Chapter XLVII: Appendix: No. 15. VOL. ii. p. 84 (1)

_Memorial Letter from Captain George Probyn, Chairman of the
Committee of Commanders and Officers of the Maritime Service,
dated 30th July, 1834._

To the Honorable the Court of Directors of the East India Company. The Memorial of the Commanders and Officers of the Maritime Service of the Company

SHEWETH:

That the Maritime Service of the East India Company has existed for a period of upwards of two hundred years; that the ships and seamen employed by the said Company have been, in a great degree, instrumental in acquiring and securing the now vast territory of British India, and in advancing its commercial success to that degree which it so long maintained. That your Memorialists entered into that service in the confident expectation that it was a provision for their lives, and they were justified in such expectation by the fact that the Company’s trading Charter was perpetual, and that the continuance of their trade must have rendered a Maritime Service necessary. That by the measure of last session of Parliament, the trade of the Company being suddenly stopped, your Memorialists are altogether deprived of their profession, and those prospects on which they relied for their advancement in life, in entering the service of your Honorable Company, are destroyed.

Under such circumstances, your Memorialists, on behalf of themselves and the other members of the service, most respectfully urge their claim on your Honorable Court for that compensation which, by the Act referred to, the Company is authorized to grant to persons employed “by or under the Company, who have suffered loss by the discontinuance of their trade.” Your Memorialists trust that it is not necessary for them now to urge the validity of their claim as persons employed by or under your Honorable Company. The words in question were introduced into the Act expressly to meet the claims of your Memorialists, which were recognised by Parliament as within the scope and object of the Legislature; and if it were doubtful whether your Memorialists were employed “by,” there could be no doubt that they were employed “under” your Honorable Company. The Maritime Service, however, has been so frequently recognised by the Company as a branch of its establishment, that no substantial doubt can exist that your Memorialists were in the direct service of the Company. It is true that, by the arrangements of the Company, the Commanders and Officers were allowed to be recommended by the Ship-Owners, but they were recommended to the service of the Company. They were examined and approved by your Honorable Court, and sworn into the service of the Company; they were paid by the Company, and subject to fine, suspension, and dismissal by the Company, and not by the Owners; they wore the uniform of the Company, enjoyed rank and command under the Company, and became eligible to offices of high honour and emolument. The officers of the Maritime Service took precedence of the officers of the Company’s Bombay Marine; the Commanders ranked with Field Officers in India, and were eligible to the office of Master-Attendant and other offices of profit in India.

The Commanders in the Maritime Service, though serving in different ships, owned by different parties, held seniority according to the date of their being first sworn into the Company’s service, and gave orders to the Commanders and Officers of such ships. In all these respects there was no preference to the Commanders of the few ships belonging to the Company. Seniority was the title to command, and the Officers of the Company’s own ships were in the same grade as those of the regular ships. Your Memorialists forbear to enter into details on this question, they will merely, therefore, refer to the following Resolution of Court:—

“Sec. 6. It is ordained, that the Court of Directors shall, as soon as reasonably may be, from time to time, preserve and keep a list or register of all existing Commanders and Sworn Officers which have been or shall be employed in the Company’s Maritime Service, except Commanders and Officers who have been or shall be dismissed or removed for misbehaviour, or shall have resigned and quitted the service; and all the Commanders and Sworn Officers of ships already built, now building, or to be built for the service of the Company, or taken up as regular ships, shall be selected from such list or register, but with liberty to admit new Officers to the lowest station of Sworn Officers as the service may require, with the approbation of the Court of Directors, so as always to keep up a sufficient number of Commanders and Officers regularly bred in the service.”

In conformity with the policy proposed in the above resolution, the Honorable Company has encouraged the formation of a class of Commanders and Officers for their particular service, and your Memorialists, under that encouragement, have been induced to enter the service, and have committed their prospects in life to your Honorable Company; and now that the service, from no fault of your Memorialists, from no decline in trade or natural fluctuation of events, but by the violent hand of power, and with views to public policy, is destroyed, your Memorialists confidently rely upon the justice of your Honorable Court to award them compensation. The policy of the Honorable Company, in thus forming Officers for their Commercial Navy, was based upon the most accurate view of their own interest and advantage. The Maritime Service of your Honorable Company was one of great trust and responsibility. The most valuable cargoes were necessarily entrusted to your Commanders, and such was the confidence justly reposed in them, that this property was left altogether uninsured either against sea-risk or barattry. Without assuming extraordinary merit to your Memorialists, they confidently assert that this important pecuniary saving could not have been effected but by Commanders and Officers who had been educated for, and brought up in, the particular service: your Memorialists, however, find that the qualifications which were so important to the service of your Honorable Company are of small account in the open trade system, and Ship-Owners object to employ individuals who have navigated only in vessels of so high a class of equipment as those in the service of your Honorable Company. This is no fancied evil.

The education and habits of your Memorialists as Officers of the Company’s service afford a decided objection to their employment in the free trade; and in proof of this fact, your Memorialists beg to state, that although the tonnage now engaged in the trade to India and China has doubled, not one-fifth of the Officers of the Company’s service have obtained employment.

Your Memorialists moreover entered the service of your Honorable Company from their interest in that particular connection. That interest is of no avail to advance them in another service; and even were employment obtained, your Memorialists could not look to be remunerated upon a scale in any degree commensurate with the emolument derived from the Company’s service, where higher qualifications were required and paid for.

From the regulations of your service, your Memorialists were alone eligible to stations in the Company’s regular ships, while in the general Commercial Navy of the country, they have not even a fair prospect of competing with others; they have not only lost a profession in which they had graduated, and in which they had expected to find a provision for life, but they have lost a connection by which their interest in that profession would have been insured. This is the ground of your Memorialists’ present claim. All the service sustain the loss of profession and connection, and it is in respect of this loss that they ask for compensation.

Your Memorialists state this the more prominently, because they have heard it proposed that compensation should be limited to such Officers as could show an engagement for future employment; but your Memorialists conceive that this is an unsound principle. The Honorable Company established a service with a view to insure a succession of Officers for their employ. There are not now Officers more than sufficient for the supply of the average number of ships employed by your Honorable Company; it is obvious, therefore, that these Officers had a reasonable and just ground to expect, and would have found, employ in the service of the Company but for the Act of last session, which has suddenly destroyed this prospect. Many cases exist, in which, from illness and other temporary causes, Officers were not at the moment of the closing of the Company’s trade in active service, though they might, and probably would, have resumed it; and your Memorialists conceive that all are entitled to compensation who have not absolutely resigned or been dismissed from the Company’s service. If it should be determined to draw a line, to exclude those who have discontinued the service for a certain period, there must be cases of exemption, otherwise the most meritorious Officers would be excluded: but your Memorialists are satisfied, that the attempt to restrict compensation to those who were in actual service, or about immediately to resume it, would be in its operation partial and unjust, and would not afford relief commensurate with the injury. Your Memorialists cannot too strongly press upon the consideration of the Court the fact, that as the number of Commanders and Officers is not excessive, all had a reasonable expectation of employment of which they are altogether deprived, and yet few might be able to show any actual contract for employment, particularly having regard to the temporary system adopted by the Company in the last two or three years, of chartering old ships from voyage to voyage.

Your Memorialists cannot enter into speculations as to what might have been the extent of the Company’s trade if continued. They are fully satisfied that it must have been carried on upon a scale of great magnitude; but this must be mere matter of conjecture. It is by reference only to the past, which is capable of being ascertained, that the loss of your Memorialists can be estimated, and not by surmising a state of things which has no existence.

Your Memorialists have not hitherto proposed any particular scale of compensation, conceiving it to be more respectful to your Honorable Court to await a suggestion from them, and satisfied, from the scale of pensions granted to your Home Establishment, of the desire of the Court to relieve those who have suffered from the consequences of the abolition of the Company’s trade.

The subject, however, having been referred to your Honorable Court with the favourable recommendation of the Proprietors, your Memorialists beg respectfully to present their case before your Honorable Court, with an earnest hope that they may be compensated upon the only principle which can afford them adequate relief, viz., by grant of pensions to the Commanders and Officers who have served the Company. Your Memorialists therefore beg respectfully to submit to your Honorable Court a scale of compensation, which has been prepared with an anxious desire to preserve the utmost moderation.

Your Memorialists are aware that a scale of allowance has been previously prepared, slightly differing from that now submitted. The alterations your Memorialists have made are in favour of the Junior grades of the service, upon which the loss will fall heavily, while the compensation proposed is not considerable. Upon a point so deeply affecting them, your Memorialists feel assured that their suggestion will be received with a favourable consideration, and that your Memorialists will experience at the hands of your Honorable Court that liberality which has ever characterised the conduct of the Honorable Company towards its Officers.

And your Memorialists, etc., etc.

(Signed) GEORGE PROBYN,
_Chairman of the Committee of Commanders
and Officers_.

_London, 30th July, 1834._

FOOTNOTES:

[429] Hakluyt, vol. i. pp. 214-220.

[430] Hakluyt, vol. i. pp. 297-9.

[431] Cotton Library, British Museum.

[432] Archæol. vol. xxvi.

[433] Harl. 1579, f. 150.

INDEX.

_Act of Parliament_ passed in 1733 for the encouragement of the
sugar trade, p. 228

_Acts_, various retaliatory, and hostile legislation against England,
pp. 404-6

_Adams, W._, settles in Japan and opens the trade with England, p. 159

_African Company_, sketch of the history of, p. 203, _note_

_Alexander I. of Russia_ takes off the embargo and makes peace, p. 271

_Alva, Duke of_, seizes all the English residents in the Netherlands,
p. 135

——, ships escorting him to Netherlands capture Spanish merchantmen
in Calais roads, p. 139

_America, North_, discovered by the English, p. 56, _note_

——, not to be more favoured commercially than other nations, p. 251

——, instead of asserting the independence of her flag, intrigues
with Napoleon for special immunities in the trade with England,
p. 308

——, war between, and England, due to an intrigue which was a
masterpiece of perfidy, p. 328

——, fraudulent certificates provided for sailors in, p. 330

——, committee of House of Representatives in, pass a measure
opening the door to future measures of reciprocity, p. 376

——, many enlightened statesmen in, p. 377

—— quietly looks on, while England prepares to resist invasion by
Bonaparte, p. 383

_American Colonies_, rapid commercial progress and prosperity of, p.
226

_American Commissioners_ evince the strongest desire for
conciliation, p. 393

—— satisfied with article in Treaty about the circuitous trade
route, p. 393

_American Government_ pass an Act of Non-intervention, March 1st,
1809, p. 400

_American Independence_ recognised by England in 1783, p. 346

_American Laws_ almost wholly founded upon English laws, p. 364

_American Ships_, six hundred seized, under orders of Council, Nov.
6, 1793, and March 28, 1794, p. 256

—— become liable to capture by both France and England, owing to
order of Convention, May 1793, p. 262

——, extensive seizure of, under the decision of the English
Admiralty Courts, p. 386

——, lists of those taken and condemned by the French and English,
p. 395

_American Shipowners’_ belief is, that every act of the English
Legislature is specially directed against them, p. 368

—— frightened at the mere suggestion of a policy of reciprocity,
p. 369

—— maintain that the two countries are not on an equal footing
while England stands by her Navigation Acts, p. 370

—— say that the English Navigation Act will prevent their carrying
anything except their own produce, p. 373

——, various arguments of, addressed to different classes of their
countrymen, _ibid._

——, etc., stand by Lord Hawkesbury’s minute, p. 387

_American Statesmen_ try to turn the attention of their countrymen to
agricultural pursuits, p. 365

_Americans_ form associations to dispense with English manufactures,
p. 232

—— resolve to import no goods from Great Britain with the
exception of Ireland, p. 233

——, immediately after their Independence, adopt a Registration
system similar to the English, p. 246

—— lay a general embargo on their shipping in reply to Order in
Council of Nov. 11, 1807, and complain that they are losing
their carrying trade owing to the stringency of this Order, p.
321

—— prefer risking capture to keeping their ships unemployed, p. 322

——, in spite of his treatment of them, unequivocally aid Napoleon,
_ibid._

——, disposition of, to be subservient to Napoleon, while hating
England, p. 324

—— assume that Napoleon must conquer Russia, and therefore declare
war against England, May 18, 1812, p. 326

—— aware of the fresh promulgation of the Berlin and Milan Decrees
before they went to war with England, p. 327

—— pretend that England has impressed 15,000 to 20,000 American
sailors, p. 329

—— take a very short-sighted view of European affairs, _ibid._

—— complain that their vessels are searched not only for enemies’
goods, but for seamen to man English ships, p. 382

_Amiens_, preliminaries of the peace of, signed Oct. 1, 1801, p. 271

——, many of the articles of the treaty of, not carried out by the
French, p. 274

_Angediva_, Portuguese, under De Gama, anchor at the Island of, p. 18

_Anson, Commodore_, sails in 1740 with six ships, chiefly to make
reprisals on the Spaniards in the Pacific, p. 217

—— returns with only one ship, the _Centurion_, having lost nearly
all his crews by scurvy and other sickness, _ibid._

——, scandalous manner in which his ships were manned, p. 218

_Anthony, Anthony_, ships of Henry VIII. drawn by him, in the British
Museum, p. 96

_Antigua_, extraordinary robbery of vessel from, p. 415

_Archæologia_, inventory in, of the ships of Henry VIII., p. 95

_Antwerp_, the fall of, favourable to the concentration of trade in
Holland, p. 178

_Armada_, the Spanish, size of, more than twice that of English
fleet, p. 146

_Armstrong, General_, states that the Americans have the highest
deference for the French Emperor, p. 400

—— and that if France will and England will not give explanation,
war shall at once be declared, p. 401

_Assurance Companies_, Royal Exchange and London, founded during the
period of the South Sea Bubble, and still existing as sound
speculations, p. 214

_Author_, successful attempt by, in 1850-3, to improve the form and
construction of merchant ships, pp. 492-4 _note_

——, description by, of the hard service he underwent when a
sea-apprentice, pp. 497-9, _note_

_Badajos_, conference at, with reference to the Spanish rights in the
Eastern seas, p. 69

_Baltic_, many new ports opened in, in anticipation of an ultimate
rupture with Spain, p. 136

_Baltimore_, shipwrights of, strongly urge on Congress the necessity
of protective duties, and maintain that they require more
protection than the English when the Navigation Act of 1660 was
passed, p. 366

_Baltimore_, a vessel from, reaches Canton in 1785, p. 377

“_Baltimore Clippers_,” a greatly improved class of American ships,
p. 492

_Baring, Alexander_ (Lord Ashburton), celebrated pamphlet by, p. 268

——, maintains English right of impressment, stating that there were
more than 16,000 English sailors serving in American ships, p.
331

—— moves a resolution, 1813, requiring that all ships from India
should unload in London, p. 460

_Barlow, Mr., U. S. Envoy_, receives, _a year after the date_, a
decree revoking those of Berlin and Milan, p. 326

_Basto, Mr. E. Pinto_, supplies drawing of Vasco de Gama’s ship, p. 3

_Baticala, King of_, remonstrance of, on the way that De Gama was
behaving, p. 31

——, Vasco de Gama levies tribute on, p. 32

_Bells_, used to mark time at sea, are struck every half hour, p. 531

—— sounded by two strokes following each other quickly, then a
short interval, and then two more, p. 532

——, even, come at the full hours, odd bells at the half-hours,
_ibid._

_Bere, O’Sullivan_, his piratical armament at Berehaven, p. 118

_Berlin Decree_, (Nov. 10 and 24, 1806) principal articles of, p. 292

—— not fully enforced till the spring of 1807, p. 297

_Bill_, prohibiting importation into English America of W. Indian
produce except in English ships, p. 237

_Bonding_, the privilege of, at present granted to eighty-five towns
in Great Britain, p. 430

_Boys or apprentices_ are sent at once aloft, to get accustomed to
the ship’s motion, and though they stand watch like the rest of
the crew, are generally set at first to light work, p. 530

_Breda_, Articles of the Peace of, require the Dutch to strike their
flag to the English in the Channel, p. 195

_Bridport_, petition of the people of, p. 101

_British Subjects_ allowed to carry in _British_ vessels naval
stores, lumber, etc., from U.S. of America to West Indies (July
2, 1783), p. 252

_Brougham, Mr._, in speech on the “Licence Trade,” quotes a circular
of a Liverpool firm offering to forge licences, p. 318

_Bull, Papal_, question how far it limits the right of Spain in the
Eastern Seas, p. 68

_Byron, Commodore_, sails, in 1764, on a voyage of special discovery
to ascertain the existence of the Pepys and Falkland Islands,
etc., p. 218

——, voyage of, valuable for his survey of the Straits of Magellan,
and of many groups of islands in the Pacific, _ibid._

_Cabot, John_, question whether he went with the earliest voyage, p.
59

_Cabot, Sebastian_, first certain journey of, 1497, p. 55

——, patent granted to, by Henry VII., _ibid._

——, discoveries of, and their order, pp. 56-9 and _notes_

—— unquestionably preceded Columbus as the discoverer of the
mainland of America, p. 59

——, like Columbus, believed that Cathay would be reached by sailing
to the N.W., _ibid._

——, evidence in favour of his discoveries from Privy Purse
expenses, p. 61

——, how employed from 1498 to 1512, pp. 61-2

—— did not leave England till after the death of Henry VII., p. 63

—— enters the service of Spain in 1512, and is employed in the
revision of Spanish maps, p. 64

—— nominated pilot-master for Spain; returns to Spain with Charles
V., p. 68

—— placed at the head of a Spanish association for trade with the
East, p. 69

—— appointed on commission to ascertain Spanish rights in the
Eastern seas of India, and takes command of a Spanish
expedition to the East, _ibid._

——, bitter hostility of the Portuguese against, as supporting Spain
against them in the question of the rights they claimed in the
Eastern seas, p. 70

—— compels the malcontents in his fleet to land, _ibid._

—— ascends the Rio de la Plata and the Parana, p. 71

—— has a sanguinary encounter with the natives on the Parana, p. 72

—— is detained long on the Plata owing to want of support from
Charles V., _ibid._

—— returns ultimately to Bristol about 1549, p. 73

—— chief employment on return to England, the reduction of his
observations on the variation of the needle, p. 74

——, during his retirement, largely consulted on all questions
relating to the Mercantile Marine, _ibid._

—— forms the association known by the name of the ‘Merchant
Adventurers’ Company,’ and becomes governor of that Company, p.
75

—— proposes to send ships to discover the “north” of Europe, p. 76

—— draws up the letters of instruction for the guidance of the
Northern discoverers, p. 77

——, England more indebted to, than to “the navigation laws of
Oliver Cromwell,” p. 84

—— much injured by death of Edward VI. and the accession of Philip
and Mary, p. 85

——, not known when or where he died, but alive as late as May 25th,
1557, p. 86

_Calçadilha, Bishop_, celebrates mass previously to the starting of
Vasco de Gama, p. 7

—— preaches on “the grandeur of India and its miraculous
discovery,” p. 23

_Calicut_, arrival of the Portuguese at, p. 13

——, Moorish traders of, mistrust the Portuguese, _ibid._

——, treaty concluded with, by the Portuguese, p. 15

——, treachery of the Moors and king of, p. 16

——, destruction by Vasco de Gama of large Moorish ships from, p. 32

——, de Gama refuses all peace with the people of, and bombards it,
_ibid._

——, king of, determines to avenge himself on the cruelty of de
Gama, p. 37

——, second embassy from king of, to de Gama, p. 40

_Canada_, emigration encouraged with, partly with a view of England’s
becoming independent of the Baltic and Russian trade, p. 288

——, great value of the trade with, in timber for ship-building
purposes, _ibid._

_Cananore, King of_, friendly relations between, and the Portuguese,
p. 16

——, arranges trade with the Portuguese, p. 33

——, factory built at, by the Portuguese, p. 34

——, and completed before de Gama returns to Europe, p. 43

_Carew, Sir Peter_, ordered by Queen Elizabeth to suppress piracy in
West of England, 1564, p. 118

_Carpenter_, if he ships as an able seaman, must do seaman’s work, p.
523

_Carteret, Capt._, the discoverer of Pitcairn’s Island, the future
home of the mutineers of the _Bounty_, p. 219

_Castlereagh, Lord_, extraordinary influence of, in counteracting the
schemes of Napoleon, p. 338

_Catherine, Empress_, declaration of, 1780, to the Courts of St.
James, Versailles, and Madrid, p. 260

—— places herself at the head of an armed neutrality of Denmark,
Sweden, and Russia, p. 261

——, attempt of the Emperor Paul to carry out the plan of the armed
neutrality proposed by, p. 262

_Catholics_, all the ships of, considered by the English fair prize,
p. 137

_Cavendish, T._, memorable voyage of, to the East Indies in 1591, p.
153

_Chancellor, Richard_, reaches the bay of St. Nicholas, where now
Archangel, and making his way across Russia to Moscow, opens
the first commercial intercourse between England and Russia, p.
81

—— returns to England with the first Russian ambassador—but is
drowned at Pitsligo, Nov. 7, 1556, p. 82

_Charles I._ seizes charters of Colonies on the pretence that they
were not rightly granted, p. 168

_Chaumont_, treaty of, and league between England and the European
powers against Napoleon, p. 338

_Child, Sir Josiah_, terms Charles II.’s Navigation Act “The Maritime
Charter of England,” p. 188

—— points out that ships can be built much more cheaply by the
Danes, etc., than by us, p. 199

_Clarke_, an English shipowner, captures 18 prizes worth 50,000_l._,
p. 110

_Cobham, Thomas Lord_, desperate piratical deeds of, p. 114

—— sews up the captain and survivors of the crew of a Spanish ship
in their own sails and throws them overboard, p. 115

_Cochym, King of_, asks de Gama to settle with the Queen of Coulam
about the pepper from her country, p. 39

_Collier Service_, the nursery of our most daring seamen in the old
war, p. 538

_Colliers_, very hard life of those who serve on board them, p. 536

——, skill required in “jumping” or unloading colliers, p. 537

_Colonial System of England_ not so disastrous to the Colonies as
partial American writers assert, p. 196

—— secured the exclusive carrying trade of all produce from our
own plantations, _ibid._

_Colonies_, a Secretary of State appointed, and a council for the
affairs of trade, organised as at present, in 1786, p. 210

——, northern and southern in North America, have widely differing
interests, p. 237

_Colonies, French_, in the W. Indies, vigorously blockaded in 1804,
p. 283

_Colonists, English_, in the W. Indies claim exclusive monopoly of
the trade with the colonies on the continent, p. 227

_Colquhoun, Mr. Patrick_, able essay by, on the commerce and police
of the Thames, p. 412

——, estimate given by, of the trades of London and the number of
vessels employed in each, p. 413, _note_

——, estimate of the amount of plunder from the W. and E. India
trades, etc., p. 414

——, list given by, of the different plunderers in the port of
London, and of the nick-names whereby they were known, p. 415

——, numbers given by, of persons engaged in plundering merchant
vessels in port of London, p. 420

_Commerce_, legitimate of England did not exceed 50,000 tons in 14th
Eliz., p. 139

_Commercial Docks_, on Surrey side of the Thames, opened A.D. 1660,
p. 409

_Commercial Intercourse_, between N. American Colonies, France, and
Holland connived at, p. 235

_Commercial Rights_, controversy about the, to be conceded to
America, p. 346

_Confederacy against England_ of France, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden,
Russia, and United States, p. 268

_Congress_, in 1784, recommends the prohibition, for fifteen years,
of the importation of all merchandise from nations who have not
commercial treaties with U.S., p. 253

——, in reply to England and France, passes an Act (May 1st, 1810)
excluding from their waters English and French armed vessels,
p. 323

——, Secretary of State of, attempts to adopt Free-Trade, p. 349

_Congress_, vested by its constitution with the power of regulating
commerce with foreign nations, p. 348

—— proposes in 1784 to prohibit for fifteen years the import or
export of merchandise with nations not having treaties with
America, p. 347

——, and, without the consent of each separate State, to levy duties
on exports and imports, p. 349

—— declines to increase the differential duties, p. 375

_Consul_, the first English, established in Chios in 1513, p. 54

_Control, Board of_, require that all matters concerning revenue in
India be submitted to them, p. 455

_Convention between England and America_ to regulate commerce and
navigation—on the model of the English reciprocity treaties, p.
402

_Conversation_ not allowed among the seamen, when at work, in
presence of their officers, p. 534

_Cook, Capt._, early distinguishes himself on the St. Lawrence in aid
of General Wolfe, p. 219

——, employed under Sir Hugh Palliser on surveys of the Coast of
Newfoundland, p. 219

——, in command of the _Endeavour_, goes to Otaheite to view the
transit of Venus, 1768, and is accompanied by Mr. (afterwards
Sir Joseph) Banks, Dr. Solander, and Mr. Wales, p. 220

——, spends three months at Otaheite on first voyage, and names the
group of Islands round it the “Society Islands,” _ibid._

——, surveys West Coast of New Zealand, discovers Cook’s Straits,
and runs along the Coast of New Holland for 2000 miles, p. 221

——, remarkable for his humanity and his enlarged views as to the
rightful manner of dealing with the natives, _ibid._

——, sails on second voyage July 13th, 1772, in the _Resolution_,
surveys the S. Antarctic Ocean, and, after traversing 3660
leagues, reaches Dusky Bay in New Zealand, p. 222

——, lands on the shores of New Zealand several domestic animals,
and sows there seeds of various vegetables, _ibid._

——, examines New Amsterdam and Easter Island, and the groups of the
New Hebrides and Friendly Islands, p. 223

——, sails on his third voyage in the _Resolution_, July 12, 1776,
_ibid._

——, principal object of this voyage being to ascertain if any water
communication between North Pacific and North Atlantic, p. 224

——, on this voyage examines more fully Amsterdam Island (or
Tongataboo), Fiji groups, Nootka Sound in Vancouver Island, and
the Sandwich Islands, _ibid._

——, is murdered Dec. 26, 1779, on the shore of Owhyhee, the largest
of the Sandwich Islands, p. 226

_Cook_, chief business of, to attend to the “galley” and to keep the
cooking utensils clean, p. 526

——, may be required to lend a hand in all-hands work, p. 527

_Cooke, E. W., R.A., F.R.S._, drawing by of the _Discovery_, one of
Capt. Cook’s ships on his last voyage, p. 225

_Copenhagen_ attacked and bombarded by Nelson, April 2, 1801, p. 270

_Corn_, extraordinary high prices of, in England in 1795, p. 259

_Corn Vessels_ bound to France seized, but their cargoes paid for, p.
259

_Coulam_, the chief place where the pepper grows, p. 38

_Coulam, the Queen of_, sends an embassy to de Gama, p. 38

——, de Gama dissembles with, _ibid._

——, de Gama bids her send embassy to the king of Cochym, p. 39

_Council, the_, general corruption of, in reign of Edward VI., pp.
106-7

_Council, orders in_, list of the dates, etc., of each, p. 292, _note_

_Council, English_, believe that few articles are specially brought
from America, and that these may be got elsewhere, p. 351

_Courts_, English Admiralty, reverse (practically) Lord Hawkesbury’s
minute, p. 387

_Covilhan, Pero de_, sent by the king of Portugal to make researches,
p. 3

_Crimps_ and other disreputable agents employed in collecting the
crews, p. 496

_Cromwell_ compels the Dutch to strike their flag to the ships of the
Commonwealth, p. 187

_Crown Lands_ sold to remedy the evils of a debased currency, p. 109

_Currency_, depreciation and debasement of, in 1549, p. 106

_Dampier, W._, one of the buccaneers, makes an interesting voyage to
the Eastern Archipelago, p. 216

——, sent out by government to make further discoveries in the
Eastern Archipelago, 1699, in which he surveys part of the east
coast of New Holland, Timor, and New Guinea, _ibid._

_Dartmouth_, two French ships attempt to cut out two merchantmen from
harbour of, p. 90

_Davis, John_, discovers the Straits named after him in 1585, p. 151

——, is killed, after five voyages to India, by the Japanese in
1605, p. 152

_Despotic government of India_, evil effect of, as established by De
Gama, p. 45

_Discovery, New voyages of_, by Johnson, Finner, and Frobisher, p. 147

_Docks, London_, opened for business in 1805, p. 426

——, now amalgamated with the St. Katharine’s and Victoria Docks, p.
428

_Docks, St. Katharine’s_, partially opened for traffic, Oct. 1828, p.
427

_Docks, Victoria_, constructed 1850, _ibid._

_Docks, Millwall_, opened for traffic in 1868, p. 429

_Dock Companies_, charges levied by each, are, on the whole, very
similar, p. 430

_Docks, wet_, now existing in thirteen towns of Great Britain, _ibid._

_Dover_, the Mayor of, one of the most lawless plunderers of French
ships, p. 116

_Drake, Sir Francis_, rides from Plymouth to London to relate the
misfortunes of Hawkins’ expedition, p. 132

——, the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe, in 1577, p.
148.

——, and Sir John Norris, employed to ravage the Spanish coasts, p.
152

——, capture sixty ships belonging to the Hanse Towns, which the
Queen condemns, p. 153

_Dutch_ massacre English traders at Amboyna, p. 160

—— openly and derisively claim the dominion of the Narrow Seas, p.
172

—— drive the Portuguese out of the Japan trade in 1638, and secure
Ceylon in 1656, p. 174

—— fail to make an establishment in China, p. 176

—— trade greatly advantaged by its perfect freedom, p. 178

—— owed much to ancient laws of England, forbidding exports in
home bottoms, p. 179

—— allow their country to be an asylum for all foreigners who
choose to come there, _ibid._

—— perceive that the English Navigation Acts are directed against
their trade, p. 185

——, violent animosity in England against, p. 186.

——, on the whole, the severest sufferers by the first war with
England, _ibid._

—— force the chain in the Medway and burn three ships in Chatham
harbour, p. 193

_Dutch East India Company_ established soon after the English, p. 156

—— drives the Portuguese from the Moluccas, p. 157

_Dutch East Indiamen_ then far superior to the English, p. 175

_East India Company_, first plan for, sanctioned by Queen Elizabeth,
1600, p. 154

——, first voyage of, quite successful, p. 156

——, in difficulties, abandons the Greenland fisheries, p. 161

——, old and new companies, quarrels between, p. 445

——, different parties in the State side with one or the other, p.
446

——, united company, trade of, thrown open to the highest bidder,
1698, and joined under one title, ‘The United Company of
Merchants trading to India,’ 1702, p. 447

——, charter-party of, and conditions of their trades, p. 448

—— absorbs most of the trade of the East, as the Dutch and
Portuguese were ruined, p. 454

——, ships built in India first admitted in the trade, 1795, _ibid._

——, a secret board of three directors to transact business with the
Board of Control, p. 455

——, charter renewed 1796, with privileges of trade granted to
outsiders and to civil servants of Company, p. 456

—— suffers heavily from loss of ships in 1808-9, and from the
French War, p. 458

——, trade to India thrown open 1814, but not that to China, p. 459

——, comparative loss of the ships built by, and of those built by
the shipowners of the out-ports, p. 460

——, number of ships employed by, varied very much and generally
according to the demand, p. 462

——, no captain of a ship of, to be less than twenty-five years of
age, p. 464

——, gallant actions and other services performed by their ships,
Appendix, No. 11, _ibid._, _note_

——, naval service of, various particulars relating to, pp. 464-472

——, captains of ships required “to keep up the worship of Almighty
God” every Sunday, when possible, p. 466

——, promotion in naval service of, strictly according to seniority,
supposing character, abilities, etc., good, _ibid._

——, details of pay, etc., in the naval service of, Appendix, p.
467, _note_

——, officers serving in the navy of, allowed largely to participate
in the Company’s trade, _ibid._

——, captains of ships in, able rapidly to realise large fortunes,
p. 468

——, vast amount of illicit trade in, promoted by its own servants,
p. 472

——, one captain in service of known to have realised, in one
voyage, £30,000, _ibid._

——, clerk of the Company of Private Trade required to ascertain
from each ship’s books all details of her voyage out and home,
p. 474

——, officers of the customs connive with its servants in the
promotion of illicit trade, p. 475

——, ample remuneration of its servants on retirement from active
duties, p. 476

——, usual regulations of the service on board of their ships, pp.
477-480

——, territorial aggrandisement by, the end and object of its later
policy, p. 480

——, very doubtful whether, at any period of its history, its purely
commercial operations were successful, p. 481

——, history of the ships sold by, on giving up their trade with the
East, Appendix, No. 14, p. 483, _note_

——, Trade with China ceases, 1834, _ibid._

——, all privileges taken from, and government placed directly under
the Queen, 1858, _ibid._

——, memorials of officers for pensions, etc., on the close of the
trading operations, p. 484

——, actual and probable remuneration of the directors, pp. 487-8

——, enormous patronage of the directors of, p. 488

_Edward VI._, early youth of, and great expectations of, from his
remarkable youthful ability, p. 73

——, remarkable knowledge of, and taste for all matters connected
with shipping, _ibid._

—— gives letters to the northern discoverers in Greek, Latin, and
Chaldee, p. 76

——, king, too ill to witness the departure of his ships for the
North, p. 80

_Elizabeth, Queen_, weakness of the Royal Navy at the commencement of
her reign, p. 111

——, gives Hawkins _The Jesus of Lubeck_, p. 124

——, takes the treasure captured, and proposes to use it as a
“loan,” p. 134

—— arrests all the Spanish merchants in England, p. 135

—— compelled to rely for the defence of her coasts on a fleet of
privateers, p. 138

_England_, effect on, by the discoveries of the Portuguese,
especially of Magellan, p. 50

——, noble families of, command the ships in Henry VIII.’s first
fleet, p. 93

—— maintains her right to carry on her over-sea trade in her own
ships, p. 185

——, large subsidies of money voted by, to Austria, Russia, Prussia,
etc., p. 342

—— liable to lose more than any other nation by the present laws
as to captures at sea, p. 358

—— imposes countervailing duties in reply to the American
protectionists, p. 368

_Englishmen_ of all ranks gallantly support Henry VIII. in his
resistance to the French, p. 92

—— arm ships on pretence of avenging the misdeeds of the
Inquisition, p. 111

—— acquire more knowledge of West Indies and Mexico through
accession of Philip and Mary, p. 109

_English Protection System_ (under Henry VIII.), defensible on the
ground that the Italian republics did the same, p. 52

_English Merchant Vessels_ of sixteenth century badly built, and slow
as sailors, p. 54

_English Trade_ less injured than had been expected by the quarrels
with Spain, p. 54

_Food_, ordinary allowances of, per head, in merchant vessels bound
on long voyages, p. 502

_Foreign and Neutral Shipping_, immense increase of, in English ports
on the recommencement of the French War, p. 286

_Fox, Mr._, tries to make peace with France, 1806, p. 290

——, issues the first Order of Council for the blockade of the
French Coasts April 18, 1806, p. 291

_France_ collects vast fleets with the view of crushing Henry VIII.,
p. 91

—— furious at the Treaty concluded by Mr. Jay and Lord Grenville,
p. 358

—— issues a decree that she will treat neutrals as they allow
England to treat them, p. 359

—— condemns and destroys American vessels with every form of
injustice, pp. 360-2

_France, Coast of_, blockaded in 1804, from Fécamp to Ostend, p. 383

_Free-Trade_, the warmest advocates of, saw no harm in depriving
Africans of their liberty, p. 204

—— not really acknowledged by the Americans any more than by the
mother-country, p. 256

_Free Traders of the outposts_ think themselves as well qualified to
judge of the Indian Trade as the directors of the E. I. C., p.
460

——, whenever they had once established a footing in India, always
beat the Company, p. 481

_Gage, General_, seizes stores at Boston, p. 236

_Gama, Estevan de_, expedition of, p. 30

_Gama, Paul de_, brother of Vasco, dies at Terceira, p. 21

_Gama, Vasco de_, names of his ships different in different
chroniclers, p. 4

——, solemn preparations for his departure, p. 7

——, commencement of his voyage, July 9, 1497, p. 8

—— threatens revenge on the King of Calicut, p. 16

—— obtains pilots for the King of Melinde, and sails for Portugal,
p. 20

—— reaches the Tagus on return from his first voyage, Sept. 18,
1499, p. 21

—— created “Dom,” page 22

——, great value of the goods brought by him from India on first
voyage, p. 23

——, second expedition of, for revenge rather than for commerce, p.
24

—— agrees with King of Portugal to revenge themselves on the Moors
of Calicut, p. 24

——, second expedition of, starts March 25, 1502, attacks the Moors
on Coast of India, and wars on all the people except those of
Cananore, Cochym, and Coulam, p. 34

——, horrible barbarities of, at Calicut, p. 35

—— sails for Cochym and Coulam, p. 37

——, horrible cruelty of, to the second ambassador of the King of
Calicut, p. 40

—— entirely destroys the fleet collected by the King of Calicut,
p. 42

—— reaches Portugal at the close of his second voyage, Nov. 10,
1503, p. 43

—— goes to India for the third time in 1524, p. 47

——, establishes the rule of Portugal over all persons to the East
of the Cape, and dies three months after, Dec. 24, 1524, p.
45-47

——, very inferior to either of his contemporaries, Columbus or
Magellan, p. 47

——, had advantages in his command that neither Columbus nor
Magellan enjoyed, p. 47

_Georgia_, state of, founded by General Oglethorpe in 1732, chiefly
with the view of raising silkworms, p. 227

_Glasgow, Port_, docks at, commenced A.D. 1662, p. 409

_Goods_, enormous prices of many, owing to their circuitous routes
through the Continent, p. 312

_Goods not contraband of war_, growing feeling that these should be
exempt from capture, p. 358

_Gosnold, Capt._, the first to sail directly across the Atlantic to
America, p. 167

_Great Britain_ may fairly claim the honour of the first discovery of
the American mainland, p. 60

_Greenland_, fisheries along the Coast of, ill-supported by the
English, p. 206

——, fisheries along coast of, thrown open to all nations by Act of
Parliament 1702, p. 207

_Hampden_, defeated in the Courts of Law, and the writs for
Ship-Money pronounced legal, p. 170

_Hampton Roads_, action in, between H.M.S. _Leopard_ and
_Chesapeake_, p. 392

_Hawkesbury, Lord_, view of, with reference to the meaning of “direct
trade,” p. 384

_Hawkins, John_, induces some lords of the Council and Queen
Elizabeth to take shares in a slaving cruise, p. 123

—— and Thomas Hampton the first English slavers, _ibid._

—— reaches West Indies with 400 slaves, whom he compels the
colonists to buy (1565), p. 125

——, a third expedition—at first successful, but is surrounded by
the Spanish Admiral at St. Jean d’Ulloa, and all his ships but
one destroyed, p. 130

——, persuades Philip that he will help in placing Mary Queen of
Scots on the throne, p. 144

——, thus obtains money from Philip and the release of the English
prisoners from Seville dungeons, p. 144

_Hawkins and Cartel_ sail on a slaving-cruise, but quarrel over the
division of the spoil, p. 124

_Hawkins and Drake_ start on a third expedition, having overcome the
pretended scruples of Queen Elizabeth, 1567, p. 129

_Heligoland_, Island of, secured to England by the treaty of, p. 312

_Helm_ always taken by the men, under the direction of the Master or
deck-officer for time being, p. 521

_Henry VII._ passes a law prohibiting importing of Bordeaux wines,
except in English, Irish, or Welsh bottoms, p. 51

—— asserts “that the earth is the common mother of mankind,” his
chief object being to secure improved advantages for the
English in foreign parts, and concludes a commercial treaty
with Scotland, p. 52

—— removes differential duties in force against English shipping,
p. 50

—— a merchant on his own account, as well as an encourager of
distant expeditions, _ibid._

_Henry VIII._ commences the formation of a Royal Navy, p. 89

——, Royal fleet, first successful engagement by, near Mount’s Bay,
p. 91

——, great ship, _The Harry Grâce à Dieu_, p. 94

——, the average of his whole fleet was under 240 tons each, p. 96

——, before the time of, no reliable account of England’s Maritime
Commerce, p. 100

—— makes many mistakes in his laws, especially in regulating
labour, _ibid._

_Hojeda_, story of, his seeing Englishmen in America during his
voyage, p. 62

_Holland_ not unlike Tyre and Venice, p. 178

_Hollar_, drawing of Dutch East Indiaman by, showing resemblance to
much later English ships, p. 180

_Hostilities_, first effect of the renewal of, on the Maritime
Commerce of England, p. 284

_Hotham, Sir Richard_, evidence of, as to the excessive cost of the
ships built for the E. I. C., p. 450

_Humphreys, Capt._, of H.M.S. _Leopard_, conduct of, considered, p.
392, _note_

_Iceland_, the English fishermen to, the first sailors in Henry
VIII.’s fleet, p. 89

_India_, private traders to, permitted under certain circumstances,
1698, p. 446

_Insurance-rates to China_, during the whole French war, did not
exceed half what they had been in 1782, p. 265

_Ireland_ secures commercial freedom for herself during the war
between England and America, but fails altogether to become a
leading naval power, p. 243

—— always a clog on the industry of England, p. 243

_Jay, Mr. John_, sent as Envoy Extraordinary from United States to
London in 1794, p. 256

——, at the close of treaty concluded by, holds out the flag of
Free-Trade, p. 256

—— proposes that, in war between United States and England,
privateers shall not be allowed, p. 356

_Jay, W. W._, description by, of the state of feeling in England when
Mr. John Jay arrived here, p. 355

_Jefferson, Mr._, in report to Congress of American trade, omits all
notice of cotton, p. 357

_Jenkinson, Master Anthonie_, sent to Persia, p. 85

_John, Dom, of Portugal_, follows up the discoveries of Prince Henry,
and sends two young men to make researches, p. 2

—— takes care that Vasco de Gama’s ships are properly supplied, p.
4

_Kalitsch_, treaty of, signed March 1, 1813, p. 335

_Labour_, great demand for, in the Plantations of America, p. 120

_Levant_, general character of the trade with, under Henry VII., and
first voyages to, in “tall ships,” p. 52

——, many particulars of the voyages to, preserved in Hakluyt,
_ibid._

_Lexington_, skirmish at, the commencement of the war between England
and America, p. 236

_Licences_, pernicious system of, adopted by England from France, p.
313

——, values of fees, etc., recoverable on, p. 314

——, statement about, by Mr. Alex. Baring, M.P., p. 315

_Licensing system_, scandalous practices in England, p. 316

—— leads to perjury on the parts of the owners, captains, and
seamen of merchantmen, p. 318

_Lighters, etc._, vast number required for loading and unloading
ships in the Thames in 1796, p. 412

_Lindsay, of Pitscottie_, account of the _Great Michael_ of Scotland,
p. 98

_Lisbon_, joy of the people of, at the safe arrival of Vasco de Gama,
p. 21

—— becomes, what the Italian republics had been, the entrepôt of
Eastern merchandise, p. 44

_Liverpool_, first wet-dock proposed for, A.D. 1709, p. 409

——, docks at, incomparably greater than those of the ancient Roman
port of Ostia, p. 431

——, far larger dock accommodation than any other port in the world,
_ibid._

—— _Docks_, general history of, with the area and amount of
accommodation for shipping, pp. 432-437

——, as a private undertaking, receive no aid from government, p. 437

_Loan_, temporary, advanced to the merchants of London, Bristol,
etc., p. 258

_Log_, to be carefully kept by the ships proceeding to the North, p.
77

_London_, a central council in, to regulate every branch of trade by
the aid of the municipal bodies, p. 102

——, only ten ships of 200 tons in port of, in 1615, p. 166

——, accommodation for vessels arriving from foreign parts far too
limited before construction of the Docks, p. 420

_M^cCulloch, I. R._, doubts, but unwisely, the value of the British
Registry Act, p. 246

——, remarks on the inconvenient system of levying duties previously
to 1802, p. 410

——, observations by, on the privileges granted on renewal of E. I.
C.’s charter in 1796, p. 457

——, remarks on the unfairness of the purchases of E. I. C., p. 482

_Martin, Capt._, of the _Cincinnatus_, tortured by the French, p. 362

_Massachusetts_, in 1785, prohibits the export of American produce in
British vessels, p. 347

_Master_, special duties of, has absolute power in regulating the
hours of duty, sleep, meals, etc., pp. 500-507

——, on the leaving of the pilot, all responsibilities devolve on,
p. 499

—— has the entire control of the navigation and working of the
ship, p. 502

——, the weather side of the quarter-deck belongs to; does not go
aloft or perform manual labour; in tacking and wearing gives
all the orders for trimming the yards, p. 503

—— does not generally superintend during the ordinary day’s work,
p. 504

—— to give his orders to the officers, and not directly to the
men, _ibid._

——, authority of, would be lessened by giving orders direct to
crew, p. 504

——, in the large packet-ships, has little to do with the day’s
work, but has entire control of cabin, and generally lives in
state-room by himself, p. 505

——, the good and evil on board ships mainly depends on his
character and conduct, p. 506

——, everything to be reported to, and no man punished but by his
order, _ibid._

——, relative ages of, in Dutch and Prussian Marine, p. 507

_Masters and Mates_ in Dutch and Prussian Marine, generally from a
superior class of society, p. 507

_Mate, Chief_, looks after the head yards, p. 504

——, special duties of, as distinct from the captain, pp. 510-517

—— has, generally, to see that each man has something to do, and
that he does it, with special duties at the times of anchoring
or of getting under weigh, p. 511

—— has the chief care of the ship when in port, and commands the
ship in the master’s absence, but does not inflict punishments,
p. 513

—— directly superintends the evolutions of the ship under the
master’s directions, pp. 513-515

—— is, in some sense, the confidential agent of the shippers, and
cannot abroad be removed by master except for very special
reasons, p. 516

—— responsible for correct keeping of the log, and successor, by
law, to the master in case he should die, pp. 516, 517

_Mate, Second_, commands starboard watch when master is not on deck,
and leads the men in their daily work, but does not necessarily
succeed to the post of chief mate, p. 518

——, in furling sails goes aloft with the men, and, if fit, takes
his place at the “bunt,” _ibid._

——, in reefing, goes aloft with men, if fit, taking his place at
the “weather earring,” p. 519

—— ought to be able to show the men how to do the neatest and the
most difficult jobs, _ibid._

—— expected, like ordinary seamen, to handle the tar-bucket, and,
in making or taking in sail, hauls on the deck with and leads
the men, p. 520

——, when no boatswain, has charge of spare tackle, rigging, etc.,
p. 521

——, when in port, stowing or discharging cargo, ought to be in the
hold, p. 522

—— commands any boats sent out from the ship for any purpose, p.
522

_Mate, Third_, his duties not exactly defined, p. 522

—— generally goes aloft with the larboard watch to furl and reef
sails, _ibid._

—— generally divides his labours with the second mate, or looks
after the boats, p. 523

_Mate, Chief and Second_, always addressed as “Mr.,” p. 517

_Mate_, a term generally used in the sense of “assistant,” as
“boatswain’s mate,” etc., p. 523

_Mecklenburg-Schwerin_, the Duke of, the first to join the Alliance
against Bonaparte, p. 335

_Medals_ given by the King of Portugal to those who would make
researches, p. 3

_Mediterranean_, wise suggestion to promote as far as possible trade
with, p. 288

_Melinde_, King of, offers guides for the Portuguese to Calicut, p. 11

——, letter from King of, on a leaf of gold, p. 18

——, arrival of Vasco de Gama on second expedition, p. 29

——, rich gifts exchanged between the King of, and Vasco de Gama, p.
30

_Merchant Adventurers and Cabot_, England owes a deep debt of
gratitude to, p. 83

_Merchants, English_, general corruption of, in the reign of Edward
VI., p. 109

_Merchants, Foreign_, refuse to buy English wares as “fraudulent in
make, weight, and size,” p. 109

_Merchant Shipping Act_ has greatly benefited the condition of the
crews trading beyond the jurisdiction of the Admiralty, p. 494

_Mersey_, character of the estuary of, p. 431

_Mersey Board_, laws of, drawn up agreeably with several Acts of
Parliament, p. 438

_Middleton, Sir Henry_, commands the _Trades Increase_, the largest
vessel hitherto built, but fails, p. 158