Chapter XLVI: Appendix: No. 13

_Ancient Form of Procedure for the restitution of Goods unlawfully seized._

Endorsed in French. On the 15th day of June in the 13th year [of King Richard II.], there being present at Westminster the Chancellor, the Treasurer, the bishop of Lo[ndon], the bishop of Sarum, the bishop of Hereford, Monsr. Richard Lescro[~p], Monsr. William Lescrop, this examination was read, and the advice of the above persons and of the Guardian of the Privy seal, that restitution be made of the xiiij. tuns of wine.

[Sidenote: Original in Latin.]

The following examination was made on the 29th day of Novr., in the 13th year of King Richard II. [A.D. 1389], by Master Edmund Stafford, keeper of the Privy seal, and Edward Dalingru[~gg], and Richard Stury, knts., for the time being of the king’s council, by the same council especially appointed for this affair, upon that, namely, that from a certain ship of a certain Commendator of Germany, with certain casks of wine and other divers merchandises of the goods of Valascus Vincentius and Gunsalous Johannes, Merchants of Portugal, laden, and taken at sea by Englishmen of Sandwich against the will of the said merchants, and taken into the port of Sandwich, Robert de Assh’ton, while he lived, Constable of Dover Castle, had, as is said, 14 casks of wine, applied to his own uses, for which satisfaction had not yet been made, as is said, although the same Robert while he lived had been frequently applied to for it.

Thomas Elys, forty years of age and upwards, sworn, and examined, and diligently required respecting the said matter, says that about 7 years ago at Sandwich 14 casks of wine were taken from the aforesaid ship on the part of Robert Assh’ton for his own uses, as he then heard of public rumour, going about those parts. And of the other casks of wine taken in the same ship restitution was made, as he says, by command of the Council of the Lord King, as he heard from many persons, and he believes truly, as he says, that satisfaction had not yet been given to the said merchants for the 14 casks of wine under consideration.

John Godard, sworn, &c.: had heard from the relation of many, that such a ship had been taken with wine upon Palm Sunday about 7 years ago, &c. &c.

John Conduyt, sworn, &c.: Peter Conduyt, sworn, &c.: knew that such a ship had been taken by his father with wine, and saw the same ship, &c.

Hugh atte Welle, sworn, &c.: heard of, and saw such a ship at Sandwich, &c.; heard by common report that about the time of the last earthquake restitution had been made, &c.

Robert Sandewych’, sworn, &c.: says that such a ship was taken and carried into Sandewych, and the wine was sold to the knowledge of this witness, who had charge of the _cista_ (chest) which held the money received for this wine, and after that that party came from Portugal with letters of the king of Portugal, by command of the Council of the king of England restitution was made to them of that money for 100 casks of wine, exclusive of that for 14 casks which Robert Assh’ton had for his own uses. And this deponent says that for a sum of money between 100 shillings and 5 marks each of these casks were sold. This deponent also says that he with those merchants stood security for Robert Assh’ton for payment of the 14 casks; and the same Robert, to the knowledge and hearing of this deponent, acknowledged his debt and said that he was willing to pay for the same, but had made frequent delay in the matter; and this deponent never heard of payment having been made in the matter. The deponent also states that he was present at the sale of the casks of wine, as is aforesaid.

And all the aforesaid witnesses, examined singly, said that they estimate each of these casks at the value of six marks, after that the said 14 casks had been taken out and selected by Robert Assh’ton as being the best.[777]

FOOTNOTES:

[768] MS. Harleian, 158, fol. 2 b. A nearly similar statement is given in MS. Sloane, 43, fol. 12.81

[769] MS. Harl. 293, fol. 80. See also a long letter from Henry III. to Eric, King of Norway. Cotton. Nero, iii. p. 31, dated A.D. 1218, November 28; and a letter from Haco, King of Norway, promising to meet any complaints brought against his subjects. Rymer, “Fœd.” vol. i., sub A.D. 1216-18.

[770] Cotton. Galba, E iv. f. 22.

[771] As the figures differ in the different records, it has been thought best simply to add the sum of the figures given in the text.

[772] Add. MSS. 17364.

[773] MSS. Harl. 4819, fol. 123.

[774] Add. MSS. 4500, fol. 148.

[775] Add. MSS. 4500, fol. 149.

[776] MSS. Harl. 433.

[777] MS. Cott. Nero, B i. f. 18.

INDEX.

_Abdooli_, value of the port of, as the chief station for the trade
in ivory, p. 113

_Acesines_, at junction of, with Indus, Alexander builds a great
city, p. 142

_Ælanitic Gulf_, ports on, Elath and Ezion-geber, p. 27

_Africa_, ships destined for the trade with, cleared Arabian Gulf
before November, p. 113

---- largely supplies Rome with corn, horses, drugs, and with
animals for the games, p. 179

_Agricola_, his wise government of Britain; the first, also, who
sailed round the whole Island, p. 322

_Aguado_, a commission sent from Spain under the charge of, to
examine into the affairs of Columbus, p. 600

_Alexander the Great_ founds Alexandria, B.C. 331, with the view of
connecting Eastern and Western commerce, p. 100

---- not a mere conqueror, but a great promoter of commerce and of
civilization, pp. 134-137

---- is prevented from prosecuting his conquest of India by the
mutiny of his Greek troops in Hyphasis (Setlege), p. 138

----, Account of the fleet of, on the Indus, and of his conquests
and of the voyage of Nearchus, as detailed by Arrian, pp.
138-143

----, while dying, plans the conquest of Arabia, p. 146

----, disruption of the empire of, on his death, B.C. 323, p. 147

_Alexandria_, Pharos, or lighthouse, at, the model for future
buildings of the same kind, p. 58

_Alexandria_, course of Eastern trade thence, first by Arsinoe
(Suez), then by Myos Hormus and Berenice, p. 101

----, commerce of Rome with, chief items of, p. 177

_Alfred the Great_ ascends the throne of England, A.D. 871, p. 347

---- finds England overrun by the Danes, and commences to create a
Royal and Commercial Navy, pp. 349-50

---- justly called the “Father of the British Navy,” p. 348

---- said to have sent Missions to the East, p. 351

---- orders the compilation of the “Winchester Book,” the model of
the later “Doomsday Book,” p. 351

_Amalfi_, invention of mariner’s compass traditionally, but
erroneously, attributed to, p. 233

----, settlements of the republic of, at Constantinople, Antioch,
Jerusalem, and Alexandria, p. 238

----, its trade suppressed by the Pisans, A.D. 1137, p. 233

----, remarks of Mr. Hallam on the singular history of, p. 234,
_note_

_Amasis_, King, grants special privileges to the Greeks and founds
the port of Naucratis, B.C. 556, p. 49

_Amber_, story of its first discovery, and curious anecdotes
concerning the trade in, pp. 11, 12

_Antwerp and Bruges_ take the lead in Flemish trade, pp. 417-18

_Arabic language_ spoken for centuries at most ports between the
Euphrates and Canton, p. 160

_Aragon_, gradual advance of the trade between it and Africa, p.
549

_Archimedes_ invents a screw of great power for the launching of
Hiero’s great ship, p. 67

_Argonautic Expedition_ rather Phœnician than Greek, Introd. p.
xxvii, and probably a commercial enterprise in search of gold,
p. 4

_Aristotle_ states that the Phœnicians occasionally made their
anchors of silver from Spain, p. 9

_Ark of Noah_, simply a raft of stupendous size, roofed over like a
warehouse, Introd. p. xxiii

----, a notice of, recently discovered on Assyrian tablets by Mr.
George Smith, Introd. p. xxiv, _note_

_Arrest of Mariners_, form for, Append. 11, p. 653

_Arrest of Ships_, form for, Append. 10, p. 652

_Arrian, The Merchant_, not the same as the more famous writer of
Nicomedia, p. 111, _note_

----, various details given by, of the chief commodities passing
from the East to West, and _vice versâ_, pp. 111-112

---- describes the voyage of Nearchus, &c., pp. 138-43

---- visits himself the Malabar coast, p. 149

_Artemisium_, naval engagement off, and defeat of the Persians, p.
73

_Athens_, its commercial importance and three harbours, the
Piræeus, Munychia, and Phalerum, p. 72

----, fleet of, mainly instrumental in repelling Xerxes, p. 73

_Atlantic Ocean_, testimony of Edrisi to the dread the ancients had
of it, p. 553

_Author’s_ views on the arrangement of ancient rowers and on their
method of rowing, pp. 281-290

_Baalbek_, with Tadmor (Palmyra), founded by Solomon to obtain a
share of the commerce with Babylon and the East, p. 94

_Babylon_, admirable position of, as the entrepôt of Eastern
commerce, and early manufactories at, of cotton and linen, p. 33

----, its commerce still of value, as late as Diocletian, A.D. 284,
p. 34

_Babylon_, at the zenith of its greatness under Nebuchadnezzar, p.
97

_Babylonia_, ancient fertility of, confirmed by the statements of
Messrs. Rich and Chesney, p. 32

_Barcelona_, early Republican Government of, p. 471

_Barter_, trade by, of Carthaginians with natives of W. Africa, p.
21

----, the sole medium of caravan trade with the East, according to
Ezekiel, p. 96

_Barygaza_ (now Baroach), on the Nerbudda, a great commercial
entrepôt for the West, p. 111

_Bayeux Tapestry_, representation on, of the ships of William the
Conqueror, p. 362

_Bede, The Venerable_, the first writer after departure of the
Romans who mentions London, p. 339

_Behaim, Martin_, invents the astrolabe about A.D. 1480, p. 559

_Belgæ_, method of caulking ships in use among, as recorded by
Pliny, Introd. p. xxix

_Belzoni, M._, discovers remains of ancient stations between Coptos
and the Red Sea, p. 102

_Berenice_, fleets clear out thence eastwards in September for
Arabia and Africa; in July for India, p. 102

_Birch, Mr. Walter de Gray_, publishes in the “Archæologia” a
leaden tablet recording the aid given by Venice to Charlemagne
at siege of Pavia, A.D. 774, p. 237, _note_

_Birds_ used in navigation by the Northmen, as, according to Pliny,
by the ancient Cinghalese, p. 359

_Bitumen_ exported from Babylonia to Egypt in the time of Thothmes,
Introd. p. xxv

_Black Sea_, nature of the trade of, and of the Sea of Azov, pp.
200, 201

_Boats_, the earliest, flat-floored and without decks, keel-less
barges rather than ships, Introd. pp. xxvii-xxviii

----, Assyrian, on Tigris, &c., represented on the sculptures from
Nineveh, pp. 35-39

----, Assyria, resemble in shape those on the mediæval corporate
seals, p. 37

----, of the barbarians of the Euxine, description of, by Tacitus,
p. 193

_Boats of Skin_ on Assyrian sculptures, in use in Mesopotamia,
Introd. p. xxiv

---- noticed by Pliny as common in British waters, and occasionally
still met with in Wales and called _Coracles_, Introd. pp.
xxiv-xxv

_Boroughs, English_, in the time of Edward the Confessor, nearly
all in the hands of the King or of the nobility, p. 369

_Bristol_, trade from, to Iceland as early as King John, p. 393

_Britain_, position of, an island with dangerous coasts, rough seas
and sandbanks, p. 299

----, its vessels at first, according to Cæsar, with ribs and keels
of light wood covered with leather, p. 299

----, first known only to the Phœnicians or neighbouring tribes of
the Continent, p. 301

----, not noticed by any writer between the invasions of Cæsar and
of the Emperor Claudius, p. 312

----, list of towns in, recorded by Ptolemy, pp. 313-314

---- possessed a coinage of gold on Greek models before the time of
Cæsar, p. 315, _note_

---- for the first time “Mistress of the Seas” under the strong
rule of Carausius, p. 326

----, commerce of, at the time of the Conquest, in wool, lead, tin,
iron, and slaves, p. 366

_Britons_ closely connected with the Gauls, p. 302

---- ultimately gainers by the acquaintance they obtained with Rome
through Cæsar’s invasions, p. 312

---- had no fleet wherewith to resist the invasions of the
Northmen, p. 340

_Bucentaur_, state-barge of the Doge of Venice, historical details
of, pp. 475-7

_Cæsar, Julius_, various reasons of, for invasion of Britain, p. 303

---- unable to obtain from the Gauls any information about Britain,
p. 304

----, _first_ invasion of Britain, Aug. 26, B.C. 55, with, perhaps,
8000 men in 80 galleys, p. 305

----, _second_ invasion, B.C. 54, with, perhaps, 21,000 men and
2000 cavalry, p. 307

----, in _second_ invasion, crosses the Thames, probably between
Walton and Shepperton, and beats Cassivelaunus, pp. 310-311

----, invasions of Britain by, admitted by Tacitus and other Roman
writers to have been only discoveries, p. 311

_Canute_ ascends the throne, A.D. 1016, visits Rome and makes a
treaty with Emperor Conrad in favour of the English pilgrims,
and increases the number of mints in England, p. 360

_Canynge, William_, a celebrated merchant of Bristol in reign of
Edw. IV., pp. 455-6

_Caractacus_, celebrated speech of, p. 315

_Carausius_, a Menapian soldier, seizes the fleet of Maximian, and
reigns in Britain seven years, p. 197

_Caravans_, earliest notice of, in Genesis, ch. xxxvii., p. 25

----, route of Scythian, through Mongolia, Balkh, to N. of India
and China, pp. 42-43

----, up to the time of Solomon, the only means of communication
with the East, presumably used in the time of Moses—certainly
in that of Gideon, pp. 86-7

----, conduct and management of, pp. 88-92

----, the more important routes of, pp. 89-99

----, south-eastern from Petra to Yemen, and along Arabian Gulf to
Ophir (Saphar), northern from Tyre to the nations along the
Black Sea, and southern from Tyre to Egypt, pp. 89-90

----, by Palmyra to Thapsacus and Mesopotamia, pp. 94-95

----, from Thapsacus through Palestine to Memphis, and two routes
from Petra—both terminating at Gerrha, p. 95

----, route from Opis to Aradus, from Susa northwards, and thence
to Candahar, &c., and from Susa, through Caspian gates, by
Herât, Kâbul, and Peucela, to Central Asia, pp. 98-99

----, through Bactra, the chief route for commerce between India
and the West, before Alexander the Great, and the only method
of trading with China in the most remote ages, pp. 127-129

----, routes of, in India, chiefly for pilgrims to Benares and
Juggernaut, p. 153.

----, from China to Constantinople in ninety days, _viâ_ Oxus,
Caspian, Cyrus, and Phasis, p. 161

_Carthage_, the most important of the colonies of Tyre, p. 16

----, ancient site of, recognised by modern travellers as the “Hill
of St. Louis,” p. 17

----, in its commercial policy, adheres to the principles of Tyre,
did not, as has been asserted, exhibit a lust of conquest, and
only created a Navy in self-defence against the Romans, p. 19

----, _first_ expedition from, under Hanno, to western shores of
Africa; _second_ expedition under Himilco, to the N.W. of
Europe, p. 20

----, like the United States, indebted mainly to her
merchant-shipping for her Navy, p. 24

----, first Treaty with the Romans, B.C. 509, shows that Rome had
at that period little commerce, p. 169

_Carthaginian trade_ with Central Africa, Malta, Elba, Spain, &c.,
founded on reciprocity, while that of all her neighbours was
rigidly protectionist, pp. 23-24

_Cassiteros and “Insulæ Cassiterides,”_ most probable origin of
these names, p. 10

_Cerne, Island of_, the chief Carthaginian depôt in W. Africa, p. 21

_Ceylon_, the great entrepôt of the trade from the farthest East,
in the earliest days, in the time of the Persians and Arabs,
and to the present day, pp. 112-150

----, embassy from, to the Emperor Julian the Apostate, p. 151

----, description of its commerce by Cosmas Indicopleustes, A.D.
535, p. 155

_Chaldæans, Early_, like the Egyptians, of Hamite origin, and
shown, by the cuneiform inscriptions, to have been the greatest
people of the remotest ages, p. 27

_Chanca, Dr._, the physician of Columbus, writes an excellent
account of his Second Voyage, p. 592

_Charlemagne_ makes treaty of commerce with Offa, and extends
French commerce by alliance with Harún-al-Rashíd, A.D. 813, pp.
343-4

---- insists that the rights of Amalfi, Venice, &c., as commercial
cities, shall be respected, p. 464

_Charnock, Mr._, his view on the subject of ancient rowing, pp.
269-271

_Chaucer_, description of the English seamen of his time in
Prologue to “Canterbury Tales,” pp. 436-7

_China_, method of caulking ships used in 1792 not unlike that of
more remote times, Introd. p. xxix

---- (Thina), story of the trade with, in Herodotus, p. 128

_Cicero’s defence of Roscius_, argument in, turns on the method of
book-keeping practised at Rome, p. 185

_Cilician pirates_, war with, and destruction by Pompey at
Coracesium, p. 167

_Cinnamon_, one of the most valuable products of Ceylon, though not
mentioned as coming thence in any ancient author, p. 156

_Cinque Ports_ greatly distinguish themselves in action with the
French, A.D. 1216, with the earliest existing charter of, from
Edward I., A.D. 1272-1307, p. 394, _note_, and Appendix 4, pp.
629-632

----, duties imposed on, in return for their existing privileges,
p. 402

_Claudius, Emperor_, intelligent zeal of, with reference to the
importation of corn, pp. 176-7

----, by bounties, tries to improve the art of ship-building at
Rome, p. 301

_Coal-fields of Newcastle_ first opened temp. Edw. III., p. 410

_Coal-vessels and barges_, law for the admeasurement of, pp. 453-4

_Coasting_, the characteristic of all early navigation, p. 2

_Coasting_, difficulties and value of, as tending to form expert
seamen, p. 2

_Coasting character of the earliest voyages_ supports the story of
the circumnavigation of Africa from E. to W., p. 86

_Coasting trade_ from China to Bengal and Ceylon, p. 129

_Coasts of English Channel_ defended by the West-Country
merchantmen, and the French and Spanish fleets defeated, p. 434

_Colchester_, the principal city of Eastern Britain, made a Roman
colony by Claudius, p. 320

_Colonies, Phœnician_, their respect for and friendship with the
mother-country, p. 15

_Colonists of Columbus_, general disappointment of, at the scarcity
of the gold they had anticipated, pp. 597-8

_Columbus_ led by Ptolemy’s error in his longitude to fancy the New
World much nearer Europe than it is really, Introd. p. xl

---- repairs to Lisbon about 1470, and marries the daughter of
one of Prince Henry’s most famous navigators, Bartolomeo de
Palestrello, p. 555

---- obtains an audience with the King of Portugal about A.D. 1480,
but is not able to convince the learned Junto to whom his
scheme was referred, p. 559

---- is kindly welcomed by the prior of the Convent of La Rabida,
in Spain, A.D. 1485, p. 560

---- is received by Ferdinand and Isabella about A.D. 1486, p. 561

----, conditions on which he is to start on his voyage to the West
finally settled, April 17, 1492, p. 565

----, nature and character of the vessels employed by, in his first
voyage, pp. 567-571

---- starts from Palos on his _first_ voyage Aug. 3, 1492, and
sights land at the Island of Guanahani, Oct. 12, 1492, pp. 571-7

---- is fully persuaded that the land he had discovered was part of
Cathay, p. 578

----, account of the natives by, in letter to the Treasurer of
Ferdinand and Isabella, pp. 579-581

_Columbus_ loses one of his ships, establishes a colony, and sails
for Spain Jan. 4, 1493, p. 587

_Columbus_ is received on his return with the highest honours and
general rejoicings, pp. 588-590

----, on _second_ voyage, starts Sept. 26, 1493, p. 591

---- discovers Guadaloupe, the Antilles, Hispaniola, and builds a
new city, which he calls Isabella, pp. 593-4

---- discovers Cuba and Jamaica, p. 599

---- returns to Spain March 1496, leaving his brother Bartholomew
in command, p. 603

---- sets sail on his _third_ voyage to the West, May 30, 1498, p.
604

---- discovers Trinidad, May 31, 1498, and shortly afterwards
the Gulf of Paria, Tobago, and the islands of Margarita and
Cubagna, pp. 605-7

---- is sent in chains to Europe in 1500, with his brother
Bartholomew p. 610

----, letter from, to Doña Juana de la Torres, recounting his
wrongs and his sufferings, pp. 610-11

---- starts on his _fourth_ and last voyage to the West, May 9,
1502, p. 614

---- discovers island of Guanaga, Honduras, the Mosquito Coast,
Puerto Bello, and forms a settlement at the River Belem, pp.
615-18

---- reaches Spain on his return from his _last_ voyage, Nov. 7,
1504, p. 619

---- dies, neglected by the Court, May 20, 1506, p. 620

_Commerce_, nature and usual routes of, between Rome and Britain
under the Emperors, pp. 316-320

---- seriously restricted during the earlier Saxon period, pp. 342-3

_Compass, Mariners’_, not an invention of the Chinese, Introd. pp.
xlii-xliii

----, or, as used to be thought, of the people of Amalfi, p. 233

_Consul, the first English_, appointed at Florence, p. 460

“_Consuls of the Sea_,” board of “The Six,” created by Florence,
their powers and duties, pp. 524-530

_Consuls_ appointed to each ship, with their duties and emoluments,
p. 496

_Constantinople_ founded A.D. 323, p. 197

----, its splendid position for the purposes of trade, pp. 198-200

----, efforts made by its founder to induce merchants to settle at,
p. 201

----, commerce of, increased by the seizure of Alexandria and Syria
by the Muhammedans, p. 223

----, _Siege of_, by the Crusaders mainly promoted by the
commercial jealousy of Venice, p. 244

----, _Trade of_, much injured during the sixty years of the sway
of the Latins there, p. 246

---- taken by Muhammed II. A.D. 1453, p. 252

_Coptos_, on Nile, goods sent thence by caravans to Myos Hormus or
Berenice, p. 102

_Corinth_, excellent position of, as an entrepôt for commerce, p. 71

----, Isthmus of, called _Diolcus_, as the place where ships were
drawn across, p. 77

_Corinthians_, the first, according to Thucydides, to build
triremes, p. 70

_Corn_, bounties on, given at Rome on the importation of, p. 176

_Corn-trade_, enormous extent of, at Rome, at the commencement of
the Empire, p. 188

_Corsairs, Genoese_, performed the duties of the men-of-war of our
time, in searching neutral and friendly vessels, p. 519

_Cosmas Indicopleustes_, voyage to India and description of Ceylon,
A.D. 535, pp. 154-155

_Crete_, vast armament for the reduction of, prepared at
Constantinople, p. 225

_Crusades_, the four first, their objects and results, pp. 238-246

----, the _first_ and _second_, disastrous to those who planned
them, p. 238

----, the _third_, successful in the capture of Acre, Cæsarea, and
Jaffa, p. 239

----, the _fourth_, diverted from its original purpose to the aid
of Venice in the capturing of Zara and Constantinople, pp.
240-246

_Custom-houses, Roman_, with garrisons, in all the ports of the Red
Sea, p. 106

_Dacia_, province of, ceded to the Goths by Aurelian, p. 192

_Danes, The_, land in the Island of Thanet, A.D. 753, p. 345

----, nature, names, and outfit of their ships, pp. 345-6

_Danish Kings_ rule in Ireland and over Orkneys and Shetland
Islands, p. 347

_David, King_, the first to open out the trade with Ophir, p. 27

----, the Jews owe to him their first practical knowledge of
commerce, p. 28

_Dead-reckoning_ by observation of the sun and stars all that the
ancients had really to rely on, Introd. p. xli

_Dias, Bartholomew_, discovers the Cape of Good Hope on his return
voyage from Algoa Bay to Portugal, p. 553

_Duties_, higher, imposed by Augustus on articles of luxury than of
necessity, p. 174

_Eastern Empire_, its vast extent, from the Adriatic to Æthiopia
and Persia, p. 215

_Edgar_, the first to have separate fleets at different stations to
resist the Danish invasions, p. 358

_English Fleet_, wages of sailors of the fleet of Edward I.,
Append. 5, pp. 632-4

----, first roll of, A.D. 1347, p. 411; and at length in Append. 6,
pp. 634-6

----, item of repairs of ships of Edward III., at Bayonne, Append.
7, pp. 636-641

----, pay of sailors, soldiers, &c., on board of, pp. 412-13

_Egypt_, the oldest granary for corn, as proved from Genesis, ch.
xli., p. 26

----, under Pharaohs, an agricultural country, p. 46

----, commerce of, greatly promoted by the Greeks of Naucratis, p.
49

----, sailors of, bargemen employed on the Nile and canals rather
than seamen, p. 50

----, boats of, how built and navigated, according to Herodotus,
pp. 50-57

----, many and various kinds of vessels in, for cargoes,
passengers, funeral purposes, but no large sea-going boats in,
till the period of the Ptolemies, pp. 52-57

----, conquest of, by Octavianus, enormously promotes Roman
commerce with the East, p. 173

_Egyptian Records_ not to be harmonized with the Bible, p. 45

_Egyptian Tombs_, value of wall-paintings in, as delineating most
of the customs of the country, p. 46

_Egyptians_, not Caucasians, or Semites, as shown by their skulls
from the mummy-pits, p. 45

----, the first to build deck-houses on their vessels, p. 58

_Eratosthenes_ draws a parallel of latitude through Gibraltar,
Rhodes, and Lycia, to India, Introd. p. xl

_Essex, the Earl of_, the first to fit out an expedition to the
Holy Land, p. 376

_Ethelred, Law under_, that every owner of 310 hides of land should
furnish a ship for the Navy, p. 355

_Eudoxus the First_, voyage of, from Arabian Gulf to Gades, under
Ptolemy Lathyrus, p. 81

_Eudoxus the Second, of Cyzicus_, story of the finding of the prow
of an Egyptian ship, confirmed by Humboldt, p. 83

----, voyages to India, under Ptolemy Physcon and Cleopatra (his
queen), pp. 81-83

_Europe_, the commerce of, during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries, wholly in the hands of the Lombard (or Italian)
merchants, p. 478

_Excise_, value of, at Rome under Augustus, p. 175

_Ezekiel_, prophecy relating to Tyre and mainland of Phœnicia, in
ch. xxvii., examined, pp. 7-14

_Ezion-geber, the “Giant’s backbone,”_ description of, by Dean
Stanley, p. 29

_Fairs, the Statute_, sprung out of the religious assemblies of the
Sundays, p. 343

_Festus Avienus_, curious poem of, noticing early settlements in
Britain and Ireland, p. 20

_Firmus_, a paper-maker, heads the revolt of Alexandria, A.D. 273,
p. 159

_Flanders_, great increase of its trade, especially with the
Italian republics and the East (_viâ_ Constantinople), pp.
416-17

_Flood_, Scriptural account of, confirmed by the discoveries of Mr.
George Smith, Introd. p. xxiv, _note_

_Florence_, early reputation of its banking establishments, pp.
523-4

----, naval expeditions of, to Egypt, Constantinople, and Majorca,
pp. 525-6

----, the freedom of trade at, not unlike the practice of ancient
Tyre, p. 527

----, the public galleys of, and their trade, pp. 530-1

----, consulates belonging to, established in various foreign
countries as early as A.D. 1339, p. 531

----, principal causes of its commercial decline, pp. 532-3

_Florin_, a gold coin struck by the Florentines in imitation of the
Venetian ducat, p. 526

_Flotation_, first invention of, in the hollowed log and raft,
ascribed by the ancients to the gods, Introd. pp. xxi-xxii

_Foreign Trade_, especially that of Flanders and of the Italian
republics, greatly advantaged by the wars in which England
wasted her strength, pp. 416-22

_Frankincense_, enormous consumption of, at Babylon, p. 98

_Franks_, celebrated return of, from Black Sea through Straits of
Gibraltar to Frisian coasts, p. 164

_French, The_, during the Middle Ages, with the exception of the
Marseillais, chiefly notorious as wreckers, p. 470

_Galley, French_, description of, in 1701, pp. 262-5

_Galleys_, ancient, their various sizes and mode of rating, p. 253

---- of large size attributed by the ancients to Dionysius I. and
to Demetrius Poliorcetes, pp. 255-6

----, general character of the ancient, pp. 256-9

----, difficulty of arranging the oars according to any ancient
account which has been preserved, pp. 260-1

----, central portion of all, probably covered with awning or
tarpaulin, p. 292

----, general conclusions relative to their rating or classing of,
p. 296

_Gaul_ supplies Rome with minerals, corn, salt pork, and cloths, p.
180

_Genoa_ of comparatively little importance till it obtained the
chief power in the East by its restoration of the Greek empire,
whereby it obtained settlements at Galata and Pera, p. 247

---- gradually absorbs the whole commerce of Constantinople with
the Black Sea and Central Asia, p. 248

---- makes war on Constantinople, whose Emperor, Cantacuzene,
appeals to the Venetians and Turks for aid, p. 250

----, long struggle between it and Venice, ending in its ruin, p.
250

---- restores Greek dynasty at Constantinople, p. 509

_Genoese_ famous as ship-builders—vessels built by them for Louis
IX., A.D. 1268, pp. 510-14

_Genoese pirates_ destroyed by the Turcoman ruler of Sinope, A.D.
1323, p. 519

_Genoese ship of thirteenth century_, probable representations of,
from the MS. Virgil in Riccardi library, p. 513

---- of the sixteenth century, as given by Charnock, p. 518

_Genoese ships_, improbability of those described by Napier in his
“History of Florence,” pp. 514-16

_Genseric_ seizes Carthage, crosses to Ostia, and captures Rome,
pp. 210-212

---- destroys the fleet of Leo the Emperor of Constantinople, who
had attempted to take Carthage, p. 213

_Gessoriacum_ (Boulogne), Pharos or lighthouse at, constructed by
Caligula, p. 180

_Glesum_ (_glass?_), the native name for amber among the Suionæ,
according to Tacitus, p. 12

_Gnomon_ the most usual ancient nautical instrument, Introd. p. xl

_Goods_, restitution of, ancient form for, Append. 13, pp. 654-6

_Goths_, first invasion of, A.D. 217, repressed by Caracalla, and
divided, generally, into Ostro (east) and Visi (west), p. 191,
_note_

----, general character of, ascertainable from the narrative of
Tacitus in his essay “De Germanis,” p. 192

---- take Philippopolis and slay the Emperor Decius, A.D. 257, p.
192

_Grants_, register of, Append. 12, pp. 653-4

_Greece_ the only European country which reared silkworms from the
time of Justinian to the twelfth century, p. 224

_Greek Empire at Constantinople_ restored by the Genoese, A.D.
1261, p. 246

_Guanahani_, the first land reached by Columbus, one of the cluster
of the Lucayos or Bahama Islands, now known as Watling Island,
p. 577

_Hadramaut_, chief trade of, frankincense, p. 120

_Hadrian_ builds the famous Roman wall from Walls End to the
Solway, p. 325

_Hanseatic League_, the first between Hamburg and Lübeck, commences
A.D. 1241, p. 397

----, its method of trading, pp. 420-2

_Hanse-Towns_, important treaty with, made by Henry IV., A.D. 1401,
p. 437

----, its charges of piracy against the English, and
counter-charges, pp. 438-9

_Haweis, Rev. J. O. W._, suggestions as to the arrangements of the
oars and seats, Appendix 1, pp. 625-8

_Henry V._ raises the finest fleet yet created in England, and
builds large ships at Southampton, pp. 441-2

_Henry, Prince of Portugal_, justly termed “the Navigator,” sends
expeditions along the Western Coast of Africa, pp. 550-1

_Hiero, King of Syracuse_, ship of, called the _Alexandrian_,
probably not unlike the large American inland steamers, pp.
66-68

_Hieroglyphics_, Egyptian, key to the interpretation of, first
discovered by Dr. Thomas Young, M.D., p. 44

_Hindustan_, the fame of its great wealth likely to attract
conquerors at any period of history, p. 125

_Hippalus_, the discoverer of the Monsoons, believed to have lived
in the reign of the Emperor Claudius, p. 104, _note_

_Hipparchus_ the first to construct a map on the principle of
“Mercator’s Projection,” Introd. p. xl

_Hoest_, trade by silent barter between Moors and Negroes, noticed
by, p. 22

_Holy Writ_, the only source of our earliest information about the
most ancient ships and commerce, Introd. p. xvi

_Howell, Mr._, views of, on ancients’ rowing, pp. 275-281

---- deems it impossible that vessels of more than five banks could
have been rowed, p. 275

_India_, value of the trade with, and ancient and modern fear lest
it should absorb too much of the precious metals required for
the currency, p. 105

----, no reliable account of its actual resources before the
invasion of Darius, p. 127

----, commerce of, with the West before Alexander the Great,
chiefly by caravans through Bactra (Balkh), but scarcely known
historically till he descends the Indus, pp. 127-134

----, comparative length of voyages to, in ancient and modern
times, p. 145

---- to the E. of Indus little known till the time of the Romans,
p. 148

---- shown by Arrian in his “Periplus” to have been very rich in
manufactures, p. 152

----, caravans in, to Benares and Juggernaut, p. 153

----, Roman trade with, lasted more than five centuries, but
interrupted by the Sassanian rulers of Persia, p. 157

----, Chinese trade with Western, and Ormuz, p. 158

_Indian trade_, no record of the ships, employed in, which,
however, probably resembled that of St. Paul, p. 108

----, nature of the cargoes, freights thence for Europe, p. 109

_Italian Republics_, great variety of shipping employed by, pp.
486-493

----, custom of selling ships not required for the State, by
proclamation, pp. 497-8

_Jews_, atrocious treatment of, during the whole of the Crusading
period, pp. 469-470

_Junks, Chinese_, and other Chinese vessels have varied little, if
at all, in the last 2000 years, pp. 131-3

_Junto, the Spanish_, are unwilling to admit the arguments of
Columbus, pp. 561-3

_Justinian, Reign of_, distinguished by the overthrow of the
Vandals in Africa, and of the Ostro-Goths in Italy, p. 215

_Kane_ (in Hadramaut), in remote times, a place, having a direct
trade with India, p. 119

_Latitude_, ancient, reckoned in _stadia_ (of 201 yds. 1 ft. each)
from the Equator to Syracuse, Introd. p. xli

_Laws, Maritime_, propounded by Richard I., founded on the “Rôles
d’Oléron,” pp. 379-392

_Leghorn_, sale of, by Genoa to Florence, in A.D. 1421, a heavy
loss to Pisa, p. 524

_Liburnians_, their light and swift galleys adopted by Octavianus
at the battle of Actium, pp. 163-4

_Lighthouses_, ancient, at Alexandria, Ostia, Ravenna, Brundusium,
Capreæ, and Gessoriacum—perhaps, too, at Dover Castle, and Moel
Van in Flintshire, p. 59

_London_ first mentioned by Tacitus, and then as a place of
considerable trade, p. 313

----, charges on ships trading to, p. 355

----, merchants of, so powerful as to secure the throne for
Canute’s son Harold, p. 361

----, William the Conqueror discerns its value, and gives its
citizens special privileges, p. 369

_Low Countries_, principal commercial towns of, pp. 418-20

_Lully, Raymund_, attempts to prevent trade between Christians and
Muhammedans, pp. 505-6

_Lydia_, Persians invade, in the hope of attaining thence a navy,
p. 40

_Lydians_ the first to strike coins, p. 40

_Lyon, Capt., R.N._, notice of trade by barter in the Soudan, p. 22

_Machin, Mr._, reasonable grounds for believing him the discoverer
of Madeira, p. 551

_Magna Charta_ granted by King John, A.D. 1215, p. 393

_Magnesia_, storm off the coast of, and heavy loss of Persian
ships, p. 75

_Major, Mr. R. H._, edits two editions of “The Select Letters of
Columbus,” p. 555

_Malabar_, ships for, left Berenice about the 10th of July, p. 107

----, ships from, left early in January, p. 108

----, notice in Arrian of the class of vessels employed in the
trade of, p. 130

_Malmesbury, William of_, speaks of the great trade of London in
reign of King John, p. 393

_Mariners_ greatly favoured by the Emperors of Constantinople, pp.
203-5

----, lands granted for the support of, by the Emperors Valentinian
and Valens, p. 205

_Maritime commerce_ illustrated by the legislative measures of
different nations, and traced from Phœnicia, through Greece,
Rome, and the Middle Ages to the present time, Introd. pp.
xvi-xviii

_Marque, Letters of_, first issued by Edward I., p. 404

_Marseilles_ a port of importance about A.D. 500, p. 463

----, shipping of, profit largely by the crusading rage, pp. 466-9

----, passage money exacted by, from pilgrims, &c., pp. 468-9

_Mediterranean_ peculiarly adapted, from its islands and bays, for
the employment of small undecked craft, p. 3

_Melvill, General_, theory of the arrangement of ancient oars, pp.
266-9

_Merchandise_, rapid demand at Rome for the most costly, at the
close of the Roman Republic, p. 172

_Merchant Navy of England_, state of during reign of Edward III.,
p. 414

_Merchant vessels_ during the Middle Ages, armed and used as ships
of war, p. 501

_Merchant vessels_ charged by Henry IV., A.D. 1406, with the
defence of the English coasts, pp. 439-40

_Merchants, College of_, established at Rome, B.C. 494, p. 169

_Merchants_, no senators permitted to be, and, as a class, looked
down upon by Cicero and others, pp. 170-1

----, English form commercial associations of, abroad, especially
with Flanders, A.D. 1248, p. 397

----, statute of, for the recovery of debts enacted by Edward I.,
A.D. 1283, p. 405

----, English, additional privileges given to, by Edward II. and
Edward III., A.D. 1326,7-77, p. 409

----, laws greatly favouring, under Richard II., A.D. 1377, pp.
425-6

_Merchants of Bristol, Northumberland_, &c., largely dealers in
slaves at the time of the Conquest, p. 366

_Miletus_, the parent of many colonies along the Black Sea, &c., p.
40

_Moncenigo, Tomaso_, famous speech of, as Doge, A.D. 1421,
recapitulating the revenues of Venice, and opposing wars as
unprofitable, pp. 480-2

_Monsoons_, periodical winds so called, first made known by voyage
of Hippalus, in the time of Claudius, p. 104

_Mosaic narrative_ of early history confirmed by antiquarian and
linguistic research, and especially by the discoveries in Egypt
and Nineveh, p. 123

_Muhammedans_, rise and rapid conquests of; their effects on
commerce, pp. 218-19

---- found the town of Bussorah, and carry their trade to Sumatra
and Canton, pp. 159-60

---- secure the entrepôt of Alexandria, and compel the natives of
the West to seek new routes for the trade with the East, p. 160

---- take Jerusalem A.D. 636, Alexandria A.D. 638, and Africa A.D.
647, p. 219; but fail in all their early attempts to take
Constantinople, pp. 219-21

----, papal bulls to prevent trade with, generally disregarded by
the Venetians, pp. 504-6

_Musiris_, the furthest port to the East to which the ships of the
West traded directly, p. 112

_Naucratis_, story of the port of, p. 48

_Navigation Act_, the first, A.D. 1381, of short duration, p. 427

_Navy, English_, great increase of, under Edward the Elder,
Athelstan, and Edgar, pp. 351-3

----, special tax for the support of, p. 433

_Nearchus_, nowhere specifies the size of his ships, p. 144

----, length of voyage of, from the Indus to Susa, p. 145

_Nebuchadnezzar_ builds Teredon, near Bussorah, p. 14

_Needle_, variation of, causes great alarm to Columbus and to his
sailors, pp. 573-4

_Nile, The_, the chief source of the wealth and prosperity of
Egypt, p. 50

_Norman Power_ in Italy first limited to Aversa, but soon
comprehends the modern kingdom of Naples, p. 232

_Normans_, origin of the; settlements in France and in Italy, p. 231

---- make two futile attempts to take Constantinople, A.D.
1081-1084, pp. 234-5

_Norway_, commercial treaty with, A.D. 1217, p. 396; and mandate
in favour of the king’s ship, the _Cogge_, Append. 3,
p. 629, and _note_

_Oars_, oblique arrangement of, shown on the relief from Trajan’s
Column and on sculpture from Kouyunjik, p. 275

_Offa_, accession of, A.D. 755, his able reign and attention to
commerce, pp. 340-341

----, dispute, but ultimate commercial treaty, with Charlemagne,
pp. 341-344

_Oleron, Rôles d’_, principal articles in, and various details, pp.
379-392, and _note_, p. 379

_Omana_ (_Oman_), vessels and trade with, in dates, &c., the same
now as in ancient times, pp. 120-121

_Ophir_, various opinions of learned men as to its true position,
p. 28

----, the “gold of,” probably a qualitative name, like
“guinea-gold,” p. 28

_Opis_, a centre of caravan routes to Aradus and other places, p. 98

_Ostia_, port of, proposed by Cæsar, but executed by Claudius and
Nero, commemorated on a brass medal of Nero, p. 189

_Ovando, Nicholas de_, sent as Governor to the West Indies, with
the object of re-establishing the authority of Columbus, Feb.
1502, p. 613

_Oxus_, doubt whether the main stream of, ever flowed into the
Caspian, p. 43

_Paddle-wheel Steamer_ greatly resembles the row-galley of the
ancients, p. 291

_Pardessus, M._, valuable work by, on the Maritime Laws of the
Mediæval Nations, pp. 379-390

_Pattala_ (_near Kurachi_), the most western mart of India, p. 111

_Petra_, the great centre of Arabian commerce, p. 95

_Phœnicia_, the leading maritime state at the earliest period, its
average length and breadth, and mainland trade of, with the
chief causes of its commercial success, pp. 4-14

_Phœnicians_, original seat of the, Introd. p. xxvi

----, advance of, from Persian Gulf to Mediterranean, illustrates
the great law of migration westwards, p. 5

---- form the connecting link between the civilization of the East
and of Europe and Western Africa, p. 6

----, the inventors of the alphabet, and the discoverers of the
Cynosure or last star in the Little Bear, p. 14

----, the first to double the Cape, by order of Pharaoh Necho, B.C.
610-594, p. 80

_Piracy_, universal, during the long weak reign of Henry III., A.D.
1216-72, p. 395

_Piræeus_, port of, planned by Themistocles and executed by
Pericles, p. 72

_Pisa_, early importance of, and trade with Saracens, p. 520

----, representation of ship on the Leaning Tower at, p. 521

----, long and bloody war with the Genoese for nearly two
centuries, p. 522

_Pliny_, dread by, of the absorption of the precious metals for the
useless luxuries of the East, p. 173

“_Policie—Libel of English_,” curious poem so called, asserting
England’s right to the “dominion of the narrow sea,” and notice
in of the trade of England with Flanders, Prussia, Germany,
Spain, Italian Republics, Iceland, &c., pp. 443-9

_Polo Marco_, effects of the travels of, and of Sir John
Maundeville, on the enthusiastic spirits of the fifteenth
century, p. 557

_Ports of England_, the chief, temp. Edward I., p. 407

_Portuguese_ take care to keep to themselves the secret of the
“Guinea Trade,” p. 552

----, maritime discoveries of, pp. 549-553

_Probus, Emperor_, wall of, 200 miles long, from Danube to the
Rhine, p. 196

_Ptolemy_ (_the Geographer_), by an error in longitude, places
China 60° nearer Europe than it is really, Introd. p. xl

---- in error with respect to the size but not to the commercial
importance of Ceylon, p. 148

----, his account of India beyond the Ganges shows that it had been
reached by navigators before his time, p. 149

---- places many “_Emporia_,” or places of call for merchants,
along the coasts of India, p. 151

_Ptolemy, son of Lagos_, first Greek ruler of Egypt, p. 58

---- carries out the designs of Alexander the Great with reference
to Alexandria, pp. 58 and 101

_Ptolemy_ (_Philopater_), description, in Athenæus, of his
great ship, built probably for show rather than use, of his
_Thalamegus_, and of other smaller vessels, pp. 60-64

_Ptolemy Philadelphus_ builds the port of Berenice, on the Red Sea,
and attempts to cut a canal from Arsinoe, on the Red Sea, to
the Pelusiac (or eastern) arm of the Nile, p. 59

_Pytheas_, the first to make a voyage to the North, account of, in
Pliny, p. 11

_Rámáyana_, description in, of the wealth of Ayodhya (Oude), p. 126

_Reciprocity, Treaties of_, and extension of maritime commerce
under Richard III., A.D. 1485, p. 459

_Relics_, disgusting purchase of, by ecclesiastics of the tenth and
eleventh centuries, p. 368

_Revenue and Expenditure_, first accounts of, A.D. 421, pp. 452-3

_Rhodian Maritime Law_, remark of M. Aurelius relative thereto, p.
183

---- accepted by the Romans, and ultimately embodied in the “Rôles
d’Oléron” and “Hanse Town Ordinances,” p. 184

----, the chief rule also for the ships of the Italian Republics,
p. 502

_Rhodians_, their character as merchants and jurists, p. 181

---- the first to establish regulations for co-partnership, payment
of officers, &c., p. 183

_Richard I., Cœur de Lion_, fits out an expedition in aid of the
Holy Land (the Second Crusade), A.D. 1189, p. 375

----, results of the expedition under, p. 378

---- Ordinances of, for seafaring men, Append. 2, p. 628

_Richard II._, strangely inconsistent and protective laws of, pp.
428-430

_Robertson, Dr._, remarks on the story of Sesostris’s conquest of
India, p. 124

_Roman Commerce_, its extraordinary extent and value under the
first Emperors, pp. 177-180

_Roman Commerce with the East_, its general effect, the enriching a
select few of the people, p. 173

_Roman Empire_, corruption and decay of, after the Antonine
Princes, pp. 190-191

_Roman Navy_, chief stations of, at the commencement of the Empire,
p. 164

----, slow in construction and at first very rude, with a list of
ships built and their fate, during the Punic Wars, pp. 165-6,
_note_

_Romans_ in early times averse to maritime affairs, and dependent
on Greece and foreign nations for the supply of their
commercial wants, p. 163

----, first pay real attention to commerce on the destruction of
Carthage and Corinth, p. 166

----, their method of book-keeping, pp. 184-6

_Rome_, the extremes of wealth and poverty visible there under the
later Emperors, pp. 206-7

----, enormous baths at, for the free use of rich and poor, under
the later Empire, p. 208

----, siege of, by Alaric and Goths, A.D. 408, p. 208

_Romney Marsh_, or Lymne, on each occasion the probable scene of
Cæsar’s disembarkations, p. 307

_Routes of Commerce_, by land and sea, between West and East, p. 100

_Rowers_, action of, mainly regulated by the size of the galley, p.
289

_Rowing of Ancient Galleys_, peculiar view on the, by the Rev. J.
O. W. Haweis, Append. 1, p. 625

_Russians_ first mentioned in history as the owners of the
entrepôts of Novgorod and Kief, and as settlers in
Constantinople, pp. 228-9

----, ships of, scarcely more than large canoes, p. 229

---- make four unsuccessful attempts to seize Constantinople, pp.
229-30

----, ancient tradition that, in the last days, they should become
masters of Constantinople, p. 231

_Rymer’s Fœdera_, condensed syllabus of, Append. 8, pp. 642-650

_Safe Conduct_, form of, Append. 9, pp. 650-2

_Sailors_, in ancient ships, chiefly of two classes, viz. mariners
and rowers, Introd. p. xxxiii

_Sailors, Greek_, ordinary pay of, in the time of Demosthenes, p. 73

_Saints, Biographies of the_, the only historical documents from
the fourth to the eighth centuries, p. 339

_Sardes, Royal Road from_, to Susa, described by Herodotus, pp.
92-93

_Sataspes, Voyage of_, and visit to a nation of dwarfs
(Bosjesmans?), p. 81

_Saxons_, first coming of, and of other Teutonic tribes; their
early ships probably copies of Roman galleys, pp. 327-8

_Scale, Sliding, the first_, applied to the importation of corn, p.
457

_Scotland_, no maritime force or trade in, till Alexander III.,
A.D. 1249, p. 406

_Sculptures from Assyria_ exhibit most of the ordinary mechanical
implements, as the pulley, saw, pick-axe, &c., p. 39

_Scythians_, according to Herodotus, carry on their trade in seven
distinct languages, and are partly nomad owners of caravans,
partly agriculturists, pp. 41-2

_Sea, the dominion of_, formally claimed by England in A.D. 1416,
pp. 449-450

----, the limits of, determined A.D. 1674, by treaty with
States-General, and not a mere barren title, pp. 451-2

_Seals, Corporate_, of the towns of Sandwich, Poole, Dover,
Faversham, &c., A.D. 1238-1325, pp. 398-402

_Seamen, English_, wages of, in reigns of Harold and Hardicanute,
p. 361

_Seamen, European_, manners, customs, and superstitions of, during
Middle Ages, pp. 531-546

_Seamen of London_ play important part in the coronation of Harold
at Oxford, p. 361

_Search, Right of_, first enforcement of, in the case of Flemish
ships, pp. 424-5

_Seleucus_, in treaty with Ptolemy the son of Lagos, establishes
the trade between Red Sea and Hindustan, p. 148

_Semiramis_ not a mythical personage, but an historical Queen of
Nineveh, p. 5

_Senators_ forbidden to engage in trade, lest they should neglect
their duties to the State, p. 170

_Sesostris_ (_or Rameses II._), sculptured memorials of, at
Nahr-el-Kelb, near Beyrût, and near Sardes, pp. 47-8

----, no evidence that he really conquered any part of India, pp.
123-4

_Sheba, Queen of_; her visit to Solomon, p. 29

_Ships_, decorations of, various names of, ceremonies at the
launching of, officers employed in—the master, mate, boatswain,
with various details of—rig and sails, undergirders, anchors
and cables, and decks, Introd. pp.xxx-xxxvii

----, speed of, recorded instances of, in ancient authors, Introd.
p. xliv

----, tin-freighted, anecdote of the captain of a, p. 11

----, possible that some as large as those of Ptolemy Philopater
may have been constructed, p. 65

----, remarkable, of Olaf and Swein, Kings of Norway, and of Earl
Godwin, pp. 357-8

---- of Italian Republics, stringent regulations regarding, when at
sea, p. 502

---- of the Middle Ages, their decorations, &c., pp. 536-7

_Silkworms_ brought from China by two monks, and reared by order of
Justinian, in Greece, p. 216

_Silver_ so abundant in Spain that Aristotle states that the
Phœnicians made their anchors of it, p. 9

_Singhalese_ at no period fond of maritime pursuits, p. 155

_Slaves_, a considerable item in the trade from Ireland, Saxony,
Denmark, &c., p. 358

_Solomon, King_, promotes Jewish commerce, by commercial
arrangements with Hiram, King of Tyre, his fleets being manned
by Tyrian sailors, but under Jewish supercargoes, pp. 29-30

---- his fleets essentially coasters, p. 31

----, commerce promoted by him died almost with his death, p. 32

_Spain_ largely supplied Rome with mineral products, p. 179

----, commercial treaty with England A.D. 1351, p. 424

_Spices_, enormous quantities of, imported from India to Rome, p.
110

_St. Paul_, account of the ship of, from a work by Mr. Smith, of
Jordan Hill, Introd. p. xxxvii

_Stanhope, Michael_, Vice-Admiral of Suffolk, fine seal of, p. 401

_Swyn_, splendid victory off, A.D. 1340, and superiority of English
sailors in naval tactics and intrepidity, p. 435

“_Tarshish_, ships of,” probably a phrase like our modern one of
“Indiamen,” p. 9

_Tennent, Sir Emerson_, excellent work on Ceylon by, p. 156

_Tin_ brought in the largest quantities from the Scilly Islands,
partly in Phœnician ships to Gades, partly on horses’ backs
across France to Narbonne, and early used with alloy of copper
in “lion-weights” from Nineveh, and “Celts” from European
graves, p. 10

_Toscanelli, P._, the best cosmographer of his days, supports the
views of Columbus, p. 556

_Trajan, Emperor_, supposed galley of, found at the bottom of Lake
Riccio, Introd. p. xxix

_Treaty_ between Charlemagne and Offa, A.D. 796, pp. 343-4

_Triremes_, the first, said to have been built by the Corinthians,
p. 254

_Truro_, pig of tin preserved there, p. 10

_Tudela, Benjamin of_, his testimony as to the state of
Constantinople and the East in the twelfth century, p. 224

_Turks, The_, first make good their footing in Europe A.D. 1341,
and gradually secure the country round Constantinople and
Adrianople A.D. 1360-1389, p. 251

_Tyre_, traders of, extended their commercial intercourse to the
Northern and Erythræan seas, Introd. p. xix

----, its commerce with the East carried on by caravans from Arabia
Felix to Petra, and thence to Gaza, Askalon, and Ashdod, p. 13

----, merchants of, the first to establish agencies and factories
and regular colonies, with a commercial policy liberal and
enlightened in intercourse with other peoples, and worthy of
imitation by some of the nations of our own times, pp. 15-16

_Ulysses_, ship of, described by Homer, Od. v. 243, Introd. p. xxvii

_Vandals_ plunder Spain and Africa, p. 209

_Venice_, its rapid rise, and the cause thereof, pp. 235-8

----, exorbitant demands of, for shipping supplied for the Fourth
Crusade, p. 243

----, galleys of, rob Alexandria of the body of St. Mark, p. 465

---- raises a fleet to suppress the Istrian and Dalmatian pirates,
p. 465

----, annual ceremonial at, of the espousal of the Adriatic, p. 475

----, laws and commercial policy of, liberal, but, on the whole,
protective, p. 479

----, special laws of, excluding from participation in her trade,
German, Hungarian, or Bohemian merchants, pp. 479-480

----, character and extent of its arsenal, p. 482

----, tradition of enormous ship built there, A.D. 1172, and
probability that she was so constructed, pp. 483-5

----, a fixed number of young and indigent nobles sent with each
ship, p. 494

----, rejoicings at, when a ship was ready to start on its voyage,
p. 500

_Venetian Merchant Ships_, value of their cargoes, p. 495

_Venetians_, in agreeing to carry Crusaders to Holy Land, demand an
exorbitant freight, with leave to establish factories, p. 472

----, complaint against, on part of the troops employed on shore at
siege of Tyre, p. 474

----, the Pope grants the dominion of the Adriatic to the, A.D.
1159, p. 474

----, contract by, to supply ships for Louis of France, A.D. 1268,
pp. 485-486

_Vienne, Sir John de_, with a French fleet, plunders the English
coasts from Rye to Plymouth, p. 432

_Vikings of Scandinavia_, account of, and of their remarkable skill
as seamen, pp. 331-5

----, occupy the Hebrides, sea-lochs of the Highlands, and the
north of Ireland; discover America (Vinland), and cruise along
the Mediterranean to Constantinople, pp. 334-5

----, ancient clinker-built boat of, discovered in Denmark, pp.
335-7

_Vincent, The Rev. Dr._, doubts any circumnavigation of Africa
before that of the Portuguese, p. 84

----, reply to his argument on this subject, pp. 85-6

_Vinisauf, Geoffrey de_, describes the crusading fleet of Richard
I., pp. 376-8

_Vossius’s_ discussion of ancient rowing in his “Construction of
Ancient Ships,” pp. 271-3

_Waghen, John de, of Beverley_, privateering commission granted to,
p. 432

_Warwick, Earl of_, “the King-maker,” piratical attack by, on a
fleet of Genoese merchantmen, p. 454

_Wealth of England_ at the time of the Conquest almost wholly in
the hands of the great ecclesiastics, pp. 367-8

_West, Evidences of land to the_, recognisable in objects washed
upon the western shores of Madeira, p. 563

_Whales_ caught as far south as Biarritz, p. 391, _note_, and
Append. 8, p. 648

_William the Conqueror_, character and number of vessels with which
he invaded England, pp. 362-3

----, his fleet, really of inferior vessels, small in size and
hastily put together—not, perhaps, unlike the present Lerwick
fishing-boats, pp. 363-4

----, state of commerce, &c., in England when he invaded it, and
taxation of different towns unequal, and on no determinate
principle, pp. 365-372

----, remarkable decay of many leading towns during his reign, as
shown by the returns of his “Domesday,” pp. 371-2

---- greatly increases the power of the English fleet mainly by aid
of the Cinque Ports, p. 374

_Winds, periodical_, in Persian and Arabian gulfs and in Indian
Ocean, favourable to early navigation in boats of small
capacity, p. 3

---- the Etesian (or annual), blow steadily from the N. in July,
between the Euxine Sea and Syene, during the period the Nile is
at its highest, p. 103

_Wine-Ships_, return of all that entered at any English ports
(except the Cinque Ports) for A.D. 1299, p. 408

_Wisby_, merchants of, adopt all essential particulars of the
“Rôles d’Oléron,” p. 392

_Xerxes_, ships of, difficulty as to the drawing them up on a lee
shore, with a gale coming on, pp. 75-6

----, ship-canal of, across Mount Athos, confirmed by recent
observations, p. 76

_Yemen_ (Arabia Felix), early notices of its remarkable wealth, and
of the importance of the trade with, pp. 116-18

END OF VOL. I.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

Transcriber's Note

[~gg] represents a double gg with a tilde.

[~p] represents a p with a tilde.

[=c] represents a c with a bar.