Chapter XX: Preface (1)

[Footnote 01: _Die Phönizier, und das phönizische Alterthum_, by F. C. Movers, in five volumes, Berlin, 1841-1856.]

[Footnote 02: _History and Antiquities of Phoenicia_, by John Kenrick, London, 1855.]

[Footnote 03: _Histoire de l’Art dans l’Antiquité_, par MM. Perrot et Chipiez, Paris, 1881-7, 4 vols.]

[Footnote 04: Will of William Camden, Clarencieux King-of-Arms, founder of the “Camden Professorship,” 1662.]

I--THE LAND

[Footnote 11: See Eckhel, _Doctr. Num. Vet._ p. 441.]

[Footnote 12: {’H ton ‘Aradion paralia}, xvi. 2, § 12.]

[Footnote 13: Pomp. Mel. _De Situ Orbis_, i. 12.]

[Footnote 14: The tract of white sand (Er-Ramleh) which forms the coast-line of the entire shore from Rhinocolura to Carmel is said to be gradually encroaching, fresh sand being continually brought by the south-west wind from Egypt. “It has buried Ascalon, and in the north, between Joppa and Cæsaræa, the dunes are said to be as much as three miles wide and 300 feet high” (Grove, in Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_, ii. 673).]

[Footnote 15: See Cant. ii. 1; Is. xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; lxv. 10.]

[Footnote 16: Stanley, _Sinai and Palestine_, p. 254.]

[Footnote 17: The Kaneh derives its name from this circumstance, and may be called “the River of Canes.”]

[Footnote 18: Robinson, _Biblical Researches_, iii. 28, 29.]

[Footnote 19: Grove, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 110: Stanley, _Sinai and Palestine_, p. 260.]

[Footnote 111: Lynch found it eighteen yards in width in April 1848 (_The Jordan and the Dead Sea_, p. 64). He found the Belus twice as wide and twice as deep as the Kishon.]

[Footnote 112: A more particular description of these fountains will be given in the description of the city of Tyre, with which they were very closely connected.]

[Footnote 113: Robinson, _Biblical Researches_, iii. 410.]

[Footnote 114: Robinson, iii. 415.]

[Footnote 115: Ibid. p. 414. Compare Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pp. 524, 665.]

[Footnote 116: Robinson, iii. 420.]

[Footnote 117: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 353.]

[Footnote 118: See Edrisi (traduction de Joubert), i. 355; D’Arvieux, _Mémoires_, ii. 33; Renan, pp. 352, 353.]

[Footnote 119: Gesenius, _Thesaurus_, p. 247.]

[Footnote 120: Renan, pp. 59, 60.]

[Footnote 121: Kenrick (_Phoenicia_, p. 8), who quotes Burckhardt (_Syria_, p. 161), and Chesney (_Euphrates Expedition_, i. 450).]

[Footnote 122: Renan, p. 59:--“C’est un immense tapis de fleurs.”]

[Footnote 123: Mariti, _Travels_, ii. 131 (quoted by Kenrick, p. 22).]

[Footnote 124: Strabo, xvi. 2, § 27.]

[Footnote 125: Stanley, _Sinai and Palestine_, p. 344.]

[Footnote 126: Martineau, _Eastern Life_, p. 539.]

[Footnote 127: Van de Velde, _Travels_, i. 317, 318. Compare Porter, _Giant Cities of Bashan_, p. 236.]

[Footnote 128: Ritter, _Erdkunde_, xvi. 31.]

[Footnote 129: Grove, in Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, i. 278.]

[Footnote 130: Walpole’s _Ansayrii_, iii. 156.]

[Footnote 131: The derivation of Lebanon from “white,” is generally admitted. (see Gesenius, _Thesaurus_, p. 369; Buxtorf, _Lexicon_, p. 1119; Fürst, _Concordantia_, p. 588.)]

[Footnote 132: Stanley, _Sinai and Palestine_, p. 395.]

[Footnote 133: Tristram, _The Land of Israel_, p. 634.]

[Footnote 134: Ibid. p. 7.]

[Footnote 135: Porter, in Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 86.]

[Footnote 136: Ibid. Compare _Nat. Hist. Review_, No. v. p. 11.]

[Footnote 137: See Tristram, _Land of Israel_, pp. 625-629.]

[Footnote 138: See Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 626.]

[Footnote 139: Porter, in _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 86.]

[Footnote 140: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 621.]

[Footnote 141: Ibid. p. 600. Compare Porter, in Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 87.]

[Footnote 142: Such outlets are common in Greece, where they are called _Katavothra_. They probably also occur in Asia Minor.]

[Footnote 143: Burckhardt, _Travels in Syria_, p. 10; Chesney, _Euphrates Expedition_, i. 398.]

[Footnote 144: Tristram, p. 600.]

[Footnote 145: Porter, _Handbook for Syria_, p. 571; Robinson, _Later Researches_, p. 423.]

[Footnote 146: Tristram, p. 594.]

[Footnote 147: Robinson, _Biblical Researches_, iii. 409.]

[Footnote 148: Burckhardt, _Travels in Syria_, p. 161; Chesney, _Euphrates Expedition_, i. 450; Walpole’s _Ansayrii_, iii. 49.]

[Footnote 149: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 116.]

[Footnote 150: Porter, _Giant Cities of Bashan_, p. 289.]

[Footnote 151: Ibid. p. 288.]

[Footnote 152: Walpole’s _Ansayrii_, iii. 44.]

[Footnote 153: Porter, _Giant Cities_, p. 292; Robinson, _Later Researches_, p. 605; Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 297.]

[Footnote 154: Maundrell, _Travels_, pp. 57, 58; Porter, _Giant Cities_, p. 284; Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 283.]

[Footnote 155: Porter, p. 283.]

[Footnote 156: Porter, p. 284.]

[Footnote 157: Robinson, _Later Researches_, p. 45.]

[Footnote 158: Ibid. p. 43.]

[Footnote 159: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 44.]

[Footnote 160: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 20.]

[Footnote 161: See the _Transactions of the Society of Bibl. Archæology_, vol. vii.; and compare Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 14; Robinson, _Later Researches_, pp. 617-624.]

[Footnote 162: Walpole’s _Ansayrii_, iii. 6.]

[Footnote 163: Ibid. p. 34. Compare Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, who calls the pass over the spur “un véritable casse-cou sur des roches inclinées” (p. 150).]

[Footnote 164: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 16.]

[Footnote 165: Robinson, _Biblical Researches_, iii. 432.]

II--CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS

[Footnote 21: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 32.]

[Footnote 22: Grove, in Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_, ii. 693.]

[Footnote 23: Kenrick, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 24: See Canon Tristram’s experiences, _Land of Israel_, pp. 96-115.]

[Footnote 25: Ibid. pp. 94, 95.]

[Footnote 26: Kenrick, p. 34.]

[Footnote 27: Walpole’s _Ansayrii_, p. 76.]

[Footnote 28: Kenrick, p. 33.]

[Footnote 29: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 95.]

[Footnote 210: Ibid. p. 409.]

[Footnote 211: Ibid. p. 31.]

[Footnote 212: Ibid. p. 34.]

[Footnote 213: Ibid. p. 596.]

[Footnote 214: Hooker, in _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 684.]

[Footnote 215: Hooker, in _Dictionary of the Bible_, p. 683.]

[Footnote 216: Dr. Hooker says:--“_Q. pseudococcifera_ is perhaps the commonest plant in all Syria and Palestine, covering as a low dense bush many square miles of hilly country everywhere, but rarely or never growing on the plains. It seldom becomes a large tree, except in the valleys of the Lebanon.” Walpole found it on Bargylus (_Ansayrii_, iii. 137 et sqq.); Tristram on Lebanon, _Land of Israel_, pp. 113, 117.]

[Footnote 217: Hooker, in _Dict. of the Bible_, ii. 684. Compare Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 113.]

[Footnote 218: Ibid.]

[Footnote 219: See Walpole, _Ansayrii_, iii. 222, 236; Tristram, _Land of Israel_, pp. 622, 623; Robinson, _Later Researches_, p. 607.]

[Footnote 220: Walpole, iii. 433; Robinson, _Later Researches_, p.. 614.]

[Footnote 221: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 6.]

[Footnote 222: Ibid. p. 111; Walpole, _Ansayrii_, iii. 166; Hooker, in _Dict. of the Bible_, ii. 683.]

[Footnote 223: Walpole says that Ibrahim Pasha cut down as many as 500,000 Aleppo pines in Casius (_Ansayrii_, iii. 281), and that it would be quite feasible to cut down 500,000 more.]

[Footnote 224: Hooker, in _Dict. of the Bible_, ii. 684; and compare Tristram, _Land of Israel_, pp. 16, 88.]

[Footnote 225: Robinson, _Biblical Researches_, iii. 383, 415.]

[Footnote 226: Ezek. xxxi. 3.]

[Footnote 227: Ibid. xxvii. 5. The Hebrew _erez_ probably covered other trees besides the actual cedar, as the Aleppo pine, and perhaps the juniper. The pine would have been more suited for masts than the cedar.]

[Footnote 228: 1 Kings vi. 9, 10, 15, 18, &c.; vii. 1-7.]

[Footnote 229: _Records of the Past_, i. 104. ll. 78, 79; iii. 74, ll. 88-90; p. 90, l. 9; &c. Compare Layard, _Nineveh and Babylon_, pp. 356, 357.]

[Footnote 230: Joseph, _Bell. Jud._, v. 5, § 2.]

[Footnote 231: Plin. _H. N._, xiii. 5; xvi. 40.]

[Footnote 232: Compare the arguments of Canon Tristram, _Land of Israel_, pp. 631, 632.]

[Footnote 233: Walpole, _Ansayrii_, pp. 123, 227.]

[Footnote 234: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 621.]

[Footnote 235: Ibid. pp. 13, 38, &c.]

[Footnote 236: Hooker, in _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 684.]

[Footnote 237: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 82; compare Hooker, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 238: This is Dr. Hooker’s description. Canon Tristram says of the styrax at the eastern foot of Carmel, that “of all the flowering shrubs it is the most abundant,” and that it presents to the eye “one sheet of pure white blossom, rivalling the orange in its beauty and its perfume” (_Land of Israel_, p. 492).]

[Footnote 239: Ibid. p. 596.]

[Footnote 240: Walpole, _Ansayrii_, iii. 298.]

[Footnote 241: Tristram, pp. 16, 28, &c.; Robinson, _Biblical Researches_, iii. 438.]

[Footnote 242: The “terraced vineyards of Esfia” on Carmel are noted by Canon Tristram (_Land of Israel_, p. 492). Walpole speaks of vineyards on Bargylus (_Ansaryii_, iii. 165). The vine-clad slopes of the Lebanon attract notice from all Eastern travellers.]

[Footnote 243: Quoted by Dr. Hooker, in Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 684, 685.]

[Footnote 244: Deut. xxxiii. 24.]

[Footnote 245: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, pp. 7, 16, 17; Walpole, _Ansayrii_, iii. 147, 177.]

[Footnote 246: Tristram, p. 492; Stanley, _Sinai and Palestine_, p. 347.]

[Footnote 247: Hooker, in Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 685.]

[Footnote 248: Tristram, pp. 622, 633; Walpole, _Ansayrii_, iii. 446; Robinson, _Later Researches_, p. 607.]

[Footnote 249: Tristram, pp. 17, 38; Walpole, _Ansayrii_, iii. 32, 294, 373.]

[Footnote 250: Robinson, _Bibl. Researches_, iii. 419, 431, 438, &c.]

[Footnote 251: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 28.]

[Footnote 252: Hasselquist, _Reise_, p. 188.]

[Footnote 253: _Ansayrii_, i. 66.]

[Footnote 254: Tristram, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 255: Hooker, in _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 685.]

[Footnote 256: _Reise_, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 257: _Mémoires_, i. 332.]

[Footnote 258: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 493.]

[Footnote 259: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 82.]

[Footnote 260: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 59; Hooker, in _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 687; Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 493.]

[Footnote 261: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 262: Ibid. p. 82.]

[Footnote 263: Ibid. p. 596. Compare Walpole’s _Ansayrii_, iii. 443.]

[Footnote 264: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 102.]

[Footnote 265: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, pp. 61, 599.]

[Footnote 266: Ibid. pp. 38, 626, &c. Dr. Robinson notices the cultivation of the potato high up in Lebanon; but he observed it only in two places (_Later Researches_, pp. 586, 596).]

[Footnote 267: It can scarcely be doubted that Phoenicia contained anciently two other land animals of considerable importance, viz. the lion and the deer. Lions, which were common in the hills of Palestine (1 Sam. xvii. 34; 1 Kings xiii. 24; xx. 36; 2 Kings xvii. 25, 26) and frequented also the Philistine plain (Judg. xiv. 5), would certainly not have neglected the lowland of Sharon, which was in all respects suited for their habits. Deer, which still inhabit Galilee (Tristram, _Land of the Israel_, pp. 418, 447), are likely, before the forests of Lebanon were so greatly curtailed, to have occupied most portions of it (See Cant. ii. 9, 17; viii. 14). To these two Canon Tristram would add the crocodile (_Land of Israel_, p. 103), which he thinks must have been found in the Zerka for that river to have been called “the Crocodile River” by the Greeks, and which he is inclined to regard as still a denizen of the Zerka marshes. But most critics have supposed that the animal from which the Zerka got its ancient name was rather some large species of monitor.]

[Footnote 268: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 36.]

[Footnote 269: See his article on Lebanon in Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, ii. 87.]

[Footnote 270: _Land of Israel_, p. 447.]

[Footnote 271: Houghton, in Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_, ad voc. BEAR, iii. xxv.]

[Footnote 272: _Dict. of the Bible_, ii. 87.]

[Footnote 273: _Land of Israel_, p. 116. Compare Porter’s _Giant Cities of Bashan_, p. 236.]

[Footnote 274: Cant. iv. 8; Is. xi. 6; Jer. v. 6; xiii. 23; Hos. xiii. 7; Hab. i. 8.]

[Footnote 275: _Land of Israel_, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 276: Ibid. p. 83.]

[Footnote 277: Ibid. p. 115.]

[Footnote 278: Walpole’s _Ansayrii_, iii. 23.]

[Footnote 279: Houghton, in Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_, ad voc. CONEY (iii. xliii.); Tristram, _Land of Israel_, pp. 62, 84, 89.]

[Footnote 280: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 106.]

[Footnote 281: Ibid. pp. 88, 89.]

[Footnote 282: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 83.]

[Footnote 283: Ibid. p. 55.]

[Footnote 284: Ibid. p. 103. Compare Walpole, _Ansayrii_, iii. 34, 188, and Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, pp. 58, 61.]

[Footnote 285: _Hist. Nat._ ix. 36.]

[Footnote 286: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 239. There are representations of the Buccunum in Forbes and Hanley’s _British Mollusks_, vol. iv. pl. cii. Nos. 1, 2, 3.]

[Footnote 287: Kenrick, p. 239.]

[Footnote 288: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 51.]

[Footnote 289: Wilksinson, in Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 347, note 2.]

[Footnote 290: Canon Tristram writs: “Among the rubbish thrown out in the excavations made at Tyre were numerous fragments of glass, and whole ‘kitchen middens’ of shells, crushed and broken, the owners of which had once supplied the famous Tyrian purple dye. All these shells were of one species, the _Murex brandaris_” (_Land of Israel_, p. 51).]

[Footnote 291: Porter, in _Dict. of the Bible_, ii. 87.]

[Footnote 292: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 37.]

[Footnote 293: Tristram, p. 634.]

[Footnote 294: Grove, in _Dict. of the Bible_, i. 279.]

III--THE PEOPLE--ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS

[Footnote 31: _Histoire des Languages Sémitiques_, p. 22.]

[Footnote 32: _Rhet._ iii. 8.]

[Footnote 33: Deutsch, _Literary Remains_, p. 160.]

[Footnote 34: Renan, _Hist. des Langues Sémitiques_, pp. 5, 14.]

[Footnote 35: Ibid. p. 16.]

[Footnote 36: Deutsch, _Literary Remains_, p. 305.]

[Footnote 37: Ibid.]

[Footnote 38: _Ancient Monarchies_, i. 275; Deutsch, p. 306.]

[Footnote 39: Herod. i. 2; vii. 89.]

[Footnote 310: Strab. xvi. 3, § 4.]

[Footnote 311: _Hist. Philipp._ xviii. 3, § 2.]

[Footnote 312: _Ancient Monarchies_, i. 14.]

[Footnote 313: Renan, _Histoire des Langues Sémitiques_, p. 183.]

[Footnote 314: Deutsch, _Literary Remains_, pp. 162, 163.]

[Footnote 315: Herod. vi. 47:--{’Oros mega anestrammenon en te zetesei}.]

[Footnote 316: On this imaginary “monsters,” see Herod. vi. 44.]

[Footnote 317: Ibid. iv. 42.]

[Footnote 318: Herod. vii. 85.]

[Footnote 319: Ibid. ii. 112.]

[Footnote 320: 1 Kings xi. 1.]

[Footnote 321: Ibid. xvi. 31.]

[Footnote 322: Ezra iii. 7.]

[Footnote 323: Is. xxiii. 15-18.]

[Footnote 324: Mark vii. 26-30.]

[Footnote 325: Acts xii. 20.]

[Footnote 326: Herod. iv. 196.]

[Footnote 327: Herod, i. 1:--{Perseon oi Lagioi}.]

[Footnote 328: Ibid. ii. 190.]

[Footnote 329: Ibid. ii. 4, 99, 142.]

[Footnote 330: Ibid. i. 1; iv. 42; vi. 47; vii. 23, 44, 96.]

[Footnote 331: As they do of being indebted to the Babylonians and the Egyptians for astronomical and philosophic knowledge.]

[Footnote 332: Deutsch, _Literary Remains_, p. 163.]

[Footnote 333: Ibid.]

[Footnote 334: Compare the representation of Egyptian ships in Dümichen’s _Voyage d’une Reine Egyptienne_ (date about B.C. 1400) with the far later Phoenician triremes depicted by Sennacherib (Layard, _Monuments of Nineveh_, second series, pl. 71).]

[Footnote 335: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pp. 100, 101.]

[Footnote 336: The Cypriot physiognomy is peculiar. (See Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, pp. 123, 129, 131, 132, 133, 141, &c.)]

[Footnote 337: Herod. vii. 90.]

[Footnote 338: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 68, note 3.]

IV--THE CITIES

[Footnote 41: The nearest approach to such a period is the time a little preceding Nebuchadnezzar’s siege, when Sidon, Byblus, and Aradus all appear as subject to Tyre (Ezek. xxvii. 8-11).]

[Footnote 42: 1 Kings xvii. 9-24.]

[Footnote 43: 1 Macc. xv. 37.]

[Footnote 44: Gen. x. 15.]

[Footnote 45: Josh. xix. 29.]

[Footnote 46: Ibid. verse 28.]

[Footnote 47: See Hom. _Il._ vii. 290; xxiii. 743; _Od._ iv. 618; xiv. 272, 285; xvi. 117, 402, 424.]

[Footnote 48: _Hist. Philipp._ xviii. 3, § 2.]

[Footnote 49: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 460.]

[Footnote 410: Steph, Byz. ad voc.]

[Footnote 411: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pl. lxvii.]

[Footnote 412: Scylax, _Periplus_, § 104. This work belongs to the time of Philip, Alexander’s father.]

[Footnote 413: See Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pl. lxii.]

[Footnote 414: The inscription on the sarcophagus of Esmunazar. (See _Records of the Past_, ix. 111-114, and the _Corp. Inscr. Semit._, i. 13-20.)]

[Footnote 415: The name “Palæ-Tyrus” is first found in Strabo (xvi. 2, § 24).]

[Footnote 416: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 347.]

[Footnote 417: Plin. _H. N._ v. 17.]

[Footnote 418: Renan (_Mission de Phénicie_, p. 552) gives the area as 576,508 square metres.]

[Footnote 419: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 21.]

[Footnote 420: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 560.]

[Footnote 421: So Bertou (_Topographie de Tyr_, p. 14), and Kenrick (_Phoenicia_, p. 352).]

[Footnote 422: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 560.]

[Footnote 423: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 351.]

[Footnote 424: See the fragments of Dius and Menander, preserved by Josephus (_Contr. Ap._ i. § 17, 18), and compare Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 24. It is quite uncertain what Phoenician deity is represented by “Agenor.”]

[Footnote 425: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 559.]

[Footnote 426: Ibid.]

[Footnote 427: Ibid.]

[Footnote 428: Strab. xvi. 2, § 23.]

[Footnote 429: Menand, ap. Joseph. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 430: Strab. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 431: Eight thousand are said to have been killed in the siege, and 30,000 sold when the place was taken. (Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ l.s.c.) A certain number were spared.]

[Footnote 432: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 552.]

[Footnote 433: Plin. _H. N._ v. 17.]

[Footnote 434: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 348.]

[Footnote 435: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 22.]

[Footnote 436: See Capt. Allen’s _Dead Sea_, ii. 179.]

[Footnote 437: See Capt. Allen’s _Dead Sea_, ii. 179.]

[Footnote 438: Strabo, xvi. 2, § 13.]

[Footnote 439: Allen, _Dead Sea_, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 440: Ibid. p. 180.]

[Footnote 441: See the woodcut, and compare Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, planches, pl. ii.; and Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art dans l’Antiquité_, iii. 25.]

[Footnote 442: Allen, _Dead Sea_, ii. 180.]

[Footnote 443: Ibid.]

[Footnote 444: Strab. xvi. 2, § 13.]

[Footnote 445: Strab. xvi. 2, § 13. See also Lucret. _De Rer. Nat._ vi. 890.]

[Footnote 446: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 42.]

[Footnote 447: Strab. xvi. 2, § 12.]

[Footnote 448: Fr. ii. 7. Philo, however, makes “Brathu” a mountain.]

[Footnote 449: See _Records of the Past_, iii. 19, 20.]

[Footnote 450: _Mission de Phénicie_, pp. 58-61.]

[Footnote 451: Strab. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 452: Ibid.]

[Footnote 453: Gen. x. 18.]

[Footnote 454: _Eponym Canon_, p. 123, 1. 2.]

[Footnote 455: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 115. And compare the map.]

[Footnote 456: Carnus is identified by M. Renan with the modern Carnoun, on the coast, three miles north of Tortosa (_Mission_, p. 97).]

[Footnote 457: _Eponym Canon_, p. 114, l. 104.]

[Footnote 458: Josh. xiii. 5; 1 Kings v. 18.]

[Footnote 459: Arr. _Exp. Alex._ ii. 15.]

[Footnote 460: Strab. xvi. 2, § 18.]

[Footnote 461: Fragm. ii. 8, § 17.]

[Footnote 462: _Corp. Inscr. Sem._, i. 3 (pl 1); Philo-Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 25.]

[Footnote 463: Strab. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 464: Allen, _Dead Sea_, ii. 164.]

[Footnote 465: Ibid.]

[Footnote 466: Strab. xvi. 2, § 15.]

[Footnote 467: See G. Smith’s _Eponym Canon_, pp. 123, 132, 148.]

[Footnote 468: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 9.]

[Footnote 469: Burckhardt, _Travels in Syria_, p. 162.]

[Footnote 470: Scylax, _Peripl._, § 104; Diod. Sic. xvi. 41; Pomp. Mel. i. 12.]

[Footnote 471: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 633; Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art dans l’Antiquité_, iii. 56.]

[Footnote 472: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 57, 59.]

[Footnote 473: Allen, _Dead Sea_, ii. 152.]

[Footnote 474: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 295.]

[Footnote 475: Lucian, _De Dea Syra_, § 9.]

[Footnote 476: Philo. Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 25.]

[Footnote 477: Stephen of Byzantium calls it {polin thoinikes ek mikrae megalen}. Strabo says that it was rebuilt by the Romans (xvi. 2, § 19).]

[Footnote 478: Phocas, _Descr. Urbium_, § 5.]

[Footnote 479: Cellarius, _Geograph._ ii. 378.]

[Footnote 480: Gen. x. 17.]

[Footnote 481: _Eponym Canon_, pp. 120, l. 25; 123, l. 2.]

[Footnote 482: Josh. xix. 29.]

[Footnote 483: _Eponym Canon_, p. 132, l. 10.]

[Footnote 484: _Eponym Canon_, p. 132, l. 10; 148, l. 103.]

[Footnote 485: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, pp. 20, 21.]

[Footnote 486: This seems to be the true meaning of Strab. xvi. 2, § 25; sub init.]

[Footnote 487: Josh. vii. 23.]

[Footnote 488: Ibid. xvii. 11.]

[Footnote 489: 1 Kings iv. 11.]

[Footnote 490: _Ancient Monarchies_, ii. 132.]

[Footnote 491: Steph. Byz. ad voc. DORA.]

[Footnote 492: Hieronym. _Epit. Paulæ_ (Opp. i. 223).]

[Footnote 493: Josh. xix. 47.]

[Footnote 494: 1 Macc. x. 76.]

[Footnote 495: Jonah i. 3.]

[Footnote 496: 2 Chron. ii. 16.]

[Footnote 497: Ezra iii. 7.]

[Footnote 498: See Capt. Allen’s _Dead Sea_, ii. 188.]

[Footnote 499: Eustah. _ad Dionys. Perieg._ l. 915.]

[Footnote 4100: Compare the Heb. “Ramah” and “Ramoth” from {...}, “to be high.”]

[Footnote 4101: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 3.]

[Footnote 4102: Gesenius, _Monumenta Scripture Linguæque, Phoeniciæ_, p. 271.]

[Footnote 4103: Allen, _Dead Sea_, ii. 189.]

[Footnote 4104: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 23.]

[Footnote 4105: Perrot and Chipiez, iii. 23-25.]

[Footnote 4106: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art dans l’Antiquité_, iii. 25, 26.]

[Footnote 4107: The Phoenicians held Dor and Joppa during the greater part of their existence as a nation, but the tract between them, and that between Dor and Carmel--the plain of Sharon--shows no trace of their occupation.]

V--THE COLONIES

[Footnote 51: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 71.]

[Footnote 52: Gen. x. 4. Compare Joseph. _Ant. Jud._ i. 6.]

[Footnote 53: Kenrick, p. 72.]

[Footnote 54: The two plains are sometimes regarded as one, which is called that of Mesaoria; but they are really distinct, being separated by high ground in Long. 33º nearly.]

[Footnote 55: Ælian, _Hist. Ann._ v. 56.]

[Footnote 56: Strab. xiv. 6, § 5.]

[Footnote 57: Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._ v. 8.]

[Footnote 58: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, Introduction, p. 7.]

[Footnote 59: The copper of Cyprus became known as {khalkos Kuprios} or {Æs Cyprium}, then as _cyprium_ or _cyprum_, finally as “copper,” “kupfer,” “cuivre,” &c.]

[Footnote 510: Ezek. xxvii. 6.]

[Footnote 511: Compare Ammianus--“Tanta tamque multiplici fertilitate abundat rerum omnium Cyprus, ut, nullius externi indigens adminiculi, indigenis viribus a fundamento ipso carinæ ad supremos ipsos carbasos ædificet onerariam navem, omnibusque armamentis instructam mari committat” (xiv. 8, § 14).]

[Footnote 512: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 49.]

[Footnote 513: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 75.]

[Footnote 514: Di Cesnola, pp. 65-117.]

[Footnote 515: Ibid. pp. 68, 83.]

[Footnote 516: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 215.]

[Footnote 517: Ibid.]

[Footnote 518: {Polis Kuprou arkhaiotate}.]

[Footnote 519: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 294.]

[Footnote 520: Ibid. pp. 254-281.]

[Footnote 521: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 294.]

[Footnote 522: Ibid. p. 378.]

[Footnote 523: Strabo, xiv. 6, § 3; Steph. Byz. ad voc. CURIUM.]

[Footnote 524: Herod. v. 113.]

[Footnote 525: Apollodor. _Biblioth._ iii. 14, § 13.]

[Footnote 526: Virg. _Æn._ i. 415-417; Tacit. _Ann._ iii. 62; _Hist._ ii. 2; Strab. xiv. 6, § 3.]

[Footnote 527: Ps. lxxvi. 2.]

[Footnote 528: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 201.]

[Footnote 529: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 198, and Map.]

[Footnote 530: _Eponym Canon_, p. 139, l. 23.]

[Footnote 531: Ibid. p. 144, l. 22.]

[Footnote 532: On the copper-mines of Tamasus, see Strab. xiv. 6, § 5; and Steph. Byz. ad voc.]

[Footnote 533: _Eponym Canon_, ll.s.c.]

[Footnote 534: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 228.]

[Footnote 535: Plut. _Vit. Solon._ § 26.]

[Footnote 536: Diod. Sic. xiv. 98, § 2.]

[Footnote 537: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 231.]

[Footnote 538: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 74.]

[Footnote 539: Gen. x. 4.]

[Footnote 540: Gesenius, _Mon. Script. Linquæque Phoeniciæ_, p. 278.]

[Footnote 541: Strab. xiv. 5, § 3.]

[Footnote 542: Ibid. xiv. 3, § 9. Mt. Solyma, now Takhtalu, is the most striking mountain of these parts. Its bald summit rises to the height of 4,800 feet above the Mediterranean (Beaufort, _Karamania_, p. 57).]

[Footnote 543: Strab. xiv. 3, § 8, sub fin.]

[Footnote 544: Beaufort, _Karamania_, p. 31.]

[Footnote 545: Herod. iii. 90; vii. 77; Strab. xiii. 4, § 15; Steph. Byz. ad. voc.]

[Footnote 546: Beaufort, _Karamania_, p. 56.]

[Footnote 547: Strab. xiv. 3, § 9.]

[Footnote 548: Beaufort, pp. 59, 60.]

[Footnote 549: Ibid. p. 70.]

[Footnote 550: As Corinna and Basilides (see Athen. _Deipnos_, iv. 174).]

[Footnote 551: Ap. Phot. _Bibliothec._ p. 454.]

[Footnote 552: Ap. Athen. _Deipn._ viii. 361.]

[Footnote 553: Dict. Cret. i. 18; iv. 4.]

[Footnote 554: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, pp. 80, 81.]

[Footnote 555: Aristid. _Orat._ § 43.]

[Footnote 556: Acts xxvii. 12.]

[Footnote 557: Steph. Byz. ad voc.]

[Footnote 558: Herod. iv. 151.]

[Footnote 559: Heb. {...}, Copt. _labo_, &c.]

[Footnote 560: Steph. Byz. ad voc. {KUTHERA}; Festus, ad voc. MELOS.]

[Footnote 561: Kenrick, p. 96.]

[Footnote 562: Steph. Byz. ad voc. {MEMBLIAROS}.]

[Footnote 563: Heraclid. Pont. ap. Steph. Byz. ad voc.]

[Footnote 564: Herod. iv. 147.]

[Footnote 565: Thucyd. i. 8.]

[Footnote 566: Herod. iii. 57; Pausan. x. 11.]

[Footnote 567: Tournefort, _Voyages_, i. 136.]

[Footnote 568: Plin, _H. N._ iv. 12. Compare Steph. Byz. ad voc. {KUTHERA}.]

[Footnote 569: Theophrast. _Hist. Plant._ iv. 2; Plin. _H. N._ xxxv. 15.]

[Footnote 570: Strab. x. 5, § 16.]

[Footnote 571: Ibid. § 19, ad fin.]

[Footnote 572: Herod. ii. 44.]

[Footnote 573: Ibid. vi. 47.]

[Footnote 574: Hesych. ad voc. {KABEIROI}; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {IMBROS}; Strab. vii. Fr. 51.]

[Footnote 575: Strab. xiv. 5, § 28; Plin. _H. N._ vii. 56.]

[Footnote 576: Strab. x. 1, § 8.]

[Footnote 577: Herod. v. 57; Strab. ix. 2, § 3; Pausan. ix. 25, § 6, &c.]

[Footnote 578: Steph. Byz. ad voc. {PRONEKTOS}; Scymn. Ch. l. 660.]

[Footnote 579: Apollon. Rhod. ii. l. 178; Euseb. _Præp. Ev._ p. 115; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. l.s.c.; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {SESAMOS}.]

[Footnote 580: So Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, pp. 91, 92.]

[Footnote 581: Utica was said to have been founded 287 years before Carthage (Aristot. _De Ausc. Mir._ § 146). Carthage was probably founded about B.C. 850.]

[Footnote 582: Thucyd. vi. 2.]

[Footnote 583: Strab. xvii. 3, § 13.]

[Footnote 584: See the chart opposite, and the description in the _Géographie Universelle_, xi. 271, 272.]

[Footnote 585: Ibid. p. 270.]

[Footnote 586: Plin. _H. N._ v. 4, § 23; _Géographie Universelle_, xi. 157.]

[Footnote 587: _Géograph. Univ._ xi. 275.]

[Footnote 588: Ibid. p. 274.]

[Footnote 589: _Géograph. Univ._ xi. 413, 414.]

[Footnote 590: Ibid. pp. 410, 411.]

[Footnote 591: See Davis’s _Carthage_, pp. 128-130; and compare the woodcut in the _Géograph. Univ._ xi. 259.]

[Footnote 592: Beulé, _Fouilles à Carthage_, quoted in the _Géograph. Univ._ xi. 258.]

[Footnote 593: “Adrymes” is the Greek name (Strab. xvii. 3, § 16), Adrumetum or Hadrumetum, the Roman one (Sall. _Bell. Jugurth._ § 19; Liv. xxx. 29; Plin. _H. N._ v. 4, § 25).]

[Footnote 594: _Géograph. Univ._ xi. 227, 228.]

[Footnote 595: Ibid. p. 227, note.]

[Footnote 596: _Géographie Universelle_, xi. 224.]

[Footnote 597: _Géograph. Univ._ xi. 84.]

[Footnote 598: Strabo, xvii. 3, § 18.]

[Footnote 599: See Della Cella, _Narrative_, p. 37, E. T.; Beechey, _Narrative_, p. 51.]

[Footnote 5100: Herod. iv. 198. Compare Ovid. _Pont._ ii. 7, 25.]

[Footnote 5101: See the chart in the _Géographie Universelle_, xi. 223.]

[Footnote 5102: Strab. xvii. 3, § 12.]

[Footnote 5103: See Daux, _Recherches sur les Emporia Phéniciens_, pp. 256-258; and compare Pl. viii.]

[Footnote 5104: At Utica, Carthage, and elsewhere.]

[Footnote 5105: Daux, _Recherches_, pp. 169-171; Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art dans l’Antiquité_, iii. 400-402.]

[Footnote 5106: Thucyd. vi. 2.]

[Footnote 5107: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 336.]

[Footnote 5108: Diod. Sic. xiv. 68.]

[Footnote 5109: Gesenius, _Monumenta Phoenicia_, pp. 297, 298, and Tab. 39, xii. A, B.]

[Footnote 5110: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 330.]

[Footnote 5111: Polyb. i. 55.]

[Footnote 5112: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 331. Compare the accompanying woodcut.]

[Footnote 5113: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 334; Woodcuts, No. 242 and 243.]

[Footnote 5114: Marsala, whose wine is so well known, occupies a site on the coast at a short distance.]

[Footnote 5115: _Géographie Universelle_, i. 552.]

[Footnote 5116: _Géographie Universelle_, i. p. 551.]

[Footnote 5117: See Gesenius, _Monumenta Phoenicia_, pp. 288-290, and Tab. 38, ix. Mahanath corresponds to the Greek {skenai} and the Roman _castra_. Compare the Israelite “Mahanaim.”]

[Footnote 5118: Serra di Falco, _Antichità di Sicilia_, v. 60, 67.]

[Footnote 5119: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 187-189.]

[Footnote 5120: Ibid. p. 426.]

[Footnote 5121: _Géographie Universelle_, i. 571.]

[Footnote 5122: Gesenius, _Monumenta Phoenicia_, p. 298.]

[Footnote 5123: Diod. Sic. v. 12.]

[Footnote 5124: See the _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, vol. i. No. 132.]

[Footnote 5125: Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ Tab. 40, xiv.]

[Footnote 5126: For an account of these buildings, called by the natives “Giganteja,” see Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 297, 298.]

[Footnote 5127: Ibid.]

[Footnote 5128: Ibid. p. 299. [Footnote 5129: “Malte, l’île de miel” (_Géogr. Univ._ i. 576).]

[Footnote 5130: {Kunidia, a kalousi Melitaia} (Strab. vi. 2, § 11, sub fin.).]

[Footnote 5131: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iv. 2.]

[Footnote 5132: Diod. Sic. xiv. 63, § 4; 77, § 6; xxi. 16, &c.]

[Footnote 5133: Perrot et Chipiez, l.s.c. Compare the _Géographie Universelle_, i. 599, 600.]

[Footnote 5134: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 233; La Marmora, _Voyage en Sardaigne_, ii. 171-341.]

[Footnote 5135: Strabo calls the town Sulchi ({Soulkhoi}, v. 2, § 7).]

[Footnote 5136: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 231, 232, 253, &c.]

[Footnote 5137: None of the classical geographers mentions the place excepting Ptolemy, who calls it “Tarrus” (_Geograph._ iii. 3).]

[Footnote 5138: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 231-236, and 418-421.]

[Footnote 5139: Herod. i. 166.]

[Footnote 5140: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 116; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 46, 186.]

[Footnote 5141: _Géographie Universelle_, i. 800.]

[Footnote 5142: Strab. iii. 5, § 1.]

[Footnote 5143: Kenrick, p. 118; _Géogr. Univ._ i. 795.]

[Footnote 5144: “Un admirable port natured divisé par des ilôts et des péninsules en cales et en bassins secondairs; tous les avantages se trouvent réunis dans ce bras de mer” (_Géographie Universelle_, i. 808).]

[Footnote 5145: Ibid. p. 801.]

[Footnote 5146: Ibid. p. 799.]

[Footnote 5147: {Phoinikike to skhemati} (Strab. iii. 4, § 2).]

[Footnote 5148: {Phoinikon ktisma} (ib. iii. 4, § 3).]

[Footnote 5149: Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ pp. 308-310; Tab. 40, xvi.]

[Footnote 5150: Strab. iii. 4, § 2.]

[Footnote 5151: Ibid.]

[Footnote 5152: Ibid. iii. 4, § 6.]

[Footnote 5153: Three hundred, according to some writers (Ibid. xvii. 3, § 3).]

[Footnote 5154: Plin. _H. N._ xix. 4.]

[Footnote 5155: Gesenius, _Mon. Phoen._ pp. 309, 310.]

[Footnote 5156: _Géograph. Univ._ xi. 710-713.]

[Footnote 5157: Strab. ii. 3, § 4; Hanno, _Peripl._ § 6; Scylax, _Peripl._ § 112.]

[Footnote 5158: See _Géograph. Univer._ xi. 714.]

[Footnote 5159: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 337.]

[Footnote 5160: Ibid. p. 339.]

[Footnote 5161: Ibid. p. 341.]

[Footnote 5162: See Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 118; Dyer, in Smith’s _Dict. of Greek and Roman Geography_, ii. 1106.]

[Footnote 5163: Scymn. Ch. ll. 100-106; Strabo, iii. 2, § 11; Mela, _De Situ Orbis_, ii. 6; Plin. _H. N._ iv. 21; Fest. Avien. _Descriptio Orbis_, l. 610; Pausan. vi. 19.]

[Footnote 5164: Stesichorus, _Fragmenta_ (ed. Bergk), p. 636; Strab. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 5165: Scymn. Ch. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 5166: See Herod. i. 163.]

[Footnote 5167: 1 Kings x. 22.]

[Footnote 5168: Strab. iii. 2, § 8; _Géograph. Univ._ i. 741-745.]

[Footnote 5169: Strab. iii. 2, § 11.]

[Footnote 5170: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 119.]

[Footnote 5171: Strab. iii. 2, § 7.]

[Footnote 5172: Aristoph. _Ran._ l. 476; Jul. Pollux, vi. 63.]

[Footnote 5173: Vell. Paterc. i. 2.]

[Footnote 5174: _Géograph. Univ._ i. 756-758.]

[Footnote 5175: Ibid. p. 758.]

[Footnote 5176: Strab. iii. 5, § 5; Diod. Sic. v. 20; Scymn. Ch. 160; Mela, iii. 6, § 1; Plin. _H. N._ v. 19; &c.]

[Footnote 5177: Gesen. _Mon. Phoen._ pp. 304, 370.]

[Footnote 5178: Strabo, iii. 5, § 3.]

[Footnote 5179: See the _Géographie Universelle_, i. 759.]

[Footnote 5180: The name is to be connected with the words Baal, Belus, Baalath, &c. There was a river “Belus,” in Phoenicia Proper.]

[Footnote 5181: Gesenius, _Monumenta Phoenicia_, pp. 311, 312.]

[Footnote 5182: Ibid. p. 311.]

[Footnote 5183: I.e. towards the north-east, in the Propontis and the Euxine.]

VI--ARCHITECTURE

[Footnote 61: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art dans l’Antiquité_, iii. 101.]

[Footnote 62: See Renan, _Mission de Phoenicie_, p. 92, and Planches, pl. 12.]

[Footnote 63: Ibid.]

[Footnote 64: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pp. 62-68.]

[Footnote 65: Ibid. Planches, pl. 10.]

[Footnote 66: 1 Kings v. 17, 18.]

[Footnote 67: _Our Work in Palestine_, p. 115. Warren, _Recovery of Jerusalem_, i. 121.]

[Footnote 68: See the _Corpus. Inscr. Semit._ Pars I. Planches, pl. 29, No. 136.]

[Footnote 69: As at Sidon in the pier wall, and at Aradus in the remains of the great wall of the town.]

[Footnote 610: M. Renan has found reason to question the truth of this view. Bevelling, he thinks, may have begun with the Phoenicians; but it became a general feature of Palestinian and Syrian architecture, being employed in Syria as late as the middle ages. The enclosure of the mosque at Hebron and the great wall of Baalbek are bevelled, but are scarcely Phoenician.]

[Footnote 611: See Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, Planches, pl. vi.]

[Footnote 612: Compare the enclosure of the Haram at Jerusalem, the mosque at Hebron, and the temples at Baalbek (Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 105, No. 42; iv. 274, No. 139, and p. 186, No. 116).]

[Footnote 613: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 108, 299, &c.]

[Footnote 614: Renan, _Mission_, p. 822.]

[Footnote 615: See Renan, _Mission_, pp. 62-68; and compare Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 242, 243.]

[Footnote 616: See Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 64.]

[Footnote 617: See Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pp. 63, 64.]

[Footnote 618: Ibid. p. 65.]

[Footnote 619: See the volume of Plates published with the _Mission_, pl. ix. fig 1.]

[Footnote 620: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 110; pl. xxxv. fig. 20; xxxvi. fig. 7; xxxvii. figs. 10, 11; Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. pp. 124, 428, 533, &c.]

[Footnote 621: Renan, _Mission_, Planches, pl. ix. fig. 3.]

[Footnote 622: See Perrot et Chipie, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 253, No. 193; p. 310, No. 233.]

[Footnote 623: See the author’s _History of Ancient Egypt_, i. 237.]

[Footnote 624: _Mission de Phénicie_, pp. 64, 65.]

[Footnote 625: See Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, pp. 210-212.]

[Footnote 626: The temple of Solomon was mainly of wood; that of Golgi (Athiénau) was, it is thought, of crude brick (Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 139).]

[Footnote 627: See the plan in Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 267, No. 200. Explorations are now in progress, which, it is hoped, may reveal more completely the plan of the building.]

[Footnote 628: As being the most important temple in the island.]

[Footnote 629: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 211.]

[Footnote 630: Ibid. p. 210.]

[Footnote 631: Ibid.]

[Footnote 632: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 269.]

[Footnote 633: In M. Gerhard’s plan two circular ponds or reservoirs are marked, of which General Di Cesnola found no trace.]

[Footnote 634: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 211.]

[Footnote 635: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 322.]

[Footnote 636: As Di Cesnola, and Ceccaldi.]

[Footnote 637: Ceccaldi, as quoted by Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 275.]

[Footnote 638: Ceccaldi, _Monuments Antiques de Cypre_, pp. 47, 48.]

[Footnote 639: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 139.]

[Footnote 640: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 149; Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 274; Ceccaldi, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 641: Di Cesnola, p. 139.]

[Footnote 642: Ibid. p. 140.]

[Footnote 643: Ibid. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 644: The only original account of this crypt is that of General Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 303-305.]

[Footnote 645: Mephitic vapours prevented the workmen from continuing their excavations.]

[Footnote 646: The length of this room was twenty feet, the breadth nineteen feet, and the height fourteen feet (Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 304).]

[Footnote 647: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 285.]

[Footnote 648: See the woodcut representing a portion of the old wall of Aradus, which is taken from M. Renan’s _Mission_, Planches, pl. 2.]

[Footnote 649: In some of the ruder walls, as in those of Banias and Eryx, even this precaution is not observed. See Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 328, 334.]

[Footnote 650: Diod. Sic. xxxii. 14.]

[Footnote 651: Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ ii. 21, § 3.]

[Footnote 652: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 331, 332, 339.]

[Footnote 653: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. pp. 333, 334.]

[Footnote 654: See his _Recherches sur l’origine et l’emplacement des Emporia Phéniciens_, pl. 8.]

[Footnote 655: Compare Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pls. 7, 16, 18, &c.; and Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 224.]

[Footnote 656: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 256, 260; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 219-221.]

[Footnote 657: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 255.]

[Footnote 658: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 255, 256.]

[Footnote 659: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 260; and compare Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 219, No. 155.]

[Footnote 660: Di Cesnola, p. 259.]

[Footnote 661: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 224.]

[Footnote 662: See Ross, _Reisen nach Cypern_, pp. 187-189; and _Archäologische Zeitung_ for 1851, pl. xxviii. figs. 3 and 4.]

[Footnote 663: They are not shown in Ross’s representation, but appear in Di Cesnola’s.]

[Footnote 664: See Sir C. Newton’s _Halicarnassus_, pls. xviii. xix.]

[Footnote 665: 1 Macc. xiii. 27-29.]

[Footnote 666: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 80.]

[Footnote 667: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 81.]

[Footnote 668: Ibid. pp. 82, 85.]

[Footnote 669: See Robinson, _Researches in Palestine_, iii. 385.]

[Footnote 670: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 599.]

[Footnote 671: Perrot and Chipiez remark that “the general aspect of the edifice recalls that of the great tombs at Amrith;” and conclude that, “if the tomb does not actually belong to the time of Solomon’s contemporary and ally, at any rate it is anterior to the Greco-Roman period” (_Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 167).]

[Footnote 672: See the section of the building in Renan’s _Mission_, Planches, pl. xlviii.]

[Footnote 673: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 71.]

[Footnote 674: Ibid. Planches, pl. 13.]

[Footnote 675: Ibid. p. 72.]

[Footnote 676: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 153.]

[Footnote 677: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, pp. 71-73.]

[Footnote 678: “Ce que ce tombeau offre de tout à fait particulier c’est que l’entrée du caveau, ou, pour mieux dire, l’escalier qui y conduit, est couvert, dans sa partie antérieure, par un énorme bloc régulièrement taillé en dos d’âne et supporté par une assise de grosses pierres” (Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 154).]

[Footnote 679: Mark xvi. 3, 4.]

[Footnote 680: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 334.]

[Footnote 681: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 126, No. 68.]

[Footnote 682: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 211, 301.]

[Footnote 683: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 129-134.]

[Footnote 684: _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 822.]

[Footnote 685: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 822.]

[Footnote 686: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 829.]

VII--ÆSTHETIC ART

[Footnote 71: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 404, and compare pp. 428 and 437.]

[Footnote 72: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 129-157, &c.]

[Footnote 73: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 510.]

[Footnote 74: Ibid. p. 513: “Les figures semblent avoir été taillées non dans des blocs prismatiques, mais dans de la pierre débitée en carrière, sous forme de dalles épaisses.”]

[Footnote 75: Di Cesnola, p. 150.]

[Footnote 76: Ibid. pp. 149, 150.]

[Footnote 77: Di Cesnola, p. 157.]

[Footnote 78: So both Di Cesnola (l.s.c) and Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 565.]

[Footnote 79: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. Nos. 349, 385, 405, &c.; Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 133, 149, 157.]

[Footnote 710: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 519, No. 353.]

[Footnote 711: Ibid. Nos. 323, 342, 368. Occasionally an arm is placed across the breast without anything being clasped (Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 131, 240).]

[Footnote 712: Perrot et Chipiez, Nos. 299, 322, 373.]

[Footnote 713: Ibid. Nos. 291, 321, 379, 380.]

[Footnote 714: Ibid. Nos. 381, 382.]

[Footnote 715: Perrot et Chipiez, Nos. 306, 345, 349, &c.]

[Footnote 716: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 141, 230, 243, &c.]

[Footnote 717: Compare Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 530, No. 358; p. 533, No. 359; and Di Cesnola, pp. 131, 154, &c.]

[Footnote 718: Di Cesnola, pp. 129, 145; Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 527, 545.]

[Footnote 719: Di Cesnola, pp. 149, 151, 161, &c.]

[Footnote 720: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 201, No. 142; p. 451, No. 323; p. 598, No. 409. The best dove is that in the hand of a priest represented by Di Cesnola (_Cyprus_, p. 132).]

[Footnote 721: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 114.]

[Footnote 722: Ibid. p. 331; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 203, and Pl. ii. opp. p. 582.]

[Footnote 723: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 136; Ceccaldi, _Rev. Arch._ vol. xxiv. pl. 21.]

[Footnote 724: Di Cesnola, p. 137.]

[Footnote 725: Ibid. p. 133.]

[Footnote 726: Ibid. pp. 110-114.]

[Footnote 727: See the _Story of Assyria_, p. 403; and compare _Ancient Monarchies_, i. 395, 493.]

[Footnote 728: See _Story of Assyria_, l.s.c.; and for the classical practice, which was identical, compare Lipsius, _Antiq. Lect._ iii.]

[Footnote 729: So it is in a garden that Asshurbani-pal and his queen regale themselves (_Ancient Monarchies_, i. 493). Compare Esther i. 7.]

[Footnote 730: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 620.]

[Footnote 731: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 259-267.]

[Footnote 732: Di Cesnola is in favour of Melkarth (p. 264); MM. Perrot and Chipiez of Bes (_Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 610). Individually, I incline to Esmun.]

[Footnote 733: See Di Cesnola, Pl. vi.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 450, 555, 557; Nos. 321, 379, 380, 381, and 382.]

[Footnote 734: Herod. iii. 37.]

[Footnote 735: Perrot et Chipiez see in it the travels of the deceased in another world (_Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 612); but they admit that at first sight one would be tempted to regard it as the representation of an historical event, as the setting forth of a prince for war, or his triumphant return.]

[Footnote 736: A similar crest was used by the Persians (_Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 180, 234), and the Lycians (Fellows’s _Lycia_, pl. xxi. oop. p. 173).]

[Footnote 737: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 609-611.]

[Footnote 738: See the _Journal le Bachir_ for June 8, 1887, published at Beyrout.]

[Footnote 739: 1 Kings vii. 14; 2 Chron. ii. 14.]

[Footnote 740: 1 Kings vii. 21.]

[Footnote 741: “_In_ the porch” (1 Kings vii. 21); “_before_ the house,” “before the temple” (2 Chron. iii. 15, 17).]

[Footnote 742: 1 Kings vii. 15, 16.]

[Footnote 743: Jer. lii. 21.]

[Footnote 744: 1 Kings vii. 17, 20.]

[Footnote 745: Ibid. verse 20; 2 Chron. iv. 13; Jer. lii. 23.]

[Footnote 746: 1 Kings vii. 22.]

[Footnote 747: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, vol. iv. Pls. vi. and vii. opp. pp. 318 and 320.]

[Footnote 748: 1 Kings vii. 23.]

[Footnote 749: Ibid. vv. 23-25.]

[Footnote 750: See the representation in Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 327, No. 172.]

[Footnote 751: Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 328.]

[Footnote 752: 1 Kings vii. 27-39.]

[Footnote 753: Ibid. verse 38.]

[Footnote 754: Ibid. verse 29.]

[Footnote 755: See the woodcut in Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 331, No. 173; and compare 1 Kings vii. 31.]

[Footnote 756: 1 Kings vii. 36.]

[Footnote 757: 1 Kings vii. 33.]

[Footnote 758: Ibid. v. 40. Compare 2 Chron. iv. 16.]

[Footnote 759: See Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, Pls. xxi. and xxx.]

[Footnote 760: A single statue in bronze, of full size, or larger than life, is said to have been exhumed in Cyprus in 1836 (Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 514); but it has not reached our day.]

[Footnote 761: See the works of La Marmora (_Voyage en Sardaigne_), Cara (_Relazione sugli idoli sardo-fenici_), and Perrot et Chipiez (_Hist. de l’Art_, iv. 65-89).]

[Footnote 762: Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 65, 66.]

[Footnote 763: Ibid. pp. 67, 69, 88.]

[Footnote 764: Ibid. pp. 67, 70, 89.]

[Footnote 765: Ibid. 52, 74, 75, 87, &c.]

[Footnote 766: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, Pl. iv. opp. p. 84.]

[Footnote 767: Ibid. opp. p. 345.]

[Footnote 768: Ibid. p. 337.]

[Footnote 769: _Monumenti di cere antica_, Pl. x. fig. 1.]

[Footnote 770: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 77.]

[Footnote 771: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, Pl. xi. opp. p. 114.]

[Footnote 772: In the museum of the Varvakeion. (See Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 782-785.)]

[Footnote 773: Ibid. p. 783, No. 550.]

[Footnote 774: Compare the author’s _History of Ancient Egypt_, i. 362.]

[Footnote 775: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 779, No. 548.]

[Footnote 776: See _Ancient Monarchies_, i. 392.]

[Footnote 777: See Clermont-Ganneau, _Imagerie Phénicienne_, p. xiii.]

[Footnote 778: See Clermont-Ganneau, _Ima. Phénicienne_, Pls. ii. iv. and vi. Compare Longpérier, _Musée Napoléon III._, Pl. x.; Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 329; Pl. xix. opp. p. 276; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 777, 789; Nos. 547 and 552.]

[Footnote 779: Clermont-Ganneau, Pl. i. at end of volume; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 759, No. 543.]

[Footnote 780: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, p. 8.]

[Footnote 781: Helbig, _Bullettino dell’ Instituto di Corrispondenza archeologica_, 1876, p. 127.]

[Footnote 782: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, p. 8.]

[Footnote 783: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, pp. xi, xiii, and 18-39.]

[Footnote 784: Ibid. p. 151.]

[Footnote 785: _L’Imagerie Phénicienne_, pp. 150-156. It is fatal to M. Clermont-Ganneau’s idea--1. That the hunter in the outer scene has no dog; 2. That the dress of the charioteer is wholly unlike that of the fugitive attacked by the dog; and 3. That M. Clermont-Ganneau’s explanation accounts in no way for the medallion’s central and main figure.]

[Footnote 786: “Les formes et les mouvements des chevaux sont indiqués avec beaucoup du sûreté et de justesse” (ibid. p. 6).]

[Footnote 787: So Mr. C. W. King in his appendix to Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, p. 387. He supports his view by Herod. vii. 69.]

[Footnote 788: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 632.]

[Footnote 789: Compare the cylinder of Darius Hystaspis (_Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 227) and another engraved on the same page.]

[Footnote 790: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 635, note.]

[Footnote 791: _Proceedings of the Society of Bibl. Archæology_ for 1883--4, p. 16.]

[Footnote 792: See M. A. Di Cesnola’s _Salaminia_, Pls. xii. and xiii.]

[Footnote 793: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 639, No. 431.]

[Footnote 794: These fluttering ends of ribbon are very common in the Persian representations. See _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. 351.]

[Footnote 795: _Ancient Monarchies_, iii. pp. 203, 204, 208.]

[Footnote 796: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 630.]

[Footnote 797: Ibid. pp. 635-639. Green serpentine is the most usual material (C. W. King, in Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, p. 387).]

[Footnote 798: King, in Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, p. 388.]

[Footnote 799: Pl. xxxvi. a.]

[Footnote 7100: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 277.]

[Footnote 7101: See De Vogüé’s _Mélanges d’Archéologie Orientale_, pl. v.]

[Footnote 7102: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 631.]

[Footnote 7103: See Di Cesnola’s _Cyprus_, pl. xxvi. (top line).]

[Footnote 7104: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 645.]

[Footnote 7105: Ibid. p. 646.]

[Footnote 7106: De Vogüé, _Mélanges_, p. 111.]

[Footnote 7107: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 651.]

[Footnote 7108: Ibid. p. 652.]

[Footnote 7109: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xxxvi. fig. 8.]

[Footnote 7110: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 646.]

[Footnote 7111: Herod. vii. 61.]

[Footnote 7112: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xxxv. fig. a.]

[Footnote 7113: Herod. v. 113.]

[Footnote 7114: That of Canon Spano. (See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 655, note 1.)]

[Footnote 7115: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 656, 657, Nos. 466, 467, 468.]

[Footnote 7116: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. p. 655.]

[Footnote 7117: Ibid. p. 656, Nos. 464, 465.]

[Footnote 7118: See the author’s _History of Ancient Egypt_, ii. 47, 54, 70.]

[Footnote 7119: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 657, 658, Nos. 471-476.]

[Footnote 7120: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 655:--“La couleur parait y avoir été employée d’une manière discrète; elle servait à faire ressortir certains détails.”]

[Footnote 7121: Ross, _Reisen auf den griechischen Inseln_, iv. 100.]

[Footnote 7122: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 666:--“On obtenait ainsi un ensemble qui, malgré la rapidité du travail, ne manquait pas de gaieté, d’harmonie et d’agrément.”]

[Footnote 7123: See Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 65, 71, 91, 181, &c.; and Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 686, 691, 699, &c.]

[Footnote 7124: _Cyprus_, pl. xxix. (p. 333).]

[Footnote 7125: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 704.]

VIII--INDUSTRIAL ART AND MANUFACTURES

[Footnote 81: Ezek. xxvii. 18.]

[Footnote 82: Ibid. xxvii. 21.]

[Footnote 83: See Herod. ii. 182, and compare the note of Sir G. Wilkinson on that passage in Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 272.]

[Footnote 84: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 246.]

[Footnote 85: Ibid.]

[Footnote 86: Hom. _Il._ vi. 289; _Od._ xv. 417; Æsch. _Suppl._ ll. 279-284; Lucan, _Phars._ x. 142, &c.]

[Footnote 87: Ex. xxvi. 36, xxviii. 39.]

[Footnote 88: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 877.]

[Footnote 89: Smyth, _Mediterranean Sea_, pp. 205-207.]

[Footnote 810: Tristram, _Land of Israel_, p. 51.]

[Footnote 811: Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 103.]

[Footnote 812: See _Phil. Transactions_, xv. 1,280.]

[Footnote 813: Wilksinson, in Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 347.]

[Footnote 814: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 258.]

[Footnote 815: See Jul. Pollux, _Onomasticon_, i. 4, § 45.]

[Footnote 816: This is the case with almost all the refuse shells found in the “kitchen middens” (as they have been called) on the Syrian coast. See Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 103).]

[Footnote 817: See Réaumur, quoted by Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 256.]

[Footnote 818: Plin. _H. N._ ix. 38.]

[Footnote 819: See Grimaud de Caux’s paper in the _Revue de Zoologie_ for 1856, p. 34; and compare Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 102.]

[Footnote 820: Ibid.]

[Footnote 821: Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 127.]

[Footnote 822: Plin. _H. N._ xxxii. 22.]

[Footnote 823: Ibid. ix. 37-39.]

[Footnote 824: For the tints producible, see a paper by M. Lacaze-Duthiers, in the _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_ for 1859, Zoologie, 4me. série, xii. 1-84.]

[Footnote 825: Plin. _H. N._ ix. 41.]

[Footnote 826: Ibid. ix. 39:--“Cornelius Nepos, qui divi Augusti principatu obiit. Me, inquit, juvene violacea purpura vigebat, cujus libra denariis centum venibat.”]

[Footnote 827: Kenrick, _Phoenicia_, p. 242. Compare Pliny, _H. N._ ix. 38:--“Laus summa in colore sanguinis concreti.”]

[Footnote 828: _Hist. Nat._ xxxvi. 65.]

[Footnote 829: Wilkinson, in Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, ii. 82. Similar representations occur in tombs near the Pyramids.]

[Footnote 830: Wilksinson, _Manners and Customs_, iii. 88.]

[Footnote 831: Herod. ii. 86-88.]

[Footnote 832: Plin. _H. N._ v 19; xxxvi. 26, &c.]

[Footnote 833: Lortet, _La Syrie d’aujourd’hui_, p. 113.]

[Footnote 834: Ibid. p. 127.]

[Footnote 835: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 735, note 2.]

[Footnote 836: Plin. _H. N._ xxxvi. 26.]

[Footnote 837: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 739.]

[Footnote 838: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 734-744.]

[Footnote 839: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histore de l’Art_, iii. pl. viii. No. 2 (opp. p. 740).]

[Footnote 840: Ibid. pl. vii. No. 1 (opp. p. 734).]

[Footnote 841: Herod. ii. 44.]

[Footnote 842: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 745, and pl. x.]

[Footnote 843: Ibid.]

[Footnote 844: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 746, No. 534.]

[Footnote 845: Ibid. pp. 739, 740.]

[Footnote 846: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 740, 741.]

[Footnote 847: The British Museum has a mould which was found at Camirus, intended to give shape to glass earrings. It is of a hard greenish stone, apparently a sort of breccia.]

[Footnote 848: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 745.]

[Footnote 849: Strabo, iii. 5, § 11.]

[Footnote 850: Scylax, _Periplus_, § 112.]

[Footnote 851: Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’Art_, iii. 669. (Compare Renan _Mission de Phénicie_, pl. xxi.)]

[Footnote 852: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 670. The vase is figured on p. 670, No. 478.]

[Footnote 853: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 68. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 671, No. 479.]

[Footnote 854: Perrot et Chipiez, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 855: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, appendix, p. 408.]

[Footnote 856: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 685, No. 485.]

[Footnote 857: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 102. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 675, No. 483.]

[Footnote 858: So Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 332, and Mr. Murray, of the British Museum, ibid., appendix, pp. 401, 402.]

[Footnote 859: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 693-695.]

[Footnote 860: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 394, 402, and pl. xlii. fig. 4.]

[Footnote 861: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 698.]

[Footnote 862: Ibid. p. 676, No. 484; p. 691, No. 496; and p. 697, No. 505.]

[Footnote 863: Ibid. p. 730.]

[Footnote 864: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 282, and pl. xxx.]

[Footnote 865: Ibid.]

[Footnote 866: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 866-868. Compare Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. x.]

[Footnote 867: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pp. 335, 336, and pls. iv. and xxx.; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 831, 862, 863, &c.]

[Footnote 868: Di Cesnola, l.s.c.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 864.]

[Footnote 869: Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, pl. xx.]

[Footnote 870: Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 15, 66-68, 70; Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 203.]

[Footnote 871: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 870, 871.]

[Footnote 872: Ibid. p. 867, No. 633.]

[Footnote 873: Ibid. iv. 94.]

[Footnote 874: Perrot et Chipiez, iv. 94, No. 91.]

[Footnote 875: Ibid. p. 67, No. 53.]

[Footnote 876: Ibid. iii. 862, No. 629.]

[Footnote 877: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. p. 863.]

[Footnote 878: De Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 336.]

[Footnote 879: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 133, Nos. 80, 81.]

[Footnote 880: Di Cesnola, p. 335.]

[Footnote 881: See Ezek. xxvii. 12; Strab. iii. 2, § 8.]

[Footnote 882: Plutarch, _Vit. Alex. Magni_, § 32.]

[Footnote 883: Ceccaldi, _Monumens Antiques de Cyprus_, p. 138; Di Cesnola, _Cyprus_, p. 282; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 874.]

[Footnote 884: Plutarch, _Vit. Demetrii_, § 21.]

[Footnote 885: Hom. _Il._ xi. 19-28.]

[Footnote 886: 2 Chron. ii. 14. Iron, in the shape of nails and rings, has been found in several graves in Phoenicia Proper, where the coffin seems to have been of wood (Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 866).]

[Footnote 887: Strab. iii. 5, § 11.]

[Footnote 888: Ezek. xxvii. 12.]

[Footnote 889: See Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iv. 80.]

[Footnote 890: Ibid. iii. 815, No. 568.]

[Footnote 891: Renan, _Mission de Phénicie_, p. 427, and pl. lx. fig. 1; Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 177, No. 123.]

IX--SHIPS, NAVIGATION, AND COMMERCE

[Footnote 91: Plin. _H. N._ vii. 56.]

[Footnote 92: Perrot et Chipiez, _Hist. de l’Art_, iii. 517, No. 352.]

[Footnote 93: Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_, ii. 383.]