Chapter IV: Introduction: By the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, M.p

LETTERS TO THE AUTHOR

THE ILLUSTRATOR TO THE READER

CHAPTER I. ENGLAND AND THE BIBLE

Hellas, Rome and _Israel_――The Englishman’s Bible――Its
influence upon English Literature――Rev. Paul Knell, Matthew
Arnold, Sir H. Havelock, Gordon, Livingstone, Ruskin,
Carlyle, Taine, Sir L. T. Dibdin, Huxley, and J. R. Green
――The Puritans――The Pilgrim Fathers――James I.――Cromwell.

CHAPTER II. THE _HEBREW_ LANGUAGE

Its survival and revival――Its influence upon the English mind
――De Quincey――Bacon――Shakespeare――Milton――Cowley――Taylor
――Tillotson――Barrow――Dryden――Parnell――Pope――Addison――Young
――Akenside――Gray――Warton――Cowper――Byron――Shelley――Southey
――Moore――Sir Thomas Brown[e]――Earl of Clarendon――John Pym
――Viscount Falkland――Sir Henry Vane――Earl of Chatham――Browning
――Tennyson――John Bright.

CHAPTER III. THE RE-ADMISSION OF THE JEWS INTO ENGLAND

Manasseh Ben-Israel――Aaron Levi _alias_ Antony Montezinos
――Moses Wall――Leonard Busher――David Abrabanel [Manuel Martinez
Dormido]――Oliver St. John.

CHAPTER IV. MANASSEH BEN-ISRAEL

Manasseh as a Jewish _Rabbi_ and as a _Hebrew_ writer――His
activity as a publisher and corrector of _Hebrew_ books――The
Bible editions, the Psalms and the _Mishnah_――Manasseh’s
connection with _Safed_ in Palestine――_Enseña a Pecadores_
――The influence of _Rabbi_ Isaiah _ben_ Abraham Horwitz
――Solomon _de_ Oliveyra――Manasseh’s _De Termino Vitae_――The
influence of _Don_ Isaac Abrabanel――The Lost Ten Tribes and
the _Marranos_.

CHAPTER V. MANASSEH’S _NISHMATH CHAYYIM_

Quotations from Gebirol, Bedersi, _R._ Kalonymus, _R._
Zerahiah Ha’levi, and others――Plato, Aristotle, and Philo
――_Cabbalistic_ ideas――_R._ Isaac Luria――Miracles and
Christian Saints――Manasseh’s Jewish Nationalism――“The Jewish
Soul”――The _Zohar_――_R._ Jehudah Ha’levi――The holiness of the
Land of _Israel_――_R._ David Carcassone, the messenger from
Constantinople.

CHAPTER VI. SOME OF MANASSEH’S VIEWS

The massacres of Podolia――The _Marrano_ tragedy――Manasseh’s
views on the mission of _Israel_――Dispersion and Restoration
――_R._ Jacob Emden’s annotations――Manasseh’s theory of the
Jewish race.

CHAPTER VII. MANASSEH’S CONTEMPORARIES

The Renaissance and the Reformation――John Sadler――Milton’s
belief in the Return――Edmund Bunny――Isaac _de_ La Peyrère
――Leibnitz――Thomas Brightman――James Durham――The pamphlet
“Doomes-Day”――Thomas Burnet――The pamphlet “The New _Jerusalem_”
――Thomas Drake――Edward Nicholas, John Sadler, Hugh Peters,
Henry Jesse, Isaac Vossius, Hugo Grotius, Rembrandt, Isaac
_da_ Fonseca Aboab, Dr. Ephraim Hezekiah Bueno, Dr. Abraham
Zacuto Lusitano, _H. H. R._ Yahacob Sasportas, _Haham_ Jacob
Jehudah Aryeh _de_ Leon [Templo]――Manasseh’s origin.

CHAPTER VIII. PURITAN FRIENDS OF THE JEWS

Newes from Rome――Rev. Dr. William Gouge――Sir Henry Finch,
Sergeant-at-law――King James I.――Archbishop Laud――Archbishop
Abbot――Roger Williams――Johanna Cartwright and her son Ebenezer
――John Harrison――Rev. John Dury――Rev. Henry Jessey――Rev.
Thomas Fuller――Re-admission and Restoration――Manasseh and the
Puritans.

CHAPTER IX. RESTORATION SCHEMES

Dr. John Jortin――Thomas Newton, Bishop of Bristol――Edward King
――Samuel Horsley, Bishop of Rochester and St. Asaph――Jewish
Colonies in South America――Marshal de Saxe’s scheme――Anecdote
by Margravine of Anspach――Earl of Egmont’s project――Proposed
settlement of German Jews in Pennsylvania――Viscount
Kingsborough’s Mexican colony――John Adams, President of the
United States.

CHAPTER X. PALESTINE

The Love and Knowledge of the Holy Land――The Land of the
Bible――The Bible Societies and the Institutions for the
Investigation of the Holy Land――The Palestine Exploration Fund
――Colonel Conder――Sir Charles Wilson――Sir Charles Warren――Lord
Kitchener.

CHAPTER XI. NAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGN IN THE EAST

The Appeal of Bonaparte to the Jews of Asia and Africa――Haim
Mu’allim Farhi――The Fortress of Acre――Jewish opinion in
Palestine――El-Arish――_Gaza_――_Jerusalem_――Moses Mordecai
Joseph Meyuchas――“A Letter addressed by a French Jew to his
Brethren”――France and England――The real motives of Bonaparte’s
Appeal.

CHAPTER XII. HAIM FARHI

Saul Farhi――Ahmad Jazzár――Saul Farhi’s sons: Haim, Solomon,
Raphael and Moses Farhi――Jewish communities in Palestine and
Syria――The importance of Palestine in the struggle between
Bonaparte and the Ottoman Empire――Haim Farhi’s martyrdom.

CHAPTER XIII. NAPOLEON IN PALESTINE

Bonaparte approaching _Jerusalem_――Anti-Jewish accusations
――Bonaparte and the Christians――Suleiman _Pasha_――Abdallah
_Pasha_――Haim Farhi’s martyr death――The Farhi family
――Generations of martyrs.

CHAPTER XIV. TWO _JERUSALEM RABBIS_

_Rabbi_ Moses Mordecai Joseph Meyuchas――The Spanish Jewish
traditions――_Rabbi_ Israel Jacob Algazi――The importance of the
Jewish settlement in Palestine――Zionist aspirations.

CHAPTER XV. NAPOLEON’S _SANHEDRIN_

The “_Sanhedrin_”――_R._ David Sintzheim――M. S. Asser――Moses
Leman――Juda Litvak――Michael Berr――Lipman Cerf-Berr――The
Decisions and Declarations――Napoleon I. and the Jews.

CHAPTER XVI. ENGLISH OPINION ON THE _SANHEDRIN_

F. D. Kirwan――Abraham Furtado――Rev. James Bicheno――The
Declaration of the _Sanhedrin_ and English comment――M. Diogène
Tama――The Prince _de_ Ligne.

CHAPTER XVII. THE ZIONIST IDEA IN ENGLAND

The spirit of the time――Different currents――Thomas Witherby
――Dr. Joseph Priestley――Anti-Socinus, _alias_ Anselm Bayly
――John Hadley Swain――William Whiston――Bishop Robert Lowth
――Dr. Philip Doddridge――David Levi.

CHAPTER XVIII. LORD BYRON

The Biblical drama “Cain”――Byron and the Bible――The _Hebrew
Melodies_――A poet and a hero――The Hon. Douglas Kinnaird――Isaac
Nathan――John Braham――Lady Caroline Lamb――Sir Walter Scott
――Dr. John Gill――Dr. Henry Hunter――The Rev. John Scott――Mr.
Joseph Eyre.

CHAPTER XIX. THE PALMERSTON PERIOD

The conflict between Turkey and Egypt――Mahmud II., _Sultan_ of
Turkey――Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt――The victory of Nezib――The
Turkish Fleet――Wellington’s policy――The Eastern Question
――Wellington’s opinion――The London Conference, 1840――The
Insurrection in Syria and the Lebanon――An Ultimatum――The
capture of Acre by the British Fleet, 1840――Schemes of
annexation.

CHAPTER XX. THE SYRIAN PROBLEM

The conflicting interests of the Powers――Was the conflict
irreconcilable?――Public opinion――A new principle――The
independence of Syria――A neutral position――The Zionist idea
as the only solution――A practical proposition.

CHAPTER XXI. ENGLAND AND THE JEWS IN THE EAST

Damascus and Rhodes, 1840――The anti-Jewish accusations――Jewish
opinion in England and France――Two views――The persecutions and
the Zionist idea――The difficulties of a Jewish initiative――Sir
W. R. W. Wilde.

CHAPTER XXII. SIR MOSES MONTEFIORE

The project “for Cultivation of the Land in Palestine”
――Abraham Shoshana and Samuel Aboo――Sir Moses and Lord
Palmerston――Great Britain’s protection of the Jews in the East
――Lord Aberdeen――Sir Stratford Canning――Dr. Edward Robinson
――Burghas _Bey_――A new journey to the East.

CHAPTER XXIII. EARL OF SHAFTESBURY

Diaries of 1830‒40――The first English Vice-Consul for
_Jerusalem_――Lord Lindsay’s travels in Egypt and the Holy Land
――A guarantee of five Powers――Lord Shaftesbury’s conception of
a spiritual centre for the Jewish nation.

CHAPTER XXIV. MEMORANDUM OF THE PROTESTANT MONARCHS

The London Convention of 1840――The new Treaty of London for
the pacification of the Levant――Viscount Ponsonby――Reschid
_Pasha_――Lord Shaftesbury’s “Exposé” addressed to Lord
Palmerston――The articles in _The Times_――A Memorandum to the
European Monarchs――“Enquiries about the Jews”――The _Allgemeine
Zeitung des Judentums_.

CHAPTER XXV. RESTORATION AND PROTECTION

A new Memorandum――The “Balance of Power”――Palestine and
“Rights” in other countries――A “Memorial of the Church of
Scotland”――Protection for the Jews in the East.

CHAPTER XXVI. PROTECTION AND RESTORATION

The _Don_ Pacifico case――Admiral Sir William Parker――Lord
Stanley――Mr. J. A. Roebuck――Lord Palmerston’s policy attacked
――Peel and the Opposition――Plans for colonization of Palestine
――Mordecai Manuel Noah――Warder Cresson――Rev. A. G. H.
Hollingsworth――Colonel George Gawler――“The Final Exodus”――Dr.
Thomas Clarke.

CHAPTER XXVII. EARL OF BEACONSFIELD

Christianity and Judaism――Disraeli’s character――Jewish
features――_Alroy_――_Tancred_――The defence of Jewish rights
――Oriental policy.

CHAPTER XXVIII. THE CRIMEAN WAR

Russia and Turkey――A protectorate over the Greek Christians
――The question of the “Holy Places”――The Greek Church
――_Sultan_ Mahmud II. and the _Tsar_ Nicholas I.――Jurisdiction
in Turkey――_Prince_ Menschikoff――The Alliance between France,
Great Britain and Turkey――Sardinia――Alexander II.――The
fall of Sebastopol――The conclusion of peace in Paris――The
question of reforms――The Jewish point of view――The Crimean
War and Palestine――Dr. Benisch in the _Jewish Chronicle_――The
Christian Zionist propaganda――Rev. W. H. Johnstone――Mr. Robert
Young.

CHAPTER XXIX. BRITAIN’S MISSION IN THE EAST

Colonel Charles Henry Churchill――Sir Austen Henry Layard――“The
Key to the East”――European Consuls in Palestine――The _Hatti
Sheerif_ of Gulharch――Lord Palmerston’s Circular of April,
1841――Mr. James Finn.

CHAPTER XXX. BRITISH INTEREST AND WORK IN PALESTINE

Mr. Rogers――Mr. Finzi――Agricultural work in Palestine under
the auspices of the British Consul――W. Holman Hunt――Thomas
Seddon――A new Appeal――Prof. D. Brown――Rev. John Fry――Rev.
Capel Molyneux――Prof. C. A. Auberlen――Dr. W. Urwick――Dr. E.
Henderson――Prof. Joseph A. Alexander――Dr. Patrick Fairbairn
――Dr. Thomas Arnold.

CHAPTER XXXI. _THE LEBANON_ QUESTION

Selim I.――The _Emir_ Beshir of _The Lebanon_――A Conference of
five Powers――Druses and Maronites――Massacres in Damascus――A
Military Expedition――The Protocol of August 3rd, 1860
――_General_ Beaufort _d_’Hautpoul――Achmet _Pasha_――David
_Pasha_――Joseph Karan――The Constitution of _The Lebanon_――The
boundaries――The alterations from 1861 to 1902――The Earl of
Carnarvon’s views――Jewish charity――Anti-Jewish accusations and
riots――M. E. A. Thouvenal――Lord John Russell――George Gawler’s
letter.

CHAPTER XXXII. ZIONISM IN FRANCE

Joseph Salvador――L. Lévy-Bing――Maurice [Moses] Hess――D. Nathan
――Benoît Levy――Dr. A.-F. Pétavel――Ernest Laharanne――Crémieux
――The “Alliance Israélite Universelle”――Albert Cohn――Charles
Netter.

CHAPTER XXXIII. JEWISH COLONIZATION

New developments――Two tendencies――Societies in London for
supporting Jewish colonization of Palestine――_Rabbi_ Chayyim
Zebi Sneersohn――Sir Moses ♦Montefiore’s further journey to
Palestine.

♦ “Montifiore’s” replaced with “Montefiore’s”

CHAPTER XXXIV. ZIONISM _VERSUS_ ASSIMILATION

The first difficulties――The traditions of Anglo-Jewry――The
influence of the English people on the Jews――Assimilation and
the Jewish National idea――The Zionist conception of the Jewish
problem――The tragedy of a minority.

CHAPTER XXXV. COLONIZATION AND RESTORATION

Henry Wentworth Monk――Zionism in France――Jean Henri Dunant’s
“Le Renouvellement de l’Orient”――Napoleon III.――Bishop Stephen
Watson――“L’Orient” in Brussels.

CHAPTER XXXVI. APPEALS FOR COLONIZATION

A _Rabbinical_ appeal――_Rabbi_ Elias Gutmacher――_Rabbi_ Hirsch
Kalischer――Correspondence with Sir Moses Montefiore――Servian
Jews ready for Palestine――_Rabbi_ Sneersohn――Another appeal of
Henri Dunant――A Committee in Paris under the patronage of the
Empress of the French――Zionism in French fiction.

CHAPTER XXXVII. CHRISTIAN PROPAGANDA IN ENGLAND

A new Appeal――Earl of Shaftesbury in 1876――Edward Cazalet
――Laurence Oliphant――Zionism in English fiction――George Eliot
――“Daniel Deronda”――The Jewish nationalism of Mordecai Cohen
――A quotation from Dr. Joseph Jacobs.

CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE RUSSIAN POGROMS OF 1881‒1882

The new period of Jewish martyrdom――Public opinion in England
――Mass meetings, questions in Parliament and collections
――Protests from France, Holland, America and other countries
――An instructive lesson――Emigration of Jewish masses――The
problem――The “Lovers of _Zion_.”

CHAPTER XXXIX. DR. LEO PINSKER

His life and experiences――His _Auto-emancipation_――The old
idea of self-help in Jewish teaching――Individual and national
self-help――The revival of an old doctrine――An analysis of
_Auto-emancipation_――The results of Pinsker’s idea.

CHAPTER XL. THE COLONIZATION OF PALESTINE

Jewish immigration into England――A meeting for the
establishment of Jewish colonies in Palestine――The foundation
of the Society “_Kadima_”――The Opposition――The opinions of
English authorities on Palestine――Col. Conder――General Sir
Charles Warren――Lord Swaythling――Earl of Rosebery――A petition
to Abdul Hamid, _Sultan_ of Turkey.

CHAPTER XLI. THE “LOVERS OF _ZION_” IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND

The work in France――Baron Edmond _de_ Rothschild and his
activity in the colonization of Palestine――The effects in
England――Colonel A. E. W. Goldsmid――Elim _d_’Avigdor.

CHAPTER XLII. THE MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND

William Ewart Gladstone――_Father_ Ignatius――Gladstone’s ideas
on Judaism――Concessions of the Jewish opposition――Goldsmid’s
and _d_’Avigdor’s nationalistic replies.

CHAPTER XLIII. THE MOVEMENT IN AMERICA

Zionism echoed in America――Emma Lazarus――A call――Emma Lazarus
and George Eliot――Mrs. Rose Sonnenshein――The Opposition――A
Tour to Palestine――The Colonies.

CHAPTER XLIV. BARON _DE_ HIRSCH

His philanthropic activity――The Oriental Jews and the
“Alliance”――Emanuel Felix Veneziani――Lord Swaythling――Dr.
A. Asher――Laurence Oliphant.

CHAPTER XLV. AN ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THE JEWISH PROBLEM

The “Jewish Colonization Association” (1891)――Statutes and
shareholders――Baron _de_ Hirsch’s letter to the Russian Jews
――His articles in the _Forum_ and the _North American Review_
――Baroness Clara _de_ Hirsch.

CHAPTER XLVI. THE ARGENTINE _VERSUS_ PALESTINE

Expeditions and investigations in various countries――The
decision in favour of The Argentine――Dr. G. Löwenthal――Colonel
A. E. W. Goldsmid――The “Lovers of _Zion_” and Baron _de_
Hirsch in 1891――Baron and Baroness _de_ Hirsch’s charitable
works.

CHAPTER XLVII. MODERN ZIONISM

Theodor Herzl――The first conception and the acceptance of
Palestine――Max Nordau――The ideas of Modern Zionism.

CHAPTER XLVIII. THE FIRST ZIONIST CONGRESS

The general impression――The proclamation of the Jewish
national idea――The Basle Programme――The first Executive
Central Committee――Prof. ♦Hermann Schapira――Christian visitors
at the first Congress――Letters of the _Grand Rabbin_ of
France, _M._ Zadoc Kahn, and of the _Haham_ of the Spanish
and Portuguese Jewish community of London, Dr. Moses Gaster.

♦ “Herman” replaced with “Hermann”

CHAPTER XLIX. THE MOTIVE FORCES OF ZIONISM

Modern _Hebrew_ literature――The _Chovevé Zion_――The pioneers
in Palestine.

CHAPTER L. ZIONISM IN FRANCE

David Wolffsohn――France――_M._ Léon Bourgeois――Michel Erlanger
――Zadoc Kahn――Baron Edmond _de_ Rothschild――Professor Joseph
Halévy――Dr. Emil Meyersohn――Dr. Waldemar Haffkine――The
brothers Marmorek――Bernard Lazare.

CHAPTER LI. ZIONISM IN ENGLAND

The first leaders――Herzl before the Royal Commission on
Immigration――The East Africa offer――Death of Herzl――Holman
Hunt――Report of United States Consul at Beirut on Zionism
――Lord Robert Cecil――The Palestine Exploration Fund――Colonel
Conder――Lord Gwydyr――Zionism and the Arab question.

CHAPTER LII. BRITISH POLICY IN THE NEAR EAST

The Russo-Turkish War, 1877‒78――The Turkish Revolution
――Disappointed hopes――Jewish colonization and British
commercial interests in Palestine.