Chapter XLVIII: Appendix: No. 15. VOL. ii. p. 84 (2)

_Moors_, eight hundred burnt alive at Calicut by De Gama, p. 36

_Mortier, Marshal_, seizes the Hanseatic towns of Bremen, Hamburg,
Lubeck, etc., p. 296

_Mozambique_, De Gama arrives there March 10, 1497, p. 9

——, Sheikh of, takes De Gama and his company for Turks, _ibid._

_Mulberry-trees_, attempt to grow them in Chelsea as food for
silkworms, though found by experience not to flourish well
north of the Loire in France, p. 213, _note_

_Napoleon_ sends military officers to England to spy out the state of
her ports, trade, etc., p. 276

——, unsuccessful expedition of, against St. Domingo, and terrible
losses, p. 277

—— declares he would rather see the English on the heights of
Montmartre than in Malta, p. 279

—— denounces the conduct of England in a violent speech addressed
to Lord Whitworth, _ibid._

——, extravagant paper by, in the _Moniteur_, p. 280

—— determines on the invasion of England, p. 281

—— arrests all English people travelling in France, p. 284

—— tries to destroy the commerce of England by his “continental
system,” p. 291

——, decrees of, list of the dates of, p. 292, _note_

——, Berlin Decree of, declares the blockade of the English coasts,
_ibid._

——, skill of, in framing his Berlin Decree so as to appear to be
the champion of liberty, p. 293

—— stigmatises the Hamburg merchants as “smugglers by profession,”
p. 295

—— meditates the invasion of Russia, p. 296

——, decree of, from Milan, Dec. 17, 1807, p. 304

——, decrees of, from Bayonne, April 17, 1808, and from Rambouillet,
March 23, 1810, against the Americans, with the intention of
forcing them into declaring war against England, p. 306

—— seizes all the American ships at Antwerp, Bordeaux, and
Bayonne, and burns those at St. Sebastian, p. 307

——, by granting special licences, is the first to evade his own
decrees, p. 308

——, scheme for excluding British goods from the continent wholly
fails, p. 310

—— triumphant that “England has now a new enemy,” p. 327

—— compels the Pope to sign a concordat, p. 336

—— reaches the Tuileries, March 21, 1815, p. 341

—— finally overthrown at Waterloo, June 18, 1815, p. 343

—— pays no attention to the remonstrances of the American minister
in Paris, p. 397

—— asserts that war had been practically declared against America
when England issued her Orders in Council, p. 398

_Natal_, so named, from having been discovered on Christmas Day,
1497, p. 8

_Naval battles_ between English and Dutch in 1652-3, p. 186

—— between the Dutch and English, 1664-1667, p. 191

_Navigation Act_, extreme stringency of, p. 181

_Navigation laws of England_, first prohibitory Act, 1646, with the
object of restraining the Dutch, p. 183.

——, second Act, 1656, _ibid._

——, Act of Cromwell, passed Oct. 9, 1651, p. 184

——, confirmed by Charles II. 1660, p. 188

——, supplemental statute of, 14 Charles II., prohibits all trade
with the Dutch, p. 189

——, orders sent from England to enforce them in all their
strictness, p. 231

——, dispute whether they apply to American as to other foreign
shipping, p. 257

—— necessarily relaxed during the American war, as the Americans
relayed their embargoes, p. 333

_Nelson, Capt._ (_Lord Nelson_), commands H.M.S. _Boreas_ in 1784, in
the West Indies, p. 254, _note_

——, carries out Act of Parliament against planters and Americans in
the West Indies, _ibid._

——, takes command of the Channel fleet, p. 283

_Neutral nations_, general views of, relative to the question whether
the flag covers the merchandise, and on the right of search and
the conditions thereof, p. 267

_Neutrals’ right_ proclaimed in the name of the Emperor Napoleon by
his minister, M. de Champigny, p. 397

_Newfoundland_, fisheries of, first opened up by the Merchant
Adventurers, p. 85

——, the French, in reign of Louis XIV., encroach on the English
fisheries there, p. 205

——, peculiar customs among the fishermen on its coasts, p. 206

_New York Shipowners_, views of, on duties of neutrals, private
armed vessels, etc., pp. 388-391

—— admit the right of search of neutral ships at sea, p. 391

_North, Expedition to_, sails May 20, 1553, p. 79

_Officers, chief_, relative qualifications required for, in Danish
and Norse ships, p. 509

_Orders, English, in Council_, principal provisions of, pp. 297-303

——, a necessary reply to Napoleon’s Berlin decree, p. 297

——, indignation in England against, on the part of merchants not
owners of ships, p. 306

——, generally beneficial to British shipping interests except in
the Baltic, p. 309

——, their effects on American trade, 1810, p. 320

——, made a stalking-horse by the Whigs, p. 325

_Oxenham_, in 1585, the first Englishman to sail on Pacific, p. 148

_Panic, commercial_, on the breaking out of the war with France, Feb.
1, 1793, p. 258

_Paris, Treaty of_, with provisions for settling the new boundaries
of Europe, p. 339

_Pavia, Gonsalvo de_, sent by the King of Portugal to make
researches, p. 3

_Pembroke, Lord_, and others, realise 60 per cent. by Hawkins’s
slaving, p. 126

_Peter the Great_, extraordinary story of, p. 207

—— works with his own hands at ship-building at Saardam,
Amsterdam, and Deptford, p. 208

_Petty, Sir W._, estimates by, of the value of European shipping, and
of the quantity assignable to each state, p. 200

_Philip II. of Spain_ retaliates, by seizing thirty English vessels
in Spanish ports, p. 117

—— confiscates Hampton’s cargo of hides, procured by money earned
by slaving, p. 123

—— peremptorily forbids his colonies to purchase the slaves
brought in the English ships, p. 123

——, through his ambassador, remonstrates, but in vain, against the
piracies, p. 128

——, the furniture from his chapel publicly burnt in Cheapside, p.
137

—— slowly plans complete vengeance on England, p. 142

——, the chief objects of, in his attacks on England, p. 143

_Pickering, Mr._, maintains that the English capture of American
vessels, carrying French goods, is warranted by the law of
nations, and in reply to the French, asserts that “free ships
should make free goods,” p. 263

_Pilots of the Mersey_ subject to a special committee of the Mersey
Board, p. 439

—— undergo three examinations before admitted to full licence, p.
440

——, very various duties of the general superintendent of, p. 439

_Pilot-boats of the Mersey_ not less than forty tons each, p. 440

——, each one has a master, second and third master, and ten
apprentices; and the boats have seven stations, the last to
take the pilots out of the ships and back to Liverpool, p. 441

_Pirates, English_, even when seized by the government, rarely
punished with any severity, p. 120

_Pitt, Mr._, the firm supporter of the merchants, shipowners, and
agriculturists, p. 265

—— retires from the Administration, owing to differences between
him and the King with reference to Catholic Emancipation, p. 266

—— (supported by Mr. Fox) strenuously denies that “free bottoms
make free goods,” p. 269

—— reduces the duties on many Indian articles of produce, 1784, p.
452

_Pitt, Mr._, establishes the Board of Control, including six members
of the Privy Council, 1784, p. 455

_Planters, West Indian_, demand unrestricted freedom of trade with
the Americans, p. 251

_Portugal_, enormous wealth accruing to, from the discovery of the
way to India round the Cape of Good Hope, p. 44

_Portugal, King of_, his great joy on the return of Vasco de Gama
from his second voyage, p. 43

_Prayers_ to be said morning and evening in ships proceeding to the
North, p. 78

_Privateers and pirates_ naturally ready to take up slave-dealing, p.
120

_Privateers, American_, as reckless and as daring as the buccaneers,
p. 379

_Privateers, English_, sailing under flag of the Prince of Orange,
capture large treasures on their way to the Netherlands, p. 133

_Proclamation_ ordering that the coins of the realm shall only be
worth their intrinsic value, p. 108

—— relating to Ship-Money, and Hampden’s resistance, p. 170

—— to German Princes, stating that the only object of the Alliance
was the rescuing Germany from France, p. 335

_Protection System_, gradual growth of the desire for, in all
classes, p. 228

_Protectionists_ in America carry a measure imposing differential
duties, p. 369

_Prussia_, unprovoked attacks on Hanover, p. 301

_Quiloa_, an important city at the time of De Gama’s voyage, trading
with Mecca, p. 10

——, Armenian merchants at, who call themselves “Christians,” p. 11

——, speeches of De Gama to the King of, pp. 26-29

——, treatment of the Moor of, by Vasco de Gama, p. 29

_Raleigh, Sir W._, first personal adventure in 1595, but had aided in
seven previous ones, p. 150

——, remarkable views of respecting English commerce and how to
benefit it, p. 162

—— shows that the position of England ought to make her the
storehouse of all nations, p. 162

——, and how superior the Dutch were to us as traders, p. 163

_Read, Capt._, adopts great circle sailing between the Cape and China
in 1788, p. 377

_Registry, British Act of_, Aug. 1, 1786, requires that every vessel
above 15 tons should be accurately measured and registered, p.
245

_Revolutionary War_ creates an immense demand for American ships, p.
363

_Roberts_, the most famous of the buccaneers, has one ship mounting
40 guns, p. 211

_Roe, Sir J._, sent as ambassador to the court of the Moghul Emperor
of Delhi, p. 158

_Russell, Admiral Lord_, restores the prestige of England in the
Mediterranean, p. 202

_Russia_, first ambassador from, enters London February 1557, and
leaves it for his own country May 1557, after the signature of
an important commercial treaty between England and, pp. 82, 83

——, trade with, practically thrown open, 1699, a small fee only
being required for admission to the Russia Company, p. 207

——, bribed by the acquisition of Finland, Moldavia, and Wallachia,
declares war against England, p. 303

_Ryswick_, peace of, 1697, causes great prosperity, p. 203

_Sargarço_, sea covered with, found by De Gama on his homeward
voyage, 1499, p. 20

_Sail-maker_, if he ships as an able seaman, must do seaman’s work,
and is expected to go aloft and help in furling sails, etc., if
required, p. 524

_Scotland, commerce of_, chiefly, during the last century, with W.
Indies and the plantations of North America, p. 209

_Scotland_, list (from Chalmers) of ships entering ports of, between
1769 and 1785, p. 244, _note_

_Scott, Sir William_, declines to say what is _bonâ fide_
importation, p. 365

—— asserts that all writers on the Law of Nations unanimously
admit the right of search, p. 391

_Seafaring persons_ generally divided into three classes, able and
ordinary seamen, boys or “green hands,” p. 527

_Seaman, able_, expected to be a good workman on rigging, making
knots, etc., p. 528

_Seamen, ordinary_, expected to know how to “haul, reef, and steer,”
and all the ordinary rigging, etc., but not expected to be
complete helmsmen, p. 529

_Seamen, proving incompetent_, may be reduced from the grade for
which they had contracted, p. 527

_Seely, Dorothy_, petition of, to Elizabeth’s Council, p. 113

_Seven Years’ War_, heavy expenses of, lead the Legislature to pass,
in 1764, several acts unwisely pressing upon the Americans, p.
229

_Seymour, Sir T._, plans a separate kingdom in the Scilly Islands, p.
112

_Sierra Leone_, settlement formed at, in 1786, for free negroes, p.
249

_Simulated papers_ provided for ships under the licensing system, p.
317

_Shannon, H. M. S._, captures the _Chesapeake_ in Boston Bay, p. 332

_Sheffield, Lord_, and _Mr. Chalmers_ maintain that the loyal
colonies are able to supply W. Indies with lumber and
provisions, p. 251

_Ship-Money_, story of the demand for, p. 170

——, struggle about, tends to the separation of the Royal and
Mercantile Navy, p. 171

_Shipowners_, general complaints of the English, after the
recommencement of the war with France, p. 285

_Shipping Interests in England_ strenuously advocate the most
restrictive policy, p. 252

_Slave Trade_, commencement and original causes of, p. 120

——, from its commencement, rendered infamous by the characters of
those who first engaged in it, p. 121

——, returns of the vessels employed between 1760 and 1786, p. 248

_Slaver, Brooks’_, details of her capacity, fittings, provisioning,
etc., p. 248, _note_

_Smith, Adam_, in his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ remarks of, on the wages
of English seamen, p. 244

_Smith, Capt. John_, adventures of, the hero of the ballad, ‘The
Honour of a London ’Prentice,’ p. 167

_Smuggling_, measures for the suppression of in America, p. 231

_Smyrna Merchantmen_, nearly the whole fleet of, captured by the
French, 1692, p. 201

_South Dock_, forming the city canal, added to West India Docks in
1829, p. 424

_South Sea Bubble_, remarkable list of the strange schemes suggested
for public support by, p. 212

—— peculiarly fatal to genuine commerce, as largely inducing among
the people the habit of gambling, p. 212

_South Sea Company_ (1710) had no real basis but the privilege of
slaving on a large scale, p. 211

—— prosecutes some rival bubble companies, which leads to a
collapse, p. 213

_South Sea Directors_, several of them severely and justly punished,
p. 214

_Spain_, war with, the immediate result of the accession of
Elizabeth, p. 109

——, English hatred of, like that of the Crusaders of the Infidels,
p. 110

_Spitzbergen_, the whale fisheries at, first opened up by the
Merchant Adventurers, p. 85

_Spragge, Sir Edward_, gallant defence of the mouth of the Thames,
etc., p. 194, _note_

_Stamp Act of the Grenville Administration_, passed March 22, 1765,
p. 232

—— burnt in a bonfire in New York, _ibid._

_Steel-yard, Merchants of_, obtain relief from the Act of Edward VI.
on the accession of Queen Mary, p. 86

——, largely defraud the revenue by giving rights of denizenship to
other foreigners, p. 99

_Steward_, his duties depend on the class of ship in which he sails,
p. 525

—— may be required, in cases of necessity, to lend a hand in
working the ship, but not to stand watch, p. 526

_Swearing_ not permitted in ships sent to the North by the Merchant
Adventurers’ Co., p. 78

_Sweating Sickness_, distinctive character of, in 1517, p. 65

_Taxation Act_, new, passed in 1767, imposes import duties on teas,
glass, and other articles, p. 234

_Taylor’s, Capt. Meadows_, excellent account of the East India Co.,
given in his ‘Manual of the History of India,’ p. 444, _note_

_Tea_, thrown overboard in the harbour of Boston, in 1774, p. 235

_Thorne, Mr. Robert_, a distinguished merchant of Bristol in the
early part of the 16th century, p. 54

——, letter to Henry VIII., on the progress of the discoveries, p. 65

——, in association with Cabot for promoting Spanish trade with the
East, p. 69

_Tobias, “gentleman fisher and mariner,”_ views of, p. 165

_Tooke_, ‘History of Prices,’ note from, on the prices of 1808, p.
309, _note_

_Torture_, permitted in some French cruisers against the Americans,
p. 362

_Trade, Board of_, first planned by Charles II. 1668—erected into a
permanent establishment 1696, p. 209

——, had originally exclusive superintendence of the commerce of the
plantations, p. 210

_Trade between England and America_, perfectly free on the
recognition of American Independence, p. 250

_Trade, circuitous routes of_, remarkable instances of the, pp.
310-311, _notes_

_Treaty, Commercial, between France and England_, signed Sept. 26,
1786, p. 247

_Treaty between United States and England_, chief articles of, pp.
352-3.

——, date when signed and sanctioned, p. 354

——, a masterpiece of diplomacy, p. 357

——, commercial regulations of, framed on fair and liberal
principles of reciprocity, p. 394

——, not carried out owing to the outburst in England on news of the
Berlin Decree, p. 394

_Treaty of reciprocity between United States and Bremen_, p. 407

——, between United States and the King of the Netherlands, _ibid._

“_Trick, the_,” or time at the helm, is two hours, p. 532

_Trinity House_ memorial to King in 1615 strongly recommending
protection, p. 166

_Turkey Company_, great success of, in the Levant, p. 177

_Union, Legislative_, between England and Scotland in 1707, p. 208

_United States_ strenuously maintain “that the flag covers the
merchandise,” p. 266

_Vienna_, Congress of, interrupted by the news of Napoleon’s escape
from Elba, p. 340

_Wallis, Capt._, the first navigator to give any account of King
George’s Island, or Otaheite, p. 219

_Walpole, Sir R._, recommends, in 1733, the adoption of a system of
warehousing, p. 409

——, violent opposition to his excise scheme, 1733, p. 411

_War_ first declared between England and Holland, 1652, p. 186

——, general result that England’s maritime resources increased as
the Dutch declined, p. 195

—— formally declared against France, May 18, 1803, p. 283

_Watch_, each steers in turn, the watch on deck supplying the
helmsman, p. 532

—— officer of, expected to stand by helm whenever relieved, p. 533

_Watches_, on board merchantmen, generally only two, the larboard and
starboard, p. 499

_Weavers_, petition of, in the reign of Philip and Mary, p. 104

_Wellington_, advance of the troops into France, 1813-14, p. 336

_West India Docks_ (Isle of Dogs), usual mode of conducting business
in, p. 425

——, now amalgamated into one Co., with the East India Docks, p. 424

_West India merchants_, the first to construct wet-docks in London,
p. 422

_West India Trade_, great improvements in the ships employed in, p.
490

_West Indies_, further concession made to, in 1788, p. 255

——, all vessels from, compelled to deliver their cargoes either in
the docks or in the river below Blackwall, p. 423

_Wheaton, Mr._, says that Americans admitted that their flag could
not cover enemy’s goods, p. 303, _note_

——, fully describes the “rights of war as to neutrals,” in his
‘Elements of International Laws,’ p. 391, _note_

_Whitworth, Lord_, applies in vain for equal justice to the English
property in France, p. 275

_Willoughby, Sir Hugh_, and Richard Chancellor despatched to the
North, on the recommendation of Sebastian Cabot, p. 76

——, driven on the coast of Lapland, and the whole of the crews of
his two ships frozen to death, p. 81

_Willoughby, Lord_, forms a settlement at Surinam, p. 169

_Wines_, none from Guienne or Gascony to be imported (during reign of
Henry VII.) except in English ships, p. 51

END OF VOL. II.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.