Chapter XVII: Science in the Twentieth Century (3)

Cats, xii, 354-56;
body heat, conservation of, ix, 307;
embryological resemblance to dog, xv, 54;
hair erection in, ix, 161, 164;
instincts of, xi, 48

Catskill Aqueduct, v, 262, 263-5

Catskill Formation, iii, 195

Catskill Mountains, formation, iii, 139, xiv, 179, 225;
New York water supply from, xiv, 140;
section of, iii, 138 (fig.);
stream piracy in, xiv, 179-80

Cat-tails, xiii, 59, 181, 187

Cattle, domestic, origin of, xii, 330;
elastic cord in neck, ix, 59;
hornless, breeding of, 327;
salt consumed by, viii, 140;
surra disease of, x, 168;
tetanus germ in, 298-9;
tick diseases of, xii, 98;
ungulates, 300;
young of, ix, 346

Cattle Family, xii, 324-31

Cattle-raising, on grasslands, xiv, 383-4

Cattle-Raising Stage, xv, 187, 196-9

Caucasus Mountains, iii, 236;
Ice Age in, 240;
recent formations, xiv, 235

Cauliflower, a modified bud, xiii, 41;
in mustard family, 197;
origin, 222;
sport plant, 333-4

Caustics, x, 255

Caustic Soda, viii, 278

Cauterization, batteries used, vii, 242;
former use of, x, 38, 55, 56

Cavalieri, Bonaventura, xvi, 104, 119

Cave Bear, xiv, 149;
cave pictures of, xv, 110 (fig.);
relics of, 79, 82, 100 (fig.)

Cave Fishes, eyes of, xii, 138

Cave Lions, xii, 359

Cave Men, xv, 76-84, 88-102;
art of, 148-9, xv, 110-20, 298, 299, 300;
clothing of, 257;
life of, 188-91;
tools and weapons, 102-10

Cavendish, Henry, chemical work, xvi, 120, 121, 177;
electrical work, vi, 16, 17, xvi, 121;
experiment to prove gravitation, iv, 98;
hydrogen discovery, results, x, 89

Cavendish Experiment, ii, 68

Caves, Caverns, formation in limestone, iii, 127, viii, 151, xiv, 147-8;
importance in history of man, 148-9, xv, 266;
primitive life in, 80-1, 82-3;
wind-eroded, iii, 73

Caviar, acquired taste for, xi, 72;
sources of, xii, 151, 152

Cavies, xii, 289

Cavitation, v, 235-6

Cayuga, Lake, xiv, 203

Cazorla, Spain, hailstorm, i, 119

Ceiling, of aeroplanes, i, 303

Celebes, xiv, 274;
animals of, xii, 310, 330, 379

Celery, blanching of, xiii, 76;
calories in, ix, 299;
family, xiii, 200-1;
origin and antiquity, 222

Celestial Equator, ii, 70

Cell Metabolism, ix, 37-40;
oxygen requirements, 182, 199, 253, 254, 260;
part of cell engaged in, 42-3;
sugar and fat supplies, 289;
supply system, 49-52
(see also Metabolism, Basic Metabolism, Functional Metabolism)

Cells (electric) see Electric Cells

Cells (organic), basis of life, ix, 12, x, 119, xii, 10, 14, 25, xiii,
74, xv, 16, xvi, 142;
dynamics of, xvi, 144-5;
growth by division of, ix, 43-8, xiii, 166-7;
living and nonliving, ix, 12-17;
maintenance and growth, 34-6;
metabolism of (see Cell Metabolism);
motions of, ix, 73-4;
of plants, viii, 337, 338, 352, ix, 26;
reproduction from, 43, 324-5, 332-3, x, 228, 232, xiii, 166-7, xv, 54,
xvi, 155-6, 157-8;
size of, ix, 49;
substance of, (protoplasm), 13
(see also Body Cell)

Celluloid, composition of, viii, 255

Cellulose, viii, 223, 227-8, 229, 254-6, ix, 30;
as food, 30;
industrial uses, viii, 229, 241, 254-6, 261;
in plants, iii, 344, viii, 49, 223, 335, 348, 349, ix, 30;
in wood composition, iii, 345, viii, 44, xiv, 65

Celsius, thermometer of, iv, 136

Celsus, A. Cornelius, x, 27, 43;
on sleeping sickness in Rome, 301;
rediscovery of "De Re Medicina," 44

Celtic Languages, xv, 162

Celts, of Ireland, xvi, 49

Cement, chemistry of, viii, 280;
manufacture, iii, 373-4

Cement Floors, in factories, xi, 361-2

Cement Gun, v, 136

Cementite, viii, 160, 273

Cement Plants, potash from dust, viii, 279;
smoke precipitation, vii, 347-8

Cenozoic Era, iii, 20, 377;
animals of, 284, 293, 295, 298-301;
birds developed in, 297;
divisions and surviving species, xv, 71;
in North America, iii, 221-48;
plants in, 256, 257-8

Centaurus, "coal sack," ii, 352;
star cluster, 336-7

Center of Gravity, iv, 99-101;
tendency of wheels to turn on, v, 150

Centers of Action, i, 218, 241-2, 368;
Iceland area, 361

Centigrade Thermometer, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, viii, 27;
comparison with other scales, iv, 137, 141, viii, 27, 384

Centimeter-gram-second System, iv, 46 (see Metric System)

Centipedes, xii, 87-8

Central America, animals of, xii, 198, 208, 276, 289, 349;
coasts, coral reefs on, 40;
rainfall and rivers, xiv, 135, 195;
volcanoes of, 315, 316, 325-6, 338

Central Asia, antelopes of, xii, 327;
climatic changes, results of, iii, 75, xiv, 361, 362;
cradle of human race, xvi, 46;
desert basins, xiv, 215, 217, 355;
flowers of, xiii, 202;
horses of, xii, 306-7;
manual of, 356;
marriage custom of, xv, 282;
migrations from, xiv, 362;
oases of, 150-1;
plains of, 215;
rock weathering in deserts, 79;
rodents of, xii, 294;
salt lakes of, xiv, 199

Central Nervous System, ix, 129-32;
at birth, 348-9;
connections with glands and smooth muscles, 159-60, 162-3;
in the chordata, xii, 128;
preferred pathways of, ix, 134

Central Park Obelisk, iii, 23, xiv, 78-9

Central Sun Hypothesis, ii, 305

Centrifugal Force, iv, 71-5;
of earth's rotation, ii, 69, iv, 74-5, 101

Centrifugal Pumps, vi, 363

Centrifugal Railroads, iv, 74

Centripetal Force, iv, 72-3

Century Plants, single flowering, xiii, 43, 53;
sisal from, 240-1;
water-storage by, 41

Cephalopods, iii, 20, 260, 273-6, xii, 58, 74-80

Ceraunographs, i, 163, 368

Cereal Dusts, i, 63

Cereals, best grown in grasslands, xiii, 373;
evolution, iii, 257;
food value, viii, 364;
fruits for seed dispersal, xiii, 56, 182;
phosphate requirements, xiv, 67;
vitamines in, x, 260, 262

Cerebellum, ix, 144 (fig.), 145, 146 (fig.), xi, 28, 31;
locomotion control through, ix, 156, 158, 167

Cerebrospinal Fluid, xi, 29

Cerebrospinal Meningitis, antiserum treatment, x, 218;
germ of, 216

Cerebrum, ix, 144, 145-7, xi, 28, 29, 31-2;
at birth, ix, 351;
auditory area, xi, 108;
locomotion action of, ix, 157, 158;
seat of thought processes, 167;
visual area, xi, 86

Ceres (planet), discovery, ii, 255

Cerium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Ceylon, animals of, xii, 201, 302, 328;
chocolate production, xiii, 234;
cinnamon production, 263, 264;
coco palm of, xv, 125;
leeches of, xii, 56;
pearl fisheries of, 62;
polyandry in, xv, 286;
quinine production, xiii, 251;
tea cultivation, 228, 224 (illus.)

Chagres River, xiv, 195

Chahas, xii, 256-7

Chain Pump, iv, 26

Chain Reflex, xi, 39;
in habit formation, 250-1

Chain Structure, viii, 233, 375

Chalcedony, iii, 337

Chalcocite, iii, 326, 360, 361

Chalcopyrite, iii, 326, 360, 361

Chaldean Eclipse Cycle (see Saros)

Chaldeans, astronomy of, ii, 9, xvi, 57, 58

Chalk, iii, 377;
deposits of, 216-18, 266

"Challenger," voyages of, xiv, 283, xvi, 142

Chambered Nautilus, iii, 273-5, xii, 76, 77 (fig.)

Chamberlens, obstetricians, x, 79-80

Chameleons, xii, 204, 207-8, 208-10

Chamois, xii, 325

Champlain, Lake, formation, iii, 155

Champlain Sea, iii, 150, 151

Change, Albanian story of, v, 251;
attention attracted by, xi, 229, 344;
Cardinal Newman on, xiii, 325-6;
Heraclitus on, xvi, 79;
in earth's features, xiv, 28-30;
need of outside influence, viii, 113;
physical and chemical, 14-15

Channels, aerial mapping, i, 47;
dredging of, v, 257-8

Chaparral, xiv, 379

Characters, Characteristics, inheritance laws, ix, 333-8, x, 230-2,
233-4, xiii, 332, xvi, 154, 156, 157-8;
inherited and environmental, x, 228-9;
racial, xv, 36-52
(see also Acquired Characters, Heredity)

Charades, xv, 169

Charcoal, viii, 44;
combustion of, 12-13;
glow of burning, 57;
heat from, 186;
heat resistance, vii, 308;
in gas masks, viii, 47-8, 263, 264;
in gunpowder, 145

Charcot, Jean Martin, x, 360, xvi, 184

Charges, Charged Bodies (Electricity), iv, 256-67, vi, 284-302,
vii, 363;
chemical production of, iv, 271-2;
discharge of, 262, 264-5, 267, 269, vii, 209, 366;
discovery of laws, xvi, 121;
electrical condition, i, 142;
electricity on surface, iv, 282;
induced, 260, vii, 370;
leakage, 371;
measurements and units, iv, 260-1
(see also Electrification, Ionization)

Charlemagne, clock of, v, 62;
Vikings and, xiv, 261

Charles II, founder of Greenwich Observatory, ii, 83, xvi, 124

Charles's Law, iv, 140, viii, 107-8

Charleston (S. C.) Earthquake, iii, 95, 97-8

Charleston (W. Va.) region, iii, 34

Charts, marine, i, 271-6;
meteorological, 206-8;
phenological, 254;
synchronous and synoptic, 214-15

Chautauqua, Lake, origin, iii, 145-6

Chaucer, "Doctor" of, x, 41;
language of, xv, 156

Chauliac, Guy de, x, 39, 40-1

Checkered Adder, xii, 222

Cheese, calories in, ix, 299;
composition and value, viii, 363;
manufacture of, xiii, 71

Cheeta, xii, 365

Chellean Implements, xv, 105, 106-7

Chemical Affinity, viii, 12;
electrical nature, xvi, 122;
electromotive series, viii, 127-9;
intensity measured by heat, 308, 360;
of metals for nonmetals, 20;
source of energy, 267, 268

Chemical Changes, nature of, viii, 9-15, 188;
signs of, 100-1

Chemical Compounds (see Compounds)

Chemical Elements (see Elements)

Chemical Energy, viii, 12, 186-7, 267, 268;
electricity from, 167-8

Chemical Equations, viii, 13, 94-6, 376

Chemical Industries, viii, 241-84

Chemical Reactions, viii, 99-105;
defined, 381;
equations of, 94-6;
equilibrium, 103-5, 190-1;
heat of, 308;
reversibility, 21, 101;
of solutions, 36, 37, 119-25, 311;
speed of, 310-11;
types, 20-1

Chemical Warfare, viii, 262-4, x, 186-8

Chemical Warfare Service, x, 187-8;
device, viii, 233

CHEMISTRY, Volume viii

Chemistry, beginnings of modern, viii, 34;
concrete science, xvi, 42;
daily interest of, 13-15;
defined, viii, 11, xvi, 36;
difficulties of study, viii, 10-11;
exact, positive science, x, 368;
former realm, xvi, 14;
historical development, 54, 59, 73-4, 109, 110, 112, 115, 119-21,
133-4, 159-65;
medicine and, x, 81, 369;
nomenclature, viii, 97-8;
subjects dealt with in, iv, 12;
ultimate identity of organic and inorganic, x, 69

Chemosynthetic Organisms, xii, 15

Chemotaxis, xi, 50-1, 59, 61

Chemotherapy, x, 381

Cherbourg, breakwater at, xiv, 301;
wave power at, 300

Cherrapunji, Assam, rainfall at, i, 111-12

Cherries, drupes, xiii, 54;
origin and remarks, 224-5

Cherry Trees, xiii, 271-2;
lenticels on, 26

Chert, formation of, iii, 13

Chesapeake Bay, aerial fish patrol, i, 48;
drowned valley formation, xiv, 40, 255-6;
ducks of, xii, 257;
oysters of, 61;
ria coast, xiv, 257;
wave erosion in, iii, 56

Cheselden, William, x, 92, 123

Chest, diseases, studies of, x, 110, 112;
examination methods, 98-9, 108-9, 371, 373;
fixation of, 304-5

Chestnut Trees, family of, xiii, 193;
in American forests, xiv, 373

Chevrotains, xii, 313

Chewing, act of, ix, 82;
importance of, 227-8, 229, 230

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration, x, 340

Chiasmodus, xii, 24

Chicago, growth due to railways, xiv, 219;
level changes at, iii, 82;
sewage of, viii, 326;
terminals, electrification, vi, 162;
underground trolleys, vii, 12;
ventilation standards, viii, 332

Chicago Fire, dust from, i, 56

Chicago, Lake, iii, 148, 149

Chickadees, xii, 268

Chicken Cholera, inoculation for, x, 141-2, 208

Chicken Pox, immunity to, x, 207

Childbirth, among savages, xv, 278

Child Labor, factory system and, x, 244;
laws, remarks on, vii, 33

Children, adenoids in, ix, 224, x, 341-2;
artistic impulse in, xv, 296;
basal metabolism in, x, 271;
bones of, ix, 56, 57;
care in development of, 352;
care of, by state, xv, 290-1;
choice importance to, xi, 266-7;
clothes for, x, 308;
cold baths for young, 312;
convulsions in, ix, 133-4;
cretinism in, x, 349-50;
darkness effects on, 253;
dreams of, xi, 293;
ear troubles in, ix, 104;
education and environment importance, 344, 352;
exhaustion in, xi, 273;
foods for, ix, 33-4, 242, 295, x, 314-15;
grasping reflex, importance, xi, 43;
growth period, ix, 47-8;
habit acquisition, xi, 247, 249;
habit of evacuation in, ix, 252;
heart rate in, x, 334;
house-breaking, xi, 251-2;
imitation in, xv, 66-7;
language of, 142-3, 153;
malnutrition causes, ix, 228;
objection to sour tastes, 95;
relationships under polyandry, xv, 286, 294;
resemblance to parents (see Heredity);
savage attitude towards, 135, 195, 198;
skull growth in, 40;
soaps desirable for, x, 311;
suggestibility, xi, 307;
teeth, care of, ix, 228, x, 312-16;
transmission of nonhereditary characters to, ix, 343-4;
walking of, on what dependent, 351

Chile, Bolivia and, xiv, 306;
climate of, 358, 371;
coasts, 258, 265;
deserts of northern, xiii, 377;
nitrate fields, i, 34, 35, viii, 64, 72, 197, 280, xiv, 66;
temperate forests, xiii, 372

Chilled Iron, v, 241

Chilling, of body, x, 252-3, 306, 311;
effects, ix, 323

Chimborazo, Mount, formation, xiv, 225;
observatory site, ii, 149-50

Chimpanzees, xii, 383-4;
brain of, xv, 62 (fig.), 96;
expression of passion by, 65;
hand and foot in, 58-60;
mandible of, 94;
reasoning power in, 67-8;
skeleton compared to man's, 59

China, agriculture in north and south, xiv, 72-3;
ancient civilization, x, 13, xv, 123, 127;
beriberi in, ix, 35;
bubonic plague in, x, 165;
Cambrian deposits, iii, 184;
coal, in, 345;
coasts, xiv, 248, 251, 257;
corn growing, xiii, 212;
David's deer, xii, 316;
dust whirls, i, 60;
famines, xiv, 73;
fault-blocks of north, 125;
fishing with cormorants, xv, 223-4;
ginkgo tree, xiii, 315;
goral of, xii, 325;
gunpowder invention, v, 361;
hookworm in, x, 174;
influence on West, xiv, 357;
Jesuit survey, xvi, 123;
loess formations, i, 53-4, iii, 74, xiv, 63, 72-5;
medical education and Rockefeller Fund, x, 172;
medicine of ancient, 13;
meteorological service, i, 223;
mountain valley conditions, xv, 131;
opium and, xiii, 253;
plains and mountains, xiv, 217;
population distribution, 219;
rice-growing, xiii, 213, 214;
rivers of, xiv, 196;
shark's fins as food in, xii, 147;
smallpox inoculation in, x, 100, 207;
storm signals, i, 283;
sugar in, xiii, 215;
tea in, 227, 228;
temple orientation, ii, 26;
trees of, xiv, 377;
wheat in, xiii, 210
(see also Chinese)

China (pottery), viii, 283

China Clay, iii, 333

Chinch Bug, xii, 114

Chinchillas, xii, 289

Chinese, ancestor worship of, xv, 341;
ancient agriculture, xiii, 210;
ancient civilization, x, 13, xvi, 53, 54, 62;
ancient knowledge of cloves, xiii, 262;
ancient knowledge of lodestone, iv, 52, vi, 28;
calculating machines, xv, 183, xvi, 61;
finger nails of, xv, 260;
ideas of future life, 336;
ideas of eclipses, ii, 209;
in tropics, xiv, 356;
opium use, xiii, 253;
paper invention, v, 290;
prepotency in crosses, x, 230;
printing invention, v, 300-1, xv, 179;
use of feet by, 61;
veneration for writing among, 164;
well-water boiling, xiv, 140;
women, feet of, xv, 254-5, 260, 261 (fig.);
women, hairdressing of, 261

Chinese Astronomy, ii, 21-2, 331, xvi, 56-7

Chinese Language, xv, 170-1

Chinese Writing, xv, 169-72

Chinooks, i, 133, 369

Chipmunks, xii, 293-4

Chitin, xii, 39, 69

Chitons, xii, 58, 67

Chloramin, x, 181, 183

Chloramine T., x, 382

Chloride of Lime, viii, 333

Chlorides, halogen derivatives, viii, 210;
metal occurrence in, 130, 198

Chlorine, viii, 18, 22, 84-5, 181, 297-8;
as antiseptic, 333;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
bleaching by, vii, 354, viii, 86, 146, 256, 274;
gold reaction with, 174;
in body tissues, 354;
in silicates, viii, 193;
manufacture and uses, 274, 284;
molecular speed, 24;
obtained from salt, 138, 140, 275;
plant uses, 337, 341;
solubility, in water, 111;
tests, for, 286, 287, 290;
use in chemical warfare, 262-3, x, 186;
water disinfection by, viii, 86, 274, 319, 321

Chlorine Derivatives, viii, 210, 211-12, 231

Chlorite, iii, 326-7

Chloroform, viii, 52, 212;
as anesthetic, x, 125

Chlorophyll, ix, 26, 27, xii, 11-12, 14, xiii, 79-80, 81, 84;
absent in saprophytes, 99, 100;
action in plants, viii, 335

Chocolate, calories in, ix, 299;
history and production, xiii, 233-5

Choice, power and importance, xi, 260-3, 265-7;
power of, in muscular responses, ix, 95, 121, 140

Choke Coils, vii, 17, 50

Cholera, discovery of germ of, x, 149, xvi, 184;
former ideas of, x, 286;
from water pollution, viii, 318;
germ of, x, 195;
immunity to, 207;
inoculation against, 208;
racial susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Choleric Temperament, xi, 153

Cholesterin, ix, 275

Chordates, xii, 127-9;
coelom in, 27

Chords, major and minor, xi, 106-8

Chorea, epidemic of, in Europe, x, 60;
rheumatism and, 224;
Sydenham on, 74

Christianity, Locke's "rational," xvi, 115;
Roman and medieval development, 99-100

Christian Science, attitude toward pain, xi, 116;
source of power, 306

Christmas Trees, electric lighting, vii, 342

Chromatic Aberration, ii, 99-100

Chromatin, ix, 41, 42, 44-7, 328

Chrome Yellow, viii, 162

Chromium, viii, 154;
affinity strength, 128;
alloys of, 273;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
extraction from ores, 271;
specific gravity, 384;
test for, 287, 288-9;
use and occurrence, xiv, 238

Chromophor Group, viii, 258, 259

Chromosomes, ix, 46;
arrangement in pairs, 329, 330;
heredity controlled by, 328-41, x, 232-3;
human varieties, 233;
likeness in all cells, ix, 329;
number of, 46, 329, 339;
origin of energies, xvi, 145;
sex, ix, 339, x, 234, xvi, 156;
splitting of, in cell division, ix, 45 (fig.), 46-7, 332, 333

Chronic Diseases, wasting process of, x, 214

Chronometers, v, 65-7;
regulation to temperature changes, iv, 148

Chrysolite, iii, 334

Church, Prof. J. E., i, 118

Chyme, x, 325, 326

Cicadas, xii, 112

Cider, making of, viii, 249;
turning to vinegar, 218

Cigarette-smoking, dust particles from, i, 62

Cilia, of bronchial tubes, x, 202;
of simple animals, ix, 73-4

Cinchona, use of, in medicine, x, 154-5, xvi, 109

Cinchona Plantations, xiii, 251-2

Cincinnati, early growth, xiv, 219;
water supplies, viii, 318, 322

Cinder Cone, eruption, iii, 226

Cinder Cones, xiv, 100, 102

Cinematograph, in astronomy, i, 162, ii, 212

Cinnabar, iii, 327, 370

Cinnamon, xiii. 263-5

Circles, appearance of circumscribed, xi, 186;
divisions invented by Ptolemy, xvi, 94;
regarded as perfect curves, ii, 34, 49

Circuit Breakers, vi, 101-3, vii, 36, 37-48

Circuits, Electrical, kinds defined, vii, 364;
overloading of, vi, 9, 72;
primary and secondary, 9, 308;
proportioning of partial, iv, 300-1;
protection against overloaded, vii, 34-50

Circular Mils, iv, 282-3, 382

Circular Reflex, xi, 42;
in habit formation, 252-3

Circulation of Blood, ix, 195-200, 51 (diagram), x, 331, 337;
discovery, ix, 192, x, 61, 63-6, 69, xvi, 106-7;
discovery prepared by Vesalius, x, 51, 52;
efficiency, climatic effects on, x, 238-9;
former ideas of, 62-3, 65-6

Circumcision, among early Jews, x, 15;
untransmitted, 230

Circumzenithal Arc, i, 178, 180, 181, 369

Circues, iii, 66, xiv, 58

Cirro-Cumulus Clouds, i, 100, 103, 298

Cirro-Stratus Clouds, i, 99-100, 103, 179

Cirrus Clouds, i, 97, 99, 103, 179;
false, 102, 104, 372

Cirrus Haze, i, 100

Cities, aeroplanes to relieve congestion, i, 41-2;
climate, 333;
dependence on farms, vii, 221;
importance of lighting, vi, 279-80;
sewage disposal, viii, 324-9;
sites, favorable to, xiv, 219;
snow removal, i, 117, xiv, 140-1;
transportation facilities, vii, 198;
water supplies and purification, viii, 317-24;
white ways of, vii, 339-41

Citric Acid, viii, 222, 223;
formed by plants, 336;
solubility, 112

Citrus fruits, acids of, viii, 223

Civet (oil), xii, 353

Civets, xii, 351, 352-3, 354

Civilization, American, xv, 12, 131-2, 203;
arts and sciences in, iv, 9, 10;
climate and, xiv, 344, 357-62, xv, 31, 123-7, 383, xvi, 141;
clothing, shelter, and fire in, ix, 308-9, xv, 229;
conditions necessary to, 127-32;
development of, 3-4, 13-14, 28-31, 187-204;
dominant human impulses in, 185, 383;
earliest seats, xvi, 47;
evolution in, xv, 382, 383-4;
foresight and, 383;
geographic factors, xiv, 10, 31, xv, 122-3, 128-39;
government and,
380;
historic and prehistoric periods, xv, 167, 322;
influence of environment on, 122-39;
labor and, 125-6;
measured by timepieces, v, 57;
medicine and, x, 31;
moral laws and, xvi, 45, 47-8;
natural laws and, xv, 47-8, 382-3;
specialization in, 131-2, 203;
stages of, 187-204;
struggle to establish high associations, xi, 204;
transportation and, v, 18;
various machines and, 300
(see also Progress)

Civilized Races, facial angle in, xv, 45;
feet of, 60-1;
jaws in, 43;
monogamy of, 289, 290, 295;
natural selection in, 47-8

Civil War, Appalachian mountaineers in, xiv, 243;
captive balloons in, v, 225;
improvement of weapons in, 362, 380;
medical service in, x, 180;
scurvy in, 265;
Selfridge's periscope, v, 200;
Virginia weather, i, 308, 338;
western rivers in, xiv, 194

Clams, xii, 58-60, 66-7;
shells of, iii, 272

Clam Shell Cove, Staffa, xiv, 130

Clans, formation of, xv, 362-3

Clarinet, iv, 234

Clark, Alvan, telescopes, ii, 106, 109, 143

Clarksburg, W. Va., deep well at, iii, 120

Clausius, xvi, 135

Clavichord, xv, 318

Claw Hammers, v, 25

Clay, composition and properties, viii, 90, 282;
composition, origin and uses, iii, 25, 372-3;
elasticity of, iv, 36;
imperviousness to water, xiv, 137;
in soils, iii, 27-8;
red, on sea bottom, 54;
residue of primary rock, viii, 195;
rock formed from, iii, 13 (see Shale)

Clay Worm, xii, 54

Cleanliness, bathing for, ix, 313;
health and, x, 311;
in war against tuberculosis, 290;
ventilation factor, ix, 270

Cleansing, action of soap in, viii, 141-2;
chemicals used in, 135, 141, 146, 147, 208-9

Cleavage, of crystals, iii, 318, viii, 202;
of various minerals, iii, 321-41

Cleistogamous Flowers, xiii, 120

Clematis, as index plant, i, 255;
family of, xiii, 196

"Clermont," steamboat, v, 192, 377

Cleveland, Ohio, water supply system, v, 260-1;
water supplies and typhoid rate, viii, 322

Cliffs, formed by faulting, iii, 87-8, xiv, 38;
in inclined strata, xiv, 84-5, 88;
loess, iii, 74;
of jointed rocks, xiv, 133;
sea, 251;
undercut by wind, iii, 73

Climate, Climates, i, 197-211;
altitude effects, xiv, 220, 223;
carbon dioxide effects, viii, 49;
changes of, i, 199-202, xiv, 29-30, 360-2, xv, 72, 73, 74;
changes affecting drainage systems, xiv, 188;
changes, artificial, i, 345;
changes, extinction of races by, xv, 99;
changes in relation to plant distribution, xiii, 320, 321;
civilization, and, xiv, 344, 357-62, xv, 123-7, 383;
classification, i, 208;
data and statistics, 202-8, 214;
definitions, 199;
determining elements of, xiv, 344-56;
earth's internal heat and, 13;
effects, historical and biological, xvi, 141-2;
forest and prairie types, xiii, 348-9;
forest effects on, xiv, 379;
Gulf Stream effects, viii, 37;
hot, unhealthfulness of, x, 251;
human effects of, i, 316, 323-4, 327, 331;
human efficiency and, xiv, 357;
of past ages, iii, 172-4, 178, 184-5, 202, 203, 204, 220, 241, 246-8,
xiii, 307-8, xv, 72, 73, 74, 76;
of plateaus, xiv, 222-4;
plant societies determined by, xiii, 381-2;
rugged, effects on circulation, x, 238-9;
therapeutic value of, 383;
topographical effects of, xiv, 41-2, 51-2, 124;
vegetation determined by, 363-79, 380-1;
zones of, (see Zones)

Climatic Charts, i, 206-8, 212-13

Climatography, i, 208, 369

Climatology, in therapeutics, x, 383;
present state, i, 211, 369

Climbing Plants, xiii, 27, 65;
in tropical forests, xiv, 368

Climographs, i, 324, 369

Clinton Iron Deposits, iii, 358

Clione, xii, 19

Clippers, old Atlantic, v, 188

Clocks, balance wheels of, v, 68;
Chaldean, xvi, 58;
electric regulation, v, 74;
first conceived in cathedral, 109;
historical development, 58-65;
Jerome's standardized, 50-1;
pendulum escapement, 73-4

Closed Circuits, defined, vii, 364

Cloth, making of, v, 268-83
(see also Weaving)

Clothes, Clothing, body heat regulation by, v, 348, ix, 308-9, 311-12;
civilization in relation to, ix, 308-9;
colds in relation to, x, 240, 253;
"habit" in, xi, 247;
hygiene of, x, 306-10;
infants, ix, 351-2;
origin and purposes of, x, 306, xv, 252-5;
primitive, v, 14, xv, 256-7;
touch sensations of, ix, 92;
warmth dependent on air insulation, iv, 178;
working, xi, 279, 362

Clothes-driers, centrifugal, iv, 73

Clotting of Blood, ix, 180, 189

Cloud Banners, i, 104-5, 369

Cloudberry, spread, xiii, 342

Cloudbursts, i, 109, 110, 111, 369, vii, 218;
destruction effected by, xiv, 41

Cloud Caps, i, 104-5, 369

Cloudiness, measurement, i, 85

Clouds, i, 90-105;
aviation in, 300-2;
Brocken specters in, 185;
earth heat retention by, iv, 183, 184;
electrical discharges, vii, 18, 207-10, 213;
electrification, i, 150, 151, vii, 206, 207, 217;
electrification of earth by, iv, 269, 270;
formation and kinds, i, 90-105;
formation, cause of rapid, viii, 304;
formed by forest fires, i, 333;
heights, 17-18, 103-4;
light diffraction by, 183, 185;
noctilucent, 17-18, 58, 377;
none in stratosphere, 20;
observation at weather stations, 85-6;
paintings of, 105;
pictures, where obtainable, 103;
self-luminous, 149;
snow and rain without, 119;
thunderstorm, vii, 217

Clouet, steel experiment, xvi, 174

Cloven-footed Animals, xii, 310

Clover, fertilization, xiii, 138;
nitrogen fixation, by, viii, 74, xiv, 66;
sleeping of leaves, xiii, 113

Clover Seed, method of gathering, v, 240

Cloves, Clove Trees, xiii, 262-3

Club Mosses, fixity and variation, xiii, 326, 327;
history, 305-6, 307, 314, 317, 323;
number of species, 323;
present and former species, iii, 254, xiii, 306, 308

Clutches, automobile, vii, 143;
electromagnetic, vi, 104

Cnidus, School, of, x, 22-3

Coagulation, by cooking, viii, 368;
of colloids, 315;
of proteins, 352

Coal, "Blue," v, 174;
carbon dioxide from, amount, i, 13;
conversion to electric power, vi, 216;
deposits in mountains, xiv, 237;
deposits in U. S., iii, 345-8;
excavating by machine, v, 262;
formation, iii, 198-201, 253-4, 343-5, viii, 44-5, xiii, 10, 68,
311-13;
handling in power plants, v, 353-4, 357;
heat measurement, viii, 360-1;
heat value, iv, 193;
importance, iii, 343, 345-8;
kinds, 344;
not a mineral, 307;
Permian deposits, 204;
specific gravity of, iv, 112;
supply, use, and waste, iii, 346, v, 171-2, vi, 352, viii, 283;
water power and, xiv, 191;
"white," v, 76;
work value, how estimated, iv, 189-90, 193-4

Coal Age, iii, 202;
insects of 279;
landscape of, 272 (Pl. 15);
length and antiquity, xiii, 314;
plants, iii, 253-4, xiii, 307-11, 315-16
(see also Pennsylvanian Period)

Coal Dust, as engine fuel, v, 156, 212;
explosions, i, 63

Coal Gas, in balloons, v, 223;
liquefaction of, iv, 171

Coal Gas Engines, v, 155

Coal Mines, compressed air uses, i, 26
(see also Mines)

Coal Series, iii, 344-5;
carbonization in, viii, 44

Coal Tar, production and products, viii, 252-4;
saving of, 47

Coal Tar Hydrocarbons, as motor fuels, viii, 209

Coastal Plains, xiv, 213-14, 215

Coast Range Mountains, geology of, iii, 89, 94-6, 130, 224, xiv, 127-8,
229

Coast Range Revolution, iii, 224

Coasts, xiv, 246-71;
Atlantic and Pacific types, 247-50;
compound, 254, 264;
cycles of development, 254-5;
economic importance, 264-5;
emerged, iii, 56-7, xiv, 253, 262-3;
hanging valleys on, 57-8;
historical effects of, 249-50;
neutral, 248, 254, 263-4;
photographic mapping, i, 47-8;
regular and irregular, iii, 56-7, xiv, 250-3, 255;
submerged, iii, 57, xiv, 253, 255-62;
wave destruction of, iii, 55-8, xiv, 44-7, 216, 301-3

Coatzacoalcos, harbor of, xiv, 266

Cobalt, viii, 154;
affinity strength, 128;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
classification place, 178, 183;
magnetic susceptibility, iv, 251;
ores, viii, 198, 270;
specific gravity, 384;
test for, 287, 289

Coblenz, Roman name, xiv, 89

Cobras, xii, 226-9;
mongooses and, 352

Cocaine, an alkaloid, viii, 240;
history and uses, xiii, 254-5;
taste sensations reduced by, xi, 72

Cocci, (bacteria), x, 195

Cochineal, source, xii, 112

Cockatoos, xii, 266;
Arara, v, 9-10

Cocklebur, xiii, 57 (fig.), 343

Cockroaches, xii, 107;
ancient, iii, 279, xii, 104

Cocoa, xiii, 235;
American origin, xiv, 382;
source, 383;
polyuria induced by, x, 344

Cocoa Butter, viii, 246

Coco de Mer, xiii, 60, 154

Coconino Forest, xiv, 373-4, 378

Coconut Oil, ix, 28, xv, 125

Coconut Palm, xiii, 219-20, 244, xv, 125;
chatties, intoxication from, xii, 371;
on coral islands, 42;
fossil found in France, xiii, 319;
seed dispersal by, 59, 346

Coconuts, character, uses, and production, xiii, 219-20;
double, of Seychelles Islands, 60;
gathering of, by monkeys, xii, 378;
source and uses, xv, 125;
unaffected by sea water, xii, 42

Cocoons, xii, 118

Coction, x, 21, 40

Cod (fish), xii, 163-4;
eggs of, 141

Cod Liver Oil, vitamines in, x, 261

Coefficient of Expansion, iv, 145, vi, 265

Coelenterates, iii, 259, 266-7, xii, 26, 33-43

Coelom, xii, 27, 48

Coeur d'Alene Mining District, iii, 362-3, 368

Coffee, history and production, xiii, 231-3;
insomnia from drinking of, ix, 219;
polyuria induced by, 274-5, x, 344

Cog Wheels, v, 29;
screw and, iv, 92, 93 (fig.)

Coils, electromagnetic, vi, 92, 93, 98-9;
form-wound, 202, 223;
induction, vii, 364;
primary and secondary, iv, 304, 383, vi, 308, vii, 364;
resistance, 364

Coins, chemical analysis of, viii, 286, 291;
copper alloys in, 164, 171;
gold and silver, making of, iv, 150

Coke, discovery, v, 315-16;
manufacture and use, viii, 46-7, 252

Col (meteorology), i, 238, 369

Cold, body regulation to, x, 250;
clothing as protection against, 306;
comparative degree of, v, 345;
physiological effects of, ix, 37, 78-9, 319-20, x, 239, 252-3, 271;
"production" of, v, 345-7;
sensation of, ix, 93-4, 319-21, xi, 109, 112-13, 114;
skin defense against, 113

Cold Air Machines, v, 352-3

Cold Baths, ix, 313, 321-2, x, 240, 253, 312, 383

Cold-Blooded Animals, ix, 305;
diseases of, x, 206;
heart of, ix, 84;
temperature changes and, 78-9, 306-7, x, 250

Colds, air during epidemics of, viii, 332;
catching of, ix, 322-3, x, 239, 252-3, 306;
diseases from, 253;
ears affected by, ix, 103;
from uncleanliness, x, 311;
head, 341;
infectiousness, i, 326;
susceptibility of men and women to, x, 240;
taste sensations in, xi, 73

Cold Storage, iv, 187-8, viii, 371;
effect on vitamines, x, 263;
electrical, vii, 229-30
(see also Refrigeration)

Cold Sweat, xi, 131, 132

Cold Waves, i, 370;
prediction of, 239

Coleus, xiii, 42, 79, 205

Collectors, electrical, i, 144, 370

Collection Stage, xv, 187, 188-91

College Students, study habits, xi, 212, 289

Collodion, making of, viii, 255

Colloids, viii, 314-16, 375;
origin of life from, xii, 11-12;
relation of water to, viii, 355-6

Colonnaded Spectrum, ii, 115

Color--Colors, chemistry of, viii, 85-6, 258, 259, 312;
complementary, iv, 366-7, xi, 91-4;
contrast, ix, 95;
determined by vibration rate, 114, 115;
distance effects, xi, 182;
flame, viii, 301;
heat absorption by, x, 309;
hue, tint, and saturation, xi, 90;
illusions of, in different lights, iv, 323, 324, 370, 379-80;
induction of, xi, 94-5;
in interior decoration, vi, 273, 274-5;
memory, xi, 220-1;
mineral identification by, viii, 201-2;
mixtures, iv, 369, xi, 92-3;
neutralization, 91-3;
of glass, viii, 282;
of objects, iv, 364, xvi, 119;
of pigments, iv, 369-70;
perception and sensation of, 360-1, 364-5, 366, vi, 282, ix, 114-17,
xi, 89-90, 91-2, 95-6;
physical effects, 63, 96;
primary, iv, 366, xi, 90;
psychological effects, vi, 273, 274-5;
racial classification by, xv, 32-34, 36-7;
rainbow, i, 175, ix, 115;
spectrum, iv, 357-9;
sunrise and sunset, i, 166, 167-8;
temperatures for different, iv, 361;
wave lengths of, 359, 360, 365, xi, 90;
white light, (see White Light)

Colorado, arid topography of, xiv, 42;
glaciers of, 54;
Jurassic strata of, xii, 165;
mining products, iii, 362, 363, 364, 366

Colorado Plateau, iii, 140, 229-30

Colorado River, navigability, xiv, 195;
Salton Sink and, iii, 156-7, xiv, 205;
superimposed character, 173;
water supply of, 182
(see also Grand Canyon of the Colorado)

Color Blindness, ix, 116, xi, 93;
inheritance of, ix, 340-1, x, 234;
in men and women, ix, 340-1

Colored Hearing, xi, 222

Color-Index of Stars, ii, 297-8

Color Photography, iv, 368-9

Color Printing, iv, 370-1;
in newspapers, v, 304

Color Vision, iv, 364-5;
inheritance of, ix, 340;
limits of, iv, 360-1;
theory of, x, 96
(see also Colors)

Colt Gun, v, 363-4

Columbia Plateau, iii, 105, 181, 227-8, xiv, 104, 164, 170, 172, 188

Columbia River, xiv, 174-5;
canyon of, iii, 39, 226, 228, xiv, 165-6;
navigability, 195;
salmon of, xii, 157

Columbine, fertilization, xiii, 126-8;
flowers, 196

Columbium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Columbus, compass troubles of, iv, 52-3, vi, 27;
debt to early scientists, ii, 12, 13, 40;
discovery of America, xiv, 309;
Genoese birth, 310;
in Sargasso Sea, xiii, 73;
on rubber balls in Haiti, 245;
potatoes found by, 218, 219;
syphilis introduced by sailors of, x, 60;
tobacco-using seen by, xiii, 256;
trade winds on voyage, i, 128-9

Columnar Structure, iii, 111, 212

Combustion, iv, 138;
chemistry of, viii, 11-13, 53-63, 100;
heat of, 308;
oxygen and, i, 10;
oxygen and, viii, 35-6, 61;
power developed by, ix, 15-16

Comets, ii, 273-82;
asteroids and, 258;
dangers to earth, 279-80;
disintegration, 286-7, 288;
families related to planets, 270-1;
first scientific studies, 40, 41, 57;
former ideas, 83-4, 85;
habitability, ii, 250-1;
in relation to solar system, 164;
Newton's views, 85;
orbits discovered, 85;
orbits and meteor streams, 287;
photographic study, 134;
Seneca on, 85;
solar corona and, 224;
various particular, 280-1, 286
(see also Halley's Comet)

Commensalism, xii, 32

Commerce, ocean, development of, xiv, 305-11

Commercial Meteorology, i, 261-70

Common Salt, composition and properties, iii, 332, vi, 109-10, 111,
viii, 84;
deposits, iii, 332, 374-5, viii, 139-40, 196, xiv, 141;
deposits from atmosphere, i, 59-60;
in body fluids, ix, 174, 175;
in diet, x, 256;
in ground water, xiv, 142;
in protoplasm, ix, 32;
in sea and inland waters, iii, 51-2, 152-3, 154-5, 332, 374, viii,
138-9, 195-6, xiv, 206, 295-7;
mixture with ice, temperature resulting, iv, 175;
physical and chemical divisions, 21;
plants and, xiv, 364;
production, iii, 374, 375, viii, 140, 275;
refining of, for table, xiv, 296;
size of molecules, vi, 112;
taste of, xi, 70, 71, 72;
uses, iii, 332, viii, 138, 140, 276-7
(see also Sodium Chloride)

Commutators, electrical, iv, 308, vi, 159, 177-9, 344-5;
use and construction, vii, 364-5

Como, Lake, iii, 146

Comparisons, measuring by, vii, 341
(see also Contrasts)

Compass, (Gyroscopic), iv, 254-5, v, 201, 340, 384

Compass (Magnetic), vii, 365;
compensation on iron ships, iv, 254, v, 340, vi, 42;
development, xvi, 102;
deviation, defined, iv, 247, vi, 42;
disturbances accompanying aurora, i, 161;
electric current effects, vi, 20, 88;
invention, 29;
magnet effects, 27, 32, 42-3;
modern improvements, 41-2;
needle, pointing and declination of, iv, 246-7,
(see also Magnetic Needle);
sun disturbances, vi, 40;
variation, defined, iv, 247;
variations on voyage of Columbus, 52-3, vi, 27
(see also Mariner's Compass)

Compensators, electrical, vi, 253-5

"Complete Recall," xi, 378

Complexes, mental, x, 355-6;
in hysteria, 361, 362

Composing Machines (see Linotype, Monotype)

Composition of Forces, iv, 75-7

Compostella, Spain, shrine at, xii, 65

Compounds, Chemical, viii, 16, 100, 375;
analysis of, 285-95;
colors of, 312;
combustion of, 61;
constancy, 110, xvi, 160;
contrasted with mixtures, viii, 15;
decomposition, 101-2;
electrical balance, 121;
formation types, 20, 100;
formulæ, 91;
metallic, 130, 146;
molecular weights, 92;
multiple proportions law, 110;
nomenclature, 97-8;
organic (see Organic Compounds);
substitution in, 102;
unstable, 66;
with water, 20, 38-9

Compound-Wound Dynamos, vi, 187, 188-9, 191-2

Compound-Wound Motors, vi, 233-5

Comprehensive Terms, xi, 191

Compressed Air, applications and uses, i, 25-6, 27-9, iv, 30-2, 106,
129-31, v, 111-38;
discovery, 109-11;
expansion effects, cooling by, iv, 191, v, 128-9, 351-3, xiv, 14;
heat of, v, 126-8, 161, 351;
methods of compression, 89-93, 126-7, 174;
physiological effects, i, 329, iv, 31-2, v, 119-21;
pressures used, i, 27

Compressed Air Locomotives, i, 26, 27, iv, 129, v, 133

Compression, heat of, i, 90, v, 126-8, 161, 351

Compressors, Air, v, 89-93, 127, 351

Compte, on sciences, x, 368

Comstock Mines, Nevada, iii, 366, 368;
temperature in, 121

Concentration, chemical, viii, 310-11;
mental, xi, 235-6, 378-9

Conchs, xii, 72-3, 73-4

Concordant Coasts, xiv, 248, 249

Concrete Buildings, value in earthquakes, xiv, 343

Concrete Dams, expansion joints, v, 71

Concrete Sciences, xvi, 42

Concrete Ships, v, 194-5

Concubinage, xv, 289, 290

Condensed Milk, scurvy from, x, 266

Condensers, electrical, iv, 265-7, vi, 170-4, 301-5, vii, 365;
applications, vi, 285-6;
capacity of, iv, 267-8;
dielectric, vii, 366 (see Dielectric);
discharge methods, iv, 267, vii, 366;
in automobiles, vii, 138-9;
oscillating currents, 373-4;
plate, vi, 170, 293-4, 295;
purpose, vii, 363;
synchronous, vi, 262;
use in wireless communication, iv, 314, vii, 263, 264, 266, 267

Condensers, Steam, v, 145, vi, 354-6

Condiments, as foods, viii, 362, 366;
effects on stomach, ix, 243-4;
sources, xiii, 265

Conditioned Reflex, xi, 198-201, 204;
in advertising, 348;
in habit formation, 251-2;
in hypnotism, 321-2

Condors, xii, 260

Conduct, rules of, how enforced, xv, 374-5

Conduction, of heat, iv, 138, 177, 178-9

Conductors (electrical), iv, 259, vi, 77, 294;
acids and bases as, viii, 122, 123;
air, i, 144-5;
copper, viii, 164;
discovery, vi, 13;
for radio currents, vii, 296;
resistance of, iv, 281-2 (see Resistance);
tabular information, vii, 377-84;
temperature effects on, iv, 301;
various materials as, 283

Conductors, (heat), iv, 176, 177, 179

Conduit Wiring Systems, vii, 55-60, 365

Condyle, xii, 239

Confectionery, poppy seed used in, xiii, 250, 254;
pure food law on, viii, 370-1

Confidence, psychological effects, xi, 212-13

Conglomerate, iii, 13, 377;
sedimentary rock, xiv, 18

Congo River, connections with Nile sources, xiv, 186-7;
furrow of, 287;
ocean slope at mouth of, 24;
varied course, 155

Congo River Basin, hippopotamus of, xii, 310;
okapi of, 321

Congo Tribes, habits of, xv, 225, 370

Conies, xii, 288, 304

Conifers, xiii, 174, 178;
American forests of, xiv, 371, 372, 374;
ancestors of modern, xiii, 310;
first appearance, iii, 256;
number of species, xiii, 323;
transitional form, 318
(see also Gymnosperms)

Conjugated Proteins, viii, 352

Connecticut, drainage studies, xiv, 131;
oyster industry, xii, 61

Connecticut River, course, iii, 234;
preglacial valley, xiv, 60

Connecticut Valley, down warping of, iii, 210;
igneous rock formations, xiv, 107, 111;
lava deposits, iii, 212;
origin, 232;
rocks under, 213 (fig.);
tracks of extinct animals in, 16, 291;
volcanic action in, xiv, 318

Connecting Nerve Cells, ix, 127, 128 (fig.), 129, 130;
of brain, 148-9, 150-1
(see also Connector Neurones)

Connective Tissue, ix, 13, 58-9;
growth of, 287;
in muscles, 75, 79;
ligaments formed of, 71;
making of, 54;
scars formed by, 48, 287

Connective Tissue Skeleton, ix, 71-2

Connector Neurones, xi, 21;
in brain, 31-2, 200;
in spinal cord, 26;
development in embryo, 35
(see also Connecting Nerve Cells)

Conscious Life, parts concerned in, ix, 21-2

Consciousness, in mental life, xi, 47;
habit and, 253-5;
motor response and, 27-8, 123-4, 202;
psychology as science of, 10-11;
"stream" of, 193

Consequent Streams, xiv, 157, 174

Conservation, technical meaning, iv, 382

Conservation of Energy, iv, 40-1, vi, 128;
establishment of doctrine, xvi, 131;
remarks on doctrine, iv, 9

Conservation of Resources, coal, v, 172, viii, 283;
forest, vi, 366, xiii, 9, 371-2, xiv, 382;
petroleum supply, vii, 309;
soil, xiv, 64

Constantinesco, George, v, 107-8

Constantin Metal, vi, 77

Constipation, causes and treatment, ix, 250-2;
chronic, x, 316-17, 328-9;
hyperacidity caused by, 322

Contact Catalysis, viii, 82-3, 103, 316

Contact Senses, ix, 86, 91-5;
connections with brain, 142

Contempt, sentiment of, xi, 148

Continental Climates, i, 208, 370, xiv, 346, 347

Continental Islands, xiv, 271-6, 278-81

Continental Platforms, major relief features, xiv, 9, 27;
margins and slopes, 25, 287-8

Continental Rivers, xiv, 153

Continental Shelves, iii, 52, xiv, 287;
area covered by, iii, 52, xiv, 26;
breadth of, 25, 285;
cutting of, by waves, iii, 55-6, xiv, 46-7;
deposits on, iii, 53, xiv, 284-5

Continental Slope, xiv, 287-8;
deposits on, iii, 53

Continents, average elevation of, xiv, 26-7;
climate on opposite sides, 346;
distinction from islands, 23;
drainage systems,
190;
former connections, xiii, 320, xiv, 290;
former submergence, iii, 216, xiv, 19-20;
present, never covered by deep sea, iii, 55;
rate of wearing away, xiv, 41;
tides modified by, 292

Continuity, of action, xi, 264-5;
of training, 257

Contrast, association by, xi, 197;
attention aroused by, 344;
effect on tastes, 72;
illusions of, 189

Convection, iv, 139, 178-9, 185

Converters, electrical, vi, 162, 332-48, vii, 365;
speed-limiting devices, 48;
in traction systems, 199, 365

Convolutions of Brain, xv, 62, 63, xi, 29

Convulsions, production of, ix, 133-4

Cook, Capt. James, xvi, 123;
story of Polynesian, xv, 124

Cooke, Dr. R. P., x, 161

Cooking, chemistry of, viii, 367-9;
development of art of, xv, 13, 195, 232-3;
effect on vitamines, ix, 36, x, 263, 266;
frying habit, ix, 286;
good, advantages to digestion, 241-2;
"pressure cookers," iv, 171;
use and advantages, xv, 229

Cooking (electric), vii, 89;
special rates for, 174;
in U. S. Navy, 332-3

Cooking Utensils, aluminum, viii, 155;
copper, 164

Coolidge Tube, x, 185

Cooling, contraction by, iv, 134-5, viii, 107-8;
dynamic, i, 90
(see also Expansion, cooling by);
use of water in, viii, 37;
water changes in, iv, 149, 150-1, viii, 38
(see also Refrigeration)

Coon Bear, xii, 338

Cooper, Astley, x, 129-30

Coordinates, iv, 16

Copal, in varnishes, viii, 265

Copepods, xii, 18, 84

Copernican Theory, ii, 43-4;
aided by Pythagorean teachings, xvi, 82;
establishment of, iv, 95;
Galileo and, ii, 54, 56;
Kepler, and, 49;
not accepted at once, 45, 46, 60, 311

Copernicus, ii, 42-4, iv, 19, xvi, 102;
as astrologer, ii, 21;
"De Revolutionibus," 12, 43;
ideas of motion, 63;
on speed and orbits of planets, 49;
studies in Italy, 12

Copper, affinity intensity, viii, 128, 164;
alloys, 164, 171, 273;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
density of, iv, 113;
electrical conductivity, iv, 283, vi, 77, 79, 80, viii, 164;
electrical positiveness, vi, 59;
electric welding of, iv, 312;
electrochemical analysis, viii, 295;
extraction methods, 270-1;
fungicide uses, 170;
formerly mined in New Jersey, xiv, 112;
heat conductivity, iv, 176, 179;
melting point and requirements, 162, viii, 384;
name, origin of, xv, 157;
native, iii, 327;
occurrence and production, 360-2, viii, 129, 130-1, 163, 198, xiv,
237, 288;
refining of, vii, 319-20, viii, 166-7, 272;
specific heat of, iv, 155;
specific gravity, viii, 384;
tests for, 286, 287, 288;
uses, iii, 359-60, viii, 126-7, 163-4, 167;
valences of, 94, 189

Copper Bromide, color, viii, 123

Copper Chloride, color, viii, 123;
electrolysis of, 124

Copperhead Snakes, xii, 233

Copper-Plating, vii, 314-15, 317-18, viii, 165-6

Copper Pyrites, iii, 326

Copper Smelting, smoke precipitation, vii, 347

Copper Sulphate, color, viii, 123;
electrolysis of, 125;
uses, 146, 332;
used in Egyptian medicine, x, 12;
water and, mixture of, iv, 131

Copper Wire, for electrical transmission, vi, 77, 79, 80, vii, 20, 22-3,
104;
standard tables, 378-80;
table of carrying capacities, 381

Copra, xiii, 220, xv, 125

Coquina Rock, viii, 152

Coral Reefs, xii, 40-2, xiv, 263-4;
formed in shallow water, iii, 53, xiv, 276;
oceanic islands built of, 276, 277;
temperature limitations, 263-4, 305, xii, 40

Corals, iii, 259, 266, 267-8, xii, 38-43;
calcium carbonate in, viii, 151;
false, xii, 47

Coral Snakes, xii, 213, 225-6

Corbeil, Gilles de, x, 37

Corcovado Peak, xiv, 112

Cordage, sources, xiii, 238-41

Cordaitales, xiii, 310, 317

Cordaites, iii, 255, 256

Cordova, university of, xvi, 100

Cores, in electric machines, vii, 365

Cork, specific gravity of, iv, 109, 112

Cormorants, xii, 253;
fish-catching with, xv, 223-4

Corn, American origin, xiii, 182, 211, 212, 221, 222;
economic importance, 208;
food value, viii, 364, 365, x, 262, 278, 279;
grains of, fruits, xiii, 56;
in grass family, 179;
leaves of, 32, 176;
monocotyledon, 178;
stalks, glucose from, ix, 230;
stalk structure, xiii, 26;
starch manufacture from, viii, 243;
time to plant, i, 255;
tryptophane in, viii, 351;
weather best for, i, 245-8
(see also Indian Corn)

Corn Crakes, xii, 262

Cornea, of eye, ix, 109, 110 (fig.), xi, 84, 85;
astigmatism of, ix, 113-14;
no warm spots in, xi, 112

Cornets, iv, 231

Corn Flour, vitamines in, x, 267

Corn-Harvesting Machines, v, 249

Corn Syrup, as food, ix, 292;
vitamines in, x, 262

Corolla, xiii, 45;
absent in some plants, 46, 182;
evolution of, 201

Corona Discharge (electricity), vii, 10-11, 23

Corona of Sun, ii, 219-26, 184;
appearance in eclipses, 213-14;
comets and, 281;
photographic studies, 128, 129;
rotation, 121;
study of, proposed method, 225-6;
study in various eclipses, 211-12, 214, 218

Coronas, atmospheric, i, 183-4, 370

Coronium, discovery, ii, 211, 223

Corposants, i, 157-8

Corrasion, defined, iii, 29;
by ice, 63-4;
by sand, 72;
in Grand Canyon, 40;
potholes formed by, 39-40

Correlation, mathematical, i, 253

Correlation of Energy, iv, 40

Corries, of Scotland, xiv, 58

Corrigan, John, x, 112

Corrosion, chemical, viii, 10, 13, 100;
Electrolytic (see Electrolytic Corrosion)

Corrosive Sublimate, viii, 170

Cort, Henry, v, 316

Corti, Organ of, xi, 102

Corundum, iii, 327-8

Corvisart, x, 110

Corymb, flower-form, xiii, 50

Coryza, x, 295, 341

Cos, School of, x, 21-2;
influence in middle ages, 37

Cosmogony, defined, ii, 362;
theories, ancient and modern, 366-84, xvi, 58, 76-9, 80, 81-2, 84

Cossacks, bows and arrows of, xv, 214

Cotopaxi, Mount, xiv, 225

Cotton, as clothing material, ix, 311, x, 307, 308, 309;
cultivation, xiii, 238;
dyes for, viii, 259;
fiber, 229, 254, ix, 30, xiii, 237;
fiber to fabric, v, 269-83;
humidity effects, i, 78;
importance, xiii, 208, 235, 236;
kinds, v, 269, xiii, 236;
Mediterranean origin, xxiv, 382;
mercerized, viii, 255;
preparation for manufacture, xiii, 237-8;
removal of, from wool, viii, 255;
vegetable silk from, 255-6

Cotton Cloth, making of, v, 269-83

Cotton Crop, forecasts, i, 251

Cotton Gin, Macarthy's, xiii, 238;
Whitney's v, 269-71, 376

Cotton Plant, xiii, 236-7

Cotton Seed, uses, xiii, 238

Cottonseed Oil, viii, 246;
solidified, 232, 247

Cottrell, Dr., vii, 216

Cotyledons, xiii, 60;
classification by, 176

Cougars, xii, 363

Coughing, reflex action, ix, 135, 258, xi, 20

Coulomb, electric quantity unit, iv, 280, 284, vi, 17, 69, 82, vii, 365,
374

Coulomb, C. A., electrical work, vi, 17-18, xvi, 122;
quantity unit named for, iv, 280

Countertrade Winds, i, 130, 366

Counter Voltage, vii, 365;
in motors, vi, 226-8, 232, 233, 236

Counting (see Numbers)

Country Rock, definition and character, xiv, 105

Courage, motor origin, xi, 61

Courtship, among animals and birds, xv, 274-5

Cows, domesticating qualities, xv, 197;
fat production by, ix, 298;
milking by electricity, vii, 222, 226-7

Cow's Milk, for infants, ix, 33-4, 346

Cowries, xii, 73

Coyote, xii, 340

Crabs, iii, 260, 276, 279, xii, 85-7;
deep sea, 23;
hard and soft-shelled, 83;
"no-body," 89;
sponges and, 32

Cramps, from cold baths, ix, 313;
significance, xi, 120

Cranberry, bogs, xiii, 382;
origin, 225;
ovary, 202

Cranes, (birds), xii, 262

Cranes, hydraulic, v, 101-2, 106

Cranial Nerves, ix, 131, 132, 142, xi, 29-31, 76;
doggerel verse on, 214

Crater Lakes, iii, 155, xiv, 101, 203

Craters, formation of, xiv, 101-2;
of Hawaiian volcanoes, iii, 104, 105, xiv, 322;
of Mount Katmai, iii, 101, (fig.)

Crawfish, xii, 87

Creation, ancient conceptions, ii, 366, xvi, 77

Creative Imagination, xi, 225-7

Creepers (birds), xii, 268

Creeping Speedwell, xiii, 28

Creodonts, xii, 332, 339, 366, 375

Creosote, constituents, viii, 333;
source, xiii, 255

Crepuscular Rays, i, 169, 370

Cress, xiii, 197, 222

Cresylic Acid, viii, 238, 253, 333

Cretaceous Peneplain, iii, 232

Cretaceous Period, iii, 214-20;
animals and plants of, 20, 256-7, 266, 295-6, 292, 297, xii, 154, 202,
210, 242-3, 275;
first mammals in, xv, 71

Crete, ancient meteor in, ii, 284;
early civilization of, xiv, 281;
elevation changes, 33;
Phaestos disk, xv, 176 (fig.)

Cretinism, x, 350

Crevasses, formation, iii, 63;
cirques from, 66

Crex Rugs, xiii, 188, 236

Cribo, (snake), xii, 219

Crickets, xii, 110

Crile, Dr. George W., on emotion effects, xi, 135-6;
on fear in animals, 136;
on kinetic system, 57-60;
on laughter, 355, 356;
on pain, 119, 120;
on suppressed desires, 141-2

Crime, hypnosis and, xi, 320;
of crowds, 329-31;
punishment of, among primitive peoples, xv, 369-75, 379-80;
street lighting and, vi, 279

Crinoids, xii, 23, 49

Cripple Creek Gold District, iii, 367

Crisis, in diseases, Hippocratic doctrine, x, 21

Critical Period, of crops, i, 248-50, 370

Critical Pressure, iv, 171-3

Critical Temperatures, i, 29, iv, 171-2, viii, 303-4;
of various substances, iv, 173

Crocker Land, i, 173

Crocodiles, xii, 182, 196, 198-202;
resemblance to tuatera, 184;
sleeping sickness due to, x, 169;
ziczacs and, xii, 263

Cro-Magnons, xv, 99-102, xvi, 50;
art of, xv, 110-21;
implements of, 109

Crompton, mule-spinner of, v, 274, 376

Cromwell, sea captain, v, 305

Crookes, Sir William, cathode ray studies, x, 184, xvi, 165, 193;
on nitrogen needs, i, 34;
theory of fourth state of matter, iv, 54-5, xvi, 193;
vacuum tubes named for, iv, 317

Crookes Tube, iv, 317, vi, 114, vii, 251;
electron study in, xvi, 193;
fluorescence in, iv, 380;
phenomena of, 50;
X-ray discovery and uses, x, 184, 185

Crop Forecasts, i, 250-2

Crops, critical period, i, 248-50, 370;
rotation of, viii, 342-6;
sun spots and, ii, 186;
weather and, i, 245-50, 252-3

Crossbows, xv, 215

Crosses, inheritance of characters in, ix, 333-7, x, 231-2, xiii, 332

Crossfell, helm and bar of, i, 105, 374

Cross Fertilization (plants), methods to insure, xiii, 120-54;
variations due to, 331-3

Croton Bugs, xii, 107

Croton Dam, iv, 119, 120 (fig.)

Croup, antitoxin in, x, 298

Crowberry, spread of, xiii, 342

Crow Blackbird, coloring of, xii, 245

Crowd-poisoning, i, 321

Crowds, psychology of, xi, 323-33;
leaders of, 332-3;
legal responsibility, 329-31

Crucibles, graphite, viii, 43;
platinum, 173

Crucible Steel Process, vii, 312

Cruickshank, William, electrical work, xvi, 122

Cruickshank, Wm. Cumberland, medical work, xvi, 179

Crusaders, coffee not known to, xiii, 232;
heroic crowds, xi, 326;
paper introduced by, v, 290

Crusades, effect on medicine, x, 37;
horse improvement by, xii, 307

Crust of Earth, xiv, 16;
chemical constituents, iii, 308, viii, 19, 90, 118, 129, 138-9, 148,
190-1, 192;
chemistry of, 190-203;
layers in, 191-2;
movements, iii, 76-98, xiv, 31-2, 33-9, 341
(see also Earth Movements);
rocks in iii, 12-14, 110-12, xiv, 17-19;
settling, cause of brontides, 196;
specific gravity, xiv, 11;
theory of formation, iii, 160;
thickness, 17, viii, 191-2;
waters in, iii, 113-29

Cryptograms, xiii, 63;
cycads and, 309;
earliest plants, 303;
forests of, of Silurian, xv, 71;
in coal age, xiii, 310;
numbers, 168;
reproductive process, 154-65;
spore-dispersal by wind, 344;
water necessary to fertilization, 300 (see Flowerless Plants)

Crystalline Form, iii, 309-11, viii, 203, 312-13;
solidification in relation to, iv, 163

Crystalline Rocks, iii, 378;
of oldest eras, 169, 170-1, 189

Crystals, Crystallization, iii, 309-20, 377-8;
cleavage, 310, 318, viii, 202;
electrification by cleavage of, iv, 260;
growth, iii, 311, 316;
growth of alum, viii, 313;
light polarization by, iii, 319-20, iv, 354;
Mitscherlich's studies, xvi, 161;
Pasteur's studies, 163-4;
snow and ice, i, 115-16;
water of, viii, 38;
X-ray studies, iii, 311, viii, 313

Ctesibius, discovery of compressed air, v, 109-11;
ignorant of atmospheric pressure, 112;
inventions and theories, xvi, 91-2;
water clocks, v, 59-62

Cuba, almiquis of, xii, 367;
American occupation, x, 160;
earthquakes in, xiv, 331;
jute production, xiii, 241;
sugar production, 215;
tobacco production, 258;
yellow fever eradication, x, 160-2, xiv, 356;
zoölogy of, 274-5

Cuckoos, xii, 255-6

Cucumbers, as food, viii, 365;
origin, xiii, 223

Cud Animals, xii, 311-12

Cugnot, Joseph, v, 207

Culinary Paradox, iv, 168-9

Cullen, Dr., refrigerating machine, v, 350, 354-6

Cullen, William, x, 88

Cultivated Plants, birthrate in, xiii, 51;
original sources, 221-7, xiv, 381-2
(see also Garden Plants)

Cultivation (soil), reason for, xiii, 92

Cultural Advance, requisites of, x, 107

Cumberland Plateau, xiv, 221;
height, 27

Cumberland Valley, xiv, 167

Cumene, viii, 235, 253

Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds, i, 102, 103-4

Cumulus Clouds, 1, 98, 101-2, 103-4;
air currents and, 293;
formation of, 93

Cuneiform Writing, xv, 174, 175 (figs.), xvi, 60

Curassows, xii, 261

Curie, Madame, radium discovery, xvi, 193

Curiosity, instinct of, xi, 55;
of crowds, 328

Curlews, xii, 262

Currents (water) power of, iii, 30-1, xiv, 39, 52-3

Current Transformers, vii, 44

Current Wheels, v, 76

Curtis, on spiral nebulæ, ii, 362

Curtis Turbines, v, 151, 152, 382

Curved Motion, forces producing, iv, 72-3

Curves, pitching of, iv, 67-9

Cusa, Nicolas de, xvi, 102

Custom, Cicero on, x, 135;
modesty and, xv, 254-5;
morality and, 286;
obedience to, how enforced, 374-5;
crowd psychology in, xi, 333

Customs Examinations, by X-rays, vii, 256-7

Cut-off, of steam engine, v, 146-7, 208

Cutting of Metals, v, 46-7, 54-5, 383;
by oxygen jet, i, 33

Cuttings, (plants) propagation by, ix, 337, xiii, 166, 167

Cutting Tools, of ancient Egypt, xvi, 66-7

Cuttlebone, xii, 79

Cuttlefish, iii, 260, 275-6, xii, 58, 78-9

Cuvier, biological works, xvi, 139, 148;
work on paleontology, 168

Cyanamide Process, i, 36, viii, 74, 153

Cyanide Solution, vii, 317

Cyanogen, xvi, 160

Cycads, iii, 251, 255, xiii, 309, 316, 317

Cycles, chemical, viii, 334-5, 349-50
(see also Carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen Cycles)

Cycles, geographical and geological, xiv, 29
(see also Cycles of Erosion)

Cycles, of alternating currents, vi, 153, 154-5;
degrees of, 204

Cycles of Erosion, in land surfaces, iii, 33-6, xiv, 30, 34-5, 47-9,
155-64;
in mountains, iii, 135-6;
in shore lines, 56-7, xiv, 254-5

Cyclones, i, 135-8, 370, xiv, 349-50;
electrification by, vii, 212-13;
handling of ships in, i, 277-8

Cyclonic Thunderstorms, i, 138, 151

Cyclonopathy, i, 330, 370

Cyclonoscopes, i, 279, 370

Cyclops, (crustacean), xii, 84

Cygni, 61, measurement of distance, ii, 16, 315;
parallax, 311-12

Cygnus, nebulæ in, ii, 360;
new star in, 332

Cylinders, boring of, v, 44-5;
cooling, 159-61, 166-7;
in internal combustion engines, 157-61, 166-7;
of steam engine, 147;
pressure in, iv, 119

Cyme, flower form, xiii, 50

Cynodictis, xii, 346-7

Cypress Trees, in landscaping, xiii, 270;
in southern forest, xiv, 372

Czecho-Slovakia, public health fellowships, x, 172;
stone age remains in, 108 (fig.)

Daboia, xii, 231

Daddy Longlegs, xii, 90

Da Gama, Vasco, xiv, 309, 351

Daggers, development of, xv, 212

Daguerre, ii, 125

Daimler, Gottlieb, v, 213, 382

Dairies, electricity in, vii, 226-7

Dairy Products, drain on farm of, viii, 342-3

Daisies, flowers of, xiii, 49-50;
introduction to America, 353-4;
seed dispersal, 58-9;
stems, 23

Daisy Family, xiii, 206;
fertilization in, 144;
flower forms, 44 (fig.);
fossil species, 324;
in New Zealand, 380;
in pampas, 376;
original home and spread, 350, 353;
petal arrangement, 190;
seed dispersal, 344, 345

Dakin, antiseptic solutions of, x, 181-3, 382

Dakota Sandstone Formation, iii, 114, 115 (fig.)

Dalmatia, coast of, xiv, 252, 257;
harbors of, 268

Dalton, John, xi, 93, xvi, 133, 160, 162

Daltonism, inheritance of, ix, 340

Damaraland, desert plant of, xiii, 380

Damascus, swords of, v, 315

Damped Waves, vii, 264, 273, 286-8, 290

Dampier, William, i, 130, xvi, 114

Damping, in meters, vii, 159

Dams, beaver, xii, 295-6;
use of, v, 76, vi, 361, 364

Damsel Flies, xii, 105

Dances, Indian, xv, 305-6;
primitive, 310-12, 313, 316

Dandelion, family of, xiii, 206;
flower of, 49;
origin, 223, 353-4;
roots, 16;
seed dispersal, 58-9, 344

Daniell Cell, viii, 167

Dante, skull capacity, xv, 40

Danube River, delta of, xiv, 185;
historical importance, xv, 138-9;
longitudinal character, xiv, 154;
varied course, 155

Danzig, Poland and, xiv, 306

Darby, Abraham, v, 316

Dardanelles, important to Russia, xiv, 267

Dardanelles Expedition, i, 308

Dark Days, i, 56-7, ii, 211

Darkness, distinguishing of, by primitive animals, ix, 105;
effect on plants, xiii, 72, 76, 77, 84-90;
effects on plants, animals, and man, x, 253;
from interferences of light, iv, 377-8;
horrors of world of, 51;
periodic seeking of, xi, 52-3;
sleep and, 282, 288;
tuberculosis germ and, x, 290, 291

Dark Segments, i, 167, 371

Darning Needles (flies), xii, 105

Darwin, Charles Robert, x, 134-6, xv, 15;
book on fertilization of orchids, xiii, 145;
book on restless plants, 110;
epigenesis theory, xvi, 118;
experiment on destruction of seedlings, xv, 21;
experiment with tendrils, xiii, 112;
naturalist on "Beagle," 224, x, 134-5, xvi, 142;
on descent of man, xv, 56;
on emotions, xi, 131-3;
on expression of emotions by animals, xv, 64-5;
on fossil record, xiii, 302;
on Madagascar orchid, 48;
on self-fertilization, 135;
on sexual selection, xv, 274;
on variations, 334;
"Origin of Species," x, 135, xiii, 334, xvi, 148, 167, 181-2;
skull capacity, xv, 40
(see also Darwinian Theory)

Darwin, Erasmus, x, 134, xvi, 148

Darwin, George H., tidal friction theory, ii, 375-6, 377, 156-7