Chapter XX: Egyptians

Phenicians — the link of commerce between Egypt and Assyria. —
Herodotus — earliest Grecian informant about Egypt. — The Nile
in the time of Herodotus. — Thebes and Upper Egypt — of more
importance in early times than Lower Egypt, but not so in the
days of Herodotus. — Egyptian castes or hereditary professions. —
Priests. — The military order. — Different statements about the
castes. — Large town population of Egypt. — Profound submission
of the people. — Destructive toil imposed by the great monuments.
— Worship of animals. — Egyptian kings — taken from different
parts of the country. — Relations of Egypt with Assyria.
— Egyptian history not known before Psammetichus. — First
introduction of Greeks into Egypt under Psammetichus — stories
connected with it. — Importance of Grecian mercenaries to the
Egyptian kings — caste of interpreters. — Opening of the Kanôpic
branch of the Nile to Greek commerce — Greek establishment at
Naukratis. — Discontents and mutiny of the Egyptian military
order. — Nekôs son of Psammetichus — his active operations. —
Defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemisch. — Psammis, the son
of Nekôs. — Apriês. — Amasis — dethrones Apriês by means of the
native soldiers. — He encourages Grecian commerce. — Important
factory and religious establishment for the Greeks at Naukratis.
— Prosperity of Egypt under Amasis. — Appendix, on the Egyptian
chronology given by Manetho, as explained by M. Boeckh. 308-342

CHAPTER XXI.

DECLINE OF THE PHENICIANS. — GROWTH OF CARTHAGE.

Decline of the Phenicians — growth of Grecian marine and
commerce. — Effect of Phenicians, Assyrians, and Egyptians on the
Greek mind. — The alphabet. — The scale of money and weight. —
The gnomon — and the division of the day. — Carthage. — Era of
Carthage. — Dominion of Carthage. — Dido. — First known collision
of Greeks and Carthaginians — Massalia. — Amicable relations
between Tyre and Carthage. 342-348