Chapter I

THE PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WORLD.

The Jew of Barcelona who has navigated the whole known world――
Judah Cresques, “the Map Jew,” as director of the Academy of
Navigation which was founded by Prince Henry the Navigator――
One Jewish astronomer advises the King of Portugal to reject
the plans of Columbus――Zacuto as one of the first influential
men in Spain to encourage the discoverer of the New World――
Abravanel, Senior and the Marranos Santangel and Sanchez who
assisted Columbus――The voyage of discovery begun a day after
the expulsion of the Jews from Spain――Luis de Torres and other
Jews who went with Columbus――America discovered on “Hosannah
Rabbah”――The Indians as the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel――Money
taken from the Jews to defray the expenditure of the second
voyage of Columbus――Vasco da Gama and the Jew Gaspar――Scrolls
of the Thorah from Portugal sold in Cochin――Alphonse
d’Albuquerque’s interpreter who returned to Judaism.

CHAPTER II.
EARLY JEWISH MARTYRS UNDER SPANISH RULE IN THE NEW WORLD.

Children torn from their parents were the first Jewish
immigrants――Jewish history in the New World begins, as
Jewish history in Spain ends, with the Inquisition――Emperor
Charles V., Philip II. and Philip III.――Lutherans persecuted
together with Jews and Mohamedans――Codification of the laws of
the Inquisition, and its special edicts for the New World.

CHAPTER III.
VICTIMS OF THE INQUISITION IN MEXICO AND IN PERU.

Impossibility of obtaining even approximately correct figures
about the Inquisition――A few typical cases――The Carabajal
family――Relaxation for several decades――The notable case of
Francisco Maldonado de Silva.

CHAPTER IV.
MARRANOS IN THE PORTUGUESE COLONIES.

Less persecution in Portugal itself and also in its colonies――
Marranos buy right to emigrate――They dare to profess Judaism in
Brazil, and the Inquisition is introduced in Goa――Alleged help
given to Holland in its struggle against Spain.

PART II.
=THE DUTCH AND ENGLISH COLONIAL PERIOD.=

CHAPTER V.
THE SHORT-LIVED DOMINION OF THE DUTCH OVER BRAZIL.

The friendship between the Dutch and the Jews――Restrictions and
privileges in Holland――Dutch-Jewish distributors of Indian
spices――Preparations to introduce the Inquisition in Brazil――
Jews help the Dutch to conquer it――Southey’s description of
Recife――Vieyra’s description.

CHAPTER VI.
RECIFE: THE FIRST JEWISH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW WORLD.

The “Kahal Kodesh” of Recife or Pernambuco in Brazil――Manasseh
ben Israel’s expectation to make it his home――Large immigration
from Amsterdam――Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and his colleagues――
First rabbis and Jewish authors of the New World――The siege and
the surrender――The return, and the nucleus of other communities
in various parts of America.

CHAPTER VII.
THE JEWS IN SURINAM OR DUTCH GUIANA.

Jews in Brazil after the expulsion of the Dutch――The community
of ♦Paramaribo, Surinam, was founded when Recife was still
flourishing――First contact with the English, whom the Jews
preferred――David ♦Nassi and the colony of Cayenne――Privileges
granted by Lord Willoughby――“de Jooden Savane”――Trouble with
slaves and bush negroes――Plantations with Hebrew names――German
Jews――Legal status and banishments――Jewish theaters――Literature
and history.

CHAPTER VIII.
THE DUTCH AND ENGLISH WEST INDIES.

The community of Curaçao――Encouragement to settle is followed by
restrictions――Plans of Jewish colonization――Trade communication
with New Amsterdam――Stuyvesant’s slur――The first congregation――
Departures to North America and to Venezuela――Barbadoes――
Taxation and legal status――Decay after the hurricane of 1831――
Jamaica under Spain and under England――Hebrew taught in the
Parish of St. Andrews in 1693――Harsh measures and excessive
taxation――Naturalizations.

CHAPTER IX.
NEW AMSTERDAM AND NEW YORK.

Poverty of the first Jewish immigrants to New Amsterdam――
Stuyvesant’s opposition overruled by the Dutch West India
Company――Privileges and restrictions――Contributions to build
the wall from which Wall street takes its name――The first
cemetery――Exemption from military duty――Little change at the
beginning of the English rule――The first synagogue after a
liberal decree by the Duke of York――Marranos brought back
in boats which carried grain to Portugal――Hebrew learning――
Question about the Jews as voters and as witnesses――Peter
Kalm’s description of the Jews of New York about 1745――Hyman
Levy, the employer of the original Astor.

CHAPTER X.
NEW ENGLAND AND THE OTHER ENGLISH COLONIES.

The Old Testament spirit in New England――Roger Williams――The
first Jew in Massachusetts――Judah Monis, instructor in Hebrew
at Harvard――Newport――Jews from Holland bring there the first
degrees of Masonry――The cemetery immortalized by Longfellow――
Jacob Rodrigues Rivera introduces the manufacture of sperm
oil――Aaron Lopez, the greatest merchant in America――Immigration
from Portugal――Rabbi Isaac Touro――Visiting rabbis――First Jews
in Connecticut――Philadelphia――Congregation Mickweh Israel――
Easton’s wealthy Jews――Maryland――Dr. Jacob Lumbrozo――General
Oglethorpe and the first Jews of Georgia――Joseph Ottolenghi――
The Carolinas――Charleston.

PART III.
=THE REVOLUTION AND THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION.=

CHAPTER XI.
THE RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

Spirit of the Old Testament in the Revolutionary War――Sermons in
favor of the original Jewish form of Government――The New Nation
as “God’s American Israel”――The Quebec Act――The intolerance
of sects as the cause of separation of Church and State――A
Memorial sent by German Jews to the Continental Congress――Fear
expressed in North Carolina that the Pope might be elected
President of the United States――None of the liberties won were
lost by post-revolutionary reaction, as happened elsewhere.

CHAPTER XII.
THE PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION.

Captain Isaac Meyers of the French and Indian War of 1754――David
S. Franks and Isaac Franks――David Franks, the loyalist――Solomon
and Lewis Bush――Major Benjamin Nones――Other Jewish Soldiers,
of whom one was exempted from duty on Friday nights――The Pinto
brothers――Commissary General Mordecai Sheftal of Georgia――Haym
Salomon, the Polish Jew, and his financial assistance to the
Revolution.

CHAPTER XIII.
THE DECLINE OF NEWPORT; WASHINGTON AND THE JEWS.

England’s special enmity to Newport caused the dispersion of its
Jewish congregation――The General Assembly of Rhode Island meets
in the historic Newport Synagogue――Moses Seixas’ address to
Washington on behalf of the Jews of Newport and the latter’s
reply――Washington’s letters to the Hebrew Congregations of
Savannah, Ga., and to the congregations of Philadelphia, New
York, Richmond and Charleston.

CHAPTER XIV.
OTHER COMMUNITIES IN THE FIRST PERIODS OF INDEPENDENCE.

Rabbi Gershom Mendez Seixas――Growth of the Jewish community
of Philadelphia on account of the War――Protest against the
religious test clause in the Constitution of Pennsylvania――
Benjamin Franklin contributes five pounds to Mickweh Israel――
Secession of the German-Polish element――New Societies――Jewish
lawyers; Judge Moses Levy――Congressman H. M. Phillips――The
Bush family of Delaware――New Jersey and New Hampshire――North
Carolina: the Mordecai family and other early settlers.

CHAPTER XV.
THE QUESTION OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN VIRGINIA
AND IN NORTH CAROLINA.

Little change in the basic systems of State institutions――Patrick
Henry, Madison and Jefferson on religious liberty in Virginia――
The similarity between the Virginia statute and the conclusions
of Moses Mendelssohn pointed out by Count Mirabeau――The first
congregation of Richmond――Article 32 of the Constitution of
North Carolina against Catholics, Jews, etc.――How Jacob Henry,
a Jewish member of the Legislature, defended and retained
his seat in 1809――Judge Gaston’s interpretation――The first
congregation of Wilmington, N. C.――Final emancipation in 1868.

CHAPTER XVI.
THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE REMOVAL
OF JEWISH DISABILITIES IN MARYLAND.

The Jewish community almost at a standstill between the
Revolution and the War of 1812――Stoppage of immigration and
losses through emigration and assimilation――No Jews in the
newly admitted States――The small number of Jews who fought
in the second war with England included Judah Touro, the
philanthropist――The Jewish disabilities in Maryland――A Jew
appointed by Jefferson as United States Marshal for that
State――The “Jew Bill” as an issue in Maryland politics――Removal
of the disabilities in 1826.

CHAPTER XVII.
MORDECAI MANUEL NOAH AND HIS TERRITORIALIST-ZIONISTIC PLANS.

Noah’s family; his youth and his early successes as journalist
and as dramatist――His appointment as Consul in Tunis and
his recall――His insistence that the United States is not a
Christian nation――Editor and playwright, High-Sheriff and
Surveyor of the Port of New York――His invitation to the Jews
of the world to settle in the City of Refuge which he was to
found on Grand Island――Impressive ceremonies in Buffalo which
were the beginning and the end of “Ararat”――His “Discourse on
the Restoration of the Jews”――Short career on the bench――Jewish
activities.

PART IV.
=THE SECOND OR GERMAN PERIOD OF IMMIGRATION.=

CHAPTER XVIII.
THE FIRST COMMUNITIES IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.

Impetus given to immigration to America by the reaction after
the fall of Napoleon――The second period of Jewish immigration――
First legislation about immigration (1819)――The first Jew in
Cincinnati――Its first congregation, Bene Israel――Appeals to
outside communities for funds to build a synagogue――The first
Talmud Torah――Rabbis Gutheim, Wise and Lilienthal――Cleveland――
St. Louis――Louisville――Mobile――Montgomery and its alleged
Jewish founder, Abraham Mordecai――Savannah and Augusta――New
Orleans――Judah Touro.

CHAPTER XIX.
NEW SETTLEMENTS IN THE MIDDLE WEST AND ON THE PACIFIC COAST.

Increase in general immigration――Estimated increase in the
number of Jews――The natural dispersion of small traders over
the country――Chicago――First congregations and other communal
institutions――Indiana――Iowa: Polish Jews settle in Keokuk and
German Jews in Davenport――Minnesota――Wisconsin――Congregation
“Bet El” of Detroit, Mich.――The first “minyan” of gold seekers
in San Francisco――“Mining congregations”――Solomon Heydenfeldt――
Portland, Oregon.

CHAPTER XX.
THE JEWS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF TEXAS. THE MEXICAN WAR.

The first settler in 1821――Adolphus Sterne, who fought
against Mexico and later served in the Texan Congress――David S.
Kaufman――Surgeon-General Levy in the army of Sam Houston――A Jew
as the first meat “packer” in America――Major Leon Dyer and his
brother Isadore――Mayor Seeligsohn of Galveston (1853)――One Jew
laid out Waco; Castro County is named after another――Belated
communal and religious activities――The War with Mexico, in
which only a small number of Jews served――David Camden de Leon
and his brother Edwin, U. S. Consul-General in Egypt.

CHAPTER XXI.
THE RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENT.

Political liberalism and religious radicalism of the German
Jewish immigrant――The struggle with Orthodoxy hardly more than
an animated controversy――No attempt made here by the Temple to
swallow the Synagogue, as was the case in Germany――The first
Reformers of Charleston, S. C.――Isaac Leeser, the conservative
leader, the first to make a serious effort to adjust Judaism to
American surroundings――Dr. Max Lilienthal――Isaac M. Wise, the
energetic organizer of Reform Judaism――Dr. David Einhorn――Dr.
Samuel Adler――Bernhard Felsenthal――Samuel Hirsch.

CHAPTER XXII.
CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM AND ITS STAND AGAINST REFORM.

“The poor Jews of Elm street and the rich Jews of Crosby
street”――Rabbis Samuel M. Isaacs, Morris J. Raphall and Jacques
J. Lyons――Sabato Morais――Kalish and Hübsch, the moderate
reformers――Benjamin Szold――Dr. Marcus Jastrow’s career in
three countries――Alexander Kohut――Russian Orthodoxy asserts
itself in New York, and the Bet ha-Midrash ha-Godol is founded
in 1852――Rabbi Abraham Joseph Ash and his various activities――
Charity work which remains subordinate to religious work in
the synagogue.

CHAPTER XXIII.
INTERVENTION IN DAMASCUS.
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST SWISS DISCRIMINATION.

The Damascus Affair; the first occasion on which the Jews of
the United States requested the government to intercede in
behalf of persecuted Jews in another country――John Forsyth’s
instructions to American representatives in Turkey, in
which those requests were anticipated――A discrimination
in a treaty with Switzerland to which President Fillmore
objected, and which Clay and Webster disapproved――The case of
a Jewish-American citizen in Neufchatel――Newspaper agitation,
meetings and memorials against the Swiss treaty――President
Buchanan’s emphatic declaration, and Minister Fay’s “Israelite
Note” about the Jews of Alsace――Question is settled by the
emancipation of the Swiss Jews.

PART V.
=THE CIVIL WAR AND THE FORMATIVE PERIOD.=

CHAPTER XXIV.
THE DISCUSSION ABOUT SLAVERY. LINCOLN AND THE JEWS.

Pro-slavery tendencies of the aristocratic Spaniards and
Portuguese――David Yulee (Levy)――Michael Heilprin and his reply
to Rabbi Raphall’s _Bible View on Slavery_――Immigrants of the
second period as opponents of slavery――Two Jewish delegates in
the Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln, and one member
of the Electoral College in 1860――Two other Jews officially
participate in Lincoln’s renomination and re-election in 1864――
Abraham Jonas――Encouragement from the Scripture in original
Hebrew.

CHAPTER XXV.
PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN THE CIVIL WAR. JUDAH P. BENJAMIN.

Probable number of Jews in the United States at the time of the
outbreak of the Civil War――Seddon’s estimate of “from ten to
twelve thousand Jews in the Southern Army”――Judah P. Benjamin,
the greatest Jew in American public life――His early life and
his marriage――Whig politician, planter and slave owner――Elected
to the United States Senate and re-elected as a Democrat――Quits
Washington when Louisiana seceded and enters the cabinet of the
Confederacy――Attorney-General, Secretary of War and Secretary
of State――His foreign policy――His capacity for work――When
all is lost he goes to England and becomes one of its great
lawyers――His last days are spent in France.

CHAPTER XXVI.
DISTINGUISHED SERVICES OF JEWS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE STRUGGLE.

More “brothers in arms” and a larger proportion of officers in
the Confederate Army than in that of the North, because most
Southern Jews were natives of the country――Some distinguished
officers――A gallant private who later became a rabbi――Paucity
of Southern records――Generals Knefler, Solomon, Blumenberg,
Joachimsen and other officers of high rank in the Union
Army――New York ranks first, Ohio second and Illinois third
in the number of Jews who went to the front――Two Pennsylvania
regiments which started with Jewish colonels――Commodore Uriah
P. Levy, the ranking officer of the United States navy at
the time of the outbreak of the war, is prevented by age from
taking part in it.

CHAPTER XXVII.
THE FORMATIVE PERIOD AFTER THE CIVIL WAR.

Ebb and flow of immigration between 1850 and 1880――Decrease and
practical stoppage of Jewish immigration from Germany――The
breathing spell between two periods of immigration, and the
preparation for the vast influx which was to follow――The
period of great charitable institutions――Organization
and consolidation――The Hebrew Union College and the Union
of American Hebrew Congregations――The Independent Order
B’nai B’rith――Other large fraternal organizations and
their usefulness――Important local institutions in New York,
Philadelphia, Chicago, etc.

CHAPTER XXVIII.
NEW SYNAGOGUES AND TEMPLES. IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA PRIOR TO 1880.

Continued increase in the wealth and importance of the
German-Jewish congregations――New and spacious synagogues and
temples erected in various parts of the country in the “sixties”
and the “seventies”――Problems of Russian-Jewish immigration
prior to 1880――Economic condition of the Jewish masses in
Russia worse in the “golden era” than under Nicholas I.――
Emigration from Russia after the famine of 1867–68 and after
the pogrom of Odessa in 1871――Presumption of the existence of
a Hebrew reading public in New York in 1868――The first Hebrew
and Yiddish periodicals.

PART VI.
=THE THIRD OR RUSSIAN PERIOD OF IMMIGRATION.=

CHAPTER XXIX.
THE INFLUX AFTER THE ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS IN RUSSIA IN 1881.

The country itself is well prepared for the reception of a
larger number of Jewish immigrants――Absence of organized or
political Antisemitism――Increase in general immigration in 1880
and 1881――Arrival of the “Am Olam”――Imposing protest meetings
against the riots in Russia――Welcome and assistance――Emma
Lazarus――Heilprin and the attempts to found agricultural
colonies――Herman Rosenthal――Failures in many States――Some
success in Connecticut and more in New Jersey――Woodbine――
Distribution――Industrial workers and the new radicalism.

CHAPTER XXX.
COMMUNAL AND RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES AMONG THE NEW COMERS.

Congregational and social activities among the new comers――
Ephemeral organizations――The striving after professional
education――Synagogues as the most stable of the new
establishments――“Landsleut” congregations――The first efforts to
consolidate the Orthodox community of New York――The Federation
of Synagogues――Chief Rabbi Jacob Joseph――Other “chief rabbis”
in Chicago and Boston――Prominent Orthodox rabbis in many
cities――Dr. Philip Klein――The short period in which the cantor
was the most important functionary in the Orthodox synagogue――
Synagogues change hands, but are rarely abandoned.

CHAPTER XXXI.
NEW COMMUNAL AND INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITIES.

The Jewish Alliance of 1891 as the first attempt to form a
general organization in which the immigrants of the latest
period should be officially recognized――Some of the prominent
participators――The new Exodus of 1891――The Baron de Hirsch
Fund――Various activities――Decrease in the numbers and
proportion of the helpless and the needy――The American Jewish
Historical Society――The Jewish Publication Society of America――
The Jewish Chautauqua――Participation in the World’s Columbian
Exposition in 1893――The Council of Jewish Women.

CHAPTER XXXII.
THE LABOR MOVEMENT AND NEW LITERARY ACTIVITIES.

Difficulty of securing data for the history of the Labor Movement
among Jewish immigrants――John R. Commons’ characterization of
a Jewish labor union――A constantly changing army of followers
under the same leaders――The movement under the control of the
radical press――The leaders as journalists and literary men――
They popularize the press and teach the rudiments of politics――
The voter――The “Heften”――Neo-Hebrew periodicals――The Yiddish
stylists――The plight of the Hebraists.

CHAPTER XXXIII.
RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA. THE PASSPORT QUESTION.

The normal rate of Jewish immigration is but slightly affected by
the panic of 1893――Oppressiveness of the Sunday Laws are felt
by the new immigrants――The Extradition Treaty with Russia――
Beginning of the struggle about the Passport Question――The
first Resolution against Russia’s discrimination, introduced
in Congress by Mr. Cox in 1879――Diplomacy and diplomatic
correspondence――More resolutions――Rayner, Fitzgerald, Perkins――
Henry M. Goldfogle――John Hay’s letter to the House――More
letters, speeches and discussions――The Sulzer Resolution and
the last step to abrogate the Treaty of 1832.

CHAPTER XXXIV.
LEGISLATION ABOUT IMMIGRATION. SUNDAY LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT.

Jewish interest in immigration――The first legislation on the
subject――The Nativists or “Know Nothings”――A Congressional
investigation in 1838――President Taylor’s invitation to
foreigners to come and settle here――A law to encourage
immigration passed on Lincoln’s recommendation in 1864――The
General Immigration Law of 1882――The “Ford Committee”――Permanent
Immigration Committees in Congress――Continued agitation and
legislation on the subject――A bill containing the requirement
of an educational test is vetoed by President Grover Cleveland
in 1897――The last Immigration Law of 1907――The Immigration
Commission of 1907 and its report in 1910――Sunday Laws and
their significance for the Orthodox Jew――Laws of various
States and Territories――Their effect on movements for municipal
reform――Status of the problems.

CHAPTER XXXV.
END OF THE CENTURY. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.
THE DREYFUS AFFAIR. ZIONISM.

Jews in the Spanish-American war――Commissioned and
non-commissioned officers, privates and “Rough Riders”――Jews in
the Navy: Simon Cook, Joseph Strauss and Edward David Taussig――
The career of Rear-Admiral Adolph Marix――His part in the
Inquiry about the “Maine” and in the war――The significance of
the Dreyfus Affair――Its influence on the spread of Zionism――The
American press almost as pro-Dreyfus as the Jewish――The Zionist
movement in America――The rank and file consists of immigrants
from Slavic countries, under the leadership of Americans.

PART VII.
=THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. PRESENT CONDITIONS.=

CHAPTER XXXVI.
SYNAGOGUES AND INSTITUTIONS. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA.
ROUMANIA AND THE ROUMANIAN NOTE.

Synagogues and other Jewish Institutions――General improvement
and moderation――The Jewish Encyclopedia――Its editors and
contributors――The Roumanian situation and the American
Government’s interest in it since 1867――Benjamin F. Peixotto,
United States Consul-General in Bucharest――Diplomatic
correspondence between Kasson and Evarts――New negotiations
with Roumania in 1902――The Roumanian Note to the signatories
of the Berlin Treaty――The question still in abeyance.

CHAPTER XXXVII.
HELP FOR THE VICTIMS OF THE RUSSIAN MASSACRES IN 1903 AND 1905.
OTHER PROOFS OF SYMPATHY.

The Kishinev massacre――Official solicitude and general sympathy――
Protest meetings and collections――The “Kishinev Petition” and
its fate――Less publicity given to the later pogroms, whose
victims were helped by “landsleut” from this country――The
influence of pogroms on immigration――The frightful massacres
in Russia in the fall of 1905, and the assistance rendered by
this country――A Resolution of sympathy adopted in Congress――The
250th Anniversary of the Settlement of the Jews in the United
States――Relief for Moroccan Jews proposed by the United
States――Oscar S. Straus in the Cabinet.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE AMERICAN-JEWISH COMMITTEE.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND FEDERATIONS.

Formation of the American Jewish Committee――Its first fifteen
members and its membership in 1911――The experimental Kehillah
organizations――The re-organized Jewish Theological Seminary――
Faculty of the Hebrew Union College――The Dropsie College of
Hebrew and Cognate Learning――The Rabbi Joseph Jacob School――
Other Orthodox “Yeshibot”――Talmud Torahs and “Chedarim”――Hebrew
Institutes――They become more Jewish because other agencies now
do the work of Americanizing the immigrant――Technical Schools――
Young Men’s and Young Women’s Hebrew Associations――Federations
of various kinds.

CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE JEWS IN THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

The legend about the Jewish origin of Chevalier de Levis――Aaron
Hart, the English Commissary, and Abraham Gradis, the French
banker――Early settlers in Montreal――Its first Congregation――
Troubles of Ezekiel Hart, the first Jew to be elected to the
Legislature――Final Emancipation in 1832――Jews fight on the
Loyalist side against ♦Papineau’s rebellion――Prominent Jews in
various fields of activity――Congregation “Shaar ha-Shomaim”――
Toronto――First synagogue in Victoria, B. C., in 1862――Hamilton
and Winnipeg――Other communities――Agricultural Colonies――Jewish
Newspapers.

CHAPTER XL.
JEWS IN SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO AND CUBA.

The first “minyan” in Buenos Ayres, Argentine, in 1861――Estimate
of the Jewish population in Argentine――Occupations and economic
condition of the various groups――Kosher meat and temporary
synagogues as indications of the religious conditions――
Communities in twenty-six other cities――The Agricultural
Colonies――Brazil――The rumor that General Floriano Peixotto,
the second president of the new Republic, was of Jewish
origin――Communities in several cities――The Colony Philippson――
Jews in Montevido, Uruguay――Other South American Republics――
Isidor Borowski, who fought under Bolivar――Panama――Moroccan
Jews are liked by Peru Indians――About ten thousand Jews in
Mexico――Slowly increasing number in Cuba, where Jews help to
spread the American influence.

CHAPTER XLI.
MEN OF EMINENCE IN THE ARTS, SCIENCES AND THE PROFESSIONS.

Jews who attained eminence in the world of art and of science――
Moses J. Ezekiel――Ephraim Keyser――Isidor Konti――Victor
D. Brenner――Butensky and Davidson――Painters: Henry Mosler,
Constant Mayer, H. N. Hyneman and George D. M. Peixotto――Max
Rosenthal and his son, Albert――Max Weyl, Toby E. Rosenthal,
Louis Loeb and Katherine M. Cohen――Some cartoonists and
caricaturists――Musicians, composers and musical directors――The
Damrosch family, Gabrilowitsch, Hoffman and Ellman――Operatic
and theatrical managers and impressarios――Playwrights and
actors――Scientists: A. A. Michelson, Morris Bloomfield, Jacob
H. Hollander, Charles Waldstein and his family――Charles Gross――
Edwin R. A. Seligman, Adolph Cohn, Jaques Loeb, Simon Flexner
and Abraham Jacobi――Fabian Franklin――Engineers: Sutro, Gottlieb
and Jacobs――Some eminent physicians and lawyers――Merchants and
financiers.

CHAPTER XLII.
LITERATURE: HEBREW AND ENGLISH. PERIODICALS.

Curiosities of early American Jewish literature which belong
to the domain of bibliography――Rabbinical works: Responses,
commentaries and Homiletics――Hebrew works of a modern
character――Ehrlich’s Mikra Ki-Peshuto and Eisenstein’s Ozar
Israel――Neo-Hebrew Poets and literati――Jewish writers in the
vernacular――“Ghetto Stories”――Writers on non-Jewish subjects――
Scientific works――Writers on Jewish subjects and contributors
to the “Jewish Encyclopedia”――A. S. Freidus――Non-Jewish writers
about Jews――Daly――Frederic, Davitt and Hapgood――Journalists,
editors and publishers――The Ochs brothers; the Rosewaters――
Pulitzer and de Young of Jewish descent――The Jewish
denominational press in English――The “Sanatorium.”

CHAPTER XLIII.
YIDDISH LITERATURE, DRAMA AND THE PRESS.

Yiddish poets of the United States equal, if they do not
excell, the poets of the same tongue in other countries――Morris
Rosenfeld――“Yehoash” and Sharkansky――Bovshoer and other
radicals――Zunser――Old fashioned novelists――The sketch writers
who are under the influence of the Russian realistic writers――
Abner Tannenbaum――Alexander Harkavy――“Krantz,” Hermalin,
Zevin and others――Abraham Goldfaden and the playwrights who
followed him――Jacob Gordin and the realists――Yiddish actors
and actresses――The Yiddish Press――The high position attained
by the dailies――Weekly and monthly publications.