Chapter XX: , on the "Causes of the French Revolution," covering one (6)

Elections, 1852, Whig nominations, Scott's stumping tour, 86, 87;
1856, Kansas as issue, 88;
1876, controversy, and flexibility of Constitution, 203, 219, 245;
1896, bimetallism as issue, 228;
attitude of Godkin, 286.

Elizabeth, Froude and Gardiner on, 149;
and Anglo-Saxon development, 172.

Emerson, R. W., on originality, 28;
on mathematics, 57;
on philanthropists, 181;
on _The Nation_, 270.

England, Macaulay's history, 37, 41, 62;
Gardiner's history, 143-150;
Lecky's history, 154, 155;
Walpole's history, 161, 163, 164;
conditions in 1815, 161;
Green's history, 171, 172;
Alabama claims arbitration, 217;
Venezuela-Guiana boundary, 225, 285;
draft general arbitration treaty, 226;
attitude of Godkin, 272, 284, 290;
Cromwell and the Commonwealth, 317-323.

Evarts, W. M., Secretary of State, ability, 246;
social character, 262;
pessimism, 288.

_Evening Post_, acquires _The Nation_, Godkin as editor, 274.

Evolution, and history, 4, 36.

Executive. _See_ Civil service, Presidential office.

Federal Constitution, English model, 203;
rigidity and flexibility, 203, 216;
as political tradition, 208.
_See also_ Presidential office.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, as historian, 75;
on Cicero's contradictions, 290.

Fessenden, W. P., and Whig nominations in 1852, 87.

Fillmore, Martin, as President, 212.

Finances, greenback craze, 219, 246, 281;
silver agitation of 1878, 221, 259, 260;
Silver Act of 1890, 224, 227;
Cleveland's soundness, 225;
attitude of Republican party on money, 227, 257;
issue in campaign of 1896, 228, 286;
gold standard, 231;
depression (1877-1878), 251, 258;
Hayes's administration, 257-260;
Sherman's refunding, 257;
resumption of specie payments, 258, 259;
_The Nation_ and sound, 280-282.

Fine arts, and training of historian, 59.

Firth, C. H., to continue Gardiner's history, 148.

Fish, Hamilton, and arbitration of Alabama claims, 218.

Fiske, John, anecdote of the Websters, 54;
as popular scientist, 58;
power of concentration, 69.

Footnotes, use in histories, 33.

Ford, P. L., on writing criticisms for _The Nation_, 292.

Foreign relations, under Washington, 206;
under Tyler and Polk, 211;
under Grant, 218;
under Cleveland, 225, 285;
under McKinley, 231-234.
_See also_ Monroe Doctrine.

Fourth estate, newspaper as, 96.

Franklin, battle of, J. D. Cox in, 185.

Frederick the Great, Carlyle's biography, 63.

Frederick III of Germany, "wise emperor," 127.

Freeman, E. A., on Gibbon, 109.

French, importance to historians, 49-51;
Gibbon's knowledge, 119, 123.

French Revolution, Carlyle's history, 62;
Gibbon and, 113.

Froude, J. A., on Ulysses, 2;
inaccuracy, 41;
biography of Carlyle, 64;
on Elizabeth, 143, 149.

Gardiner, S. R., truthfulness, 7, 145;
as historical model, 42, 45;
lack of practical experience, 66, 148;
method, 76;
essay on, 143-150;
death, 143;
thoroughness of research, 143, 157;
as linguist, 143;
manuscript material, 143;
on Carlyle's "Cromwell," 144;
writings and editorial work, 144;
birth, 145;
conception of great work, 145;
Irvingite, 146;
struggles and success, 146, 147;
as teacher, 147;
honors, 147;
day's routine, manner of composition, 147;
style, 148;
soundness and influence of historical estimates, 149-150;
estimate of Cromwell, 150, 317-323;
on J. R. Green, 172;
on Hampden, 317;
on character of Puritans, 318;
on Cromwell's army, 320;
on character of Rump, 320;
rank as historian, 323.

Gardner, Percy, on Herodotus, 5, 40.

Garfield, J. A., desire for fame, 3;
as President, 222;
as speaker, 241.

Garrison, W. P., as literary editor of _The Nation_, 291-295.

Generalizations, need of care, 32, 178.

German, importance to historians, 52.

German historians, and ancient history, 75.

Gibbes, R. W., destruction of collections, 312.

Gibbon, Edward, rank and characteristics as historian, 5, 10, 109, 114;
on Tacitus, 10, 116;
style, 53, 133;
and mathematics, 56;
importance in training of historian, 60;
autobiographies, 64, 134;
essay on, 107-140;
conception of history, 107;
completion of it, 108;
progress and success of work, 108;
and classic masters, 110;
range of work, 110;
its endurance, 110;
as possible writer of contemporary history, 111, 112;
political career, 111;
conservatism, 112;
and American Revolution, 113;
historical subjects considered by, 115;
and earlier period of Roman Empire, 116;
intellectual training, 117-123;
love of reading, 118;
at Oxford, 118;
conversion and reconversion, 118, 121;
at Lausanne, 119;
self-training, 119, 122;
linguistic knowledge, 119, 120, 122, 123;
influence of Pascal, 119;
and Voltaire, 121;
on Robertson, 122;
"Essay on Study of Literature," 123;
service in militia, its influence, 123;
manuscript history of Switzerland, 124;
begins work on history, 124;
fame rests on it, 125;
Milman, Guizot, and Mommsen on it, 125;
quotations from, 126-128;
definitions of history, 126;
on religion under Pagan empire, 126;
on happiest period of mankind, 127;
on corruption, 127;
on sea-power, 127;
subjection to criticism, 128;
correctness, 128;
truthfulness, 129, 130;
use of conjecture, 129;
precision and accuracy, 129;
treatment of early Christian church, 131-133;
on Julian the Apostate, 132;
on Theodora, licentious passages, 133;
composition of history, 134;
love of books and wine, 135;
gout, 135;
and women, love affair, 136-138;
history in quarto edition, 138;
human importance of work, 139;
satisfaction with career, 139.

Gladstone, W. E., on Lecky, Carlyle, and Macaulay, 155.

Gloucester, William Henry, Duke of, on Gibbon's history, 138.

Godkin, E. L., power as journalist, 95;
essay on, 267-297;
rank as journalist, 267;
on Greeley, 267, 268;
illustration of influence, 268;
character, 269;
indirect influence, character of clientele, 270, 271;
authorship of articles in _The Nation_, 271;
Essays, 272;
early life, 272;
early optimism and later pessimism concerning America, 272, 284-290,
296;
as war correspondent, 272;
in America, journey in South, 273;
correspondent of London _News_, 273;
foundation of _The Nation_, 273;
editor of _Evening Post_, 274;
retirement, 274;
lectures, honors, 274;
and offer of professorship, 274-276;
nervous strain, 275;
accused of censorious criticism, 276;
of unfortunate influence on intellectual youth, 277;
influence on author, 278-282, 292-294;
influence in West, 279;
disinterestedness, 280;
and civil service reform, 280;
and sound finances, 280-282;
and tariff, 282;
and foreign affairs, 282;
other phases of influence, 282;
never retracted personal charges, 282;
implacability, ignores death of F. A. Walker, 282-284;
and Cleveland, 285;
and election of 1896, 286;
and Spanish War and Philippines, 286;
moral censor, 289;
criticism of England, 290;
disappointment in democracy, 291;
literary criticism in _The Nation_, 291-295;
on W. P. Garrison, 291;
influence of foreign birth, 295;
fame, 295;
lectureship as memorial to, 296;
farewell words, on general progress and political decline, 296, 297.

Goethe, J. W. von, on Moliere, 50;
on linguistic ability, 52;
"Faust" and study of human character, 68;
"Conversations," 70, 72;
wide outlook, 71.

Gold Standard Act, 231.

Gordon, C. G., newspapers and Soudan expedition, 89.

Gout, Gibbon on, 135.

Grant, U. S., first cabinet, 186, 278;
and Cox, 187;
as President, moral tone of administration, 217-219, 262;
on criticism, 218, 239.

Greek, importance to historians, 51;
Gibbon's knowledge, 120, 122, 123.

Greek history. _See_ Herodotus, Thucydides.

Greeley, Horace, influence as journalist,
historical value of articles, 31, 90, 267;
partisanship, 91; character, 268-270.

Green, J. R., as historian, 42;
address on, 171-173;
popularity in America, 171;
on Elizabeth, 172;
accuracy, 172;
character, 172;
on Cromwell's army, 319.

Greenbacks. _See_ Finances.

Grote, George, on Thucydides, 7;
on references, 33;
business training, 78.

Guizot, F. P. G., on Gibbon's history, 125.

Hadrian, "traveling emperor," 127.

Halleck, H. W., attitude towards Charleston, 306.

Hamilton, Alexander, on presidential office, 204, 233, 240;
as adviser of Washington, 207.

Hampden, John, as possible Anglo-Saxon hero, 317;
and Revolution of 1688, 323.

Hampton, Wade, and burning of Columbia, 302-305, 308.

Harrison, Benjamin, as President, 226;
as speaker, 241.

Harrison, Frederic, on Gibbon, 10;
on Spencer Walpole, 165.

Harrison, W. H., as President, 211.

Hart, A. B., on Herodotus, 6.

Harvard University, addresses of author at, 47, 101-103, 105, 243, 265;
striving after exact knowledge, 101;
honorary degree for Hayes, 251;
offers professorship to Godkin, 274, 275;
Godkin Lectureship, 296.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, conciseness, 36.

Hay, John, anecdote of Grant, 218;
as Secretary of State, 234;
on Hayes and finances, 260.

Hayes, Lucy W., as wife of President, 221, 262.

Hayes, R. B., election controversy, 203, 219, 245;
administration, 219-222, 245-264;
as a prime minister, 241, 263;
righteousness of acceptance of election, 245;
difficulty of situation, 245, 261;
as governor, 246;
letter of acceptance, 246;
inaugural, 246;
cabinet, 246-248, 262;
withdrawal of troops from South, 248, 249;
and Congress, 249, 256, 257, 261;
civil service reforms, contest with Conkling, 250, 254-257;
honorary degree from Harvard, 251;
and railroad riots, 253, 254;
and finances, independent thinking, 257-260;
vetoes of repeal of Federal election laws, 260;
extra sessions of Congress, 261;
serenity, 261;
popular support, 261;
and election of 1880, 261;
moral tone of administration, 262;
and Cleveland, 263.

Herodotus, on purpose of history, 2;
rank as historian, 5, 34, 40;
as contemporary historian, 17.

Higginson, T. W., on Bancroft, 294.

Hildreth, Richard, historical value of newspaper articles, 31.

Hill, G. B., on Gibbon's history and autobiography, 125.

Historian, training, 49-79;
necessary linguistic knowledge, 49-52;
acquisition of style, 52-55;
knowledge of mathematics, 55-57;
of other sciences, 57-59;
of fine arts, 59;
general historical reading, 60-70;
mastery of Gibbon and Bryce, 60;
of Tacitus and Thucydides, 61;
of other historians, 62-64;
knowledge of lives of historians, 64;
desultory reading, 64-65;
study of human character, experimental and through books, 66-68;
thorough reading of characteristic works, 68;
speed and retention of reading, 69;
importance of "Conversations of Goethe," 70-72;
of Sainte-Beuve's criticisms, 72;
choice of subject, 74;
method, originality, 75;
note-making, 76;
Carlyle on method, 77;
remuneration, 77;
and teaching of history, 78;
and business training, 78.
_See also_ next two titles.

Historians, Shakespeare and Homer as, 1, 2, 7;
advantages and disadvantages of present-day, 4, 20;
best, 5, 11;
Herodotus, 5, 17, 34, 40;
Thucydides, 6-8, 11-15, 17-19, 35, 61, 110, 111, 128;
Tacitus, 8-10, 15, 17-20, 61, 110, 111, 116, 128;
Gibbon, 10, 60, 107-140;
conciseness, 11, 14, 16, 20, 36;
source material, 12-16, 20, 22;
contemporaneousness, 17-20;
necessary qualities, 20;
monographs, 22;
patriotism, 22;
necessity and kinds of originality, 27-29, 75;
use of newspapers, 29-32, 83-97;
generalizations, 32, 178;
use of footnotes, 33;
fresh combination of well-known facts, 34;
present-day models, 34-43;
reflection, 37;
enthusiasm, 38;
Macaulay, 36-38, 41, 62;
Carlyle, 38, 41, 62;
old and new schools, ethical judgments, human interest, 39, 43-45;
Hume, Robertson, Alison, 40;
Froude, 41;
Green, 42, 171-173;
Stubbs, 42, 157;
Gardiner, 42, 143-150, 157, 323;
and popularity, 44;
growth of candor, 45;
Bryce, 60, 61;
use of manuscript material, 85, 294;
gospel of exact knowledge, 101;
Lecky, 153-158;
Spencer Walpole, 161-167;
E. L. Pierce, 177-181;
J. D. Cox, 187;
E. G. Bourne, 191-200;
Bancroft, 294.
_See also_ titles above and below.

History, intellectual rank, 1;
and poetry, 1, 2;
and physical sciences, 2;
definitions, 2, 6, 43, 126;
homage of politicians, 3;
and evolution, 4, 36;
newspapers as source, 29-32, 83-97;
value of manuscript sources, 85, 294.
_See also_ two titles above.

Hoar, E. R., in Grant's cabinet, 186, 278;
and _The Nation_, 278.

Holm, Adolf, on Thucydides, 39;
on scientific history, 43; as historian, 75.

Holst, H. E. von, use of newspapers, 29, 85;
on westward expansion and slavery, 212.

Home rule, Lecky's attitude, 156.

Homer, as historian, 1, 2, 22;
and study of human character, 67.

House of Representatives. See Congress.

Howard, O. O., at burning of Columbia, 302, 307, 311, 312.

Howells, W. D., pessimism, 288.

Hugo, Victor, influence, 73.

Hume, David, present-day reputation, 40, 111;
on Gibbon's history of Switzerland, 124.

Huxley, T. H., as popular scientist, 58;
biography, 59;
on things useful, 102;
on college training, 102.

Income tax decision, Lecky on, 157.

Ireland, Lecky's history, 155.

Jackson, Andrew, as President, 209-211;
as leader of democracy, 209;
and spoils system, 209;
and training for administrative work, 210;
and nullification, 210.

James, Henry, on Sainte-Beuve, 73.

James, T. L., as postmaster of New York, 254.

James, William, on Godkin, 270.

Jay Treaty, as precedent for treaty-making power, 206.

Jebb, Sir R. C., on Herodotus, 6, 17;
on Tacitus, 10;
on Thucydides, 17.

Jefferson, Thomas, as President, 207, 208;
Louisiana Purchase, 208.

Johnson, Andrew, as President, 216.

Johnson, Samuel, on American Revolution, 113.

Johnston, J. E., Hayes desires to offer cabinet position to, 247.

Journalists, Godkin, 267-297.
_See also_ Newspapers.

Jowett, Benjamin, on Thucydides, 6.

Julian the Apostate, Gibbon's treatment, 132.

Kansas, and election of 1856, 88.

Kent, James, on danger in presidential contests, 219.

Key, D. M., in Hayes's cabinet, 247.

Kinglake, A. W., on power of press, 89.

Laboulaye, Edouard, on Federal Constitution, 204.

Langlois, C. V., on Froude, 41;
on ethical judgments, 43;
on note-making, 76.

Latin, importance to historians, 49, 51, 54;
Gibbon's knowledge, 120, 123.

Laud, William, Macaulay and Gardiner on, 149.

Lausanne, Gibbon at, 108, 113, 119, 121;
Voltaire's theatre, 121.

Lea, H. C., business training, 79;
as scientific historian, 103.

Lecky, W. E. H., and Christianity, 131;
essay on, 153-158;
precocity, 153;
value of "Morals," 153;
intellectual training, 153;
as philosophic historian, 154;
"England," 154, 155;
on French Revolution, 155;
on Irish history, 155;
in politics, 156;
popularity of history, 156;
social traits, 156;
interest in America, 157;
historic divination, 158;
"Democracy and Liberty," 158.

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, on power of press, 96.

Lincoln, Abraham, as President, 213-216;
theory and action of war power, 213;
as a precedent, 214;
popular support, 215;
and public opinion, 231;
as a prime minister, 241.

Linguistic ability, importance to historians, 49-52;
Gibbon's, 133;
Gardiner's, 143.

Literary criticism in _The Nation_, 291-295.

Literary style, acquisition by historian, 52-55;
Macaulay's, 55;
Gibbon's, 133;
Gardiner's, 148;
Spencer Walpole's, 165.

Lodge, H. C., in the House, 227.

Logan, J. A., at burning of Columbia, 303, 311, 312.

London _Daily News_, Godkin as American correspondent, 273.

Long Parliament, character of rump, 320.

Louisiana, purchase as precedent, 208;
overthrow of carpet-bag government, 248, 249.

Lowell, J. R., on present-day life, 21;
on Carlyle, 39;
on college training, 102;
on Darwin, 145;
on Grant's cabinet, 186;
on _The Nation_, 268, 271, 278;
on importance of Godkin to it, 275.

Macaulay, Lord, on Shakespeare as historian, 2;
on Herodotus, 5;
prolixity, 11, 16, 36;
on Thucydides, 19, 61;
lack of reflection and digestion, 37;
enthusiasm, 38;
as partisan, 41;
and popularity, 44;
on Greek and Latin, 51;
style, 55;
on mathematics, 56;
importance in training of historian, 62;
biography, 64;
as reader, 69;
on Gibbon, 115;
on Wentworth and Laud, 149;
Gladstone on, 155;
on Cromwell, 318;
on character of Puritans, 318;
on Cromwell's army, 319;
Auckland on agreeing with, 323.

McCrary, G. W., in Hayes's cabinet, 247.

McKim, J. M., and foundation of _The Nation_, 273, 274.

McKinley, William, as leader of House, 227;
tariff bill, 227;
as President, 229-234;
change in tariff views, 229-231;
and gold standard, 231;
and public opinion, Spanish War and Philippines, 231-234;
diplomacy, 234;
influence on Congress, 234;
as speaker, 241;
attitude of Godkin, 286.

Mackintosh, Sir James, on irreligion of Gibbon's time, 132.

Madison, James, as President, 207.

Mahaffy, J. P., on Herodotus, 5;
on Thucydides, 8.

Mahan, A. T., anticipation of theory, 127.

Maine, Sir Henry, on Federal Constitution, 203, 206.

Manuscript sources, value, 85, 91, 294;
Gardiner's use, 143, 144.

Massachusetts Historical Society, papers by author before, 141, 151,
159, 175, 183, 189, 315;
recognition of Gardiner, 147;
of Lecky, 156;
interest of E. L. Pierce in, 181;
E. G. Bourne and editorship of publications, 199.

Mathematics, and training of historian, 55-57.

Matthews, William, on _The Nation_, 278, 279.

Merritt, E. A., appointment by Hayes, 255.

Mexican War, aggression, 212;
and slavery, 212.

Mill, J. S., and mathematics, 56;
prodigy, 56.

Milligan case, and arbitrary government, 215.

Milman, H. H., on Gibbon's history, 125, 139.

Milton, John, on books, 60.

Moliere, importance to historians, 49.

Mommsen, Theodor, on Gibbon, 11, 125;
as scientific historian, 43.

Money. _See_ Finances.

Monographs, use by general historians, 22.

Monroe, James, as President, 207, 209.

Monroe Doctrine, and Philippines, 195;
and development of presidential office, 209.

Montesquieu, Gibbon on, 119.

Morison, J. A. Cotter, on Gibbon, 131.

Morley, John, on Macaulay, 16, 38, 55;
on Cicero and Voltaire, 51.

Morrill, J. S., and Hayes's New York Custom-house appointments, 255.

Morris, Gouverneur, and framing of Constitution, 204.

Morse, C. F., on feeling in Union army towards South Carolina, 307.

Motley, J. L., best work, 68;
advice to historians, 74, 75;
and manuscript sources, 86, 91;
Bourne's unfinished biography, 196.

_Nation_, as historical source, 95;
J. D. Cox as contributor, 187;
circulation, 270;
foundation, 273;
weekly edition of _Evening Post_, 274.
_See also_ Godkin.

Necker, Mme. _See_ Curchod.

Negro suffrage, opposition of J. D. Cox, 186.

Nerva, as "gray emperor," 127.

"New English Dictionary," importance of quotations in, 55.

New York Custom-house, Hayes's reforms and appointments, 254.

_New York Weekly Tribune_, influence, 31, 90, 91, 267.
_See also_ Greeley.

Newspapers, as historical sources, 29-32, 83-97;
use by Von Holst, 29;
as registers of facts, 30, 86-89;
importance for dates, 30, 87;
as guide of public opinion, 31, 89-92;
power of _New York Weekly Tribune_, 31, 90, 91, 267-269;
qualities of evidence, 83, 84;
value in American history, for period 1850-1860, 85-92;
and correction of logical assumptions, 87-89;
as record of speeches and letters, 89;
value of partisanship, 91;
value of Northern, for Civil War period, 92, 93;
of Southern, 93;
laboriousness of research, 93;
value for Reconstruction, 94;
canons of use, 96;
as fourth estate, 96;
criticisms of Presidents, 239.
_See also Nation_.

Niebuhr, B. G., on Gibbon, 10, 109;
on training of historian, 29.

North, Sir Thomas, translation of Plutarch, 1.

Norton, C. E., on Godkin, 270;
and foundation of _The Nation_, 273, 274.

Note-making in historical work, 76.

Nullification, Jackson's course, 210.

"Official Records of Union and Confederate armies," value as
historical source, 92.

"Ohio idea," 259.

Oliver, J. M., at burning of Columbia, 313.

Olmsted, F. L., Godkin on Southern books, 273;
interest in _The Nation_, 274;
on importance of Godkin to it, 275.

Olney, Richard, draft general arbitration treaty, 226.

Originality in history, 27-29, 34, 75.

Oxford University, address of author at, 169.

Pacific Coast, Goethe's prophecy, 71.

Packard, S. B., overthrow of government, 248, 249.

Palmerston, Lord, Spencer Walpole's estimate, 164.

Panama Canal, Goethe's prophecy, 72.

Paper money. _See_ Finances.

Parkman, Francis, originality, 28;
best work, 68;
remuneration, 78;
national pride in, 102;
and religion, 131;
on _The Nation_, 270, 295.

Partisanship, historical value of newspaper, 83, 91.

Pascal, Blaise, influence on Gibbon, 119.

Pasteur, Louis, biography, 59.

Patriotism in historians, 22.

Pericles, funeral oration, 18, 23.

Philippines, annexation and Monroe Doctrine, 195;
McKinley's attitude, 233;
Godkin's attitude, 286.

Physical sciences, and history, 2;
and training of historian, 55-59.

Pierce, E. L., essay on, 177-181;
biography of Sumner, 177-179;
as politician and citizen, 179, 181;
historic sense, 179;
character, 180;
interest in Massachusetts Historical Society, 181.

Pierce, Franklin, as President, 213.

Pike, J. S., historical value of newspaper articles, 31.

Pittsburg, railroad riot of 1877, 252, 253.

Pliny the Younger, on Tacitus, 9.

Plutarch, North's translation, 1;
on Thucydides, 19.

Poetry, and history, 1.

Politics, Godkin on decline, 296, 297.
_See also_ Civil service, Congress, Elections, Newspapers,
Presidential office, and parties by name.

Polk, J. K., as President, 211.

Polybius, as historian, 6.

Popularity, and historical writing, 44.

Presidential office, essay on, 203-241;
flexibility of powers and duties, 204;
under Washington, control of treaties, 205-207;
John Adams to J. Q. Adams, extension of power, 207-209;
and annexations, 208;
and Monroe Doctrine, 209;
under Jackson, era of vulgarity, spoils system, 209-211;
Van Buren to Buchanan, annexations and slavery, 211-213;
period of weakness, 213;
under Lincoln, war power, 213-216;
under Johnson, nadir, 216;
and cabinet government, 217, 240, 263;
under Grant, 217-219, 262;
veto power, 219;
Kent on dangers in elections, 219;
contested election of 1876, 219, 254;
under Hayes, 220-222, 245-264;
under Garfield, civil service reform, 222;
under Arthur, 222;
under Cleveland, advance in power, 223-226;
under Harrison, 226-228;
under McKinley, 229-234;
and public opinion, 231-234;
character of Roosevelt, 235;
business, interruptions and their remedy, 236-239;
appointments, number of presidential offices, 236;
contact with Congress, 237;
criticisms, 238-240;
success of system, 240-241.

Pritchett, H. S., on McKinley and Philippines, 233.

Public opinion, newspapers as guide, 31, 89-92;
backing of Lincoln's extra-legal actions, 215;
influence on Presidents, 231-234.

Puritans, Macaulay and Gardiner on character, 318.

Pym, John, and Revolution of 1688, 323.

Railroad riots, 1894, Cleveland and use of Federal troops, 225;
1877, cause, 251;
strike and conflicts, 253;
use of Federal troops, 253;
social alarm, 254;
conduct of Hayes, 254.

Ranke, Leopold von, "England," 143.

Raymond, H. J., power as journalist, 90.

Reading, desultory, 64, 65, 199;
facility and retention, 69;
note-making, 76.

Reconstruction, newspapers as historical source, 94, 95;
J. D. Cox's opposition to negro suffrage, 186;
failure, final withdrawal of troops, 248, 249;
attitude of _The Nation_, 282.

Reed, T. B., and power of Speaker, 227.

Reflection in historical work, 37.

Reform act of 1832, Lord John Russell's introduction, 162.

Religion, Gibbon on, under Pagan empire, 126;
Gibbon's treatment of early Christian church, 131-133.

Republican party, newspapers as record of formation, 90;
and sound money, 227, 257.

Resumption of specie payments, opposition and success, 258, 259.

Revolution of 1688, question of Cromwell's influence, 322, 323.

Riots. _See_ Railroad.

Robertson, William, present-day reputation, 40, 111;
Gibbon on, 122.

Rome. _See_ Gibbon, Tacitus.

Roosevelt, Theodore, character, 235;
routine as President, 236, 238.

Ropes, J. C., as military historian, 13.

_Round Table_, character, 279.

Rousseau, J. J., on Gibbon as lover, 137.

Russell, Lord John, and Reform Act of 1832, 162;
Spencer Walpole's biography, 162.

Sainte-Beuve, C. A., style, 53;
on desultory reading, 65;
on biographies of Goethe, 72;
as critic, 72;
on Gibbon, 114, 123;
on Tacitus, 128.

Salisbury, Lord, Godkin on, 290.

Santa Maria in Ara Coeli, Bambino, 107;
connection with Gibbon, 107.

Schofield, J. M., on J. D. Cox, 185.

Schouler, William, power as journalist, 90.

Schurz, Carl, on history as profession, 78;
criticism of Cleveland's Venezuelan policy, 239;
in Ohio campaign of 1875, 246;
Secretary of Interior, ability, 247;
with Hayes at Harvard commencement, 251;
and civil service reform, 256;
social character, 262;
as editor of _Evening Post_, 274;
and greenback inflation, 281.

Scott, Winfield, presidential campaign, 86, 87.

Sea-power, Gibbon on, 127.

Senate. _See_ Congress.

Seward, W. H., and arbitrary arrests, 214.

Shakespeare, William, as historian, 1, 7, 22;
conciseness, 36;
and study of human character, 67.

Shaw, Bernard, on reality of Shakespeare's characters, 67.

Sheffield, Lord, sends wine to Gibbon, 135.

Sherman, John, and Silver Bill of 1878, 221, 259, 260;
on contact of President and Congress, 237;
in Ohio campaign of 1875, 246;
Secretary of Treasury, ability, 247, 258;
refunding, 258;
abused for depression, specie resumption, 258, 259;
social character, 263;
and greenback inflation, 281.

Sherman, W. T., and Hayes's suggestion of war portfolio for General
Johnston, 247;
and burning of Columbia, 301-313.

Sicilian expedition, Thucydides's account, 19, 61.

Silver. _See_ Finances.

Slavery, and westward expansion, 212.

Source material, use by Thucydides and Tacitus, 12-16;
modern, 20, 22;
newspapers, 29-32, 83-97;
manuscript, 85, 91, 143, 294.

South Carolina, overthrow of carpet-bag government, 248;
feeling of Union army towards, 306.

Spanish War, newspapers and cause, 89;
McKinley's course, 233;
attitude of Godkin, 286.

Speaker of House of Representatives, power, 227.

_Spectator_, on McKinley's diplomacy, 234.

Spedding, James, Gardiner on, 145.

Spencer, Herbert, on aim of education, 77;
on age as factor in evidence, 85;
Bryce on, 293.

Spoils system. _See_ Civil service.

Stael, Madame de, parents, 137;
on Gibbon, 137 n.

"Stalwarts," origin of name, 249.

Stanton, E. M., and arbitrary arrests, 214.

Stephens, H. M., on French Revolution, 155.

Stone, G. A., at burning of Columbia, 302, 310, 311.

Story, Joseph, on presidential character, 235.

Stubbs, William, as historian, 42, 69, 157.

Suffrage, Godkin on universal, 296.
_See also_ Negro.

Sumner, Charles, style, 53.

Switzerland, Gibbon's manuscript history, 124.

Tacitus, rank as historian, 5;
characteristics as historian, 8-10, 128;
conciseness, 11, 16;
use of source material, 15;
as contemporary historian, 17, 19, 111;
on history, 43;
importance in training of historian, 61;
Gibbon on, 116;
on censure, 276.

Taine, H. A., use of journals, 83.

Tariff, Cleveland's attitude, 225;
McKinley Act, 227;
Dingley Act, 229;
McKinley's change of opinion, 229-231;
_The Nation_ and protection, 282.

Taylor, Zachary, as President, 212.

Texan annexation, 211; and slavery, 212.

Thackeray, W. M., on Macaulay, 38.

Theodora, Gibbon's treatment, 133.

Thompson, R. W., in Hayes's cabinet, 247.

Thucydides, rank as historian, 5;
on history, 6;
characteristics as historian, 6-8, 39, 128;
conciseness, 11, 14, 16, 36;
use of personal sources material, 12-14;
as contemporary historian, 17, 111;
importance in training of historian, 61.

Thurman, A. G., and greenback inflation, 281.

Ticknor, George, pessimism, 288.

Tilden, S. J., election controversy, 203, 219, 245.

Tocqueville, Alexis de, style, 65;
on presidential office, 210.

Trajan, "wise emperor," 127.

Treaty-making power, Jay Treaty as precedent, 206.

Trent, W. P., on burning of Columbia, 302.

Trevelyan, Sir G. O., biography of Macaulay, 64.

Tyler, John, as President, 211, 212.

Tyndall, John, as popular scientist, 58.

Ulysses, and study of human character, 67.

United States, Goethe's prophecy of westward extension and Panama
Canal, 71;
political traditions, 208;
Godkin's early optimism and later pessimism concerning, 272,
284-290, 296;
Godkin on general progress and political decline, 296.
_See also_ American, Finances, Newspapers, Politics.

Universities, strife after exact knowledge, 101;
advantages and aim of training, 102.

Vallandigham case, Lincoln's attitude, 214.

Van Buren, Martin, as President, 211.

Venezuela-Guiana boundary, Cleveland's action, 225
Godkin's attitude, 285.

Veto power, wisdom, 219.

Voltaire, importance to historians, 51;
theatre at Lausanne, 121;
and Gibbon, 121.

Walker, F. A., career, 283;
_The Nation_ ignores death of, 283, 284.

Walpole, Sir Spencer, essay on, 161-167;
"England," 161, 163, 164;
biography of Lord John Russell, 162;
knowledge of men, 164;
of continental politics, 164;
"Studies in Biography," 164;
knowledge of practical politics, 165;
as man of affairs, 165;
style, 165;
visit to, character, 165-167;
death, 167.

War power, exemplification by Lincoln, 213-216.

Warner, C. D., on originality in style, 27.

Washington, George, as President, 205-207;
prescience, 206;
as political tradition, 208.

Webb, J. W., power as journalist, 90.

Webster, Daniel, basis of style, 53, 54;
and presidential nomination in 1852, 86.

Weed, Thurlow, power as journalist, 90.

Wells, H. G., on Boston, 138.

Wentworth, Thomas, Macaulay and Gardiner on, 149.

West Virginia, railroad riots of 1877, 252.

Western Reserve University, lecture by author at, 47.

Wheeler, Joseph, lootings by his cavalry at Columbia, 309.

Whig party, nominations in 1852, 86.

Whitman, Marcus, Bourne's essay on, 193.

William I of Germany, "gray emperor," 127.

William II of Germany, "traveling emperor," 127.

Windom, William, and Hayes's New York Custom-house appointments, 255.

Wine, Gibbon's love for, 135.

Winthrop, R. C., on E. L. Pierce, 179.

Woods, C. R., at burning of Columbia, 303, 311, 312.

Woods, W. B., at burning of Columbia, 311.

Woolsey, T. D., on Thucydides, 39.

Yale University, lecture by author at, 47.

This Index was made for me by D. M. Matteson.