from the boiling-point are not to be depended on; and Dr. Thomson remarked the same in north-west India: above 17,000 feet also the observations are hazardous, except good shelter and a very steady fire is obtainable, owing to the heating of the metal above that of the water. At all other elevations a mean error of 100 feet is on the average what is to be expected in ordinary cases. For the elevation of great mountain masses, and continuously elevated areas, I conceive that the results are as good as barometrical ones; for the general purposes of botanical geography, the boiling-point thermometer supersedes the barometer in point of practical utility, for under every advantage, the transport of a glass tube full of mercury, nearly three feet long, and cased in metal, is a great drawback to the unrestrained motion of the traveller.

In the Khasia mountains I found, from the mean of twelve stations and twenty-three observations, the multiplier as derived from the mean of the temperature at the upper station and at Calcutta, to be 75.2°, and as deduced from the formula to be 73·1°. Here, however, the equivalent in feet for 1° temp. is in summer very high, being 1°=385 feet. (See Appendix I.) The mean of all the elevations worked by the boiling-point is upwards of 140 feet below those worked by the barometer.

The following observations are selected as having at the time been considered trustworthy, owing to the care with which they were taken, their repetition in several cases, and the presumed accuracy of the barometrical or trigonometrical elevation with which they are compared. A small correction for the humidity of the air might have been introduced with advantage, but as in most barometrical observations, the calculations proceed on the assumption that the column of air is in a mean state of saturation; as the climate of the upper station was always very moist, and as most of the observations were taken during the rains, this correction would be always additive, and would never exceed sixty feet.

It must be borne in mind that the comparative results given below afford by no means a fair idea of the accuracy to be obtained by the boiling-point. Some of the differences in elevation are probably due to the barometer. In other cases I may have read off the scale wrong, for however simple it seems to read off an instrument, those practically acquainted with their use know well how some errors almost become chronic, how with a certain familiar instrument the chance of error is very great at one particular part of the scale, and how confusing it is to read off through steam alternately from several instruments whose scales are of different dimensions, are differently divided, and differently lettered; such causes of error are constitutional in individual observers. Again, these observations are selected without any reference to other considerations but what I have stated above; the worst have been put in with the best. Had I been dependent on the boiling-point for determining my elevations, I should have observed it oftener, or at stated periods whenever in camp, worked the greater elevations from the intermediate ones, as well as from Calcutta, and resorted to every system of interpolation. Even the following observations would be amended considerably were I to have deduced the elevation by observations of the boiling-point at my camp, and added the height of my camp, either from the boiling-point observations there, or by barometer, but I thought it better to select the most independent method of observation, and to make the level of the sea at Calcutta the only datum for a lower station.

SERIES I.—_Sikkim Observations._

Place Month Elevation by Barom. or Trigonom. Temp. B.P. Air Elevation by B.P. Error

Great Rungeet river Bhomsong Guard House, Great Rungeet Choongtam Dengha Mr. Muller’s (Dorjiling) Dr. Campbell’s (Dorjiling) Mr. Hodgson’s (Dorjiling) Sinchul Lachoong Lamteng Zemu Samdong Mainom Junction of Zemu & Thlonok Tallum Yeumtong Zemu river Tungu Jongri Zemu river Lachee-pia Momay Palung Kongra Lama Snow-bed above Yeumtong Tunkra pass Yeumtso Donkia Mountain above Momay Sebolah pass Kinchinjow Donkia Mountain Donkia Mountain Bhomtso Donkia pass Feb. Dec. Apr. Aug. Aug. Feb. Apr. Feb. Jan. Aug. Aug. July Dec. July July Sept. June July/Oct. Jan. June Aug. Sept. Oct. July Sept. Aug. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. (feet) B. 818 1,544 1,864 5,268 6,368 Tr. 6,925 6,932 B. 7,429 Tr. 8,607 B. 8,712 8,884 8,976 Tr. 10,702 B. 10,846 11,482 11,919 12,070 12,751 13,194 13,281 15,262 15,362 15,620 15,694 15,985 16,083 16,808 16,978 17,394 17,585 17,624 18,510 18,307 18,450 18,466 210·7 210·2 208·1 202·6 200·6 199·4 200·1 199·4 197·0 196·4 196·3 196·1 193·4 193·6 191·8 191·3 190·4 189·7 188·8 188·5 186·0 186·1 185·4 184·1 184·6 164·1 183·1 182·4 181·9 181·9 181·0 180·6 179·9 181·2 181·2 56·3 58·0 72·7 65·0 68·0 41·3 59·5 47·6 41·7 54·6 77·0 58·6 38·0 52·0 54·6 52·2 48·5 43·4 26·0 47·0 42·8 48·6 45·8 41·5 44·5 39·0 15·0 41·0 47·8 46·5 47·5 37·1 38·8 52·0 45·5 (feet) 904 1,321 2,049 5,175 6,246 7,122 6,745 7,318 8,529 8,777 8,937 8,916 10,516 10,872 11,451 11,887 12,139 12,696 13,151 13,360 14,912 14,960 15,437 16,041 15,816 16,317 16,279 17,049 17,470 17,517 18,026 18,143 18,597 18,305 17,866 (feet) + 86 – 223 + 185 – 93 – 122 + 197 – 187 – 111 – 78 + 65 + 53 – 60 – 186 + 26 – 31 – 32 + 69 – 55 – 43 + 79 – 350 – 402 – 183 + 347 – 169 + 54 – 529 + 71 + 76 – 68 + 402 – 367 + 290 – 145 – 600 Mean – 58

SERIES II.—_Khasia Observations._

Place Month Elevation by Barometer Temp. B.P. Air Elevation by B.P. Diff.

Churra Amwee Nurtiung Nunklow Kala-panee

Myrung Syong Moflong

Chillong June September October July June, July, Sept., Oct. July July July, Aug., Oct., Nov. November (feet) 4,069 4,105 4,178 4,688 5,302

5,647 5,725 6,062

6,662 204·4 205·1 205·0 203·9 202·2

201·9 201·8 201·4

201·2 70·3 67·7 70·0 69·8 65·8

69·4 70·8 64·8

62·8 (feet) 4,036 4,041 4,071 4,333 5,202

5,559 5,632 5,973

6,308 (feet) – 33 – 64 – 107 – 355 – 100

– 88 – 93 – 89

– 354 Mean 5,160 5·016 – 143

K.

ACTINOMETER OBSERVATIONS.

The few actinometer observations which I was enabled to record, were made with two of these instruments constructed by Barrow, and had the bulbs of their thermometers plunged into the fluid of the chamber. They were taken with the greatest care, in conformity with all the rules laid down in the “Admiralty Guide,” and may, I think, be depended upon. In the Sikkim Himalaya, a cloudless day, and one admitting of more than a few hours’ consecutive observations, never occurs—a day fit for any observation at all is very, rare indeed. I may mention here that a small stock of ammonia-sulphate of copper in crystals should be supplied with this instrument, also a wire and brush for cleaning, and a bottle with liquid ammonia: all of which might be packed in the box.

Active 6.568. Time always mean.

_Jillapahar, Dorjiling, Elev. 7,430 feet, Lat. 27° 3′ N., Long. 88° 13′ E._ A.—APRIL 19TH, 1850. _Watch slow 1′ 15″ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 8.00 to 8.13 a.m. 8.15 to 8.28 a.m. 9.00 to 9.13 a.m. 10.00 to 10.13 a.m. 11.00 to 11.13 a.m. Noon to 12.13 p.m. 1.00 to 1.13 p.m. 2.00 to 2.13 p.m. 11·1 15·0 17·7 19·1 19·0 18·8 17·2 17·4 65·5 69·5 71·5 72·5 75·0 75·0 73·3 74·0 9·9900 12·2645 14·5140 15·4710 14·9150 12·7600 13·8976 13·8330 22·960

22·948 22·947 22·946 22·944 22·939 22·914 53·5

56·0 57·0 58·5 60·3 59·4 60·3 33·8

37·2 39·7 38·2 44·8 40·7 44·1 19·7

18·8 17·3 20·3 15·5 18·7 16·2 ·505

·513 ·550 ·500 ·592 ·546 ·577 88·0 111·5 110·0 121·0 125·0 120·0 122·0 108·0 Day unexceptional, wind S.W., after 10 a.m. squally.

Dense haze over snowy mountains.

B.—APRIL 20TH.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 8.0 to 8.30 a.m. 9.0 to 9.13 a.m. 10.0 to 10.13 a.m. 11·8 17·8 18·8 64·0 73·3 65·0 10·9150 14·2750 14·7580 22·969 22·974 22·985 54·2 56·2 57·0 43·4 44·1 42·5 10·8 12·1 14·5 ·691 ·662 ·609 74·0 92·0 92·0 Dense haze, S.E. wind, cloudless sky.

_Superintendent’s House, Dorjiling, Elev. 6,932 feet._ C.—APRIL 21ST. _Watch slow 1′ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 8.35 to 8.48 a.m. 9.07 to 9.20 a.m. 10.00 to 10.13 a.m. 11.00 to 11.13 a.m. 17·3 20·9 23·9 24·4 65·0 72·7 77·3 81·0 15·7084 16·8872 18·3791 17·8864 23·447 56·4 63·8 60·8 47·6 49·9 49·2 8·8 13·9 11·6 ·741 ·628 ·677 97.0 100·0 109·0 107·5 Day very fine, snowy mts. in dull red haze, wind S.E. faint.

_Rampore Bauleah (Ganges). Elev. 130 feet, Lat. 24° 24′ N., Long. 88° 40′ E._ MAY 17TH, 1850. _Watch slow 15″ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 7.51 to 8.13 a.m. 9.03 to 9.17 a.m. 9.20 to 9.33 a.m. 11.15 to 11.28 a.m. 11.32 to 11.45 a.m. 1.20 to 1.33 p.m. 1.40 to 1.53 p.m. 13·0 19·5 21·2 21·1 16·5 21·6 21·4 88·0 96·0 107·0 105·0 108·7 108·5 113·7 8·8790 12·5190 12·7836 12·8499 9·8770 12·9348 12·4976 29·698

29·615

29·620 87·5 92·0 92·3 98·5 98·3 104·5 105·8 80·1 81·2 80·2 74·8 74·3 76·7 72·2 7·4 10·8 12·1 23·7 24·0 27·8 33·6 ·793 ·715 ·687 ·478 ·475 ·425 ·355 91·0 83·8 132·0 98·5 142·0 144·0 134·0 S.E. wind, very hazy to west, sky pale blue. Wind west, rising.

_Churra, Khasia Mountains. Elev. 4,225 feet, Lat. 25° 15′ N., Long. 91° 47′ E._ A.—NOVEMBER 4TH, 1850. _Watch slow 7′ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 6.20 to 6.30 a.m. 6.32 to 6.42 a.m. 7.55 to 8.05 a.m. 8.08 to 8.18 a.m. 8.20 to 8.30 a.m. 5·0 7·4 20·0 21·0 24·2 63·7 65·4 77·5 82·0 85·8 4·6400 6·6896 15·2400 15·2040 16·8432 25·781 57·8 59·0 63·5 64·4 64·8 53·1 54·8 56·9 57·3 59·5 4·7 4·2 6·6 7·1 5·3 ·850 ·870 ·806 ·790 ·837 75·0 83·0 108·0 106·5 113·5 Sky faint blue, cloudless, wind S.W., clouding.

B.—NOVEMBER 5TH. _Watch slow 7′ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 6.39 to 6.49 a.m. 6.51 to 7.01 a.m. 7.56 to 8.06 a.m. 8.08 to 8.21 a.m. 9.26 to 9.36 a.m. 9.37 to 9.47 a.m. 10.57 to 11.07 a.m. 11·2 13·4 18·4 20·4 23·8 25·1 29·0 70·2 72·8 73·2 77·7 79·5 84·0 89·5 9·3408 10·8138 15·0161 15·4836 17·8072 17·7959 19·5460 59·4 60·5 61·7 63·3

66·7 57·6 57·8 57·7 58·7

60·8 1·8 2·7 4·0 4·6

5·9 ·940 ·918 ·875 ·860

8·28 126·0 Wind S.W., clouds rise and disperse. Sky pale.

C.—NOVEMBER 6TH. _Watch slow 7′ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 6.05 to 6.18 a.m. 6.22 to 6.35 a.m. 6.38 to 6.51 a.m. 8.27 to 8.37 a.m. 8.39 to 8.52 a.m. 2·6 6·5 9·6 21·7 23·0 62·0 63·5 66·7 78·8 81·7 2·4986 6·0710 8·5152 16·2750 19·4750 25·781 56·5 57·0 61·0 64·2 64·5 54·5 55·1 57·4 59·3 59·4 2·0 1·9 3·6 4·9 5·1 ·935 ·935 ·888 ·855 ·847

100·0 105·0 Sunrise, 6, pale yellow red, cloudless. Cirrhus below.

D.—NOVEMBER 14TH, 1850.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 6.12 to 6.22 a.m. 6.24 to 6.37 a.m. 7.13 to 7.23 a.m. 7.24 to 7.34 a.m. 8.34 to 8.44 a.m. 8.47 to 9.00 a.m. 9.53 to 10.03 a.m. 10.04 to 10.17 a.m. 11.24 to 11.31 a.m. 2·9 6·1 12·4 14·7 19·9 21·7 23·5 25·3 33·3 60·6 66·0 70·8 76·0 82·8 88·8 86·6 89·5 111·5 3·5988 5·4472 10·2672 11·4025 14·2653 14·7343 16·2620 17·0775 20·7014 25·783

25·832

25·819 51·5 52·7 56·5 57·8 59·8 60·5 67·2 67·0 64·6 49·4 50·3 52·3 53·1 50·8 51·6 61·6 58·8 59·0 2·1 2·4 4·2 4·7 9·0 8·9 5·6 8·2 5·6 ·930 ·925 ·900 ·855 ·742 ·730 ·832 ·778 ·832

98·0 104·0 117·0 121·0 127·0 133·0 130·0

Thick cumulus low on plains. Sunrise yellow red. Cloudless.

Clouds rise.

E.—NOVEMBER 15TH, 1850.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. 9.53 to 10.06 a.m. 10.50 to 11.03 a.m. 11.31 to 11.44 a.m. 12.33 to 12.46 p.m. 1.07 to 1.21 p.m. 2.47 to 3.00 p.m. 3.48 to 4.00 p.m. 4.03 to 4.16 p.m. 25·8 26·1 28·5 30·9 29·1 21·1 16·7 16·2 78·0 80·5 84·0 91·5 90·5 75·0 73·0 75·0 17·5306 19·1835 20·2065 20·4267 20·4388 16·5635 13·4435 12·7170 25·854

25·844

25·808

25·803 63·0 64·0 65·3 65·8 67·0 67·2 62·0 61·5 55·3 52·8 51·9 51·2 49·6 56·6 50·8 50·5 8·7 11·2 13·4 14·6 17·4 10·6 11·2 11·0 ·772 ·690 ·638 ·620 ·560 ·708 ·690 ·692 Sky cloudless. Wind N.E.

_Silchar (Cachar). Elev. 116 feet, Lat. 24° 30′ N., Long. 93° E. (approximate)_ NOVEMBER 26TH, 1850. _Watch slow 13′ 39″ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. 9.11 to 9.24 a.m. 9.34 to 9.41 a.m. 9.50 to 9.57 a.m. 10.07 to 10.14 a.m. 11.03 to 11.16 a.m. Noon to 12.03 p.m. 12.58 to 1.11 p.m. 2.51 to 3.04 p.m. 3.55 to 4.08 p.m. 4.09 to 4.22 p.m. 4.23 to 4.36 p.m. 19·4 22·7 25·3 26·5 26·3 26·4 27·6 23·0 17·6 15·5 12·0 69·0 81·0 87·5 91·5 89·0 90·0 94·0 93·0 91·5 93·5 93·7 16·4706 16·5937 17·3558 17·5695 17·5251 17·8144 17·9676 15·0880 11·6688 11·0215 7·8360

29·999

29·967

29·892

29·881 66·3

68·7 70·3 73·2 74·5 76·8 78·5 79·5 79·4 78·5 63·5

61·5 62·7 60·3 61·7 60·3 62·1 57·0 62·1 62·1 2·8

7·2 7·6 12·9 12·8 16·5 16·4 22·5 17·3 16·4 ·860

·788 ·780 ·657 ·658 ·586 ·588 ·480 ·570 ·588 Dense fog till 7.30 a.m. Wind north. Clear.

Wind N.E. Light cirrhus low.

Streaks of cirrhus aloft.

Sun sets in hazy cirrhus.

_Chittagong, Elev. 200 feet, Lat. 22° 20′ N., Long. 91° 55′ E._ A.—DECEMBER 31ST, 1850. _Watch slow 3′ 45″ mean time._

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 7.39 to 7.52 a.m. 8.40 to 8.53 a.m. 9.04 to 9.08 a.m. 9.52 to 9.56 a.m. 10.02 to 10.06 a.m. 11.16 to 11.29 a.m. 11.52 to 11.56 a.m. 1.38 to 1.41 p.m. 1.47 to 1.51 p.m. 3.10 to 3.17 p.m. 3.18 to 3.25 p.m. 10·0 21·3 23·2 24·3 25·1 24·3 26·6 24·7 25·4 21·1 19·3 70·0 91·5 89·5 87·3 90·5 84·5 92·6 84·0 90·7 86·0 89·3 8·3700 14·1219 15·6136 16·7341 16·7668 17·1558 17·5028 17·5123 16·8418 14·6645 13·0468 29·874

29·923

29·892

29·831 57·0 59·5 63·3 64·5 65·7 68·5 69·5 71·7

71·0 55·7 57·2 59·7 61·3 60·4 58·6 59·2 61·8

60·5 1·3 2·3 3·6 3·2 5·3 9·9 10·3 9·9

10·5 ·960 ·920 ·890 ·900 ·840 ·722 ·710 ·720

·710 127·0

142·0 148·0 150·0 Cloudless. Mountains clear. Wind N.N.E. Cool. Wind N.W.

Wind S.W.

Clouds about in patches.

B.—JANUARY 1, 1851. Watch slow 3′ 45″ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 7.34 to 7.41 a.m. 8.38 to 8.45 a.m. 9.44 to 9.51 a.m. 10.46 to 10.53 a.m. 11.50 to 11.57 a.m. 12.06 to 12.13 p.m. 12.58 to 1.02 p.m. 1.45 to 1.52 p.m. 3.15 to 3.22 p.m. 4.27 to 4.34 p.m. 4.36 to 4.43 p.m. 4.45 to 4.52 p.m. 4.56 to 5.09 p.m. 5.12 to 5.18 p.m. 10·0 16·0 19·5 21·0 21·5 24·1 23·9 21·4 18·1 10·2 9·8 8·5 5·6 3·8 69·4 70·0 74·7 78·2 81·2 88·0 87·2 84·5 82·5 82·0 84·0 85·0 85·0 84·0 8·4200 13·3920 15·3660 15·8550 15·6950 16·4603 16·4432 15·0870 13·0320 7·3746 6·9482 5·9670 3·9312 2·6942 29·948

29·891

29·850

29·798

29·778 55·4 58·9 63·2 66·7 69·8 70·3 71·0 71·3 71·3 70·0

67·5 68·7 54·0 57·7 61·7 62·4 58·3 56·0 56·7 57·5 57·1 59·5

62·7 62·2 1·4 1·2 1·5 4·3 11·5 14·3 14·3 13·8 14·2 10·5

4·8 6·5 ·953 ·970 ·960 ·870 ·688 ·625 ·625 ·633 ·625 ·708

·855 ·810

104·5 115·0 120·0 117·0 122·5

117·0 Mist rises and drifts westward till 7.30 a.m.

Wind N.W., clouds rise.

Sunset cloudless.

C.—JANUARY 2, 1851. Watch slow 3′ mean time.

Hour Act. Temp. Act. Act. reduced Barom. Air D.P. Diff. Sat. Black Bulb 10.02 to 10.09 10.20 to 10.24 12.03 to 12.10 p.m. 12.22 to 12.25 p.m. 2.04 to 2.08 p.m. 2.10 to 2.14 p.m. 19·2 22·6 24·7 25·9 23·3 23·8 71·0 79·0 89·2 95·5 91·5 93·0 15·8592 16·9048 16·6972 18·6796 15·4479 15·6128 29·861 29·858 64·5 65·6 69·0 70·7 71·2 60·6 61·4 59·3 57·5 61·0 3·9 4·2 9·7 3·2 10·2 ·878 ·872 ·728 ·650 ·718 116·0

119·0

112·0 Low, dense fog at sunrise, clear at 9 a.m. Hills hazy and horizon grey.

L.

TABLE OF ELEVATIONS.

In the following tables I have given the elevations of 300 places, chiefly computed from barometric data. For the computations such observations alone were selected as were comparable with contemporaneous ones taken at the Calcutta Observatory, or as could, by interpolation, be reduced to these, with considerable accuracy: the Calcutta temperatures have been assumed as those of the level of the sea, and eighteen feet have been added for the height of the Calcutta Observatory above the sea. I have introduced two standards of comparison where attainable; namely, 1. A few trigonometrical data, chiefly of positions around Dorjiling, measured by Lieutenant-Colonel Waugh, the Surveyor-General, also a few measured by Mr. Muller and myself, in which we can put full confidence: and, 2. A number of elevations in Sikkim and East Nepal, computed by simultaneous barometer observations, taken by Mr. Muller at Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling barometer was in bad repair, I do not place so much confidence in these comparisons as in those with Calcutta. The coincidence, however, between the mean of all the elevations computed by each method is very remarkable; the difference amounting to only thirty feet in ninety-three elevations; the excess being in favour of those worked by Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling observations were generally taken at night, or early in the morning, when the temperature is below the mean of the day, this excess in the resulting elevations would appear to prove, that the temperature correction derived from assuming the Calcutta observations to correspond with eighteen feet above the level of the sea at Sikkim, has not practically given rise to much error.

I have not added the boiling-point observations, which afford a further means of testing the accuracy of the barometric computations; and which will be found in section J of this Appendix.

The elevation of Jillapahar is given as computed by observations taken in different months, and at different hours of the day; from which there will be seen, that owing to the low temperature of sunrise in the one case, and of January and October in the others, the result for these times is always lowest.

Most of the computations have been made by means of Oltmann’s tables, as drawn up by Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau, and printed at the Magnetic Observatory, Simla; very many were worked also by Bessell’s tables in Taylor’s “Scientific Memoirs,” which, however, I found to give rather too high a result on the averages; and I have therefore rejected most of them, except in cases of great elevation and of remarkable humidity or dryness, when the mean saturation point is an element that should not be disregarded in the computation. To these the letter B is prefixed. By far the majority of these elevations are not capable of verification within a few feet; many of them being of villages, which occupy several hundred feet of a hill slope: in such cases the introduction of the refinement of the humidity correction was not worth the while.

SERIES I.—_Elevations on the Grand Trunk-road. February, 1848._

No. of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet 1 2 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 2 4 1 3 4 4 Burdwan Gyra Fitcoree Tofe Choney Maddaobung Paras-nath saddle Paras-nath cast peak Paras-nath flagstaff Paras-nath lower limit of _Clematis_ and _Berberis_ Doomree Highest point on grand trunk-road Belcuppee Hill 236th mile-stone Burree Hill 243rd mile-stone Chorparun Dunwah Bahra 284th mile-stone Sheergotty Muddunpore 312th mile-stone Naurungabad Baroon (on Soane) Dearee (on Soane) 93 630 860 912 1230 B.4231 4215 4428 3162 996 1446 1219 1361 1169 1339 1322 625 479 474 460 402 365 337 344 332

SERIES II.—_Elevations in the Soane Valley. March, 1848._

No. of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet 3 6 2 4 3 6 4 1 3 1 9 4 4 4 7 Tilotho Akbarpore Rotas palace Tura Soane-pore Kosdera Panchadurma Bed of Soane above Panchadurma Pepura Bed of Soane river Chahnchee Hirrah Kotah Kunch Sulkun 395 403 1489 453 462 445 492 482 587 400 499 531 541 561 684

SERIES III.—_Elevations on the Kymore Hills. March, 1848._

No. of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet 2 9 1 1 9 Roump Shahgunj Amoee Goorawul Mirzapore (on the Ganges) 1090 1102 818 905 362

SERIES IV.—_Elevations near Dorjiling. 1848 to 1850._

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet

9 110 104 99 93 37 ———— Sum 452 =======

27 84 37 7 83 74 95 18 ———— Sum 434 =======

103

16

38 25

2 2 7

1 12 2 5 8

4 4 1 13 13 2 2

13 1 4

8 Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson’s house)
sunrise
9.50 p.m.
noon
2.40 p.m.
4 p.m.
sunset

_Ditto by Monthly observations._ January February March April July August September October

The Dale (Mr. Muller’s) by trigonometry Superintendent’s house by trigonometry Colinton (Mr. Muller’s) Leebong by trigonometry Summit of Jillapahar Smith’s hotel Monastery hill below the Dale The Dale by barometer

Monastery hill by trigonometry

Ging (measured from Dale) Guard-house at Great Rungeet Bed of Great Rungeet at cane-bridge Guard-house at Little Rungeet Sinchul top by trigonometry Saddle of road over shoulder of Sinchul Senadah (Pacheem) bungalow Pacheem village Kursiong bungalow Punkabaree Rungniok village Tonglo, summit by trigonometry Tonglo, Saddle below summit Tonglo, Rocks on ascent of Sourse of Balasun Source of Balasun by Dorjiling Goong ridge

7301 7443 7457 7477 7447 7447 ————— Mean 7429 =========

7400 7445 7517 7582 7412 7421 7454 7351 ————— Mean 7448 =========

B. 6957 6952 B. 6932 6932 B. 7179 B. 5993 [435]6021 B. 7896 6872 B. 214·1 6952 ————— 7166 7165·3 =========

B. 5156 B. 1864 818 1672 8655 8607 7412 7258 3855 B. 4813 1815 B. 4565 B. 10·078 10·079·4 B. 10·008 B. 8148 7436 7451 7441

[435] To summit of chimney, which may be assumed to be 30 feet above where the barometer was hung.

SERIES V.—_Elevations in East Nepal, October to December, 1848._

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

1 7 7 5 2 1 3 8 3 5 4 4 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 8 3 3 3 2 2 10 6 1 1 4 2 2 9 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 4 3 1 8 1 3 4 7 2 4 1

Source of Myong river Myong valley, camp in Myong valley Purmiokzong Shoulder of Nanki Shepherd’s huts on do. Summit of Nanki Camp on Nanki Jummanoo Sulloobong Bheti village Sakkiazong village Camp on ridge of mountain Peak on Sakkiazong Makarumbi Pemmi river Tambur river at junction with Pemmi Camp on Tambur, Nov. 13 Camp on Tambur, Nov. 14 Chintam village Mywa Guola Tambur river, Nov. 18 Tambur river, Nov. 19 Taptiatok village Loontoong village Tambur river, Nov. 23 Wallanchoon village Tuquoroma Wallanchoon pass Foot of pass-road Yangma Guola Base of great moraine Top of moraine above ditto Yangma village camp Lake bed in valley Upper ditto (Pabuk) Yangma valley camp, Dec. 2 Kambachen pass Camp below ditto Kambachen village Camp in valley Choonjerma pass Camp below ditto Yalloong river-terrace Camp side of valley Yankutang village Saddle of road south of Khabili Khabang village Spur of Sidingbah, crossed Nov. 10 Yangyading village Sablakoo Iwa river, Dec. 12 Iwa river, Dec. 13 Singaleh, camp on Islumbo pass (feet) 4,798 4,345 3,801 4,507 7,216 8,999 9,994 9,315 4,320 5,244 4,683 5,804 8,315 9,356 5,444 2,149 1,289 1,418 1,600 3,404 2,079 2,515 3,113 4,207 5,615 8,066 10,384 12,889 B. 16,764 13,501 9,236 12,098 B. 679 B. 13,516 15,186 B. 16,038 10,997 B. 15,770 11,643 11,378 11,454 B. 15,259 13,289 10,449 10,080 5,530 5,746 5,495 6,057 4,082 4,735 3,747 6,134 9,263 10,388 (feet)

4,345 3,763 4,535

10,045 9,324 4,404 5,311

5,847 8,391 9,289 5,525 2,262 1,487 1,496

2,185 2,574 3,289 4,359 5,738 8,096 10,389 12,999 16,748 13,518 9,322 12,199

13,488

11,001

11,611

11,514

13,287

10,035 5,598

5,515 5,980 4,145 4,718 3,818 6,184 9,328

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

4 6 5 6 6 7 8 1 1 6 1

5 1 1 10 9 1 9 1 22 7 15 7 21 1 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 1 6

Kulhait valley, camp in Lingcham village Bed of Great Rungeet, December 20 Lingdam village, December 21 Nampok village Bhomsong Mainom top Neon-gong Goompa Pass from Teesta to Rungeet Lingdam village Great Rungeet below Tassiding Tassiding temples Sunnook, camp on Bed of Ratong Pemiongchi temple Camp at Pemiongchi village Tchonpong village Bed of Rungbi river Camp on Ratong river Doobdi Goompa Yoksun Dumpook Buckim Mon Lepcha top Jongri Ratong below Mon Lepcha Ratong below Yoksun Catsuperri lake Catsuperri temple Tengling village Rungbee river bed Changachelling temple Kulhait river Saddle of Hee hill Camp on Hee hill (feet) 6,406 4,892 1,805 5,552 4,354 1,556 Tr. 10,702 5,225 6,824 5,349 2,030 4,840 3,955 2,481 7,083 6,551 4,952 3,165 3,100 6,493 5,600 6,646 8,625 13,090 B. 13,170 7,069 3,729 6,068 6,493 5,295 3,230 6,805 3,075 7,289 6,609 (feet) 6,374 4,848 1,874 5,556 4,501 1,533 B. 10,613

5,401

4,018

6,616 5,003

3,242 6,451 5,635 6,710 8,693 13,045 13,184 7,217 3,851 6,009 6,476 5,219 3,350 6,850 3,243

6,744

SERIES VII.—_Elevations in the Sikkim Terai and Plains of India, Gangetic Delta and Jheels._

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet 3 12 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 1 6 43 24 12 13 54 33 13 4 3 5 Siligoree Bungalow Titalya Sahibgunj (west of Titalya) Bhatgong Thakya-gunj Bhojepore Rummai Rangamally Belakoba Mela-meli Kishengunj Mahanuddy river between Kishengunj and Maldah Mahanuddy river between Maldah and Rampore Bauleah Rampore (Mr. Bell’s) Dacca (Mr. Atherton’s) Jheels, Dacca to Pundua Megna river (June 1st-6th Soormah (June 9th) Pundua (June 10th and 11th) Pundua (Sept. 7th) Pundua (Nov. 16th and 17th) 302 326 231 225 284 404 293 262 368 337 131 153 98 130 72 *– ·003 + ·008 + ·048 + ·018 – ·016 – 0·66

* The observations marked thus * are the differences in inches between the readings of my barometer at the station, and that at the Calcutta observatory, which is 18 feet above the sea-level.

SERIES VIII.—_Elevations in Sikkim, May to December, 1849._

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

2 4 1 2 4 8 4 4 2 8 10 16

Mik, on Tendong Namtchi, camp on spur Tendong summit Temi, Teesta valley Nampok, Teesta valley Lingmo, Teesta valley Lingtam spur, Teesta valley Gorh, Teesta valley Bling-bong, Teesta valley Lingo village, Teesta valley Singtam, May 14 to 16 Singtam (higher on hill) Oct. 30 to Nov. 2 (feet) 3,912 5,608 B. 8,671 4,771 B. 5,138 B. 2,861 B. 4,743 B. 4,061 B. 2,657 B. 2,724 B. 4,435 B. 4,575 (feet)

Tr. 8,663

5,033 2,838 4,867 4,195 2,711 2,839 4,477

SERIES VIII.—_(Continued)_

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. By Dorjiling Barom.

5 2 7 27 37 4 4 3 8 1 1 33 53 1 4 74 47 1 1 2 43 20 30 1 3 2 5 2 6 2 2 56

1 1 1 1 1 1

Niong Namgah Chakoong Choongtam, May Choongtam, August Dholep, Lachen Dengha, Lachen Latong, Lachen Kampo Samdong Chateng Chateng, lower on spur Lamteng village Zemu Samdong Snow bed across Zemu river Camp on banks of Zemu Junction of Thlonok and Zemu Camp on banks of Zemu river Zemu river, June 13 Zemu river, high up, June 13 Yeunga (Lachen valley) Tallum Samdong Tungu, July Tungu, October Palung plains Sitong Kongra Lama pass Yeumtso (in Tibet) Bhomtso (in Tibet) Cholamoo lakes (in Tibet) Donkia pass, October Donkia pass, September Momay Samdong

Donkia, September 13 Kinchinjhow, September 14 Sebolah pass South shoulder of Donkia, September 20 Mountain north of Momay, September 17 West shoulder of Donkia mountain, September 26

_The following were measured trigonometrically:_ Forked onkia mountain Kinchinjhow mountain Tomo-chamo, east top of Kinchinjhow Thlonok mount, Peak on Chango-khang mountain Tukcham mountain, from Dorjiling Chomiomo mountain (feet)

4,229 4,371 5,245 5,247 6,120 6,337 6,471 7,315 8,819 8,493 8,900 9,026 9,828 10,223 10,864 12,064 12,422 13,281 10,196 11,540 12,779 12,799 15,697 15,372 15,745 16,808 18,590 16,900 18,589 18,387 15,362

16,876 17,495 17,604 18,257 (feet) 3,954

4,443 5,284 5,297 6,145 6,399 6,310 7,344 8,695 8,343 8,867 8,926

10,271 10,828 12,074

11,424 12,723 12,747

15,642

15,069 Measured from Momay 17,079 17,656 17,567 18,357 B. 17,394 B. 18,510

Tr. 20,870 Tr. 22,750 Tr. 21,000 Tr. 20,000 Tr. 20,600 Tr. 19,472 Tr. 22,700

SERIES VIII.—_(Continued)_

Number of Obs. Name of Locality By Calcutta Barom. Measured by Trig., etc.

48
7

2
3

51
12
8
2
3
4
3
5
7
1
3
1
3
17
3
105
1
2
3
12
11
2
3
5
6 _The following were measured trigonometrically:_
Summit of Donkia (from Donkia pass and Bhomtso)
Tunkra Mountain, from Dorjiling

Yeumtong Yeumtong, October

Snow bed above Yeumtong Punying

Lachoong village, August Lachoong village, October Lacheepia Tunkra pass Rock on ascent to ditto Keadom Tukcham village Rinkpo village Laghep Phieungoong Barfonchen Chola pass Chumanako Phadong Tumloong, Nov. 3rd and 4th Higher on hill, Nov. 16th to Dec. 9th Yankoong Tikbotang Camp, Dec. 11th Serriomsa Dikkeeling Singdong Katong ghat, Teesta Namten Cheadam (feet)

11,933 11,951

B. 15,971 B. 11,299

B. 8,712 B. 8,705 B. 15,293 B. 16,083 B. 13,078 B. 6,609 B. 3,849 B. 6,008 B. 10,423 B. 12,422 B. 11,233 B. 14,925 B. 12,590 B. 5,946 B. 5,368 B. 5,976 B. 3,867 B. 3,763 B. 2,952 B. 2,820 B. 4,952 B. 2,116 B. 735 B. 4,483 B. 4,653 (feet) Tr. 22,650 Tr. 18,250 By Dorjiling Barometer 11,839

By Yeumtong Barometer 16,000

By Der. Bar. 8,474

15,231

13,144

SERIES IX.—_Khasia Mountains, June to November, 1850._

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet 36 167 102 25 63 1 9 1 32 6 9 63 6 10 35 12 9 3 Churra (Mr. Inglis’s) Churra bungalow opposite church, August Churra bungalow, Oct., Nov. Kala-panee bungalow Moflong bungalow Chillong hill Syong bungalow Hill south of ditto Myrung bungalow, July Myrung bungalow, Sept. Chela Nunklow Nonkreem Mooshye Pomrang Amwee Joowye Nurtiung 4,069 4,193 4,258 5,302 6,062 6,662 5,725 6,050 5,647 5,709 80 4,688 5,601 4,863 5,143 4,105 4,387 4,178

SERIES X.—_Soormah, Silhet, Megna, Chittagong, etc._

Number of Obs. Name of Locality Elevation Feet 27 38 36 24 12 10 72 8 2 16 3 12 4 17 10 Silhet (Mr. Stainforth’s) Soormah river, between Silhet and Megna Silchar Megna river Noacolly (Dr. Baker’s) Noacolly on voyage to Chittagong Chittagong (Mr. Sconce’s) Chittagong flagstaff-hill at south head of harbour Seetakoond hill Seetakoond bungalow Hat-Hazaree Hattiah Sidhee Chittagong to Megua Eastern Sunderbunds 133 46 116 + ·020* – ·039 0† 191 151 1,136 – ·069* – ·039 – ·049 – ·039 – ·014† + ·002

* Difference between barometer at station and Calcutta barometer.

† The observations were taken only when the boat was high and dry, and above the mean level of the waters.

INDEX

A

_Abies, Brunoniana,_ i. 206, 209, 272, 274, 342, ii. 25, 32, 44, 108; _Smithiana,_ ii. 25, 32, 45; _Webbiana,_ i. 191, 272, 307, 342, ii. 44, 108. _Abrus precatorius_ (note), i. 16. _Acacia Arabica,_ i. 60, 80; _Catechu,_ i. 31, 52, 393, 395; _Serissa,_ i. 193. _Acarus,_ ii. 173. _Aconitum,_ Himalayan, ii. 108; _palmatum,_ i. 168; _Napellus,_ i. 168; _variegatum_ (note), ii. 107. Acorns, abundance of, i. 373. _Acorus Calamusa,_ i. 286. Actinolites, ii. 146. _Adamia cyanea,_ i. 112. _Adenanthera pavonina,_ ii. 328. _Ægle Marmelos,_ i. 25, 50, (note) i. 16. Agates, i. 33, 91. _Ailurua ochraceus,_ ii. 108. Akshobya, image of, i. 322. Alligator, i. 51, 54; droppings of in river banks, ii. 251. Alluvium, Gangetic, i. 88, 379. _Alsophila gigantea,_ i. 110, 142; (note), ii. 13; _spinulosa_ (note), ii. 13. Amber used in Sikkim, ii. 194. _Ameletia Indica,_ i. 386. American plants in Himalaya, ii. 39. _Amherstia,_ ii. 245. Amlah, Sikkim, ii. 192; examination by, ii. 211. Amulet, Tibetan, i. 166. Amwee, ii. 315. _Andromeda,_ ii. 22, 39; _fastigiata,_ i. 343. _Andropogon acicularis,_ i. 385; _muricatus,_ i. 42. Animals at Tungu, ii. 92. Antelope, ii. 132. _Antilope Hodgsoni,_ ii. 157. Ants’ hills, white, i. 20. _Aponogeton,_ i. 62. Apoplexy, symptoms of at great elevations, ii. 178. Apple, crab, ii. 32; wild, i. 205; ii. 148. _Aquilaria Agallocha,_ ii. 328. _Aralia_ used for fodder, i. 359; pith yielding rice-paper, i. 359. Ararat, Mount, ii. 3. _Areca gracilis,_ ii. 10; (note) i. 143. _Arenaria rupifraga,_ ii. 89. _Argemone Mexicana,_ i. 30. _Arisœma,_ i. 49. _Aristolochia saccata,_ ii. 6. Arrat, name of Lepchas, i. 127. Arrow-root, i. 93. _Artemisia,_ headache produced by, ii. 20; _Indica_ (note), ii. 20. Arums, food prepared from, ii. 49; poisoning by, ii. 75. Arun river, i. 224; ii. 124, 143; sources of, ii. 167. _Asarum,_ ii. 48. Assam valley, view of, ii. 290. Ass, wild, ii. 172. (See _Equus Hemionus_ and Kiang). _Astragalus,_ used for making paper, ii. 162; Tibetan (note), ii. 165. Atmosphere, dry, i. 65; transparency of, ii. 127, 169. Atmospheric vapours, strata of, i. 188, 310. Attar of roses, i. 78. _Aucuba,_ i. 126; ii. 39. Aurora Borealis, i. 37; Appendix, 384.

B

Baghoda, i. 26. Baikant-pore, i. 393. Bails, or Thuggee stations, i. 68. Baisarbatti terrace, i. 401. Baker, Dr., ii. 339. Balanites, i. 25. _Balanophora,_ ii. 19, 47; cups made from, i. 132; knots caused by, i. 133. Balasun river, i. 110, 402. Bamboo, dwarf, i. 126; eatable grain of, i. 313; flowering of, i. 155, 158; kinds of in Khasia, ii. 268; kinds and uses of in Sikkim, i. 155, 158; planted, i. 386. _Bambusa stricta,_ i. 30. Bananas, wild, i. 20, 143; scarlet-fruited, ii. 319. Ban, or Lepcha knife, i. 130. Banyan tree, i. 18; of Calcutta gardens, ii. 246. Barnes, Mr., i. 95; Mr. Charles, i. 114. Barometer, accident to, ii. 139; observations on Jheela, ii, 258. Baroon on Soane river, i. 35. _Bassia butyracea,_ i. 151; _latifolia,_ i. 16. Bath, hot, at Bhomsong, i. 305; at Momay, ii. 133; at Yeumtong, ii. 117. Beadle, Lieut., i. 26. _Beaumontia,_ i. 401. Bee, alpine, ii. 68; boring, i. 374; leaf-cutting, i. 46. Beejaghur, i. 56. Bees’-nests, i. 201; ii. 16. _Begonia,_ alpine, ii. 108. Behar, hills of, i. 32. Belcuppee, i. 28. Bellows, Himalayan, ii. 82; of Khasia, ii. 310; of leaves, i. 53. Benares, i. 71; observatory at, i. 74. _Berberis Asiatica_ (note), i. 24; _concinna,_ ii. 198; _insignis,_ i. 364. Betel-pepper, i. 99; ii. 327. Bhaugulpore, i. 90; gardens at, i. 91. Bhel fruit, i. 50. Bhomsong, i. 297; ii. 8; temperature of soil at, i. 305. Bhomtso, ii. 124, 164, 174; elevation, temperature etc., at, ii. 175. Bhotan, called Dhurma country (note), i. 136; 366 (note). Bhotanese (note), i. 136; ii. 232. Bhotan Himalaya, i. 153; ii. 165, 298. Bhoteeas, i. 205, 215. Bhote (note), i. 136. _Bignonia Indicta,_ i. 16. Bijooas, or Lepcha priests, i. 135. Bikh poison, i. 168; ii. 108. Bind hills, i. 64. Birds at Momay, ii. 131; of Khasia, ii. 305; of Terai, i. 399. Black-rock of Colonel Waugh (note), ii. 18. Blocks, granite, ii. 293, 310; split, i. 201; syenite, ii. 303. Boat on Ganges, i. 70. Boga-panee, ii. 287, 308. Bombax, i. 26. Boodhist banners, i. 144; monuments, i. 147; temple, i. 77; worship, i. 174, 324; worship introduced into Sikkim, i. 127. _Borassus,_ i. 39. Bore, or tidal-wave, ii. 343. Bor-panee, ii. 301, 318. _Borrera,_ ii. 165, 173. Borr (_Pandanus),_ i. 300; ii. 9. _Boswellia thurifera,_ i. 29, 39. _Botrichium Virginicum,_ i. 293. Boulders in river-beds, i. 288; of gneiss on Jongri, i. 353; on Mon Lepcha, i. 342. _Bowringia,_ ii. 313. Bread, Tibetan, i. 297. Breccia, modern formation of, i. 200. Bridge, at Amwee, ii. 315; living, ii. 268; of canes, i. 149; ii. 21. _Buceros,_ i. 187. _Buchanania,_ i. 26. _Bucklandia,_ ii. 185. Buckwheat, cultivated at Jigatzi, ii. 171; wild, ii. 31. _Bufo scabra,_ ii. 96. Bugs, flying, i. 81. Burdwan, i. 6; coal-fields, i. 8. Burkutta river, i. 28. Burrampooter, altered course of, ii. 253, 346; old bed of, ii. 256; Tibetan, _see_ Yaru-tsampu; view of from Khasia, ii. 300, 301. _Butea frondosa,_ i. 9, 52, 381, 392. Butter, churning, ii. 77, 87; ornaments made of, ii. 88. Butterflies, painted lady, ii. 33; at various elevations, ii. 26, 65, 98, 132; tropical, i. 152.

C

Cachar, ii. 326; rain-fall at, ii. 334. _Cœsalpinia paniculata,_ i. 25. Cajana, i. 13. _Calami,_ species of in Himalaya, i. 143. _Calamus,_ ii. 10. Calcutta, journey to, ii. 242. _Callitriche verna?_ (note), ii. 96. _Calotropis,_ i. 30, 86; _C. arborea,_ i. 72; temperature of, i. 36. _Caltha palustris_ (note), ii. 77; _scaposa_ (note), ii. 77. Camels, i. 61; at Lhassa, ii. 172. Campbell, Dr., joins me in Terai, i. 376; meet at Bhomsong, i. 297; at Choongtam, ii. 146; seizure of, ii. 202; sent as Superintendent of Dorjiling, i. 117; treatment of as prisoner, ii. 205. Cane bridge at Choongtam, ii. 21; at Lachoong, ii. 101; over Great Rungeet, i. 149. Canoes of Teesta, i. 392, 396; of Tambur, i. 194; swamped, ii. 335. _Capparis acuminata,_ i. 38. _Cardamine hirsuta,_ i. 230. _Cardiopteris,_ ii. 334. _Carex Moorcroftii,_ ii. 155. _Carissa carandas,_ i. 14, 31. Carroway, ii. 66. _Carthancus,_ i. 80. _Caryota urens,_ i. 143. Cascades of Khasia, ii. 270; of Mamloo, ii. 278. _Cassia fistula,_ i. 393. _Casuarina_ (note), ii. 346. Catechu, collecting, i. 52. _Cathcartia,_ ii. 198. Catsuperri, i. 362; lake, i. 363; temples, i. 365. Cave, Lieut., garden at Churra, ii. 284. _Cedrela Toona,_ i. 144, 193; ii. 18. _Cedrus Libami_ (note), i. 257. Central India, hills of, i. 32. _Cervus Wallichii,_ antlers of, ii. 214. Chachoo river, ii. 84. Chahuchee, i. 51. Chait, description of, i. 324; (note), i. 158. Chakoong, ii. 18, 188. _Chamærops Khasiana,_ ii. 279. Chameleon, i. 205. Changachelling, i. 368. Chango-khang, ii. 84, 133, 141. Chattuc, ii. 262, 309, 337. Chaulmoogra (_See_ Took), i. 151. Cheadam, ii. 234. Cheer-pine, i. 182. Chela, ii. 306. Chepanga, ii. 15. Cherry, alpine wild, ii. 145. Cheytoong, Lepcha boy, ii. 184. Chillong hill, ii. 290. Chinese plants in Khasia, ii. 318; in Sikkim, i. 126; ii. 39. Chingtam, i. 196. Chirring (red rose), ii. 63. Chiru. _See_ Tchiru, ii. 157. Chittagong, ii. 345; leave, ii. 353. Chokli-bi (_Smilacina_), ii. 48. Chola, i. 123; summit of pass, ii. 199; view of from Donkia, ii. 127. Cholamoo lake, ii. 124, 157, 176. Chomachoo river, i. 225; ii. 125. Chomiomo, ii. 80, 94, 165. Choombi, ii. 110. Choongtam, ii. 21, 98, 145, 185; insects at, ii. 98; vegetation of, ii. 24. Choonjerma pass, i. 264. Chumulari, i. 125, 185; ii. 110; discussion on, ii. 166; view of from Khasia, ii. 300. Chunar, i. 71. Chung (Limboos), i. 187. Churra-poonji, ii. 272; rain-fall at, ii. 282; table-land of, ii. 277; temperature of, ii. 284. _Cicada,_ i. 107, 127; ii. 305; upper limit of, ii. 96. _Cicer arietinum,_ i. 80. _Cinnamomum,_ i. 162. Cinnamon of Khasia, ii. 309. _Cirrhopetalum_ (note), ii. 10. Clay of Sikkim, i. 155; Appendix, 383. _Clematis nutans_ (note), i. 24. _Clerodendron,_ i. 387. Climbers, bleeding of, ii. 350; of Sikkim, i. 163. Coal, of Burdwan, i. 8; Churra, ii. 278, 285, 303; Terai, i. 403. Cobra, mountain, ii. 20. _Cochlospermum,_ i. 53. Cocks, Sikkim, i. 314. _Cœlogyne,_ i. 110; _Wallichii,_ i. 166; ii. 311. Coffee, cultivation of, at Chittagong, ii. 347; at Bhaugulpore, i. 93. _Coix,_ cultivation of, ii. 289. Coles, i. 55, 91. Colgong, i. 94. Colvile, Sir J., i. 5. Comb of Lepchas, ii. 194; of Mechis, i. 408. Conch shells, in Boodhist temples, i. 174, 312; cut at Dacca, ii. 254. Conduits of bamboo, i. 144. _Confervæ_ of hot springs, i. 28; Appendix, 375. Conglomerate, ii. 19, 165, 176, 177, 402, 403. _Coniferæ,_ Himalayan, i. 256. _Conocarpus latifolius_ (note), i. 16. Cooch-Behar, i. 384. Cooches, i. 384. Cookies, ii. 330. Corbett, Dr., i. 82. Cornelians, i. 33. Cornwallis, Lord, mausoleum of, i. 78. Corpses, disposal of in Sikkim and Tibet, i. 287. Cosi river, i. 96. Cowage plant, i. 12. Cows, Sikkim, i. 314; ii. 150. Crab, fresh-water, ii. 7. Cranes, i. 392; (note) ii. 161. _Crawfurdia,_ ii. 145. Crows, red-legged, ii. 37. _Cruciferæ,_ rarity of in Himalaya, i. 113. _Cryptogramma crispa,_ i. 262; ii. 68, 72. Crystals in gneiss, ii. 138. _Cupressus funebris,_ i. 315, 317, 336. Cups, Tibetan, i. 132. Currants, wild, i. 148. Currents, ascending, i. 374. Curruckpore hills, i. 87. Cuttack forests, ii. 340. _Cycas pectinata,_ i. 151, 382; ii. 30; (note), i. 143; trees in Calcutta Garden, ii. 247. Cyclops, figure resembling (note), ii. 195. _Cynodon Dactylon,_ i. 385. Cypress funereal, i. 315, 317, 336. _Cypripedium,_ ii. 68, 322.

D

Dacca, ii. 254. Dacoits, i. 65. _Dalbergia Sissoo,_ i. 101. Dallisary river, ii. 256. Damooda valley, i. 7. Dandelion, ii. 66. _Daphne,_ paper from, ii. 162. _See_ Paper. Date-palm, i. 34, 88; dwarf, ii. 300. Datura seed, poisoning by, i. 65. Davis, Mr. C. E., i. 41. _Decaisnea,_ new edible fruit, ii. 198. Deer, barking, i. 399. _Delphinium glaciale,_ i. 269; ii. 95. Demons, exorcisement of, ii. 114. _Dendrobium densiflorum,_ ii. 19; _Farmeri,_ etc., ii. 323; _nobile,_ ii. 19; _Pierardi,_ i. 103. _Dentaria_ (a pot-herb), ii. 47. Denudation of Himalaya, i. 308; of Khasia, ii. 324. Deodar (note), i. 256. Dewan, Sikkim, i. 117; ii. 97; arrival at Tumloong, ii. 217; conferences with, ii. 221, 225; dinner with, ii. 231; disgrace of, ii. 241; hostility to British, i. 117; house of, i. 304. Dhal, i. 13. Dhamersala, i. 222. Dhob grass, i. 385. Dhurma country, name for Bhotan, (note), i. 366; people (note), i. 136; rajah, i. 136; seal of, i. 372. Digarchi, ii. 125. _See_ Jigatzi. Dijong (name of Sikkim), i. 127. _Dilivaria ilicifolia,_ ii. 347. _Dillenia,_ i. 393, 395. Dinapore, i. 82. Dingcham, ii. 87, 169. Dingpun, at Chola, ii. 200, 201; Tibetan, ii. 160; Tinli, ii. 204. _Diospyros embryopteris,_ i. 392; fruit, ii. 64. _Dipterocarpi,_ ii. 345; _D. turbinatus,_ ii. 348. Diseases attributed in Tibet to elements, ii. 178. Djigatzi, ii. 125. _See_ Jigatzi. Dog, loss of, ii. 100; Tibetan, i. 204; wild, i. 43. Do-mani stone, i. 294. Donkia, i. 123; ii. 126; ascent of, ii. 178; forked, ii. 120; pass, ii. 123, 179; temperature of, ii. 129; tops of, ii. 137. Doobdi temples, i. 336. Dookpa, Boodhist sect (note), i. 366. Doomree, i. 25. Dorje, i. 173. Dorjiling, i. 113; ceded to British, i. 116; climate, i. 119, 120; elevation of, i. 115; leave, ii. 248; origin of, i. 115; prospects of, ii. 248; threat of sacking, ii. 214; trade at, i. 118. _Duabanga grandiflora,_ i. 401. Dunkotah (East Nepal), i. 190. Dunwah pass, i. 30. Dust-storm, i. 51, 81. Dye, yellow, ii. 41.

E

Eagle-wood, ii. 328. Earthquake, Chittagong, ii. 349; Noacolly, ii. 342; Titalya, i. 376. _Edgeworthia Gardneri,_ i. 205, 333; ii. 10, 162. Efflorescence of nitrate of lime, i. 43; of soda, i. 13. Eggs of water-fowl in Tibet, ii. 161. Ek-powa Ghat, i. 59. _Elæagnus,_ i. 205. _Eleocharis palustris_ (note), ii. 96. Elephants, at Teshoo Loombo, ii. 172; bogged, ii. 333; discomforts of riding, i. 400; geologising with, i. 10; path of, i. 108; purchase of, i. 381; wild, ii. 302. _Eleusine coracana,_ i. 133. _Enkianthus,_ i. 108. _Ephedra,_ ii. 84, 155. _Ephemera_ at 17,000 feet, ii. 141. _Epipactis,_ ii. 66. Equinoctial gales, ii. 144. _Equus Hemionus,_ ii. 172. _Eranoboas_ (note) i. 36, 90. _Erigeron alpinus_ (note), ii. 164. _Ervum lens,_ i. 13. _Erythrina,_ ii. 18. _Euphorbia ligulata,_ i. 46; _pentagona,_ i. 82; _neriifolia,_ i. 46, 82; _tereticaulis,_ i. 46. European plants in Himalaya, ii. 38. _Euryale ferox,_ ii. 255; seeds of, in peat, ii. 341.

F

Fair, i. 161; at Titalya, i. 118. Falconer, Dr., house of, ii. 243. _Falconeria,_ ii. 353. Falkland Islands, quartz blocks of, (note), ii. 179. Fan-Palm, ii. 279. Fear, distressing symptoms of, ii. 220. Felle, Mr., i. 55. Felspar, concretions of, i. 406. Fenny river, mouth of, ii. 343. Ferns, eatable, i. 293; European, ii. 68, 72. _Feronia elephantum,_ i. 25, 50, (note), i. 16. _Festuca ovina,_ ii. 123, (note) ii. 164. Fever, recurrence of at elevations, ii. 183. _Ficus elastica,_ i. 102; _infectoria,_ i. 26. Figs, i. 157. Fire, grasses destroyed by, i. 385; in forests, i. 146. Fire-wood, Sikkim, ii. 151. Fish, dried, ii. 309; Tibet (note), ii. 183. Fishing basket of Mechis, i. 404. Flame, perpetual, ii. 352. Flood, tradition of, i. 127; ii. 3. Florican, i. 55, 381. Forests of Sikkim, i. 165. Fossil plants of coal, i. 8; of Khasia, ii. 325; of Terai, i. 403. Frogs, Sikkim, i. 165. Fruits of Sikkim, i. 159; ii. 182. _Funaria hygrometrica,_ ii. 19. Fungi, European, ii. 73.

G