Chapter II: Part 2

As a means of reference in the study of ancient American pottery, I consider the collection invaluable, as it can scarcely be possible that the forms and decorations contain nothing that has been handed down from a former age. Although the figures used have no symbolic characters connected with them in the mind of the modern artist, yet it is more than probable that at least some of them did have such a meaning to the ancient artists. For example, the little tadpole-shaped figure on the clay baskets used in their dances and sacred ceremonies by the Zunians is understood by them to represent a little water articulate, which, as heretofore stated, is probably the larva of some insect or crustacean, very common in the pools and sluggish streams of the country inhabited by these Indians. Now, it is possible that this figure has been used with the same meaning from time immemorial, but I find, as pointed out to me by Prof. Cyrus Thomas, that almost exactly the same figure is on a vessel pictured on Plate VII of the manuscript Troano, where a religious ceremony of some kind is evidently represented. The same figure is also found in Landa's character for the Maya day _Cib_, a word signifying copal, a gum or resin formerly used in religious ceremonies as incense. I find also on Plate XXXV of the same manuscript the figures of bowls or pots with legs similar to those of the Zuni. I do not point out these resemblances as proof of any relation between the two races, but as mere illustrations of what possibly may be learned by a careful study of the forms and decorations of this pottery. It may also be well to add here another fact to which Professor Thomas calls my attention, viz., the similarity between the manner of wearing the hair by the Shinumo women, _i.e._, in knots at the side, as represented by the female images, and that of the ancient Maya women, as shown in numerous figures on the manuscript Troano. Any one familiar with General Cesnola's collection from Cyprus cannot fail to be reminded of it when he examines this collection of Indian pottery; especially the colors used and the general character of the specimens; but an inspection of the two collections is necessary in order to have this general resemblance brought to mind, as it does not appear so distinctly on a comparison of the published figures only. The figures on Plate XLIV of his "Cyprus" bear quite a striking resemblance to those on some specimens of Cochiti ware. The quadruple cup, Fig. 25, page 406, is almost exactly like the Zuni quadruple cups, and was probably used for the same purpose. The same type of multiple cups is also shown in Plate IX of the same work. The two tea-pot-like vessels represented on Plate VIII, as well as the two bird-shaped pieces on the same plate, are much, like the similar vessels of Cochiti pottery, several of which are figured in this catalogue.

The resemblance of this Indian ware, in the form of the vessels, to that found in the ancient mounds of this country is so marked that it is scarcely necessary to remind the reader of the fact, but it may be well to call attention to the much, larger proportion of water vessels among the Indian pottery than is seen in collections from the mounds. This, however, may perhaps be accounted for by the scarcity of water in the western region.

The custom of the Zuni artists of making a diamond or triangle over the region of the heart of the elk and deer figures with a line running to the mouth, although somewhat singular, is quite consistent with the Indian practice of symbolic writing. I was informed by the Zuni Indians that it was intended to denote that "the mouth speaks from the heart." A similar mark occurs in the decoration of the vase figured in Cesnola's "Cyprus," page 268.

Contemporaneous and somewhat closely related tribes may use widely different figures in the decoration of their ware, and hence it is unsafe, in studying ancient specimens, to draw hasty conclusions from slight differences in this respect; and I think I may also safely add that a comparatively short period of time, a century or so at most, may suffice to bring about a great change in the same tribe in the form and manner of decorating their pottery. It also shows us that the ware of a given tribe, which does not bear the impress of civilized influence, can, by a careful study, be distinguished in nearly all cases from that of any other tribe. I feel so confident of the truth of this statement, that I would not hesitate to undertake to pick out all pieces of Zuni ornamented ware from a collection of thousands of specimens of modern Pueblo Indian pottery if indiscriminately mixed together.

The Shinumo pottery in general appearance and form bears a strong resemblance to that of Zuni; in fact it is almost impossible to separate the ornamented bowls and water vases of the two if mingled together. There are certain figures found in the one which never occur in the other, but there are a number of designs, especially of those most generally seen, that are quite common to the pottery of both tribes.

The different varieties of ware, the red or brown without decorations, the white with decorations, and the black are in general use with the tribe, and specimens of each are contained in the collection. But few specimens of the purely micaceous ware are found, either in Zuni or Wolpi.

The preponderance of the large round water jugs in the Shinumo collection over that of Zuni is noticeable. This form of vessel seems to be more in use by tribes whose villages are quite remote from water or which are situated on high mesas difficult of access. The kinds of vessels, however, which are common with the Zunians are also common with the Shinumos, and those intended for the same use are generally of the same shape or similar in form. But, as with the decorations, there are also vessels so markedly distinct and variant from those we find at Zuni as to show very readily at least tribal distinctions between the ceramic artists and manufacturers.

The proximity of Laguna to Acoma led us to anticipate what we afterward found, viz., a great similarity in the forms of their vessels, and also in their manner of ornamentation. The principal differences consist in the more profuse use of the forms of birds and flowers, the first evidently representing prairie grouse and the last some form of sunflower. There is an absence of the geometrical forms, of lines and angles commonly observed on the works of more distant pueblos.

Quite a number of animal representations, made hollow for use as drinking vessels, were obtained, displaying grotesquely imitative forms of deer, elk, sheep, big-horn, antelope, and other animals with which they are familiar. All of these objects have more color laid on them than is to be found on the pottery of their neighbors of Acoma, the birds and animals being painted in a light rufous fawn color not in use elsewhere, and the only instance of the employment of green is on a tinaja of this pueblo used in coloring some foliage.

VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.

This class of ware comprises a very diversified group of objects; indeed, so great is the variety that I will not attempt a general description of them. Specific reference will be made to the objects as they occur in their places in the catalogue.

The objects of basketry or wicker-work are quite varied in form, construction, and decoration. Those made by the Zuni Indians are so rude and coarse as not to entitle them to any merit. The larger baskets made by this tribe are used for carrying corn, melons, peppers, &c. The smaller are used for holding beans, shelled corn, and other coarse small materials.

The basketry of the Shinumos is of a finer and more finished quality. Among these are many jug or canteen shaped baskets, from which, no doubt, many of the forms of their pottery water vessels have been copied. These are sometimes globular, with large round bodies and small necks. They are generally very closely woven and are then coated over with a resin or gum which renders them capable of holding water. Like some of their water jugs, in pottery, they have small horsehair ears or loops attached to the sides through which strings are passed for carrying them either over the head or shoulder. This class of water jug basketry all show evidences of age, and it is possible that they were manufactured by the Apaches or other tribes skilled in the art. The flat kinds are designed to hold fine grain and meal, and are also frequently used for winnowing. This is done by placing a small quantity of grain in the basket, and by a skillful motion throwing the grain up into the wind and again catching it as it comes down. This motion is kept up until the wind has separated the chaff from, the grain. Many of the flat baskets are decorated in colors, as will be seen by the accompanying illustrations.

It is quite probable that most of the finer ware of this class is manufactured by the Apache Indians, who are celebrated for this work, and finds its way among the Pueblos through the medium of barter.

The basketry of the Zunians is usually made of small round willows and the stem of the yucca, the leaves of which attain a long slender growth in that region. It is quite certain that the basketry used for holding water is not manufactured by the Zunians, and probably not by the Shinumos, though many are found with them.

As previously stated, the basketry manufactured by the Shinumo Indians is of a more finished class and of a greater variety than that made and used by any of the other Pueblos, as will be seen by reference to the accompanying illustrations. Among the examples of this ware, obtained at Wolpi, is a large number of the flat or saucer-shaped kind; these vary both in size and character of construction as well as decoration. The manner of making one form of this class is quite interesting as well as curious. A rope-like withe of the fiber of the yucca, made quite fine, is wrapped with flat strips of the same plant. In forming the basket with this rope the workman commences at the center, or bottom, and coils the rope round, attaching it by a method of weaving, until, by successive layers of the rope, it attains the desired dimensions. These are quite highly and prettily ornamented in black, white, and yellow, and are compact and strong. Another variety of baskets of similar shape and size, and also fancifully ornamented, was obtained from the same Indians. These are made from small round willows. They exhibit less skill in construction, but are handsomely ornamented. Another kind was also obtained from the Shinumos, which, however, are attributed to the Apaches and probably found their way into the Moki villages through trade. These are large bowl-shaped baskets, almost watertight, but generally used as flour and meal baskets. They are also ornamented black and yellow, produced by weaving the material of different colors together while making the basket.

There are many other forms and varieties, which will be referred to at the proper time, as they occur in the catalogue.

The Pueblos employ a variety of plants and herbs for medicinal and dyeing purposes, some of which were collected. Their botanical names were not determined, but they are indigenous to the regions inhabited by the Indians using them.

Ornaments and musical instruments employed in dances and religious ceremonies do not differ much among the Pueblo Indians; the principal ones being the drum, rattle, notched sticks, a kind of fife, and a turtle-shell rattle. The latter instrument is the shell of a turtle, around the edges of which the toes of goats and calves are attached; this produces a very peculiar rattling sound. The shell is usually attached to the leg near the knee.

COLLECTIONS FROM ZUNI.

ARTICLES OF STONE.

_AXES, HAMMERS, AND MAULS._

1. (40139). Flat rubbing or grinding stone of silicified wood.

2. (40551). Stone axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, with groove near the larger
end.

3. (40552). Imperfectly-made stone axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, grooved at
each edge; basalt.

4. (40553). Large axe, with groove around the middle; sandstone.

5. (40554). Axe, grooved at the middle, square and flat on top; basalt.

6. (40555). Small centrally-grooved axe; schistose rock.

7. (40556). Axe, grooved in the middle.

8. (40557). Axe, grooved near the blunt end, which is shaped similarly
to the edge.

9. (40558). Axe, grooved near the end.

10. (40559). Small hatchet, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, of basalt doubly
grooved, edge beveled from both sides, hammer end about one and a half
inches in diameter.

11. (40560). Grooved axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, of fine black basalt,
well polished; groove well worn. The face or side is intended to be
near the holder when in use. Fig. 352. This specimen was found in
Arizona, near Camp Apache, and was presented by Mrs. George P. Buell.
It is one of the largest in the collection with such perfect finish.

12. (40561). Grooved in the center; of porous basalt.

13. (40562). Hammer grooved in the center, rounded off at each end.

14. (40563). Small hatchet-shaped instrument, square at the back, and
rounded at the front edge.

15. (40563a). Rudely-made axe, grooved near the blunt end.

16. (40564). Small axe, with a groove round the body quite near the
blunt end; basalt.

17. (40565). Axe, three and a half inches long.

18. (40566). Quite small, probably a hatchet, of firm basalt, grooved
near the hammer end.

19. (40567). Much larger than the last, basaltic; groove quite deep and
smooth, hammer end circular, large, and blunt.

20. (40568). Grooved axe of quartzitic rock.

21. (40569). Pick-shaped axe, grooved entirely around, with imperfect
depressions which were in the water-worn boulder from which it was
made; about six inches in length.

22. (40570). Boulder of sandstone with groove near the middle.

23. (40571). Flat basaltic boulder, grooved near the center, straight on
the back, and tapering above and below the groove.

24. (40572). Small basaltic hammer and axe with groove near the large
end.

25. (40573). Small grooved axe composed of hard sandstone; hammer end
large, edge quite perfect.

26. (40574). Small boulder of basalt, ground to an edge at one end and
rounded off at the other; doubly grooved.

27. (40575). Large basaltic stone considerably chipped off from pounding
hard substances, grooved near the center, both ends quite blunt;
probably used as a pounding stone.

28. (40576). Flat basaltic boulder, used as a pounder.

29. (40577). Basaltic hatchet grooved in the middle; quite rough.

30. (40578). Grooved axe of a very heavy, solid character, apparently
designed more for mauling than cutting.

31. (40579). Large, heavy basaltic hammer and axe with groove around the
body near the hammer end; about seven inches long.

32. (40580). Axe, grooved in the middle, upper or hammer end unusually
long in proportion to the size.

33. (40581). Flat axe made from a water-worn boulder, oval in outline,
both edges designed for cutting or splitting. Deep groove encircling
the body, with protrusions above and below it to prevent the handle
from slipping out; greenstone.

34. (40582). Hard, fine-grained sandstone axe wedge-shaped, without a
groove.

35. (40583). Grooved axe with round body.

36. (40584). Fig. 349. Axe with a broad, shallow groove near the upper
end, which is much narrower and smaller than the lower; of mottled
volcanic rock, white, green, and black.

37. (40585). Axe grooved in the middle, irregular in shape, and much
chipped off at the lower edge and rounded off at the top.

38. (40806). Made from a very fine, hard metamorphic rock, small enough
to be classed as a hatchet; crescent-shaped at the top.

39. (40703). Fig. 348. A very dark brown axe, speckled with reddish
spots. This axe bears a much finer polish than most of those in the
collection.

40. (40704). Axe, grooved near the upper end, which is cone-shaped.

41. (40705). An almost square axe of basaltic rock, grooved on the
sides, flat on top.

42. (40706). Axe of quartzitic rock, flat and thin; grooved.

43. (40900). Long, narrow axe, grooved near the upper end.

44. (40901). Axe, made from a water-worn boulder, almost to its present
shape.

45. (40902). Small, round axe of basalt, having a shallow groove near
the larger end.

46. (40903). Grooved basaltic axe.

47. (40904). Maul, with rough surface, one side flat, the other convex,
with a groove.

48. (40258). Double-grooved axe of porphyry, well polished and quite
perfect.

49. (41260). Grooved axe of compact sandstone; wedge-shaped.

50. (42204). Stone maul of basalt, with groove; very rough.

51. (42205). Grooved axe of basalt. Fig. 351. This specimen was obtained
at Fort Wingate, in New Mexico, but was probably found in or around
some of the ruins.

52. (42229). This is one of the finest specimens in the collection, and,
as shown by the cut, Fig. 347, has the handle attached, ready for use.
This is formed of a willow withe bent round the axe and doubled,
extending out far enough to form a handle and wrapped with a buckskin
string; of compact basalt.

53. (42230). Shallow-grooved axe of basalt.

54. (42231). Axe, with a shallow groove near the larger end.

55. (42232). Axe of basalt, grooved on the sides.

56. (42233). Grooved axe, in size and shape the same as (42226).

57. (42234). Grooved axe of a peculiar black mottled rock, with white,
marble-like streaks through it; groove surrounding it in the center.

58. (42235). Irregularly-shaped axe with a wide and deep groove
surrounding it, curiously mottled with reddish and green streaks.
Specimens of this kind are quite rare.

59. (42236). Grooved axe; sides well polished and exhibiting peculiar
reddish spots.

60. (42237). Small grooved axe of metamorphic rock.

61. (42238). Grooved axe.

62. (42239). Small grooved axe of schistose rock, much flaked off at
each end.

63. (42240). Axe, grooved on three sides; similar in size and shape to
(42223).

64. (42241). Grooved axe with flattened top.

65. (42242). Same as the preceding.

66. (42242). Grooved axe with two edges.

67. (42244). Celt-shaped axe of basalt; it appears to have been used as
a rubbing stone.

68. (39869). Zuni maul with circular groove around the centre, used
generally for grinding or pounding soft foods, such as red-pepper
pods; of porous lava.

69. (39903). Double-edged axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, with groove around
the middle; volcanic rock, from Zuni. See Fig. 350.

70. (42349). Rounded end of a sandstone metate grinder converted into a
flat hammer by grooving it at the opposite edges.

71. (41291). Pounder of sandstone. It was originally a common axe. Thumb
and finger depression on the sides.

72. (40871). Lava Chili pounder with cap-shaped ends; grooved.

73. (40906). Lava rock pounder; small.

_METATES, OR GRAIN-GRINDERS, AND PESTLES._

74. (40870). Square red sandstone metate.

75. (42280). Flat sandstone grinding slab.

76-82. The following numbers represent the rubbers accompanying the
metates. The Indian name is _y[ae]'-l[)i]n-ne_: 76, (40909); 77,
(40910); 78, (40911); 79, (40912); 80, (40913); 81, (40914); 82,
(41259); sandstone rubber.

_MORTARS, PESTLES, ETC._

These are found in use at all the pueblos, but are more common in Zuni and the Moki villages than elsewhere, as these Indians use mineral pigments more extensively and in greater variety than any of the others.

The pestles and mortars obtained from these tribes are all too small to be used for any other purpose than grinding pigments. Many of them appear to be quite old, and were probably handed down from distant ancestors, or obtained from the ruins. Some of them are evidently of modern manufacture.

83. (40707). Mortar; a round, flat, quartzitic boulder with round cavity
on one side about one inch in diameter and half an inch deep, and a
square depression on the other about an inch deep and two inches in
width; indigo still clinging to the surface of the depression.

84. (40708). Mortar of quartzite, the body nearly square and flat;
depression round and about four inches in diameter, quite shallow.

85. (40709). Mortar of coarse-grained sandstone, almost perfectly round,
the cavity quite deep, and lined with red ochre or vermilion.

86. (40710). Mortar of a flat sandstone with irregular rim about four
inches in diameter.

87. (40711). Paint mortar of a small round quartz boulder.

88. (40712). Mortar of fine-grained sandstone about six inches long by
three wide; sides square. This mortar was in use by the Zunians for
the purpose of grinding a pigment of yellowish impure clay, colored by
the oxide of iron, with which they decorate their pottery, and which
produces the brown and reddish-brown colors.

89. (40713). Small mortar of sandstone.

90. (40714). Mortar made from a flat water-worn quartz boulder with a
circular depression about half an inch deep. The bottom of this mortar
shows evidence of its having been used as a grinding stone previous to
being converted into a mortar, or it may have been used for both
purposes, as both the paint cavity and the rubbing side show recent
use.

91. (40715). Paint mortar of basalt, used for grinding the yellow
pigment for ornamenting pottery; about four inches in diameter, cavity
about one inch deep, bottom ground flat.

92. (40716). Flat paint mortar, of quartz rock, almost round, about an
inch thick, depression quite shallow; used for grinding a pigment of
azurite or carbonate of copper, small nodules of which they collect
at copper mines. This pigment is used in painting and decorating
wooden images and gods.

93. (40717). Mortar similar to the above, and used for the same purpose.

94. (40718). Paint mortar made from a large irregularly round
ferruginous sandstone. Used in pulverizing a reddish pigment for
decorating pottery.

95. (40719). Mortar of a globular shape, made from a coarse-grained
sandstone, used for grinding or mixing vermilion.

96. (40720). Paint mortar of sandstone. The whole mortar is only about
an inch thick; made from a section of an old metate rubber.

97. (40722). Paint mortar of quartzite; blue pigment grinder. Size about
four by three inches. This, like many of the flat mortars, has been
first used as a rubbing stone and subsequently converted into a paint
mortar.

98. (40723). Mortar made from a quartz boulder.

99. (40724). Sandstone mortar.

100. (40725). Paint mortar of sandstone, very flat.

101. (40726). Paint mortar, with oblong shallow depression; sandstone.

102. (40728). Square paint mortar; cavity about half an inch deep;
sandstone impregnated with iron. Quartzitic pestle accompanying it.

103. (40729). Paint mortar of quartzite; almost square; depression
almost worn through by use; quartz pebble pestle accompanying it.

104. (40730). Small round paint mortar of basalt, with white quartz
pebble pestle.

105. (40731). Fig. 353. Paint mortar and pestle of quartz, with a knob
on the end, which serves as a handle. This mortar was used in grinding
an azurite pigment.

106. (40732). Mortar shaped somewhat like a ladle; the projecting end is
provided with a small groove out of which the paint is poured.

107. (40733). Small sandstone mortar.

108. (40864). Paint mortar of sandstone.

109. (40868). Paint mortar of basalt, almost square.

110. (40869). Flat, square sandstone paint mortar; black water-worn
pebble for pestle.

111. (40907). Chili or red pepper mortar of very porous lava rock; oval
bottom, shallow cavity, about four inches thick and eight in diameter.
These lava mortars may have been used for other purposes, but at the
present time the Indians use them in crushing the pods and seeds of
red pepper, and occasionally for crushing parched corn. They are quite
common.

112. (40908). Food mortar of lava rock; square with flat bottom.
Mortars of this kind are used in crushing grain and seeds.

113. (42272). Fig. 358. Paint mortar of very hard, fine-grained
sandstone. The specimen is a very fair type of all the square paint
mortars and pestles. The depression is often square instead of round.
In grinding pigments the Indians generally move the pestle backward
and forward instead of around as is done by our druggists.

114. (41273). Small sandstone paint mortar, much like the preceding.

115. (40227). Small egg-shaped paint pestle of white quartz. The general
name of these in Zuni is _[ae]h-sh[)o]c-t[-o]n-ne_.

116. (42276). Flat sandstone, circular and about five inches in
diameter; used as a quoit; originally a rubbing stone.

_MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS._

117. (39755). Eight specimens not very well defined. They are flint
flakes, showing, by their shape, that they were designed for scrapers
and groovers, being flat or slightly concave on one side and oval on
the other.

118. (41289). Fig. 356. This is a sandstone mould for shaping metal
into such forms as suit the fancy of the Indians for bridle and other
ornaments; one cavity is rectangular, about four inches long by one in
width; the other about two inches in diameter. Silver, which has long
been a metal of traffic among these tribes, is the one which is
usually melted down for ornamental purposes. After it is taken from
the mould it is beaten thin, then polished.

119. (41290). Is a portion of the same mould, with one cavity square and
the other in the shape of a spear-head.

120, 121. (42266), Fig. 354, and (42267), are crucibles, which were used
in connection with the moulds for melting silver and other metals.
Many other ornaments are made in the same manner.

122. (40808). Fig. 357. This is a large, rudely chipped spear-head
of mica schist, obtained at Zuni, which was carried in the hand
of one of the performers in a dance. It does not show any
evidences of having been used in any other way. They called it
_[ae]h'-chi-[ae]n-t[-e]h-[ae]-hla_.

123. (42245). Fig. 355. Handsomely-shaped and well-polished skinning
knife of a remarkably fine-grained silicious slate. Above the
shoulders on one side it is worn off to an oval surface, and is flat
on the other.

124. (40915). Round sandstone, which is called a gaming stone; it is
quite round, and bears the same name in Zuni as the pestle,
_[-a]h-k[ae]-mon-ne_.

125. (40916). Quartz stone, flat and rounded at the ends as a sort of
last to keep moccasins in shape while being sewed; called
_y[ae]'-l[)i]n-ne_.

126. (41239). String of alabaster beads, _tem-thla_.

127. (41240). Charm, representing the upper part of the body and head of
a bird.

128. (41241). Charm; representing a horse; quartz.

129. (41242). Charm; bird's head and upper part of body.

130. (41243). Charm; horse and saddle.

131. (41244). Charm; representing entire bird; quartz.

132. (41245). Charm; head and upper part of body of a bird.

133. (41246). Charm; the same.

134. (41247). Agate arrow-head.

135. (40870). Disk of sandstone, slightly convex in the centre; used in
games.

136. (42325). Flat sandstone slab, with the horns of male and female
deer engraved on one side.

137, 138. (40721) and (41249). Flat sandstones, used for baking _wi-a-vi_, a thin, wafer-like bread, by heating the rocks and then spreading a gruel-like mixture of corn meal over them. The largest one of these stones is about three feet in length by two in width. They are used by the Zuni and Moki pueblos quite extensively.

139. (42324). Eighty chip flints and flakes of agate, quartz,
chalcedony, &c.

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

_WATER VASES._

140. (39871). Form and decorations shown in Fig. 359. The slender
shading lines only are brown, the rest of the figuring black; the base
in this as in most Zuni pottery is reddish or slate colored. This may
be considered as the type of one variety of decorations, readily
distinguished by the unadorned circular spaces, the large scrolls, and
the absence of animal forms. The larger forms of these vases are
called by the Zunians _k[-a]h'-wi-n[-a]-k[ae]-t[-e]hl-le_; the smaller
forms, _det-tsan-na_.

141. (39916). The ornamentation is well shown in Fig. 360. The
combinations on this piece are rare on Zuni pottery, and the chief
figure on the body is more symmetrical than is usual in this group of
ware. This may also be considered as representing a second type of
decorations of which there is but one other example in the collection.

142. (39920). This belongs to the variety represented by Fig. 360, and
varies chiefly in having the neck decorated with leaf-like figures,
and in having the scrolls replaced by triangles with inner serratures.

143. (39934). The largest size; Fig. 361. The decorations of this piece
belong to a third variety, distinguished chiefly by the presence of
the elk or deer. Attention is called to the three figured zones or
belts on the body, the upper with the arch inclosing an elk; the
middle and narrow belt adorned with figures of birds with a long crest
feather. The helix or scroll is freely introduced in this variety. The
one here figured is typical of quite a large group. The animals are
usually black, as are the lines separating the spaces.

144. (41150). This is similar in size and decorations to Fig. 361, and
is shown in Fig. 362. The difference in the form of the bird in this
from that in the preceding is worthy of notice.

145. (39933). Similar to No. 143 (Fig. 361); bird scrolls as in No. 144.

146. (40322). Medium size, represented in Fig. 364. It may be grouped in
the variety of which Fig. 359 is given as the type.

147. (39936). Large size; decorations resembling those in Fig. 364, but
with two belts of scrolls on the body.

148. (41154). Medium size; figures as in No. 147.

149. (41155). 150. (41162). Medium size; decorations similar to the
preceding, except that No. 150 (41162) has figures of sheep on the
neck.

151. (41158). Large size; the ornamentation of this piece, as will be
seen by reference to Fig. 363, belongs to the variety represented by
Fig. 359 and 364, but differs in having on the body a middle zone of
bird-like figures.

152. (41161). Large size; similar to Fig. 363.

153. (39943). Decorations very similar to those shown in Fig. 359.

154. (39937). Medium size; ornamentation similar to that seen in Fig.
361.

155. (40312). Large size; shown in Fig. 365. As will be seen by
comparison the decorations are the same as those in Fig. 361, except
that the elk is omitted and a figure of scrolls introduced in its
place.

156. (40310). Fig. 366. Large size. In the decorations of this piece we
observe a new feature, a rosette or flower, showing a decided
appreciation of the beautiful, either suggested by the flowers of the
Helianthus or by something introduced by Europeans, but most probably
the former. The different forms of this figure found on this ware
furnish, perhaps the best evidence of taste exhibited by the Zunian
artists.

157. (40313). Fig. 368. Large size. In this we see the same figures as
in Figs. 363 and 366 brought into combination with the rosette, the
birds being replaced by sheep.

158. (40318). Large size; similar to No. 149, except that the rosette is
introduced in place of the circle.

159. (40314). } 160. (40316). } Decorations belong to the variety shown in Fig. 361.

161. (40317). Fig. 367. A little study of these figures will satisfy any
one that although there is an apparently endless variety in details,
there are, in fact, but comparatively few different figures.

162. (41146). Fig. 370. This belongs to the same variety as Fig. 368.

163. (40315). Large size, similar to that represented in Fig. 370, but
varying in form, having the expansion at the shoulder more prominent
and tapering more rapidly from thence to the base. The figures remind
us of the trappings often seen in Japanese cuts.

164. (40319). Medium size; decorations similar to those in Fig. 361,
except that here the elk or deer stands on a broad black band in which
there is a row of white diamonds.

165. (40321). Medium size; of the variety represented in Fig. 361, but
in these smaller pieces the bird zone is omitted, and there is but one
figured zone on the body. In this example a small elk is represented
as standing on the back of a larger one.

166. (40700). Medium size, belonging to the same type as the preceding.
On the neck are figures of grotesque kite-shaped birds.

167. (40701). Medium size; Fig. 369. This and the preceding one are not
designated as vases in the original Smithsonian Catalogue, nor in my
field list, but according to the form should be classed in this group.

168. (41165). Medium size; decorations similar to those of Fig. 367, but
varying in having the figure of a bird introduced in the middle belt
with a small double scroll arising out of the back. The lower belt has
the same bird reversed.

169. (39935). Medium size. The unusual decorations of this piece are
shown in Fig. 371. It differs, as does also Fig. 369, from the usual
form; the body is more nearly spherical, the neck more gracefully
curved, and the rim slightly flaring. The proportions are also
different; height, 8.75 inches; diameter of body, 10; of mouth, 6.5.

170. (41144). }
171. (41147). }
Decorations similar to those in Fig. 364; (41144) varies in having the
figures of elk or deer on the neck and in the coarser or ruder
scrolls.

172. (41149). This somewhat abnormal form is well shown in Fig. 372. It
is of medium size.

173. (41152). This belongs to the same type, both as to form and
decorations.

174. (41153). Large size; of the usual form, but the decorations on the
body peculiar, the design being crudely architectural.

175. (41156). Medium size, belonging to the type represented by Fig.
361.

176. (41163). Medium size. This pretty vase has a somewhat peculiar
decoration, which can be best described as a kind of patch-work
representing small fragments of pottery.

177. (41166). Medium size, with the usual elk and scroll figures.

178. (41167). This specimen, which is rather above medium size, presents
one of the most chaste designs in the entire group. It is represented
in Fig. 374. Attention is called especially to the leaves and to the
simple meander in the stripes.

179. (41168). Marked with the usual elk and scroll figures. Medium size.

180. (39774). The decorations of this piece, shown in Fig. 373, may be
classed with the peculiar type with oblique and vertical bands
represented in Fig. 374.

181. (39917). Figures similar to those in Fig. 363.

182. (40768). The decorations on this piece consist entirely of
representations of pyramids or possibly of pueblos, and are arranged
in bands, one on the neck and two on the body; the two upper bands
show the figures inverted.

183. (40770). }
184. (40771). }
No. 183 is decorated with scrolls and bird scrolls and a scalloped
line around the shoulder; No. 184 with elks and scrolls on the body.

185-188. 185, (40800). Fig. 378. The grotesque or kite-like bird seen on
the neck, though rarely seen on the large water vase, is common on the
small ones. To this type belong the following Nos. 186, (40769); 187,
(40772); 188, (40791).

189. (40773). }
190. (40776). }
These have the usual triangular and scroll designs without animal
figures, as in Fig. 364.

191. (40777). Fig. 377. The decorations on this evidently belong to the
same type as those represented in Fig. 359, the bird on the neck being
the only variation. To this type also belong the following numbers:
192, (40778); 193, (40792); 194, (40794).

195. (40779). } 196. (40781). } 197. (40788). } 198. (40787). } 199. (40788). } 200. (40801). } These belong to the type represented by Fig. 361, distinguished chiefly by the elk, triangular figures, and scrolls.

201. (40780). }
202. (40784). }
203. (40786). }
204. (40790). }
The decorations on these are similar to those shown in Figs. 366, 367,
368, and 370, in which the rosette is a distinguishing characteristic.
Nos. 201, 202, and 203 are without figures of animals; No. 204 has a
double belt of elk figures between the rosettes.

205. (40782). The designs on this remain unfinished; except that the
triangles on the neck and the arches in which it was evidently the
intention to place the figures of animals, are shown.

206. (40785). Fig. 375. This pretty vase, as will be seen by reference
to the figure, has the diameter greater in proportion to the height
than usual. Although the design is tasteful the hues are coarse and
not so well drawn as the figure indicates.

207. (40789). On this there is an evident attempt to represent a pueblo
or communal dwelling and the ladders.

208. (40793). Shown in Fig. 376.

209. (40795). Neck and lower belt of the body marked with vertical lines
and oblique diamonds; upper belt with inverted pyramidal figures.

210. (40849). Very small; marked with oblique scalloped lines.

211. (40850). Very small; elk and grotesque bird on the body.

212. (40851). Very small; decorations similar to those on the middle
belt of Fig. 373.

213. (41105). Similar to that shown in Fig. 361.

214. (40774). Marked with transverse lines and scrolls; design simple
and unique.

The following specimens are red ware:

215. (40311). Large size; without ornamentation.

216. (40775). Small; form peculiar, diameter of the body greatest at the
base, mouth flaring; decorations in black, consisting of triangles
pointing downwards, and lines.

217. (40798). Medium size. See Fig. 381.

218. (40799). } 219. (40802). } Small; without ornamentation.

220. (41145). Large. See Fig. 383.

221. (41052). Medium size. See Fig. 384.

222. (41151). } 223. (41157). } 224. (41159). } Medium size; without ornamentation.

225. (41160). Medium size; with a scalloped band in black around the rim
and shoulder.

Black ware:

226. (39930). Large size; without ornamentation.

The only black water vase obtained at Zuni; it was doubtless procured from some other tribe. The black ware obtained from, this tribe is in nearly all cases used for cooking, or holding liquids or moist foods. As remarked in another place, the Zuni black ware is generally small except in cases where large quantities of food are to be cooked, which occurs at feast tunes, when very large vessels are employed.

_WATER JUGS AND JARS._

These vary so greatly in form that it is impossible to give any general description that would convey a correct idea.

227. (39885). Somewhat mug-shaped, with handle; the top is rounded to
the small mouth, no neck. White ware with scalloped bands and a
Maltese cross.

228. (39886). Similar in form, but smaller, without handle or
decorations.

229. (39899). Somewhat similar in form to the preceding, except that it
is lower and more depressed, and instead of a mouth, at the top there
is an orifice at the side as in the canteens, with which this should
probably be classed.

230. (39940). Similar to No. 228.

231. (40062). Similar in form to No. 227, but without handle; with a
double scalloped band around the constricted portion, and a single one
around the mouth; figure of an insect on the upper half; apparently
intended to represent a butterfly or large moth.

232. (40608). Small unhandled jug in the form of a smelling bottle.
Unadorned.

233. (40611). Similar to No. 232.

234. (40697). } 235. (40608). } Like No. 228, with slight decorations.

236. (41140). An amphora or slender jug with two handles.

237. (39928). A jar shown in Fig. 399.

238. (39922). _M[-e]-h[-e]-t[-o]_, canteen of large size. Plain brown,
as are also the following specimens:

239-242. 239, (40079); 240, (40081); 241, (40082), this has a small
flower on one side; 242, (40083).

243-245. 243, (40088); 244, (40090); 245, (40091).

246-248. 246, (40085); 247, (40086), and 248, (40676), plain, white.

249. (40077). White with color decorations. Fig. 387.

The following eight specimens are also white with colors:

250. (40078). Decorated profusely with scrolls, leaves, and other
figures. See Fig. 400.

251. (40080). Figure of a coiled snake or worm, without head or other
character to indicate what it was intended to represent.

252. (40084). Usual scroll figures.

253. (40087). Decorated with simple loops and bands.

254. (40089). Radiating serrate lines.

255. (40092). Vase-shaped, with three colored bands.

256. (40093). Shown in Fig. 385.

257. (40886). Handsome piece, with floweret at the apex, scrolls on the
side, and a scalloped band around the middle. The bands are always
horizontal, the vessel being on its side. See Fig. 398.

258. (39914). _M[-e]-h[-e]-t[-o]-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_, canteens of small size.
Red. Double, with two sets of handles and two chambers, but with
only one orifice. Decorations in white, those on the larger piece
consisting of meanders of the simplest form, a figure very unusual on
Zuni pottery.

259. (39659). Brown, with handle and decorations in black. See Fig. 379.

260. (39923). Plain brown.

The following are also plain brown, red, or yellow:

261-271. 261, (40094); 262, (40095); 263, (40096); 264, (40097), Fig.
390; 265, (40099); 266, (40100); 267, (40101); 268, (40687), Fig. 386;
269, (40688); 270, (40689); 271, (40690).

272. (40102). White, with an oblique scalloped band.

273. (39872). White, shown in Fig. 389.

274. (40686). White, decorations as in Fig. 389.

275. (40685). White, with a single flower.

276. (40691). White, egg-shaped, with a single handle; decorated with a
figure of the horned toad.

277. (40692). White, form and decorations like those shown in Fig. 385.

278. (40098). With outline figures of birds.

279. (40695). White, shown in Fig. 388. Although obtained at Zuni, this
piece may have been manufactured at one of the other pueblos.

_JUGS OF FANCIFUL FORMS._

280. (39913). Fig. 395. Zuni name _M[-e]'-wi-i-p[ae]-chin_.

281. (39887). Similar to No. 280.

282. (39889). Fig. 392. _M[-e]'-wi-k[-e]-lik-t[-o]n-ne_. Plain red.

283. (39915). Fig. 394.

284. (40103). White, bottle-shaped, with constriction below the middle;
scalloped bands and bird figures around the upper third. See Fig. 402.

285. (40104). Shown in Fig. 393.

286. (40105). Similar to No. 285. Marked with the figure of a bird
having the wings spread. Navajo. _K[-o]'-s[-e]-t[)o]m-me._

287. (40106). Fig. 391.

288. (39887). Fig. 396. A double-globed canteen; triangular, with
orifice at upper convexity.

289. (39914). Fig. 397. Red ware, with white lines on the lower globe
and decorations in black on the upper, with orifice in each globe.

_PITCHERS._

These are of the usual form, of such vessels, except that they are generally without the lip. It is possible that to a certain extent they have been patterned after those observed in use among the Europeans or white races with whom these Indians have come in contact. But we shall presently find specimens similar in form among the ancient pottery found in the ruins of the cliff houses. We are inclined to believe that the form is original and not borrowed. The figures introduced will suffice to illustrate the form and usual decorations. The specimens obtained are generally small, varying in capacity from a pint to half a gallon. These are known in Zuni by the name _[-E]'-m[-u]sch-t[-o]n-ne_.

290. (39918). Shown in Fig. 403.

291. (40668). With scalloped margin and decorations similar to those on
Fig. 403.

292. (40669). Without handle and should be classed with the cups.
Figures of plants.

293. (40671). Triangles on the upper portion; simple meander on the
bowl.

294. (40672). Similar to the following.

295. (40673). With scalloped margin and zigzag lines on white ground;
small right-angle handle.

296. (40674). With scalloped marginal and middle bands. The following
are brown ware with but slight decorations:

297-310. 297, (40838); 298, (40839); 299, (40841); 300, (40843), outline
figures similar to those on No. 293; 301, (40844); 302, (40887); 303,
(40888); 304, (40889); 305, (40890), is really black but not polished;
306, (40891); 307, (40893); 308, (40894); 309, (40897); 310, (40898).

311. (40842). Scalloped rim and similar in size and shape to 298,
(40839).

312. (40845). Small, white, with decorations and of unusual form, in
fact in the original field list is classed among the canteens. The
mouth is prolonged obliquely in the form of a large tube. It should
perhaps be classed with the water jugs.

313. (40892). Form and decorations shown in Fig. 405.

314. (40895). Scalloped margin; decorated with scrolls.

315. (40896). Scalloped margin. Figures of the little water animal so
often represented on the earthenware baskets.

316. (40899). Without handle; diamond figures on the neck.

317. (41005). Fig. 406.

318. (41013). Slender neck and small mouth; jug-shaped, marked with
twigs and leaves. This does not appear to be of Zuni manufacture.

319. (41136). Fig. 407.

320. (40840). Shown in Fig. 404.

_CUPS OR CUP-SHAPED VESSELS._

Under this general head are included two forms: one, closely resembling the true cup, as shown in the figures and to which the Zunis apply the name _s[-a]t-ts[-a]n-n[-a]-m[-u]-y[-a]_, and those in the form of ollas or bowls, and without handles. The decorations of the true cup-shaped vessels, especially on the inner surface, follow somewhat closely the patterns found on the bowls. Here we see the zigzag marginal line, the scalloped bands, the interlaced or tessellated bands with star points, triangles, scrolls, &c.; but the elongate triangle or lance point is seldom present. As no new figure is introduced it is unnecessary for me to describe the decorations. A few are of red or brown ware.

The following numbers refer to true cups:

321-345. 321, (40058); 322, (40615); 323, (40616), Fig. 408; 324,
(40617); 325, (40618); 326, (40619); 327, (40620); 328, (40621), Fig.
409; 329, (40622); 330, (40623); 331, (40624); 332, (40625); 333,
(40627); 334, (40638); 335, (40639); 336, (40640); 337, (40641); 338,
(40643); 339, (40644); 340, (40837); 341, (40847); 342, (40848); 343,
(40880)--this is an unusually large cup and although having a handle
may have been used as a bowl; 344, (40998); 345, (41148), an unburnt
specimen.

The following are without handles and are either small bowls or paint cups:

346-355. 346, (40426); 347, (40436); 348, (40458); 349, (40642); 350,
(40853), a small bowl-shaped cup, _s[-u]t-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_; 351,
(40994); 352, (40995); 353, (40996); 354, (40997); 355, (41000).

_EATING BOWLS._

The smaller forms are called _s[-a]t-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_.

356. (39962). Fig. 410. The ornamentation is typical of a variety very
common on Zuni bowls. The design on the outer surface is more constant
than that on the inner, in which the figures of animals, especially
the elk, are sometimes introduced. The distinguishing feature of this
type is the zigzag line on the inner margin.

The following numbers belong to the same type:

357-378. 357, (39746); 358, (39973); 359, (39975); 360, (39981); 361,
(39984); 362, (39988); 363, (39989); 364, (39991); 365, (39993); 366,
(39994); 367, (39997); 368, (39999); 369, (40004), duplicate of Fig.
411; 370, (40005); 371, (40231); 372, (40234); 373, (40236); 374,
(40239); 375, (40246); 376, (40249); 377, (40250); 378, (40259).

379-396. 379, (40260); 380, (40266), shown in Fig. 411; 381, (40274);
382, (40285), shown in Fig. 412; 383, (40504); 384, (40512); 385,
(40513); 386, (40516); 387, (40517); 388, (40519); 389, (40522); 390,
(40527); 391, (40530); 392, (40541); 393, (40546); 394, (40528); 395,
(40203); 396, (40211).

397. (39951). Decorated, on the inner margin only, with triangles.

398. (39952). Similar to that shown in Fig. 411, except that the inner
marginal line is scalloped.

The following numbers may be classed in the same group:

399, 400. 399, (40205); 400, (40210).

401. (40521). Similar to No. 397, except that it has the interior below
the marginal line decorated with scrolls.

402. (39902). Decorated on the inner surface only, with the usual
scrolls; marginal band simply a narrow line or entirely wanting.

The following belong to the same type:

403-417. 403, (39960); 404, (40002); 405, (40006); 406, (40232); 407,
(40233); 408, (40237); 409, (40263); 410, (40268); 411, (40284), in
this small specimen there are but few figures; 412, (40503); 413,
(40505); 414, (40520); 415, (40524); 416, (40981); 417, (40987).

418. (40906). The decorations of this piece belong to a variety which is
readily distinguished by the broad checkered band on the inner margin.

There are two sub-varieties, one with and one without figures on the external surface. This and the following specimens belong to the latter group:

419, 420. 419, (40533); 420, (39890).

421. (40001). This belongs to the former group, as represented by Fig.
412.

422. (39898). External decorations as in Fig. 410, except that the lower
margin of the oblique line is furnished with scrolls as in Fig. 375,
inner surface with leaves, and a zigzag marginal line.

423. (39908). This and the following thirty-one specimens have the
external surface ornamented as in Fig. 410, the decorations of the
inner surface varying and differing from those already enumerated. In
this the marginal line is simple.

424. (39909). Marginal line scalloped; central rosette of simple lines.

425. (39963). Zigzags in irregular lines, no marginal band; form
semi-globular.

426. (39963). Triangles and scrolls; somewhat mug-shaped.

427. (39972). Usual form; decorations as in the preceding.

428. (39975). Ornamentation as represented in Fig. 422.

429. (39976). Double scrolls; no marginal bands.

430. (40000). Margin as in Fig. 422; no other inner decorations.

431. (40204). Scroll figures; no marginal band; form hemispherical.

432. (40216). Similar to Fig. 423, as are also the following specimens:

433-443. 433, (40218); 434, (40223); 435, (40238); 436, (40240); 437,
(40284); 438, (40286); 439, (40501); 440, (40506); 441, (40507); 442,
(40510); 443, (40514); the inner decorations of this piece vary in
having the figures of the elk below the marginal band.

444-447. 444, (40515); 445, (40547); 446, (40985); 447, (40217). Zigzag
marginal band; no other inner decorations.

448. (40241). Marginal band double, upper line undulate, lower, straight
with star points.

449. (40245). Marginal band composed of rows of stars, as in Fig. 414.

450. (40251). Only the inner decorations consist of radiating serrate
lines.

451. (40258). Similar to that shown in Fig. 424.

452. (40273). Inner decorations apparently intended as floral; marginal
line very slender.

453. (40275). Inner figures; radiating scrolls.

454. (40287). Similar to No. 453.

455. (40558). Inner figures in the form of blocks or tiles; marginal
band undulating.

456. (40549). Inner decorations consist of two narrow crenate bands, one
marginal and the other just below it.

457. (39891). This and the following thirty-nine specimens are without
external ornamentation. In this one the inner figures are radiating
scrolls, and birds.

458. (39892). Slender marginal scalloped band only.

459. (39893). Serrate marginal band only.

460. (39953). Similar to Fig. 424.

461. (39954). Birds with wings spread, and scrolls.

462. (39958). Differs from the usual form in having the margin
undulating. The inner decorations consist chiefly of combinations of
triangles. Similar to

463. (39971). Similar to the preceding.

464. (39959). Scrolls and triangles.

465. (39960). Scrolls and leaves.

466. (39961). Oblique serrate lines.

467. (39986). Broad net-work, marginal band, as seen in Fig. 414; form
unusual, being constricted near the base.

468. (39992). Marginal band composed of sigmoid figures.

469. (39996). Very small; central diameter with rays from the points;
the marginal band is simply a narrow line.

Fig. 415 (40164) (1/4)
Figs. 413-415.--Zuni Eating Bowls.]

470. (40209). Ornamental marginal band only.

471. (40212). Scalloped marginal band, and central rosette or flower.

472. (40224). Scalloped marginal band, and figures of deer.

473. (40225). Zigzag band and the usual scroll figures.

474. (40229). Two slender bands, and central radiating scrolls.

475. (40242). Zigzag marginal line only.

476. (40248). Narrow scalloped marginal band; no other figures.

477. (40252). Zigzag band and floral decorations.

478. (40253). No marginal band; oblique triple and dotted lines.

479. (40265). Serrate marginal band and central rosette.

480. (40270). No band except a simple line bounding the central figure
of radiating leaves.

481. (40272). Three plain bands.

482. (40481). Broad marginal band in figures arranged in square blocks.

483. (40485). Very small; marginal net-work band, central floral figure.

484. (40490). Similar to the preceding.

485. (40489). Plain marginal band; central floral figures.

486. (40492). Zigzag marginal band as in Fig. 425.

487. (40498). Marginal band as in Fig. 414.

488. (40499). Scalloped marginal band.

489. (40508). Zigzag band and floral decorations.

490. (40511). Marginal band composed of lines of stars.

491. (40530). Similar to No. 486, having also a central figure.

492. (40536). Marginal band of scrolls and triangles.

493. (40537). Net-work marginal band.

494. (40539). Scalloped band and central figure of twigs and leaves;
unusually chaste design.

495. (40542). Like No. 467.

496. (40545). Scalloped marginal band.

497. (39967). Do.

498. (39965). Zigzag inner marginal band; figures of the elk externally
and internally.

499. (39966). External and internal zigzag marginal band.

500. (39969). No external decorations; marked internally with oblique
lines, no band.

501. (39970). Scroll figures on the inner surface; on the outer,
triangles pointing in opposite directions; no bands.

502. (39977). Dish-like, undulate, external and internal marginal band.

503. (39978). Inner band of crosses, and central figure, outer serrate
marginal band.

504. (39982). }
505. (39983). }
Decorations same as those represented in Fig. 414, with a wide,
latticed, marginal band on the inner side of the bowl.

506. (39985). Both surfaces decorated with scroll figures.

507. (39987). Inner surface with scroll figures, outer with but a
marginal scalloped band.

508. (39990). Both surfaces marked with oblique serrate Hues; unusually
flaring.

509. (39998). Inner surface with reversed elks; outer with oblique
lines, with each side serrate.

510. (40007). Inner surface with serrate band and birds; outer with
serrate band.

511. (40213). Elk and scrolls internally; an outer scalloped band.

512. (40215). Resembles No. 501.

513. (40219). The decorations on this bowl are unusual; those of the
inner surface consist of a slender crenate marginal band, and below
this a woman holding a child and apparently closely wrapped in a robe
of some kind and placed transversely; the outer margin is marked with
a broad band of crosses regularly spaced by perpendicular lines.