Chapter XVII: Science in the Twentieth Century (7)

Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, x, 151, 172

Johnson, Prof. D. W., coast classification, xiv, 253;
on climatic changes, 361

Johnson, Samuel, compared with Paracelsus, x, 48;
on Heberden, 104

Johnstown Flood, iii, 31

John the Baptist, locusts and honey of, xv, 134

Joints, arm and hand, ix, 67;
diseases of, x, 224-5;
dislocation of, ix, 71;
fastening at, 70-1;
hip, 67, 71;
motion sense in, ix, 90;
muscles to move, 76-7;
sensations of, xi, 124-5, 128;
shoulder, ix, 66, 71

Joints, Joint Blocks (geology), iii, 23, 379, xiv, 128-30;
illustration, iii, 144 (Pl. 8);
residual cores, iii, 32 (Pl. 1);
topography and drainage effects, xiv, 130-3;
various examples, iii, 48, 49-50, 65

Joint Worms, xii, 125

Joliet, expedition of, xiv, 192

Joplin, Mo., mining district, iii, 362, 364

Jordan Engine, v, 294-5

Jordan River, base level of, xiv, 164

Jordan Valley, iii, 151, xiv, 118, 120, 167

Jorullo, Mexico, xiv, 320

Joule, electrical energy unit, iv, 284, 294, 310, 312, vii, 370;
used as heat unit, 369;
erg and calorie equivalents, 382;
work or energy unit, iv, 80

Joule, James Prescott, energy unit named for, iv, 284;
heat experiments of, 49-50;
mechanical equivalent of heat, xvi, 131-3

Joule-Thomson Effect, i, 30

Joy Stick, i, 299

Judæa, Wilderness of, xiv, 121

Judaism, development of, xv, 199

Jumping Hare, xii, 290

Juniper, a conifer, xiii, 174;
in landscaping, 270;
spread by buds, 340

Junker Engine, v, 163-4

Jupiter (planet), ii, 260-3;
atmosphere, 249, 261;
comet families, 271;
disturbing effect on asteroids, 258;
"great inequality," 87;
habitability of moons, 250;
life on, ii, 248-9;
lucid planet, 249, 261;
photographic studies, 132-3;
rotation period, 377;
satellites, 261-3;
satellites, discovery of, 54, 83, 94, 110, 267;
size and orbit, 162, 163;
weight, 76, 77

"Jupiter", U. S. collier, vii, 326

Jura Mountains, xiv, 93-4;
age of, 232;
folding of, 36, 93-4, 229-30;
little metamorphism in, 234;
streams of, 94, 95, 157, 167

Jurassic Period, iii, 213-14;
Age of Reptiles, xv, 71;
animal and plant life in, iii, 20, 255, 270, 276, 289, 295;
flies of, xii, 104

Juries, as crowds, xi, 326

Justifying (printing), v, 308;
on linotype, 310;
on monotype, 311-12

Jute, cellulose composition, viii, 254;
uses and production, xiii, 241-3;
economic importance, 208

Juvenile Water, xiv, 151-2

Kaaba of Mecca, ii, 284

Kaguan, Malayan, xii, 367

Kalahari Desert, xv, 133;
antelopes of, xii, 327

Kames, glacial, iii, 69-70

Kayaks, xv, 264 (fig.)

Kangaroo Mice, xii, 290

Kangaroos, xii, 278-80;
young of, 274

Kansas, ancient birds of, xii, 242;
former reptiles of, 202;
gypsum deposits, iii, 376;
locust plague of, xii, 109;
volcanic dust beds, xiv, 327

Kansas City, automatic telephony, vii, 92

Kant, excessive professionalism of, xi, 376;
nebular hypothesis, ii, 367-8, 380;
on structure of universe, 350, 352;
philosophy of, xvi, 111

Kaolin, iii, 333;
formed from feldspar, 25, 27, 373

Kapteyn Plan, ii, 353

Karnak, Temples of, ii, 25-6

Karst District, xiv, 150

Katathermometer, i, 319-20, 321, 376

Katmai, Mount, crater, iii, 101 (fig.), 102;
eruption, i, 59, iii, 102;
lake in crater, 155

Katydids, xii, 109-10;
Florida, 100 (fig.)

Kaye, John, x, 45

Keewatin Glacier, iii, 238-9

Keewatin Series, iii, 169

Kelvin, Lord, contributions to electricity, vi, 23-4;
on oscillatory circuits, xvi, 191;
on rigidity of ether, 137;
theory of life, xii, 9

Kelvin-Chetwynd Compass, vi, 41-2

Kelvin's Law, vii, 21-2

Kent's Cavern, England, xv, 77-83

Kentucky, "Blue-grass Region," xiv, 68;
"dark and bloody ground" of, 243;
glacial period in, 376;
non-glacial topography, 56;
underground streams, 149

Kentucky Blue Grass, xiii, 179

Kenya, Mount, glaciers of, xiv, 54

Keokuk Power Plant, v, 81-3, vi, 352

Kepler, Johann, ii, 14, 49-52, iv, 19, 95, xvi, 102-3;
as astrologer, ii, 21;
on comets, 83-4;
eclipse calculations, 216;
Galileo and, 53;
idea of moving bodies, 63;
new star seen by, 331;
on star distances, 350;
on sun's corona, 221;
Tycho Brahe and, 12

Kepler's Laws, ii, 49-52;
Newton's explanations, 62-6, 88, xvi, 115-16;
proved by Keeler's discoveries, ii, 121;
used in weighing planets, 75-6

Kerosene, viii, 51, 208;
combustion of, 52, 54, 57, 59;
soap and, 142;
used in mosquito campaign, x, 300

Ketones, viii, 225 (note)

Kettle Holes, iii, 144

Keyhole Nebula, ii, 355, 365

Key Instruments, xv, 318

Kidney Diseases, atmospheric conditions best for, x, 241;
blood pressure and, 335;
Bright's Disease, 112, 346;
from focal infections, 224, 225;
nephritis, 344-5, 346;
salt in, 256;
therapy of, 382-3

Kidneys, development in black and white races, xv, 50;
emotion effects, xi, 135;
functions and disorders, x, 342-6;
functions and structure, ix, 271-4;
functional capacity tests, x, 377-9;
position in circulatory system, ix, 51 (diagram), 197, 198, 199;
Simon's removal of, x, 131;
sugar handling by, ix, 291-2

Kilauea, volcano, iii, 103, 104, 105, 106-7, xiv, 322, 323

Kilimanjaro, Mount, xiv, 317

Killdeer (plover), xii, 262

Kilogram, iv, 46, viii, 28;
standard, iv, 69

Kilowatt, iv, 80, 312, vi, 85, vii, 370

Kilowatt-Hour, iv, 81, vi, 82, 84;
meters and charges for, vii, 174

Kinaesthetic Sensation, xi, 124-8;
space perception by, 166-7, 169-70, 175, 183, 186;
strain in attention, 228, 231-2;
in will, 265

Kindling Temperature, viii, 54

Kinematic, defined, iv, 382

Kinetic, defined, iv, 382

Kinetic Energy, iv, 79, 81, 83;
defined, v, 84, vii, 368;
forms of, iv, 82-5, 87-8

Kinetic System of Body, xi, 57, 60-1;
action in attention, 231-2;
connection with sensation, 67, 68, 127

Kinetic Theory, iv, 30, 131;
of gases, viii, 305-6, 378

Kinetics, defined, iv, 25

Kinetoscope, iv, 348, v, 330

King, Prof. L. V., i, 190-1

Kingfishers, xii, 267

King's River Canyon, iii, 43, 225

Kingston Earthquake, xiv, 340

Kiosks, weather, i, 75, 267, 376

Kipling, airship prediction, i, 43;
"female of the species," x, 162;
on dew ponds, i, 353

Kirchhoff, spectrum lines, ii, 17, 112-13

Kitasato, x, 164

Kitchens, lighting, vi, 276, vii, 71

Kite Balloons, v, 226

Kites, v, 230, 233-5;
action of wind on, iv, 42-3, 76 (fig.);
aerological uses, i, 18, 19, 22, 89

Kittatinny Ridge, Delaware Water Gap through, xiv, 169;
rock weathering at, 776

Kiwis, xii, 243, 249

Klamath Mountains, iii, 214

Klebs, Edwin, x, 141, 155

Knee-cap, ix, 69, 70 (fig.)

Knee Jerk, ix, 136

Knitted Goods, threads in, v, 277

Knitting machines, inventions, v, 282-3, 377, 378, 379

Knots, tying, by machine, v, 247-8

Knotweeds, xiii, 194

Knowledge, Bacon on, xi, 10;
Bergson on intuitive, xvi, 196;
Greek theories, 87-8;
growing thirst for, vi, 330;
relativity of, xvi, 195-6;
St. Augustine on proper, 99-100;
science and, 39-40, 41-2;
scientific, remarks on, iv, 26;
transmission means, xv, 142, 145-6, 167

Koch, Robert, x, 149-50, 169, 292, xvi, 184, 185;
"postulates" of, x, 150, 160, 196

Kodak, invention, v, 382

Koenig, acoustician, iv, 52, 233

Kohl-rabi, xiii, 223, 333-4

Kopjes, of S. Africa, xiv, 82

Korea, geology of, xiv, 125

Kraft Paper, v, 294

Krakatoa Eruption, xiv, 324-5;
atmospheric waves from, i, 188, xiv, 324;
distances heard, i, 188;
dust from, 57-8, iii, 100-1, xiii, 344, xiv, 325;
noctilucent clouds from, i, 18;
plant and animal extinction by, xiii, 345, xiv, 278

Krakatoa Island, xiv, 324;
restocked after eruption, xiii, 344-5, xiv, 278

Krasnoiarsk Iron, ii, 284

Kril, xii, 19

Krypton, in atmosphere, i, 11, 12;
symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Kut-el-Amara, i, 308

Labor-saving Machinery, remarks on, vii, 73-4, 75, xi, 268

Labrador, auks of, xii, 265;
climate of, xiv, 345

Labrador Current, i, 345, xiv, 305

Labradorite, iii, 329

Laccoliths, xiv, 109

Lace Coralline, xii, 47

Lace Leaf Yam, xiii, 89-90, 32 (illus.)

Laces, machine-made, v, 287-8

Lactic Acid, viii, 222, 223, 248, xi, 24-5;
fatigue product, 271-2;
stimulant, 272-3;
from fermentation, x, 138;
in body, 280

Lactometer, iv, 113

Ladakhis, character of, xiv, 245

Ladybirds, xii, 122;
lemon tree scales and, xv, 22

Laënnec, René, T. H., x, 108-10

Lag, angle of, vii, 362;
in electric currents, vi, 167;
correction, 262

Lagrange, mathematical work, xvi, 105, 125;
scientific work of, ii, 15, 71-2, 73, 74, 75, 216, 375

Laid Paper, v, 296

Lake, Simon, submarine of, v, 382

Lake Dwellers, agriculture, xiii, 210;
houses and implements, v, 14

Lakes, iii, 142-57, xiv, 198-212;
color of, viii, 40;
economic importance, xiv, 212;
ephemeral character, iii, 142, xiv, 198-9, 209-12;
few in mature regions, xiv, 160;
freezing of, iv, 150;
processes of destruction, iii, 157, xiv, 198, 210-12;
salt, 206-9;
shore-line development, iii, 57-8;
sizes and depths, xiv, 204

Lake Superior Region, glacial topography of, xiv, 56;
mines, iii, 356-7, 358, 361, viii, 163;
rock formation, iii, 172, 175, 176-7

Lakeview Gusher, iii, 354

Lamarck, cloud classification, i, 97;
on inheritance of acquired characters, ix, 325-6;
paleontological work, xvi, 169

Laminated Construction, vi, 316, vii, 371

Laminated Magnets, vi, 34

Lammergeiers, xii, 261

Lampblack, viii, 47

Lampreys, xii, 130-1

Lamps, portable, vi, 276-7, vii, 68-9

Lamp-Shells, xii, 47-8

Lancashire Cotton Mills, xiii, 236

Lancelets, xii, 129

Lancisi, x, 98, 154

Land, Land Surfaces, always some unsubmerged, xiv, 19-20;
area and distribution, 20-2;
area measurements, 10-11;
changes in features of, 28-30;
character of old and new, iii, 33-5, xiv, 48-9, 155-63;
elevation distribution, 26-7;
forms determined by earth movements and erosion, xiv, 33-79;
forms determined by rocks, 80-113;
heating and cooling of, i, 208, xiv, 346;
level changes (see Level Changes);
oldest, iii, 168-9;
relief features, orders of magnitude, xiv, 27;
rock formation, 19;
wind variations on, 351
(see also Continents)

Land-and-Sea Breezes, i, 131, 376

Land Animals, beginnings of, iii, 20, ix, 176;
development of, iii, 285-6, xii, 167;
salt in body fluid of, ix, 175-6

Land Filling, by machine, v, 258-9

Landlocked Areas, of continents, xiv, 190

Land Plants, beginnings, iii, 252;
development, xiii, 304-22

Land Plaster, iii, 376

Landscape Gardening, xiii, 267-97;
color contrast and induction in, xi, 95

Landscape Painting, xv, 302

Landscapes, changes in, iii, 10, xiv, 28;
dramatic interest in, xiii, 11

Land-sculpture, xiv, 30

Lane's Law, ii, 309, 371, 380, 383

Lanfranchi of Milan, x, 38, 39

Langenbeck, Bernard von, x, 130-1

Langley, Prof. S. P., aeronautical work, iv, 43-4, v, 231, 382;
astronomical work, ii, 144, 169, 213, 223-4;
measurement of heat of moonbeams, iv, 301;
on the camera, ii, 221;
spectrobolometer, 128, 186

Language, xv, 141-2;
association principle in, ix, 151-2;
clearness of, xi, 379;
importance of, ix, 152-3, xv, 68, 142, 143, 145-6;
inadequacy in feelings, 143;
making of, xv, 140-63;
psychological importance, xi, 200, 224, 225;
race and, xv, 159;
thought and, 143-5, 146

Languages, Aryan and Semitic, xv, 161-3;
changes in, 154-6;
difficulty of learning new, xi, 201;
foreign, advantages of learning, xv, 146;
foreign, sound of, xi, 103;
relationships and common origin, xv, 159-63

Lantern Gears, v, 27-8

Lanterns, enlarging and projecting, iv, 341-2

Lanthanum, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Lap, cotton, v, 272;
wood pulp, 293

Lapilli, volcanic, xiv, 323-4

Laplace, asteroid hypothesis, ii, 258;
mathematical work, xvi, 105, 125;
nebular hypothesis, ii, 369-72, 374-5, 378, 380 (see Nebular
Hypothesis);
on sound velocity, iv, 198-9;
other work, ii, 15, 72, 73, 74, 87

La Plata River, connections of tributaries, xiv, 187;
fish of, xii, 160

Lapwings, xii, 262, 263

Lard, animal fat, viii, 246;
calories in, ix, 299;
vitamins absent in, x, 261, 262

Larks, xii, 268

Larmor, light theory, xvi, 137-8;
magnetism theory, 193

Larrey, Jean, x, 130

Larvæ, affected by light, x, 253;
used in nest repairing, v, 10;
"rains," i, 356-7

Larynx, aphonia of, x, 29-30;
infection center, 220

La Salle, xiv, 192

La Soufriere, eruption of, xiv, 28, 338

Lassen Peak, iii, 103, 226, 176 (Pl. 10);
activity of, xiv, 315

Latent Heat, iv, 152-3, v, 169, 353-4, viii, 37-8, 378;
of fusion, iv, 152, 160, 161, 162;
of vaporization, 173-4, 187

Latent Period, of pain, xi, 121;
of sound, 105;
of touch, 111

Lateral Line, of fishes, xii, 137

Lateral Moraines, lakes formed by, xiv, 202

Lathes, development of, v, 42-6, 47, 52-3, 376, 378, 380, 383

Latin, in animal classification, xii, 29;
in cloud classification, i, 98;
in plant classification, xiii, 169;
languages derived from, xv, 160, 162

Latitude, barometric corrections for, iv, 122-3;
color of skin and, xv, 36-7;
of ships, how determined, v, 65;
plant distribution determined by, xiv, 364-6;
temperature and, 344-5;
weight of bodies, affected by, iv, 101-2

Laudanum, discovery of uses, xvi, 109;
first prepared by Paracelsus, x, 50

Laughing Gas, viii, 71, x, 123-4;
critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172

Laughter, emotional control of, ix, 164;
in infants, 349;
kinetic theory, xi, 355-7;
psychology of, 350-7

Laurel Family, xiii, 196-7

Laurel-leaf Points, xv, 109

Laurel Magnolia, xiii, 318 (fig.)

Laurent, chemist, xvi, 162, 163

Laurentian Highlands, antiquity of, xiv, 235

Laurentide Glacier, iii, 238

Lava, iii, 380, xiv, 17-18;
fissure flows, iii, 105-6;
forms of fragments, xiv, 323-4;
heat of molten, iii, 106-7;
heat retention by, xv, 230;
in Hawaiian craters, iii, 103, 104, 105, xiv, 322-3;
porous, iii, 101 (see Pumice);
rate of flow, 104-5;
sheets, 102 (fig.);
soils from, 28, xiv, 329;
spine of Mount Pelee, iii, 103

Lava-dam Lakes, iii, 156

Lava Formations, xiv, 102-4, 164, 170, 172, 188;
erosion effects, 103-5;
extent of, iii, 106;
in Appalachian trough, 212;
in British Isles, 191;
in Colorado, 177;
in Columbian Plateau, 105-6, 227, 228, xiv, 102-3, 104, 164, 170, 172,
188;
in Deccan of India, 105-6, 228, xiv, 103;
in East Africa, 103;
in Keewatin Series, iii, 169;
in Lake Superior region, 177;
in Snake River Valley, 228

Lava Rocks, not crystallized, iii, 170-1

Lavender, source, xiii, 205

Laveran, Alphonse, x, 155

Lavoisier, chemical work, xvi, 120, 121, 159-60, 177;
combustion theory, viii, 34

Law, beginning of, xv, 360-3, 367-74, 379-80

Lawn Sprinklers, revolving, v, 143

Laxatives, use of, ix, 252

Lazear, Dr. Jesse W., x, 160, 162

Lead, affinity intensity, viii, 128;
alloys with tin, melting point, iv, 161-2;
atomic weight, viii, 189, 383;
commercial source, iii, 330;
compounds, viii, 29, 162;
density of, iv, 113;
extraction from ores, viii, 270, 271;
from radium disintegration, 185;
fusibility, 384;
melting point and requirements, iv, 162;
occurrence of, viii, 129;
opaque to X-rays, vii, 250, 251;
ores of, viii, 154, 198, 199-200;
positiveness, vi, 59;
production, iii, 362-3;
properties, viii, 126-7, 154, 162;
refining of, 272;
refining, electrolytic, vii, 320;
specific gravity, viii, 384;
symbol, 383;
test for, 287, 288;
uses, iii, 362, viii, 162

Lead (of electric currents), vi, 171-4, 261, 262;
angle of, vii, 362

Lead Arsenate, viii, 169

Lead Cells, vi, 130, 146-7, 150-1, viii, 167-9

Leaders, of crowds, xi, 332-3;
of primitive peoples, xv, 363-6

Lead Pencils, graphite of, viii, 43

Lead Peroxide, in storage batteries, viii, 167-9

Lead Pipes, corrosion of, viii, 162

Leadville Mining District, iii, 363, 364

Leaf Mosaic, xiii, 38

Leafstalks, xiii, 34, 35 (fig.);
light effect on, 87-8

Leakage, electrical, vii, 10-11, 371

Leaning Tower of Pisa, ii, 53, iv, 100-1;
Galileo's use of, iv, 28, 97

Learning, Egyptian advice, xvi, 70;
experience and, viii, 269

Learning Processes, xi, 33-46, 68;
rules, 211-15

Leather, making of, viii, 257

Leather Collar, Maudsley's, v, 99

Leaves, xiii, 32-43;
absent in some plants, 15, 28, 30, 31, 99, 100;
arrangement on stems, 38;
branches as, 378, 379;
buds of, 34;
colors, 42;
coloring in autumn, 79;
coloring in tropics, 361;
compound, 36-7;
first, 60-1;
forms and varieties, 34-6;
fossils of, 302;
functions, 37-8, 42, 61, 77-84;
hairy covering, 104-5, 379;
insect-capturing, 39-41;
light and, 38-9, 87-90;
large, examples, 189, 217, 359;
moving, 105-6, 113, 114;
none in fungous plants, 70;
not decisive in family grouping, 184;
of desert plants, 41-2, 106-7, 378, 379-80, xiv, 378-9;
of evergreens and deciduous trees, xiii, 174, 175;
of ferns, 63, 65;
of monocotyledons and dicotyledons, 176, 178;
osmotic pressure, 94;
reproduction by division of, 165-6;
rigidity of, viii, 338;
shedding of, in dry periods, xiv, 369;
skeleton (Madagascar yam), xiii, 90;
sleeping, 88-9, 113;
stems acting as, 28-31, 378;
structure, 78-9;
struggle for sunlight, 38-9, 87-90;
tendrils on, 38;
transitional form, 43;
transpiration, 103, 104, 113, 374, 378, 379;
uses, summarized, 42-3;
veins, 32-3;
water-dripping, 107-8;
water-storing, 41-2, 106-7, 379-80;
water-supply methods, 102-9;
wilting, 102, 103, 114

Leblanc Process, viii, 276-7

Leclanche Cell, vi, 138

Lee, Dr. Willis T., i, 47

Lee, William, knitting machine of, v, 283

Leeches, xii, 51, 55-6

Leeuwenhoek, Antonius von, xvi, 107-8, 112

Legs, bones of, ix, 68-9, 70 (fig.);
bones, growth, 56, 58;
equal length, 169-70;
evolution of, xii, 167;
in insects, 102;
length of men and apes, xv, 57, 59;
muscles of, ix, 76;
nerves of, 124-5;
vestiges of, in snakes, xii, 213

Legumes, xiii, 56;
nitrogen fixation by, viii, 74, 346, xiv, 66

Lehigh River, gap of, xiv, 51, 167

Leibnitz, mathematical work of, ii, 14, xvi, 105;
monad theory, 117-18;
scientific work, 113

Leif Ericson, xiv, 261

Lelande Cell, vi, 137, 139

Lemmings, xii, 290, 291

Lemon Oil, viii, 240, 252

Lemon Tree, origin, xiii, 225;
scale on, xv, 22;
spread, xiii, 354

"Lemuria", xii, 192

Lemurs, xii, 374-6;
primates, 373;
feet of, iii, 301 (fig.)

Length, British units, iv, 45, 69, 283;
measurements and standards, xvi, 130;
metric units, iv, 46, 69, viii, 28

Lenoir Motor Car, v, 213

Lenses, iv, 337-8;
achromatic, iv, 372-3, xvi, 125-6;
Bacon's improvements, 101;
for eye defects, ix, 111, 112, 113, 114;
formation of images by, iv, 337-42, ix, 108-9;
of eye, 109-11, 113 (fig.);
refraction of light by, ii, 99

Lenticels, xiii, 26

Lenticular Clouds, i, 104, 376

Lentils, xiii, 198, 223

Lenz's Law, vi, 311, vii, 371

Leonardo da Vinci, anatomical work of, x, 51-2;
astronomical work, ii, 41;
idea of moving bodies, 63;
views of fossils, iii, 14

Leonids, ii, 288

Leopards, xii, 357;
deer-hunting with, xv, 223

Lepidoptera, xii, 115-20;
"blood rains" of, i, 358

Lepidosirens, xii, 142, 166

Leprosy, immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51

Lesions, meaning, x, 98, 322;
X-ray treatment, vii, 253, 255-6

Lettuce, as food, ix, 27, 30;
family, xiii, 206;
origin, 223;
wild, 105

Leucippus, theory of matter, xvi, 83, 84, 118

Leukaemia, metabolism in, x, 272

Leucocytes, germ destruction by, x, 209-10

Levees, effects of, xiv, 162

Level Changes, iii, 76-83, xiv, 33-6;
due to earthquakes, iii, 97, 98;
due to lateral pressure, 85;
effect on erosion cycles, 36-7, xiv, 40, 163-4;
shown by erosion of rocks, iii, 171-2
(see also Elevation, Rejuvenation, Subsidence)

LeVerrier, astronomical work of, ii, 16, 79, 189, 269;
meteorological work, i, 217, 228

Levers, v, 21-5;
Archimedes on power of, iv, 25;
classes of, remarks on, 89;
clubs as, v, 12;
friction in, iv, 93;
legs as, v, 215;
liquid, 97-103;
mechanical gain in, iv, 41;
primitive beginnings of, 24, v, 9, 14-15;
principles shown by Archimedes, xvi, 89;
revolving, v, 25-35

"Leviathan," steamship, v, 193-4

Leviathan Reflector, ii, 16-17, 105-6

Levulose, viii, 226, 248

Lewis & Clarke reports, xvi, 171

Lewis Machine Gun, v, 365-6

Lex Talionis, xv, 371

Leyden Jar, iv, 267, 368 (fig.), vii, 259, 260;
discovery and experiments, xvi, 188-9;
oscillations of, iv, 313

Lianes, xiii, 362, 363, 366

Liberty Engines, v, 53-4

Libyan Cat, xii, 355

Libyan Desert, rain in, i, 210

Lichens, species, xiii, 323

Lick Observatory, ii, 142-4, 148

Licorice Plant, leaves, xiii, 113

Liebig, Justus von, x, 126;
chemical work, xvi, 162;
on fermentation, x, 138-9

Liège, siege of, xiv, 92

Life, antiquity on earth, xiii, 314;
beginnings on earth, iii, 20, 173, 249, xv, 71;
Bergson on, xvi, 196;
brain in relation to, xi, 15;
Brunonian (excitability) theory of, x, 89;
cell basis of, ix, 17, x, 119, xii, 10, 14, xv, 16, 381;
chemical nature of processes, viii, 353, 355;
chemical theories of, x, 69, 84;
colloidal theory, xii, 11-13;
conditions necessary, ii, 242-5;
conscious, parts concerned in, ix, 21-2;
demand for, in nature, xiii, 69;
dependence of, on sugar products, ix, 27;
distinctions from inorganic realm, xii, 13-14;
fundamental instincts, xi, 49-56;
Hoffman's "ether" theory, x, 85;
instinct for renewal, xiii, 116, 167;
instinct of preservation of, x, 9-10, 282-3;
interest and triteness, vi, 330;
irritability theory of, x, 86, 87, 89;
James on complexity of, 244;
low temperature effects, i, 32;
maintenance of, ix, 18-23;
mechanical explanations of, x, 70, 71, 72;
metals congenial to, viii, 148;
nature of processes, ix, 34;
necessity of water, xi, 66;
only thing man cannot produce, vii, 310;
origin, ii, 243, 245, xii, 9-13, xiii, 300-1;
Paracelsus on process of, x, 49;
possibility in other worlds, ii, 242-53;
possibility on Mars, 228-32, 237-8;
protoplasm the seat of, viii, 356, ix, 13, 17, x, 228, xiii, 74;
recent lengthening in U. S., x, 291;
salts in relation to, ix, 174-5;
savage attitude toward, xv, 327;
seat of, in body, ix, 11-12, 17;
sea water favorable to, viii, 355;
signs (proofs) of, ix, 9-17;
soul as source of (Stahl), x, 84;
spontaneous generation of, 139;
temperature in relation to, ii, 249, v, 348, x, 250-1;
universality, Indian belief, xvi, 44
(see also Vital Processes)

Life Plant, xiii, 165

Lift, of aeroplanes, i, 288, 298

Lifting Magnets, iv, 289, vi, 86, 94

Lifting Pump, iv, 126

Lift Locks, of canals, v, 103

Ligaments, ix, 70-1

Ligatures, history of use of, x, 14, 27, 55-6, 91, 121-2, 123, 129-30,
146, 148

Light, iv, 322-34;
aberration of (see Aberration of Light);
absorption in space, ii, 160, 354-5;
absorption of, by objects, iv, 364;
actinic effects, vii, 250;
artificial, applications of, iv, 50-1;
artificial, colors, of, ix, 115;
bacteria destroyed by, viii, 332;
body regulation to, x, 250;
chemical action of, viii, 171-2;
chromatic aberration, ii, 99-100;
corpuscular theory of, iv, 47, 50, xvi, 136;
decomposition, ii, 99, 111, 112, iv, 357-9
(see also Spectrum, Spectroscope);
deflection of, 330, 374;
deflection by sun, ii, 81-2;
diffraction, i, 183, iv, 326;
effects of objects on, 323-4;
effects on organisms and man, x, 253-4;
Einstein theory, ii, 80-2;
electrical production, inefficiency, vi, 268;
electromagnetic theory of, iv, 54, vi, 25, vii, 371, xvi, 137-8;
eye and, vi, 270-2, xi, 86, 95-6;
eye regulation to, x, 254;
from sun, importance of, ix, 25-6;
"gentleman" of physics, iv, 50;
glowing effects on minerals, vii, 254;
injury from excessive, 153;
intensity unit, iv, 351-2;
interference of, 376-8;
instinct of seeking, xi, 52-3;
invisibility, iv, 333-4;
machines responding to, v, 331-2, 332-3;
measurement of illumination of, iv, 350-2;
measurement of intensity, viii, 374;
monochromatic, iv, 364, 365;
of electric lamps, vi, 268;
of firefly, 268;
of glowworms, xvi, 144;
of moon, ii, 200;
of stars, 296;
of sun, 168-9;
penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;
perception limits, iv, 360-1;
perception of, in animals, ix, 105;
physiological sensation, vii, 249;
polarization, iii, 319-20, iv, 353-6;
polarization, discovery, xvi, 119;
production by various kinds of rays, iv, 378-80;
quantity unit, 352;
radiant energy, 322, ix, 114;
rays of, iv, 323;
reflection and refraction (see Reflection and Refraction);
seeing by, iv, 322-3, 324-9;
shadows cast by, 332-3;
theory of, present state, 50;
transformed to musical sounds, v, 332-5;
transmitted by ether, vi, 119, 120, 269, vii, 259;
traveling of, in straight lines, iv, 330;
velocity, 323;
velocity constancy, xvi, 196;
velocity in different media, iv, 327;
velocity, methods of obtaining, ii, 59-60, 91, 167;
vibrations and colors of, ix, 115;
wave theory, iv, 47, 353, vi, 118-19, 269, xvi, 136-8;
wave theory discovery, 119;
white (see White Light);
wind effects on, iv, 211
(see also Light Waves, Sunlight)

Light-headedness, production of, ix, 266-7

Lighthouses, strength of, xiv, 300-1

Lighting, art of, modern advances in, iv, 50-1;
direct, xi, 277, 373;
emotional effects, vi, 273;
factory, xi, 361;
flood, vi, 283;
modern gas, viii, 60;
proper and improper, vi, 273-5;
unit of intensity, vii, 368
(see also Electric Lighting, Lighting Systems)

Lighting Systems, color effects, iv, 370;
exterior, vi, 278-83, vii, 339-43;
interior, vi, 275-8, vii, 68-72

Lightning, i, 146-57, vii, 201-19;
annual deaths by, x, 254;
awe-inspiring power, vii, 201, 202;
causes, i, 149-52, iv, 269, vii, 206-15, 217-8;
current strength, i, 152-3;
danger and protection, 155-7, vii, 201-2, 218-19;
danger in aeronautics, i, 303;
defined, 376, vii, 371;
displays, 203;
distance, how determined, i, 187, vii, 210;
electromagnetic waves from, 260;
fire from, xv, 320;
Franklin's experiment, i, 141, vi, 10-11, 14-16, vii, 204-5;
large raindrops and, 215-17;
multiple flashes, i, 146-8;
nitrogen fixation by, 13, 34-5;
oscillations, vii, 208, 366, 374;
ozone produced, i, 15;
photographic study, 146-8, 151;
protection of electric lines, vii, 16-19, 49-50;
thunder from, i, 192-3, vii, 210-11;
types, i, 146, 148-9, vii, 205-6, 211-15;
visibility, i, 152;
voltage, 151-2, vii, 206-7;
weathering agency, iii, 24;
wind effects, i, 148

Lightning Arresters, vii, 17-18, 49-50, 362, 371

Lightning Prints, i, 154-5, 376

Lightning Rods, i, 156-7, 376, iv, 270, vii, 218-219, 371;
invention, i, 141, vi, 14, 16;
principle, vii, 209;
use of points, vi, 297

Light-Pillars, i, 376

Light Waves, iv, 353, vi, 118-19, 269;
atmospheric effects, i, 165-6, 170-1;
caused by molecular vibrations, iv, 360, 363, 379;
Doppler's principle, ii, 119, iv, 210;
glass and, 183;
interference of, 376-8;
length and frequency, vii, 250, 260;
length and frequency with different colors, iv, 359, 360, 365, ix,
114, 115;
motion of, xvi, 137;
unit of length, iv, 359, xvi, 130

Light-Year, ii, 315, xvi, 33

Lignite, iii, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, viii, 44, 45

Lilac, fertilization, xiii, 143-4;
leaves, 38

Lilienthal, Otto, v, 231

Lily, African, xiii, 38;
leaves, 38, 176

Lily Family, xiii, 183-4

Lily of the Valley, xiii, 45, 47, 178

Lima Beans, variation in, xiii, 331

Limacina, xii, 19

Lime, calcium oxide, viii, 149;
in earth's crust, iii, 308;
in water, viii, 40, xiv, 142, 147;
production, iii, 373, viii, 150, 276;
slaking of, 38-9;
uses, iii, 373, viii, 149-50, 278, 323, 347

Limes (fruit), origin, xiii, 225;
spread, 354

Lime Salts, body needs of, ix, 32, 33, 33-4, 174;
in bone, 57;
in diet, x, 256

Limestone, iii, 13, 380;
cliffs of, jointing in, xiv, 133;
composed of carbonate of lime, iii, 25, 308;
destruction by frost, xiv, 76-7;
formation of, viii, 152;
lime making from, 149, 150, 276;
marble from, iii, 169, 189, 371;
occurrence in U. S., 371-2;
polyzoans in, xii, 47;
residual soils from, xiv, 68, 145;
sedimentary rock, 18;
solubility, iii, 24-5, 126, viii, 151, xiv, 145-6, 147;
travertine deposits, 146;
uses, iii, 325-6, 373-4, v, 315, 318, viii, 151, 280;
weathering of, iii, 27

Limestone Formations, iii, 185, 267, 270;
caves in, 127, viii, 151, xiv, 147-8;
underground streams in, iii, 116, xiv, 149-50

Limonite, iii, 333, 359, viii, 130, 156

Lincoln, assassination incident, xi, 323;
in Holmes's "goodly company," x, 134

Linden Trees, xiii, 324-5, 345-6

Linen, antiquity of, xv, 243;
as clothing material, ix, 311-12, x, 307, 309;
cellulose composition, viii, 254;
from flax plant, xiii, 235;
paper from, v, 290-1, 292

Lines of Force (electric), iv, 261-2, vi, 295-6

Lines of Force (magnetic), iv, 251-2, 261, 274-5, vi, 33, 54, vii, 371;
cutting of, iv, 301-8, vi, 23, 54, 307-8;
direction, iv, 277-8, vi, 54-5, 88-90;
leakage, vii, 371;
least resistance tendency, vi, 43-4, 96;
shortest direction tendency, 219;
terrestrial, 39, 40;
terrestrial, in relation to aurora, i, 159-60

Line Squalls, i, 138-9, 376

Link Motion, v, 208-10, 379

Linnæus (Carl von Linné), x, 84, 134;
natural history work, xvi, 116, 126, 139, 165;
rattlesnake named by, xii, 235

Linotype, Mergenthaler, v, 308-10, 381-2

Linsangs, xii, 353

Linseed Oil, viii, 231-2, 246;
action in paint, 264, 265;
source, xiii, 235;
spontaneous combustion of, viii, 55-6

Lions, xii, 359-60;
fearlessness, xi, 136;
instinctive fear of fire, 46;
strength of, xv, 16, 18

Lipari Islands, volcanoes of, xiv, 317

Lipases, viii, 357, x, 326

Lipins, viii, 350-1

Liquefaction of Gases, i, 29, 32, iv, 143, 153, 171, 188, 191-2, viii,
303-4

Liquid Air, i, 26, 29-33, iv, 190-2, vii, 323, viii, 68;
boiling point, iv, 173;
oxygen production from, viii, 67, 274;
temperature, and pressure, iv, 172

Liquids, boiling of, iv, 167-74;
boiling point and chemical composition, viii, 298-301;
boiling point and pressure, iv, 168, 169-72, v, 354, viii, 303-5;
buoyant powers of, iv, 30, 103-7;
chemical aspects, viii, 22, 297-301;
compressibility, v, 107;
conversion to gases, iv, 152-3, 153, 167;
critical temperature, 171-2, viii, 303-4;
density, how measured, iv, 113, vi, 147;
distinguished by pressure and diffusibility, iv, 22-3;
elasticity of, 156, 158;
evaporation, 167, 174;
expansion by heat, 135, 138;
expansion coefficient, 145;
fractional distillation of, 168;
heat effects on, 144, viii, 25;
heat transmission in, iv, 138-9, 177-8;
intermingling of, in contact, 131;
latent heat (see Latent Heat);
molecules in, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131, 152, 167, 363, viii, 23, 24;
osmosis, xiii, 90-1;
pressure of, iv, 116-19;
solubility in water, viii, 111-12;
sound velocity in, iv, 198;
specific gravity, how determined, 112, 113;
spectra of incandescent, ii, 112, iv, 360, 363;
supercooled and heated, viii, 113, 304-5;
vapor pressure of, 303-5;
vaporization of, iv, 173-4;
vibrations of, 196, 215;
volatile, 174

Lister, Joseph, x, 144-6, xvi, 182-3;
importance of work of, x, 40, 107, 149, 381;
on Pasteur, 143

Liter, standard of volume, viii, 28

Lithium, viii, 128, 132, 133;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
flame color, 301;
specific gravity, 384;
spectrum of, 301-2;
test for, 287, 289

Litmus, viii, 114

Little Falls Gorge, iii, 243

Little Red Riding-hood, xv, 358

Littoral Fauna, xii, 16, 17

Live Oaks, xiv, 370

Liver, bile secreted by, ix, 237, 275;
changes caused by shock, xi, 59;
development in black and white races, xv, 49-50;
disorders of, x, 330;
emotion effects on, xi, 136-7, 138;
failure in diabetes, ix, 293;
functions, x, 329-30, 347, xi, 60;
gall stones in, ix, 286;
glycogen storage in, 291, 292, 293, 298;
hemoglobin decomposed in, 184, 275;
in circulatory system, 196 (fig.), 198, 245;
inflammation of, x, 224;
secretin effects on, 325;
therapy of, 382-3;
urea production in, ix, 284, 285;
waste removal by, 271, 275

Liverwort, reproduction, xiii, 166, 167

Livingstone, David, African exploration, xiv, 196;
quoted, 78

Lizards, xii, 182, 203-10;
descent of, 203;
embryo of, xv, 54;
Mesozoic, iii, 295

Llamas, xii, 313, 315 (fig.)

Lloyd's, insurance of, i, 270

Load Factor, vi, 380-2

Loadstones, vi, 28-9, vii, 372;
at magnetic pole, vi, 30;
Gilbert's studies, 11, 12;
used as suspended compass, 29, 31 (fig.);
(see also Lodestone)

Lobsters, iii, 260, 278-9, xii, 87

Locaille, xvi, astronomer, 124

Locke, John, medical work of, x, 74-5;
philosophy of, xvi, 111, 115, 117

Lockjaw, x, 298-9;
immunity to, 206, 207;
prevention of, 218

Lockyer, Sir Norman, discovery of sun prominences, ii, 181;
collision theory, 327, 333;
star classification, 309-10;
on temple orientation, 26

Locomotion, forms of, ix, 82, 155-6;
friction necessary to, iv, 94;
of animals, means of, ix, 73-4;
of serpents, xii, 212;
reflex processes in, ix, 156-9;
rolling, v, 215

Locomotives, Steam, v, 207-12, 377, 378-9;
boilers, 140 (see Boilers);
efficiency, 155;
compared with electric, vii, 193-4;
power source of, ix, 15;
smoke from, i, 64, vii, 345;
sound of passing, iv, 210

Locomotor Ataxia, ix, 90-1

Locusts, xii, 108-9;
jaws of, 100;
seventeen-year, 112, 113;
as food, xv, 134

Locust Trees, in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;
in Long Island, 354;
in pea family, 198;
lightning danger, i, 155;
petals, 47;
sleeping of leaves, 89, 113

Lodestone, iv, 52-3, 242, viii, 156;
name of, iv, 243,
(see also Loadstone)

Lodge, Sir Oliver, Evesham experiments, vii, 352;
on atmospheric electricity, 212;
on electrons, vi, 114;
on forces in atoms, 115;
on luminiferous æther, 118;
wireless system, xvi, 191

Lodgepole Pines, xiv, 374

Loess, i, 53-4, iii, 73-4, 380, xiv, 63, 72-5

Loire River, base-leveled stream, xiv, 49

London, "Black Day," ii, 211;
eclipses in, 214;
fogs, i, 94;
harbor of, xiv, 270;
sewage disposal, viii, 327;
smoke deposits, i, 65;
tea market of world, xiii, 231;
water purification, viii, 319-20

London-Paris Air Route, i, 44-5, 95, 285-6

Long, Crawford W., x, 124, 125

Long Branch, N. J., wave destruction at, xiv, 45, 302

Long Distance Electrical Transmission, alternating and direct currents
in, vi, 159-61, 195-6;
choke coils in, vii, 50;
condensers in, vi, 285-6;
difficulties, 367;
high voltages best, 159, 161, 163, 331-2;
high voltages and leakage, vii, 10-11;
of Niagara Power Plant, vi, 376-8;
power-factor correction, 262;
present distances attained, 365;
progress in, vii, 9-10;
synchronous condensers in, vi, 262;
three phase alternators in, 206;
transformers, 309, 324;
transcontinental, 10, 367-8;
vacuum tubes in, 125

Long Distance Telephony, inductance reduction, vii, 104-5;
method of connecting cities, 104;
phantom circuit, 105-6, 119;
repeating stations, 114;
in United States, 91-2

Longfellow, stanzas on nature, xvi, 43

Long Heads, physical characteristics, xv, 47;
racial divisions, xvi, 48-9;
skull index in, xv, 42

Long Island, bowlders on, xiv, 69;
locust tree on, xiii, 354;
opossums in, xii, 275;
outwash plain on, iii, 69;
plant conditions, xiii, 382;
scallop fisheries, xii, 65;
terminal moraine on, iii, 68, 237, 238

Long Island Sound, false corals of, xii, 47;
oysters of, 61;
oyster "drills" of, 72

Longitudinal Rivers, xiv, 153-4

Looking-glass, images in, iv, 335-6

Looming, optical, i, 172, 174, 376

Looms, history and development, v, 268, 277-82, xv, 245-7;
various inventions, v, 376-7, 381, 383

Loons, xii, 250

Loop-the-loop Cars, iv, 74

Loosestrife, xiii, 140-1, 203

Lop-Nor Desert, xiv, 209

Lorentz, light theory, xvi, 137-8;
relativity theory, iv, 18, xvi, 196

Lories, Australian, xii, 266-7

Los Angeles, electric power supply, v, 81, vi, 363;
telephone connection with New York, 367-8

Loudness, of sound, iv, 211;
to what due, xi, 104

Louis XIV, high heels introduced by, x, 306;
observatory founded by, ii, 58;
on Pyrenees Mts., xiv, 239

Louis, Pierre C. A., x, 108

Louisiana cotton, xiii, 237;
salt deposits, viii, 140;
sulphur deposits, 76

Louisiana Purchase, xiv, 192, 193, 311

Louisville, early growth, xiv, 219;
water supply, viii, 318

Loup Fork, xiv, 161

Love, fundamental impulse, xv, 185;
motor character, xi, 58;
sentiment of, 149-50;
unknown to savages, xv, 279, 321

Lowbrows, xv, 43

Lowell, Percival, ii, 233-4, 237, 271;
reference to, xi, 218

Lowell Observatory, ii, 146-7, 148

Low German, xv, 162

Lowlands, xiv, 213

Lows, Low Pressure Areas, i, 135-6, 137, 376;
of Iceland, 361;
movement, 134-5, 237;
physiological effects, 330;
thunderstorms and, 138;
wind and weather attendants, 125, 218, 236, 237
(see also Pressure Areas)

Lubricants, fatty, viii, 247;
graphite, 43, vii, 308, 309;
oil-dag, 300

Luciferin, xii, 20

Lues, curability of, x, 134;
germ of, 195, 199;
immunity to, 207

Lumber, chief source of, xiv, 383;
from heartwood, xiii, 25

Lumen, light unit, iv, 352

Luminous Plants and Animals, i, 346-7, xii, 20, xiii, 203-4, xvi, 144,
146

Lunation, defined, ii, 196

Lundy, Lake, iii, 149

Lung Fish, iii, 283 (fig.), xii, 164-6

Lungs, ix, 254-6;
aeration of blood by, 253, x, 62, 63, 331;
carbon dioxide diffusion by, ix, 263-7;
circulation of blood through, 196 (fig.), 198-200;
congestion of, x, 341;
development in black and white races, xv, 50;
diseases of, susceptibility to, 50, 51;
dust in, ix, 223;
evolution in animal kingdom, xii, 164-5, 169, 187, 248;
external respiration by, x, 339;
functions in maintenance of life, ix, 21-3;
infection through, x, 198, 220;
in pneumonia, 289;
oxygen supply through, ix, 51 (diagram), 253, 258;
poisons exhaled by, 269;
water loss by, i, 317, ix, 274

Lupine, leaves, xiii, 113

Luray Caverns, iii, 127, xiv, 148

"Lusitania," loss of, xi, 332

Luster, of metals, viii, 126;
of minerals, 201

Lycopodium Selago, xiii, 305-6, 322

Lycopods, iii, 253-4, 256

Lye, making of, viii, 276, 278;
in soap-making, 221

Lyell, geological work, xvi, 126, 171

Lymphatics, ix, 222-5;
in circulatory system, 196 (fig.)

Lynx, xii, 364-5

Lyra, elliptic nebulæ in, ii, 360;
movement of sun toward, 18, 122, 137, 305-6

Lyric Poetry, primitive, xv, 319-21

Lysins, x, 211

Maas River, shifts in delta, xiv, 186
(see also Meuse)

Macaques, xii, 378-9

Macaws, xii, 266

McCormick, Cyrus, reaper, v, 244-7, 249, 379

MacCulloch, on rocks, xvi, 170

McDowell, Ephraim, x, 122, 147

Mace, spice, xiii, 261, 262

Mace, symbol of power, xv, 208

McGehee, Arkansas, antimalarial work in, x, 174

Machine Guns, v, 362-8, 380, 382

Machines, advantages of electrical drive, vii, 62;
air-cushioning in, v, 134;
"animated," 326-44;
contract with operators, vii, 121-2;
displacement of men by, v, 17-18;
early, iv, 26;
efficiency (see Efficiency of Machines), elementary, iv, 89-94, v,
20-41;
fascination of, vi, 175;
force and resistance law, iv, 90, 92;
for making machines, v, 42-56;
friction in, iv, 92-4;
history of development, v, 15-19, 376-84;
hydraulic, reliability, 106;
instruction of workers, xi, 363-5;
labor-saving, vii, 73;
mechanical advantage, iv, 89, 98;
parts named from human parts, v, 20;
skilled artisans and, 42, 46;
standardization of parts, 48-50, 53-4;
summary of progress in, 376-84

Machine Tools, development, v, 42-56, 376;
in relation to automobile industry, 55-6, 214, 383

Mackerel Sky, i, 100, 376

Mackerel Year, i, 359

Mackintosh Waterproof Cloth, xiii, 245

Madagascar, chameleons of, xii, 210;
crocodiles of, 199;
former union with Africa, 376;
fossane of, 353;
lemurs of, 374, 375;
laceleaf yam, xiii, 89-90;
orchid, 48;
ratite birds in, xii, 249;
separation from Africa, xiv, 273;
tenrecs of, xii, 367;
tortoises of, 191, 192

Madder Family, xiii, 205-6

Madeira, discovery of, xiv, 309;
oceanic volcano, 289, 316

Madrepores, xii, 39-40

Maeterlinck, on eelgrass, xiii, 150-1

Magazines, printing and binding, v, 305-7

Magdalenian Period, xv, 105, 109;
clay models of, 118-19

Magdeburg Hemispheres, iv, 29

Magellanic Clouds, ii, 355

Magendie, François, x, 126, 127, xvi, 186

Maggiore Lake, iii, 146

Magi, Persian, xvi, 59

Magic, history of, xvi, 44, 59

Magic Lantern, iv, 341-2

Magma, viii, 191

Magnesium, viii, 17, 127, 148-9, 153;
affinity intensity, 128;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
automobile parts made of, 127, 149;
electrolytic production, vii, 320-1;
fusibility, viii, 384;
ignition, 53, 54;
in body, 354;
in body fluids, ix, 174;
in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192, 195, 196;
light of, 60, 172;
plant needs of, 337, 341;
specific gravity, 384;
test for, 287, 289

Magnesium Chloride, in sea water, xiv, 295-6

Magnesium Compounds, viii, 130, 148-9;
deposits of, 138, 195, 196, 275;
in hard water, 40, 318, 322-4;
lightness of, 29

Magnesium Oxide, medicinal uses, viii, 153

Magnetic Axis, of earth, iv, 250

Magnetic Blowout, vii, 37, 39

Magnetic Circuits, vii, 364;
force of, vi, 93

Magnetic Disturbances, accompanying aurora, i, 161;
due to moon, ii, 201;
sun-spots and, 176, 186

Magnetic Equator, iv, 246

Magnetic Fields, iv, 251, vi, 31, vii, 368;
concentration of, vi, 91-2;
distortion, 43-4;
electromotive force created by, 50-3, 54;
electron theory, 128;
generator and motor actions in, 218-19;
of atoms, 117;
of earth, iv, 253, vi, 39, 40;
of electric currents, iv, 274-5, 277, 279 (fig.), vi, 19-20, 88-91;
of sun, ii, 177-9;
spectra of vapors in, 178;
strength or intensity, iv, 252, vii, 368, 370

Magnetic Force, vii, 369

Magnetic Leakage, vii, 371

Magnetic Meridians, iv, 246

Magnetic Needle, iv, 243-4;
dip or inclination of, 245-6;
earth's action on, 248;
electric current effects on, 273-4, 275-6, 278-9

Magnetic Permeability, vii, 372

Magnetic Poles, vii, 374;
force of attraction between, iv, 249

Magnetic Poles (of earth), iv, 246, 248, vi, 29-30;
aurora in relation to, i, 159-60

Magnetic Saturation, vii, 372

Magnetic Screens, vi, 32 (fig.)

Magnetic Storms, vi, 40

Magnetism, iv, 242-55, vi, 27-45;
daily application, xvi, 19, 30;
effects on body, vii, 246, 247;
electricity and, vi, 12, 19-20, 27-8, 86, iv, 256, 276;
electron theory, vii, 371;
energy in, iv, 82;
force of, how measured, 249;
history of, 52-5, vi, 9-26, xvi, 109, 122;
law of attraction and repulsion, vi, 18, 42-3, 286-7;
of direct and alternating currents, 155-6;
lines of force (see Lines of Force);
of earth, iv, 248-50, 252, vi, 29-30, 39-40;
of earth, connection with internal iron, xiv, 11;
of rotating bodies, ii, 178, vi, 21;
residual, vi, 191, vii, 372;
science of power, xvi, 36-7;
term as used, vii, 372;
universal presence, vi, 40
(see also Electromagnetism, Magnetic Fields, Magnets)

Magnetite, iii, 333-4, viii, 156;
ores in Adirondacks, iii, 359;
properties of, iv, 242

Magnetization, iv, 242;
aided by striking, 253;
by electric currents, 286-8, vi, 30, 50;
by induction, iv, 243, 253;
by lightning, i, 152-3;
by loadstone, vi, 29;
internal effects, 36-7;
of iron structures, iv, 253;
molecular effects, 245, 253;
processes of, vi, 44-5;
test, 43

Magneto Generators, vi, 215-16

Magnetomotive Force, vi, 92-3

Magnetos, automobile, vii, 140-41

Magnets, iv, 242-4;
action of, 250-1, vi, 31-2;
aging of, 45, vii, 159;
attraction and repulsion of, iv, 242, 244, 245, 249, vi, 33, 42-3,
(fig.);
demagnetization methods, iv, 253, vii, 366;
effect on compass, vi, 27, 42-3;
electromotive force produced by, iv, 303;
force, how measured, 249-50;
heat and jarring effects, vi, 34-8, 117;
internal constitution, 36-7;
laminated, 34, 35 (fig.);
lines of force, 33
(see also Lines of Force);
lifting force of, iv, 289;
making of, vi, 44-5 (see Magnetization);
natural, iv, 242;
penetrability, 250, vi, 31-2;
permanent and temporary, iv, 243, vi, 30;
poles of, iv, 242, 244-5, 253, 262, vi, 31, 42, 43;
types, 30-1, vii, 372;
uses, commercial and industrial, iv, 255, viii, 270
(see also
Electromagnets)

Magnifying Glass, iv, 343

Magnitude, illusions of, xi, 184-90

Magnitude of Stars, absolute (see Absolute Magnitude);
catalogued by Hipparchus, ii, 31;
classification by, 295-6, 297;
conditions affecting, 322;
determined by photoelectric methods, 328;
different kinds, 296;
different stages, 383, 384;
spectral type in relation to, 309

Magnolias, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;
development, 55;
fertilization, 130-1;
former distribution, xiv, 375;
fossil ancestor, xiii, 318;
index plants, i, 255;
in landscaping, xiii, 271-2

Mahogany, from tropical forests, xiv, 383;
in anacardiaceae family, xiii, 200

Maidenhair Tree, xiii, 315-16;
in landscaping, 271-3

Mail-Order Business, in stormy weather, i, 264

Maine, coast of, iii, 37-8, 57, 235, xiv, 256, 257, 262-3;
coast destruction, 46;
dikes on coast, iii, 110, xiv, 108;
harbors, 268;
moose of, xii, 318

Mains, electric, vii, 373

Maize, history and uses, xiii, 211-13

Major Triad (music), iv, 206-7

Make-and-Break (electricity), iv, 382

Malachite, iii, 334, 360

Malaise, sensation of, ix, 91

Malaria, x, 153-9;
campaign against, 173-4, 299-301;
control of, in tropics, xiv, 356, 357;
former idea of causes, x, 286;
quinine and, xiii, 250-1

Malaspina Glacier, iii, 70

Malay Archipelago, bananas native to, xiii, 216;
continental relationships, xiv, 274;
crocodiles of, xii, 201;
lemurs of, 374, 375;
largest flower in, xiii, 363-4;
parrots of, xii, 266;
rain forests, xiv, 369

Malay Peninsula, beriberi in, x, 257;
coco palm of, xv, 125;
leaf butterfly of, xii, 117;
rhinoceros of, 306;
snakes of, 214, 218;
tapirs of, 306;
tin production, iii, 369

Malays, hair of, xv, 37;
immunity to tuberculosis, 51;
in tropics, xiv, 356;
members of brown race, xv, 37

Malic Acid, viii, 222-3, 336

Malicious Animal Magnetism, xi, 311

Malleable Iron, v, 319

Malleability, viii, 126;
in mineral identification, 202

Mallow Family, xiii, 200

Malmags, xii, 374

Malpighi, Marcello, x, 77, xvi, 107, 112, 116, 126

Malt, viii, 249

Malta Fever, diagnosis of, x, 216

Maltase, viii, 357

Maltose, viii, 227, 241, 243, 244;
in brewing, 249;
formed in digestion, ix, 230

Mammals, xii, 270-384;
Age of, iii, 20;
appearance in Cretaceous, xv, 71;
egg-laying, 272-3, 274;
evolution of, xii, 185, 271-2;
geological history, iii, 20, 297-306;
growth in relation to flowering plants, 257;
in oceanic islands, xiv, 277-8;
order of succession, xii, 338-9;
primitive types, 272-4;
smallest of, 368;
temperature maintenance in, ix, 307-8;
warm-bloodedness of, 305, 306

Mammato-Cumulus Clouds, i, 104, 376

Mammoth Cave, iii, 127, xiv, 148;
fishes of, xii, 163

Mammoth Coal Bed, iii, 201, 347-8

Mammoth Hot Springs, terrace, iii, 192 (Pl. 11);
travertine deposits, 325, xiv, 146

Mammoths, xii, 301 (fig.), 302;
of Ice Age, xv, 76, 79;
prehistoric pictures of, 85, 86;
remains found in Siberia, 16

Man, activities of, ix, 21;
adaptation to environment by, xiv, 344, 363, xv, 25, 26, 28, 31, 36;
adapted to mixed diet, ix, 246, 285;
Age of, iii, 20;
anthropology science of, xv, 10-11, 15, xvi, 36;
antiquity of, ii, 19, iii, 301-2, 303, v, 11, xv, 11-12, 69-87, 95,
163;
apes and, physically compared, xii, 373, xv, 57-62, 94;
brain in, 39-41, 62-3, 96;
broadened interests of, x, 10;
cell development in, ix, 44;
chromosome number in, 46, 339;
dependence on fire, shelter and clothing, 308-9;
descent of, 349, xii, 384, xv, 56;
distribution over earth, xiv, 21, 344, xv, 12;
distribution mostly on plains, xiv, 218-19;
dominant impulses, xv, 185;
educability, 66;
embryological development, 53-5;
environmental control of, xi, 33, 58, xiv, 30-1;
environment conquest by, xv, 25-6;
environment of present, x, 354;
erect posture and walking, xv, 58;
evolution of, iii, 283, 301-6, xv, 25, 26-31, 53-4, 70, 88-102;
evolution, Anaximander on, xvi, 78-9;
face and brain case in, xv, 43;
fear in, origin of, xi, 136;
fire generation confined to, ix, 308, xv, 229-30;
fundamental instincts, xi, 50-6;
grasp of, ix, 67-8;
grouping tendency in, xv, 361-3;
improvement by selection and education, xvi, 157;
impulses conscious, xv, 273;
increase in numbers, 26-7;
infectious diseases peculiar to, x, 206;
instincts and reason in, xv, 65-6, 68;
language evolution, 140, 142-3, 146-63;
language importance, ix, 152-3, xi, 224;
"measure of all things," xvi, 85;
origin of, various accounts and theories, xv, 69-70;
Paracelsus on, x, 48;
physical, xv, 32-52;
physical measurements, comparative, 57;
place in nature, iii, 260, 281, xvi, 126;
primate, xii, 373;
psychological unity, xvi, 42-3;
races of (see Races);
rate of growth in, ix, 32 (diagram);
reasoning power, xi, 237, 243-4, xv, 65, 66, 68;
relation to lower animals, 53-68;
rudimentary structures in, 56;
sense of smell, xi, 77-8;
sex determiners in, ix, 338-9;
skull capacity, xv, 40-1, 89;
skull shapes in, 42-3;
stages in development of, 188-204;
structure compared with apes, 57-62;
struggle for existence in, 25-6, 27;
struggle for perfection in, 28-9;
survival of fittest in, 27;
symmetrical instinct in, 251;
tool-using animal, v, 9, 10-11, ix, 67-8, xv, 205;
tropical animal, ix, 308-9
(see also Primitive Man)

Manatees, jaguars and, xii, 362

Mandan Indians, buffalo dance, xv, 305-6

Mandibles, of insects, xii, 99;
of men and apes compared, xv, 94

Mandrills, xii, 379-80

Mangabeys, xii, 379

Manganese, viii, 154;
affinity strength, 128;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
electrochemical analysis, 295;
fusibility, 384;
ores, 198, 271;
specific gravity, 384;
test for, 287, 289

Manganin, resistance, vi, 77, vii, 364

Mangrove Keys, xii, 42

Mangle, Electric, vii, 82-3

Manhattan Elevated Railway, engines and turbines, v, 152-3

Manholes, construction, vii, 30

Mania, hot baths in treatment of, x, 311;
of adolescence, 236-7

Maniacs, strength of, xi, 264

Manila Hemp, xiii, 236, 239-40

Manila Paper, source, xiii, 240

Manna, "rains" of, i, 355, 357

Mantids, xii, 107-8

Manual Labor, fatigue from, ix, 81;
food requirements in calories, 297

Manufacturing Centers, of future, v, 173

Manufacturing Stage, xv, 187, 203

Manures, as fertilizers, viii, 342-3;
as nitrogen source, xiv, 66;
waste of, viii, 346

Map-Making, aeronautical, i, 45-8

Maple Tree, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;
as forest tree, 86-7;
fruit, winged, 57, 58 (fig.);
in landscaping, 271-2;
petals absent in, 195;
seed dispersal, 343;
source of sugar, viii, 242-3;
in United States, xiii, 368, xiv, 372
(see also Sugar Maple)

Maps, discrepancies in, xiv, 10-11;
tinting of, iv, 130

Marble, iii, 371;
green, 338;
metamorphic rock, 380, xiv, 19;
reaction with acids, viii, 37

March (of weather elements), i, 205, 376-7

Marchetti, Peter, x, 79

Marconi, distress signal system, vii, 284;
wireless messages, 258, 259;
wireless work, xvi, 191

Marconi Transmitting System, vii, 263-5

Mare Tenebrosum, i, 55

Mare's Tail Clouds, i, 99, 377

Margarines, vegetable, x, 261, 267

Marine Animals, conditions necessary, iii, 17;
large, xii, 297-9, 333-5, 347;
mollusks, 57-80;
primitive types, 16-24, 26, 32, 128-9;
worms, 45, 51, 54

Marine Climate, i, 208, 377

Marine Deposits, iii, 52-5

Marine Meteorology, i, 271-83;
founding of, 216

Marine Rivers, xiv, 153

Marine Rocks, xiv, 19;
found above sea level, iii, 82-3, 85, 132, 235;
in mountains, xiv, 231

Mariner's Compass, iv, 253-4, vii, 365;
invention and improvements, vi, 29, 41-2

Mariotte, Edme, xvi, 110, 111;
law of, iv, 140

Markhor, xii, 325

Marmosets, xii, 376

Marmots, xii, 294-5

Marne, Battle of, defence of "Grande Couronne", xiv, 90;
soldiers asleep on retreat, xi, 286-7

Marne River, topographical features, xiv, 89

Marquette, Père, xiv, 192

Marriage, xv, 273-95, 364

Mars, (planet), ii, 227-34;
atmosphere, 228-32, 247;
canals, 235-41, 248;
distance, 235-6;
Kepler's studies, 50;
life on, 228-32, 237-8, 247-8;
"lucid" planet, 264;
motions and orbits, 50, 162, 163;
photographic study, 131, 132;
rotation period, 59, 377;
satellites, 241, 110;
size, 162, 163;
surface study, 238-9;
Tycho Brahe's studies, 49;
weight, 76, 77-8

Marshes, draining of, by trees, xiv, 379;
malaria and, x, 154, 300

Marsh Gas, iii, 345, 354, viii, 51;
as ignis fatuus, i, 347, 348
(see also Methane)

Marshmallow, family, xiii, 200

Marsupials, xii, 274-81;
evolution of, 271

Martens, xii, 350, 351

Martensite, viii, 274

Martha's Vineyard, waves action, iii, 56

Martin, Prof. E. G., author PHYSIOLOGY Vol. ix

Maryland, former volcanoes, xiv, 318;
oyster industry, xii, 61

Maskelyne, astronomer, xvi, 124;
mountain-weighing, ii, 68-9

Mass, defined, iv, 35, xvi, 130;
density and, iv, 110;
measured by beam balance, 102;
momentum in relation to, 62-3;
motion in relation to, 60-1, 63-5, 72, 78;
standard units of, 46, 69, xvi, 130;
weight and, iv, 35, 110, xvi, 130

Massage, ancient Chinese, x, 13;
effect on lymphatics, ix, 223

Massasauga, xii, 235

Mastoiditis, ix, 61-2

Matches, friction and safety, viii, 88;
invention of, xv, 232

Materialism, xi, 13-14;
in mediæval philosophy, x, 35

Materia Medica, Mesue's work on, x, 32;
17th century improvements, xvi, 109

Mathematical Astronomy, ii, 15, 113-14;
culmination of, 15, 71-2;
spectroscopic methods in, 119-24

Mathematical Calculations, development of, xv, 181-4, xvi, 61

Mathematical Machines, v, 326-7

Mathematics, coordinates used in, iv, 16;
Golden Age, ii, 15;
history of development, xvi, 54, 60-3, 68, 71-2, 79-81, 88-90, 92,
94-5, 103-5, 113-14, 118-19, 125;
practice of challenges in, iv, 89

Mather, Cotton, on disease, x, 380;
on inoculation, 101

Mating Instinct, xiii, 116

Mato Tepee, xiv, 129-30

Matter, chemical energy of, viii, 267;
chemistry, science of, 11, iv, 12;
constitution of, 21, 23, vi, 35-6, 78, 108, 109-12, viii, 22-8 (see
also Atomic Theory, Electron Theory, Molecular Theory);
elasticity of, iv, 35-6;
elements of, viii, 11-12, 16-21;
energy and, iv, 12, 13-14;
energies in, xvi, 15;
energy loss, 134;
ether in, iv, 181;
fluxation idea, xvi, 194;
fourth state of, iv, 54-5, xvi, 193;
Greek theories, 77, 83-4, 86, 91, 118;
indestructibility, vi, 128, viii, 110;
inertia of, iv, 20;
kinetic theory of, 30, 131;
monad theory, xvi, 117-18;
primary concept, iv, 15, 16;
sciences of, xvi, 36-7;
states of, iv, 21-3
(see also Physical States)

Matterhorn, formation of, iii, 236

Matriarchy, xv, 295

Maudsley, Henry, inventions, v, 45-6, 99, 376

Mauna Loa, iii, 103-4, 107, xiv, 322-3;
real height and diameter, 101, 225

Maury, Lieut. M. F., i, 216, 271-2, xiv, 288

Maxim Machine Gun, v, 363, 364, 382

Maxwell, Clerk, electromagnetic theory, iv, 54, 55, vi, 25, vii, 371;
on loss of molecular energy, xvi, 134;
on motor-dynamo discovery, iv, 54;
on rings of Saturn, ii, 133, 265-6;
prediction of electromagnetic radiations, xvi, 191

Mayans, number and time systems of, xv, 181, 182 (fig.)

May Bugs, xii, 123

Mayflies, xii, 104

Mazama, xii, 325

Mazda Lamps, vi, 267, 268;
ohms of, 75;
sizes and light, vii, 153

Mazda Nitrogen Lamps, vi, 278

Meadow Pink, xiii, 133-5

Meals, agreeable surroundings, at, ix, 241, x, 319-20;
alcohol at, ix, 244;
bathing after, 313;
eating between, 88;
excitement at, xi, 374-5;
soup value at, ix, 241, x, 320;
water at, ix, 229

Meanders, iii, 380;
in old and new areas, 33, 34, xiv, 162, 165;
intrenched, 165

Measles, Brown's treatment of, x, 89;
consumption and, 292;
eardrum affected by, ix, 103;
epidemic of 15th century, x, 59-60;
first description of, 32;
germ of, 200;
Indian susceptibility to, xv, 48, 51

Measurements, British and metric systems, iv, 45-6, 69-70, viii, 27-8;
chemical apparatus, 294, 295 (fig.);
in different fields, vii, 151-2;
sciences and standards of, xvi, 129-31

Meat, body heat production by, ix, 309, x, 271, 273;
calories in, 269;
calory loss in preparing, ix, 299;
composition, viii, 362;
cooking effects, 368;
digestion of, x, 326;
eating of, effects, ix, 384-6, x, 279;
eating of, in relation to bile, ix, 275;
food constituents in, 300;
gristle of, 13;
proteins in, 34, 35, 280;
salted, tinned and dried, x, 263;
salts and extracts of, viii, 366;
structure of lean and coarse, ix, 75;
vitamines in, x, 260, 261, 262, 266

Mechanical Advantage, iv, 89, 92, 93

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, iv, 49-50, 140, 142, 189-90, v, 350-1,
viii, 186-7, xvi, 131-3

Mechanical Progress, summary, v, 376-84

MECHANICS, Volume v

Mechanics, "artisan" of physics, iv, 50;
daily applications, xvi, 16-17, 19-20, 30;
defined, iv, 25;
history, xvi, 67-8, 72, 89, 91

Medical Education, requirements of, x, 367-8, 369;
Rockefeller Foundation and, 172

Medical Humanists, x, 45

Medical Meteorology, i, 316-31

MEDICINE, Volume x

Medicine, history of, x, 9-192, xvi, 59, 63, 70-1, 82-3, 95-6, 98,
106-9, 112, 126-7, 178-87;
Paracelsus on science of, x, 49;
science of, remarks on, 368, xvi, 15, 37

Medicine Men, xv, 349-53, 354, 359, 365-6

Medicines, electrical application of, vii, 247-8;
quack, 240-1;
plants used as, xiii, 249-55;
specific, x, 49-50

Mediterranean Lands, climate of, xiv, 348-9, 358-9;
source of cultivated plants, 381-2

Mediterranean Racial Group, xvi, 49

Mediterranean Sea, ancient civilization around, xiv, 290, 306-7, 358,
359;
concordant coasts, 249;
darkness at depths, 298;
geology of, 290-1;
petrels of, xii, 252;
"pilgrim shell" of, 65;
salt in, viii, 139, xiv, 296, 297;
sponges of, xii, 32;
temperature of waters, xiv, 299

Mediterranean Volcanic Belt, xiv, 316-17

Medium, technical meaning, iv, 382

Medulla, xi, 28, 29, 76

Medusae (jellyfish), xii, 36

Megabar, iv, 123

Megaphones, iv, 239-40

Megatheres, xii, 283

Melampus, xii, 68-9

Melancholia, of adolescence, x, 236-7

Melancholic Temperament, xi, 153, 205

Melanesia, xiv, 277

Melanesians, beards of, xv, 38;
hair of, 38

Melting Point, iv, 153;
chemical composition and, viii, 298-301;
of various substances, iv, 161-2;
pressure and, 153, 162, 163-6

Membranes, fluid equalization through, ix, 194, xiii, 90-1;
vibrations of, iv, 101

Memory, xi, 208-17, ix;
association of ideas in, 149-51;
delayed nervous disturbances in, 141-2;
of emotions, 154;
hypnosis and, xi, 317-18;
reason and, 243-4;
right use, 378;
seat of, in cerebrum, ix, 145, 146-7

Memory Colors, xi, 89, 220-1