Chapter II: Part 2

SYN. Papilio (Helic.) Menippe, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Stoll. Suppl.
Cram._ _pl._ 28. _fig._ 1. _Herbst._ _tab._ 81. _f._ 4. 5.

Papilio H. Zetes? _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 766. _No._ 110.

Acræa Zethea, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 236.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone, and other parts of the Western Coast of Africa.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax black, with a row of four faint white
spots next the neck. Abdomen at the base black, with yellow spots on the
sides, the extremity being yellowish. Anterior wings very dark brown,
almost black, clouded with faint dark orange marks and dark yellow spots,
particularly along the external edges. Posterior wings deep orange,
clouded with black next the body, and a deep black border along the
external edges, with a row of eight small red spots running along the
middle of it: these wings have also seven, eight, or more black spots on
them.

_Under Side._ Palpi yellowish. Breast black, spotted with white on its
sides. Anterior wings dusky orange-brown along the external edges,
whereon is a row of dark orange oval spots, a whiteish cloud next them,
and several different shaped black spots on the other part of the wings.
Posterior wings cream-coloured, verged along the external edges with
black, whereon is a row of white spots, and above it a row of small and
very faint red ones: these wings next the body have a patch of a deep
black, spotted with white, and verged with faint orange, and also several
black spots.

This insect has been regarded as the Zetes of Linnæus; it does not appear however to agree with the Linnæan description, in which the anterior wings are said to be "nebulosis, punctatis:" nor with the habitat "in Indiis" given of that species.

HELICONIA GAZORIA.

Plate XIII. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Heliconiidæ.

GENUS. HELICONIA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Helicon.), _Linn. &c._

HELICONIA GAZORIA. Alis oblongis integerrimis, dimidiatim flavis
hyalinisque margine exteriori fusco, posticis subtus ([female]) maculâ
baseos aurantiacâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Heliconia Gazoria, _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 214. _No._ 35.

Papilio (Hel.) Euritæa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (exclus. Syn. Crameri.)

HABITAT: Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head black, with small white spots. Neck
orange. Thorax black, with grey marks. Abdomen black at top, and grey on
the sides. Wings yellowish white, verged and tipped with black, without
any marks or spots on them.

_Under Side._ Palpi and breast grey. Legs black. Abdomen white. Anus
yellowish. Wings coloured as on the upper side.

{18}PLATE XIV.

BIBLIS HIARBAS.

Plate XIV. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. BIBLIS, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.), _Drury_.

BIBLIS HIARBAS. Alis dentatis, fuscis; fasciâ utrinque communi albâ,
posticarum latiore, anticarum abbreviatâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Hiarbas, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Donovan Ins.
India_, _pl._ 3. _fig._ 3. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 128. _No._
391.

Biblis Hiarba, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 824. 2.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). Cape of Good Hope (_J. O. W._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ, head, thorax, and abdomen black. Wings deep brown,
almost black: a white bar rises on the anterior ones near the tips, and
running parallel with the external edges crosses the posterior ones, and
ends just below the abdomen, gradually widening. Posterior wings at the
abdominal corners tipped with orange, and having a double row of narrow
white crescents along the external edges; the anterior wings having only
a single row.

_Under Side._ Palpi white. Breast and legs grey-brown. Abdomen yellowish.
The white bar and row of crescents nearly as on the upper side, but all
the brown parts are prettily spotted and variegated with red-brown spots
of different shapes; the general colour of the wings being a greyish
brown. Wings dentated.

Fabricius cites Drury's collection alone for this species, incorrectly giving India as its habitat. Drury had previously stated it to have been received from Sierra Leone. Donovan, relying upon the former rather than the latter, figured the insect in his "Epitome of the Insects of India."

NYMPHALIS SEMIRE.

Plate XIV. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), _Drury_.

NYMPHALIS SEMIRE. Alis subdentatis fuscis, fasciâ utrinque viridi
interruptâ, posticis ad angulum ani ferrugineo maculatis; subtus omnibus
basi luteis, nigro punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (N.) Semire, _Fabr. Spec. Ins._ _tom._ 2. _p._ 88. _Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 114. _No._ 351. _Cramer_, _pl._ 194. _fig._ B. C.

Papilio (N. Ph.) Hippolyte, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Nymphalis Semire, _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 392.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen yellowish brown. Wings
dusky greenish brown, and spotted with round black spots at the base.
Anterior having ten distinct spots of a pea-green, of different sizes and
forms. Posterior wings with a large central patch of pea-green, which
being divided by the tendons appear like six distinct long spots; below
this patch is a row of faint reddish triangular spots.

_Under Side._ Palpi and legs pale yellow. Breast grey. Abdomen yellowish.
Wings with the {19}black spots much stronger, and the green spots more
distinct than on the upper side. The general colour of the wings is much
lighter, with a broadish cream-coloured bar running along the external
edges, which, being separated by the tendons of the wings, appear like
distinct streaks. Wings dentated.

VANESSA DELIUS.

Plate XIV. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. VANESSA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Hamadryades, _Hübn._ Papilio (Nymph.
Phal.) _Drury_.

VANESSA DELIUS. Alis dentatis suprà fulvis basi extimoque fuscis, anticis
apice strigâ punctorum alborum; posticis maculâ discoidali oblongâ
ocellisque duobus analibus nigris, his extus caudatis, illis falcatis.
(Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Delius, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)

Papilio N. Eurocilia, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 79. _No._ 247.
(1793.)

Vanessa Demonica, _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 301. _No._ 14.
(1819.)

HABITAT: Sierra Leone, with the two preceding (_Drury_). "In Indiis"
(_Fabr._). America? (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen red-brown. Anterior wings
nearly black at the base, and also half of them next the tips, whereon
are five small white spots, the middle of them being of a dark orange.
Posterior wings also black at the base; each of them is furnished with
two tails, the outward ones the longest; the external edges being
bordered with dark brown, almost black, and all the middle part of the
wing is dark orange.

_Under Side._ Palpi and legs yellowish. Breast dark brown. Abdomen
yellowish. Wings with blackish and dark brown spots and marks, not to be
distinctly described. Anterior wings with a broad yellowish bar crossing
them from the anterior edges to the lower corners; while the posterior
are also remarkable for a blueish patch placed between the outer tails
and the abdominal corners.

The locality given by our author is evidently correct, because he was furnished with information respecting its habits by Mr. Smeathman, who stated that it breeds chiefly near open and cultivated spots, or in recent plantations, and sports in the sun like the Acrææ.

PLATE XV.

MORPHO LAERTES.

Plate XV. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. MORPHO, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Equit. Achiv.), _Drury_.

MORPHO LAERTES. Alis subdentatis, utrinque margaritaceo-albis, anticarum
fasciâ costali nigrâ, posticis subtus strigâ ocellorum lunulisque
marginalibus. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Eq. Achiv.) Laertes, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Esper Pap.
Exot._ _tab._ 43. _f._ 2. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 84. _No._ 262.
_Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 444. (Morpho L.)

Papilio Epistrophus, _Fabr. Ind. Alphab. to Ent. Syst._ _p._ 124.
_Donovan Nat. Repos._ 4. 143.

HABITAT: Brazil.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ white. Thorax and abdomen whiteish. Wings blueish
white; anterior tipped with dark brown, with half the front edges next
the body verged with dark brown, which, at the extremity, {20}joins to a
streak about three-fourths of an inch long, running from these edges
towards the centre of the wing, near to which is placed two darkish round
spots. Posterior wings having a row of dark crescents placed along the
external edges, which becomes double near the abdominal corners; and a
row of faint whiteish streaks crossing them from the anterior to the
abdominal edges, meeting about an inch below the body.

_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen white. Wings coloured as
on the upper side. The two round spots on the anterior ones are black;
and the row of faint-coloured streaks crossing the posterior ones are
here very strong; each streak being white, and placed on a brown ground,
edged with yellow. Margins of the wings slightly dentated.

Fabricius, in the Entomologia Systematica, described two butterflies under the name of Papilio (N.) Laertes, No. 226. from Surinam figured by Cramer, and No. 262, from South America, figured by Drury. As the former species had the priority in point of date, Fabricius, in the alphabetical index to that work, altered the name of Drury's insect to Epistrophus. By the establishment, however, of the genus Morpho, comprising the insect figured by Drury, the difficulty is obviated, and as the species is universally known under the name of Laertes, it does not appear requisite to adopt the name of Epistrophus.

NYMPHALIS (CATAGRAMMA) HYDASPES.

Plate XV. fig. 2, 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Fabr._ SUBGENUS:
Catagramma, _Boisduval_.

NYMPHALIS (CATAGRAMMA) HYDASPES. Alis subdentatis, nigris, basi suprà
nitidè cyaneis, anticis utrinque fasciâ chermesinâ abbreviatâ; posticis
subtùs annulis duobus flavis punctisque quatuor ocellaribus. (Expans.
Alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Hydaspes, _Fabr. MSS._ cited by _Drury_, _App.
vol._ 3. (1783.) nec _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 54. _No._ 167.
(1793.)

Nymphalis Hydaspes, _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 424. (nec Cat.
Hydaspes, _Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _pl._ 9. _f._ 2., _Donovan Nat.
Repos._ _vol._ 2. _pl._ 60.)

Biblis Hesperia, _Perty Delect. Anim. art. Bras._ _pl._ 30. _f._ 4. a. b.

HABITAT: Brazil.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Eyes, thorax, and abdomen dark brown, nearly
black. Anterior wings black, but of a fine shining blue at the base. A
streak of a beautiful red colour crosses these wings from the middle of
the anterior edges to the lower corners, stopping at a little distance
therefrom. Posterior wings black, with a most beautiful blue patch on
them next the body.

_Under Side._ Palpi black. Mouth white. Tongue and breast black. Abdomen
white. Anterior wings nearly coloured as on the upper side, but next the
body verged with white. A white streak also crosses them near the tips;
and at a small distance from the body is placed a small round spot of a
most beautiful red colour. Posterior wings black, with white lines
running along the abdominal and outer edges. The centre is adorned with
four small round spots, three blue, one white, surrounded by a white line
in a oval form. Wings slightly dentated.

{21}Drury referred this insect to the then unpublished Papilio Hydaspes, on the authority of Fabricius's handwriting, (his specimen having most probably been thus labelled by that author.) The authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique also cite Drury's figure under Hydaspes. Fabricius, however, cites only the Banksian Cabinet, and Mr. Donovan's figure taken from the Banksian specimen, and published in the Naturalist's Repository, Vol. 2. Pl. 60. convinces us that Drury's insect is specifically distinct from that described by Fabricius, although evidently identical with the insect described as Hydaspes in the Encyclopédie Méthodique. Under these circumstances I have considered it most advisable to retain the name of Hydaspes for Drury's insect, under which name it was known for the space of ten years before the publication of the Fabrician Hydaspes, to which a new specific name must be applied. As there are several other nearly allied Brazilian species, it is not impossible that Fabricius, from recollection alone, applied the name of Hydaspes to Drury's specimen, having previously described the insect from the Banksian Cabinet, the under surface of which especially is very different from that figured by Donovan.

PLATE XVI.

NYMPHALIS HIPPONA.

Plate XVI. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Fabr._

NYMPHALIS HIPPONA. Alis suprà nigris, anticis fulvo flavoque variis:
posticis caudatis basi fulvo apice nigro strigâ marginali punctorum
alborum. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph.) Hippona, _Fabr. Sp. Ins._ 2. _p._ 54. _No._ 258.
_Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 180. _No._ 559. _Donovan Ins. India_, _pl._ 35.
_fig._ * _Encycl. Méth._ ix. _p._ 362.

Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Cramer_, _pl._ 90. _fig._ C. D. _Stoll Suppl.
Cramer_, _pl._ 2. _fig._ 1. & 1. A. B. C. _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil (_Drury_). Guiana, Antilles (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black at the base, but yellow at the extremities.
Thorax and abdomen greenish brown. Anterior wings angulated, and black,
but orange-brown at the base; posterior edges verged with black. An
irregular indented yellow bar crosses them from the middle of the
anterior edges to the middle of the external ones; and near the tips are
placed two white spots, one large, of an oval shape, and a small round
one. Posterior wings with two tails, chiefly of a yellow-brown colour,
but having a black circular patch placed along the external edges, and
reaching nearly from the abdominal to the upper corners, whereon are
placed three white crescents and a small round spot.

_Under Side._ Palpi yellowish. Tongue dark brown. Legs yellowish. Breast
dark brown. Abdomen yellowish. Wings ornamented with such a variety of
soft colours, as renders it impossible to describe them minutely.

The transformations of this curious species have been figured by Stoll in his supplementary volume to Cramer. The caterpillar is of a dark green, with a black dorsal line and lateral spots of the same colour. The head is black, with two yellow spots, and furnished with two short obtuse spines. It lives upon a plant called "poirvier," feeding {22}only by night, remaining during the day concealed in a kind of case, which it forms by rolling up a leaf. The chrysalis is short, and thick, without angular prominences, of a grey colour, with black dots. It attaches itself by the tail to the stem of the plant upon which it feeds.

Fabricius erroneously gives India as the habitat of this species, whence Donovan has introduced it into his work upon the insects of that country.

NYMPHALIS ORSIS [male].

Plate XVI. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Fabr._

NYMPHALIS ORSIS. Alis nigris, (in mare coeruleo-micantibus) strigis
tribus macularibus albis, prima et secunda corpus secantibus. (Expans.
Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Orsis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Papilio (N.) Oisis, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 124. _No._ 378.
([male].) _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 381. _No._ 102. (Nymphalis O.)

Papilio N. Blandina, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 129. ([female].)
_Donovan Ins. India_, _No._ 2. _pl._ 1. _f._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil (_Drury, &c._). In Indiis (_Fabr._). East India
(_Donovan_, erroneously).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ, thorax, and abdomen brown, the latter having six
spots on it. Wings very dark changeable blue; anterior having a pale
streak crossing them a little way on each side the thorax, with several
other small ones on other parts.

_Under Side._ Palpi very small, hairy, and white. Thorax, legs and
abdomen white. Wings pale red-brown, having a shade of darker colour
running along their external edges, and on the anterior ones are placed
two faint-coloured streaks, running from the external edges towards the
middle of the wings. Margins of the wings angulated and dentated.

CASTNIA THAIS.

Plate XVI. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: ----? (hesperi-sphinges, _Latr._) FAMILY:
Castniidæ.

GENUS. CASTNIA, _Fabr. Latr. God. Dalm._ Papilio (Dan. Festiv.), _Drury_.

CASTNIA THAIS. Alis anticis supra fusco-viridibus, nitidis, basi
fasciisque duabus carneo-griseis; posticis rubris fasciis duabus
margineque nigris. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Dan. Festiv.) Thais, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Castnia Thalaira, _Latr. God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 800. _No._ 14.

HABITAT: Brazil.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax, abdomen, and anterior wings
red-brown; the latter having two streaks or bars of a lighter colour
crossing them from the anterior edges to the posterior and external ones;
one crossing the middle of the wing, the other nearer the tips. Posterior
wings orange; the lower part black along the external edge, whereon are
placed a row of square orange-coloured {23}spots, those next the upper
corners reaching to the edge; a black line also crosses these wings,
beginning just below the body, and running almost across to the upper
corner.

_Under Side._ Palpi and thorax red-brown. Abdomen yellowish. Anterior
wings yellowish clay-coloured, with three black lines crossing them
transversely, the middle one being the broadest. Posterior wings
orange-brown, with a small white spot placed near the centre. Margins of
the wings plain.

PLATE XVII.

HESPERIA OPHION.

Plate XVII. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Hesperiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. HESPERIA, _Fabr. Latr._ Erinnys P. _Schr._ Papilio (Pleb. Urb.),
_Drury_.

HESPERIA OPHION. Alis fuscantibus, anticis utrinque punctis quinque
discoidalibus alterisque tribus subapicalibus albis; posticis subtùs
albis margine antico nigro 3-maculato serieque punctorum submarginalium.
(Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Pleb. Urb.) Ophion, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Stoll Suppl.
Cram._ _pl._ 26. _f._ 4.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head with five small white spots. Thorax,
abdomen, and wings dark greyish brown; anterior wings having a cluster of
five small oval transparent white spots placed near the middle of the
wings, and three very small round spots of the same kind nearer the tips.
Several faint dark spots are also dispersed on these and the inferior
wings.

_Under Side._ Palpi above brown, beneath white. Breast, legs, and abdomen
white. Anterior wings coloured as on the upper side. Posterior white, but
along the anterior edges brown, where are three black spots placed on
each wing. A row of brown spots is also placed along the external edges,
and another row of very small ones above them. Margins of the wings
entire.

The African species of Hesperiidæ (according to Mr. Smeathman), including those represented in these and the two following figures, sport in the sun, and are remarkable for their very sudden and rapid short flights from bush to bush.

HESPERIA (EUDAMUS) ORION.

Plate XVII. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Hesperiidæ.

GENUS. HESPERIA, _Latr. Fabr._ Thymele P. _Fabr._ (syst. Gl.)
Heteropterus, _Duméril._ SUBGENUS: Eudamus, _Swains. Boisd._

HESPERIA (EUDAMUS) ORION. Alis nigro fuscis, anticis fasciâ tenui
maculari subbifidâ punctisque subapicalibus; posticarum limbo externo
caudisque albis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Papilio Orion, _Fabr. Mant. Ins._ 2. _p._ 85. _No._ 774. _Cramer_,
_pl._ 155. _f._ A. B. _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Papilio (Pleb. Urb.) Proteus, var. [Greek: b]. _Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr._
_p._ 333. _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 729. _No._ 4. (Hesp. O.)

Eudamus Doryssus, _Swains. Zool. Illustr. N. Ser._ _pl._ 48.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_, correctly?). Brazil, Surinam (_Fabr. Enc.
Méth. &c._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax, abdomen, and wings dark olive brown.
Anterior wings having a small narrow transparent white line crossing them
from the anterior edges to the lower corners, {24}intersected by the
brown tendons of the wings. Posterior wings terminating in two white,
short, and broad tails.

_Under Side._ Palpi white. Breast, abdomen, and wings coloured as on the
upper side; the posterior differing merely in having their outward edges
bordered with white.

This insect belongs to the subgenus Eudamus proposed by Mr. Swainson, in the new series of his beautiful Zoological Illustrations, and appears in no respect to differ from that which he has figured under the name of Eudamus Doryssus. He observes that the type of this group is the Hesperia Proteus Fabr.; that all the species, of which there are nearly thirty, are from America; that their flight is exceedingly rapid in the morning and evening, and that they rest with their wings perpendicular. Drury, on the other hand, gives Sierra Leone as the habitat, and adds, moreover, on the authority of Mr. Smeathman, that this species, like the last, sports in the sun, and is remarkable for the very rapid short flights it takes from bush to bush, so as to be caught with great difficulty. In his manuscripts, however, I find this species marked as being from "Madras, Mr. Skeene, 1772."

NYMPHALIS JANAIS.

Plate XVII. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurua. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Fabr._

NYMPHALIS JANAIS. Alis subdentatis, nigris; anticis utrinque
albo-punctatis; posticis supra disco rubro, subtus basi flavo et nigro,
punctato. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Janais, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Nymphalis J., _Latr. et God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 392. _No._ 146.

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone" (_Drury_, in text). "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas,
1776" (_Drury's MSS._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ, thorax, abdomen, and anterior wings black, the
latter with a number of small white spots dispersed over different parts
of the wings. Posterior wings black; the middle part fine carmine red,
the scolloping next the abdominal corners being verged with white.

_Under Side._ Palpi black. Legs brown. Breast and abdomen black. Anterior
wings coloured as on the upper side. Posterior wings as on the upper
side, but next the body having a large patch of a yellow colour, on which
are several small black spots. The red part of these wings is surrounded
by a row of small white spots, placed on the black ground.

PLATE XVIII.

ACRÆA UMBRA.

Plate XVIII. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Heliconiidæ.

GENUS. ACRÆA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Heliconii), _Fabr._ olim.

ACRÆA UMBRA. Alis oblongis integerrimis brunneis, extimo suprà latè
fusco, posticis subtùs ad basin nigro punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9
lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Dan. Fest.) Umbra, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Papilio (Hel. U.), _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 172. _No._ 535. _Enc.
Méth._ ix. _p._ 236. (Acræa U.)

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

{25}_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax black, with several white spots.
Abdomen black, with five dark yellow spots on each side, and five rings
of the same colour placed between them. Apical half the anterior wings a
very dark brown, almost black; basal half, dark yellow-brown. One-third
of the posterior wings, next the outer edges, almost black; the remainder
of a dark yellow-brown. The black spots described on the under side are
discernible on this side.

_Under Side._ Palpi black above, but whiteish underneath. Legs the same.
Breast nearly black, with white spots. Abdomen yellowish. Anterior wings
a very dark brown of a yellowish tinge; the posterior having a number of
small black spots (about 18) situate near the body. Margins of the wings
nearly entire.

The minute black spots at the base of the posterior wings, described by Drury and Fabricius, are not represented in the figure.

ACRÆA DICE.

Plate XVIII. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Heliconiidæ.

GENUS. ACRÆA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Helicon.), _Fabr._ olim.

ACRÆA DICE. Alis oblongis integerrimis concoloribus, anticis
hyalino-cinerascentibus; posticis fulvis nigro-punctatis, margine
exteriori latè hyalino. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 1½ lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Helicon.) Dice, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)

Papilio (H.) Quirina, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 159. _No._ 492.
(1793.) _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 231. _No._ 2. (Acræa Q.)

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1776" (_Drury's_ MSS.). Madras
(_Fabricius_).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ, eyes, thorax, and abdomen black; the latter having
a row of white spots on each side, extending to the anus. Anterior wings
thin and diaphanous; with a red streak along their posterior edges,
reaching to the body from the lower corners, whereon is a small black
line close to the body, with a small black round spot just below it.
Posterior wings red, having a diaphanous border running along the
external edges from the upper to the abdominal corners. These wings next
the body are dark brown, and on the red are dispersed several small black
spots, varying in number.

_Under Side._ Palpi brown. Fore legs yellow; the others yellow and brown.
Breast spotted black and white. Abdomen ringed with yellow. Wings
coloured as on the upper side, but the red is fainter; the dark brown
part on this side is grey, and the black spots larger and more distinct.
Margins of the wings entire.

{26}ACRÆA CIRCEIS.

Plate XVIII. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Heliconiidæ.

GENUS. ACRÆA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Heliconii), _Fabr._ olim.

ACRÆA CIRCEIS. Alis oblongis integerrimis; anticis hyalinis, nervis
margineque fuscis, posticis fuscis fasciâ flavescenti, transversâ mediâ,
his subtus basi cinereis nigroque punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Papilio Circeis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Herbst. Pap._ _tab._ 81.
_fig._ 6. 7.

Papilio (Parnass.) Mandane, _Fabr. Syst. Ent._ III. 1. _p._ 183. _No._
565. _Encycl. Méth._ ix. _p._ 239. 29. (ACRÆA M.)

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen black, the latter spotted
with white. Anterior wings diaphanous, the edges bordered with brown.
Posterior wings russet brown, having a broad yellow bar crossing them
about the middle of the abdomen, and reaching almost from one upper
corner to the other; above the bar, next the body, are a number of black
spots.

_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, and abdomen yellowish. Breast brown. Anterior
wings coloured as on the upper side. Posterior wings grey in those parts
where they are brown on the upper side; the yellow bar being fainter, but
the black spots stronger, and amounting to ten in number. Margins of the
wings entire.

Here, as in many places elsewhere, I have reverted to Drury's name, which Fabricius unwarrantably changed in the subsequently published Entomologia Systematica, and which in most cases the authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique have adopted.

PLATE XIX.

SATURNIA ALINDA.

Plate XIX.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank_. Attacus, _Germar_. Bombyx p., _Ochs_. Phalæna
(Attacus), _Drury_.

SATURNIA ALINDA. Alis rufo-brunneis margine saturatioribus signisque
nonnullis undulatis obscuris, anticis maculâ discoidali fenestratatâ;
posticis ocello magno centrali. (Expans. Alar. 7 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna Attacus Alinda, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
5. _p._ 26. 10. (Bombyx A.)

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1776" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated. Neck buff-coloured. Thorax and abdomen
brownish red, the centre of the former being grey. Anterior wings
brown-red, darkest along the external edges, with two faint dark indented
lines crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges. A
transparent spot is placed near the middle of the wings, about a quarter
of an inch from the anterior edges, without any iris of a different
colour. Posterior wings brown-red, and darkest along the external edges,
having a few faint waved lines. Near the middle is a small transparent
spot, edged with buff at the bottom, surrounded by a dark brown border,
and which is also encircled by another quite black.

_Under Side._ Breast red-brown. Legs, abdomen, and wings entirely of a
dark buff. All the faint waved lines, hardly discernible on the other
side, are here very conspicuous. Close to the transparent spots, on the
anterior wings, are two of a dark brown, and two larger are also placed
close to the transparent ones in the posterior wings, without any of the
circular ones which are on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

{27}PLATE XX.

NYMPHALIS ALTHEA.

Plate XX. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Fabr._

NYMPHALIS ALTHEA. Alis dentatis suprà fuscis, fasciâ strigâque
angulato-dentatis albis; subtùs flavescentibus lituris atris fasciâ
strigisque iisdem. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (N.) Althea, _Fabr. Spec. Ins._ 2. _p._ 88. _No._ 389. _Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 113. _No._ 347. _Cramer_, _pl._ 89. _fig._ E. F.

Nymphalis A., _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 383. _No._ 111.

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax, abdomen, and wings dark brown; a row
of ash-coloured crescents cross the latter from the middle of the
posterior to the anterior edges, uniting with a bar of the same colour,
which crosses the posterior wings, meeting below the abdomen: another row
of ash-coloured marks, like beards of arrows, are placed between the
above-mentioned row and the external edges, which are bordered with some
faint lightish marks. Posterior wings with an additional row of light
arrow beards running along the external edges, which are also bordered
with faint lightish marks like the anterior.

_Under Side._ Palpi white. Breast and legs light clay-coloured. Wings
paler than on the upper side, being greyish brown. The light-coloured
bar, crossing the wings and meeting below the abdomen, is very
conspicuous on this side. The markings are much the same as on the upper.
Margins of the wings dentated.

VANESSA AMESTRIS.

Plate XX. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. VANESSA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Hamadryades, _Hübn._ Papilio (Nymph.
Phal.), _Drury_.

VANESSA AMESTRIS. Alis dentatis, anticis falcatis posticis rotundatis;
omnibus suprà fuscis ad extimum fasciis tribus macularibus transversis,
intermediâ ferrugineâ, (ad apicem maculis duabus albis) cæteris
coerulescentibus subtus marmoratis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (N. P.) Amestris, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Papilio (N.) Amestris, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 116. 360.

Papilio (N.) Zingha, _Fabr. loc. cit. No._ 358.

Vanessa Erinna, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 315.

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.). "In
Indiis, Dom Drury" (_Fabr._ sub P. N. Amestris, incorrectly).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen very dark. Anterior wings
dark brown, with a row of red crescents inverted, placed near the
external edges; above them are several blueish marks and dashes. Two
square reddish spots are placed near the shoulders, having blueish
borders. Two small round white spots are situated near the tips of each
wing, and along the external edges are several blueish spots. Posterior
wings nearly corresponding with the anterior. The row of red crescents is
continued along these wings, and meets below the abdomen. The rows of
blueish spots are also continued along the borders.

{28}_Under Side._ Breast and legs dark brown. Wings very dark brown,
variegated with many brown markings, in such manner as not to be
described. A single white spot is situate at the tips of the anterior
ones, and a series of small round spots run along the borders of all the
wings. Margins of the wings deeply dentated.

PLATE XXI.

NOCTUA TRISTIS.

Plate XXI. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._ SUBGENUS ----?

NOCTUA TRISTIS. Alis fuscis nigro-atomosis, dimidio basali saturatiori
strigàque ad angulum internum anticarum nigrâ. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 10
lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Tristis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: "Cape of Good Hope" (_Drury_, in text). "Jamaica" (_Drury's_
MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown and setaceous. Thorax and abdomen grey-brown.
Anterior wings grey-brown, having a small streak of a very dark colour
placed near the lower corners, and two smaller ones at the tips; a large
patch of the same colour occupies the middle of the wings, extending some
way towards the shoulders. Posterior wings greyish-coloured, without any
marks.

_Under Side._ Tongue not observed. Legs, breast, and abdomen greyish.
Anterior wings darker on this side than on the upper; the anterior edges
being white, and the dark streak at the lower corners very observable.
Posterior wings coloured as on the upper side, and having two
dark-coloured marks placed near the middle of the wings. Margins of the
wings entire.

GNOPHRIA? COLLARIS.

Plate XXI. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Lithosiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. GNOPHRIA? _Steph._ Lithosia p., _Fabr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.

GNOPHRIA? COLLARIS. Alis nigris, anticarum maculâ pone medium albâ,
collari sanguineo. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Collaris, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black and setaceous. Thorax, abdomen, and wings
blueish black, immaculate, except an oval white spot placed on the
anterior ones, about a quarter of an inch from the tips.

_Under Side._ Palpi black. Tongue and neck yellow. Legs, breast, and
abdomen grey. Anus yellow. Wings black, the anterior having a small white
longitudinal streak near the shoulders, and the oval spot seen on the
upper side. Posterior wings also fringed with white. Margins of the wings
entire.

{29}CALLIMORPHA CÆNEA.

Plate XXI. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. CALLIMORPHA, _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.

CALLIMORPHA CÆNEA. Alis nigris, anticis fasciâ latâ transversâ,
margineque antico posticarum flavescentibus. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9
lin.)

SYN. Phalæna Noctua Cænea, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Drury (incorrectly?) states that he received this insect both
from Madras and Brazil. "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (_Drury's_
MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black and setaceous. Thorax and abdomen nearly
black. Wings deep brown, nearly black; the anterior having a yellow band
crossing them from the anterior edges to the lower corners; and the
posterior having a broad yellow streak on the anterior edges.

_Under Side._ Coloured as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

GEOMETRA (PÆCILOPHASIA) FULVATA.

Plate XXI. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Geometridæ, _Steph._

GENUS. GEOMETRA, _Steph._ (SUBGENUS: Pæcilophasia? _Steph._)

GEOMETRA (PÆCILOPHASIA) FULVATA. Alis fulvescentibus fasciâ latâ communi
dilutiori, anticarum puncto subdiscoidali. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Geometra) fulvata, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Africa. "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous and yellow. Thorax and abdomen yellow.
Wings deep straw-coloured, the anterior having a small black spot placed
near the middle of the anterior edges. A small narrow line of a silverish
colour runs along the external edges of these wings, beginning near the
tips, and continuing along the edges of the posterior ones, ends at the
abdominal corners.

_Under Side._ Breast, legs, and abdomen whiteish. Wings coloured as on
the upper side, but dappled with minute reddish streaks. Margins of the
wings entire.

NOCTUA (CALYPTRA) LUGUBRIS.

Plate XXI. fig. 5.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ.

GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._ SUBGENUS: Calyptra, _Ochs._ Gonoptera, _Latr._

NOCTUA (CALYPTRA) LUGUBRIS. Alis anticis dentatis subfalcatis,
brunneo-fuscis basi saturatioribus, maculis dentatis submarginalibus.
(Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 7½ lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) lugubris, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Madras.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown and setaceous. Thorax ash-coloured. Abdomen
and wings rusty iron, without marks, except the anterior, which have some
faint blueish marks close to the external edges.

_Under Side._ Tongue not noticed. Breast, legs, and abdomen dark red.
Wings redder-coloured than on the other side, without marks: anterior
wings dentated, the posterior entire.

{30}NOCTUA (ACONTIA) MARGARITATA.

Plate XXI. fig. 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ.

GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._ SUBGENUS: Acontia, _Ochs. Steph. Curtis._ Phalæna
(Noctua), _Drury_.

NOCTUA (ACONTIA) MARGARITATA. Argenteo-alba, alis anticis pone punctum
ordinarium fuscis, maculâ magnâ albâ costali margineque postico albo,
lunulis punctisque nigricantibus, posticarum margine fusco. (Expans.
Alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna Noctua Margaritata, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: New York.

_Upper Side._ Antennae brown and setaceous. Thorax and abdomen silvery
white. Anterior wings at the shoulders silvery white, the remainder being
of a shining red-brown, with the edges fringed with white; a large spot
of silver colour is situate near the tips, on the anterior edges.
Posterior wings silvery white, but along the external edges darker
coloured.

_Under Side._ Tongue not noticed. Breast, legs, and abdomen white.
Anterior wings silvery grey, being edged and fringed with yellow.
Posterior wings coloured as on the upper side, without markings. Margins
of the wings entire.

PLATE XXII.

NOCTUA GUTTATA.

Plate XXII. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._ (SUBGENUS: ----?)

NOCTUA GUTTATA. alis griseis punctis nonnullis discoidalibus strigisque
apicalibus obscurioribus. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 7½ lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Guttata, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: "Brazil" (_Drury_, in text). "Cape of Good Hope, Mr. Foster,
1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Thorax and abdomen grey. Anterior wings
light-coloured, almost grey, the middle having some dark spots on them,
and a few dark streaks near the tips. Posterior wings darker coloured,
without spots.

_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and abdomen grey. Anterior wings coloured as
on the upper, immaculate. Posterior wings lighter-coloured than on the
upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

NOCTUA? HESIONE.

Plate XXII. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. NOCTUA? _Auct._ (SUBGENUS: ----?)

NOCTUA? HESIONE. Alis anticis brunneis strigâ longitudinali subcostali
luteâ, fasciâque transversali dilutâ, strigis undulatis nigris
marginatis, angulis posticis productis; posticis fulvis margine latè
nigro. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Hesione, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil, "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown and setaceous. Thorax clay-coloured. Abdomen
reddish. Anterior wings reddish-brown, with two darker bands crossing
them; the anterior edges pale clay-coloured; a {31}small narrow
clay-coloured line rises near the posterior edges close to the shoulders,
and extends in a circular manner to the anterior edges: the lower corners
of these wings are remarkably prominent. Posterior wings deep yellow,
deeply bordered from the upper to the abdominal corners, with black.

_Under Side._ Palpi orange, remarkably long. Tongue spiral. Legs, breast
and abdomen clay-coloured. Anterior wings dark-brown as on the upper
side, the anterior edges yellow. Posterior wings paler yellow than on the
upper side, and the black border not so distinct. Margins of the wings
entire.

This insect is evidently the type of a distinct genus from any hitherto described, especially distinguished by the lively colours of the wings, the produced posterior angle of the anterior pair, and the form of the palpi.

ENDROMIS RHODOPE.

Plate XXII. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ.

GENUS. ENDROMIS, _Ochs. Germar._ Dimorpha, _Hübn._ Phalæna (Bombyx),
(_Drury_.)

ENDROMIS RHODOPE. Alis albis pellucidis; strigis duabus undulatis
parallelis submarginalibus, maculisque nonnullis discoidalibus anticarum
virescentibus. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Rhodope, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil, "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1776" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated. Thorax and abdomen dark-brown, with
some faint whiteish marks. Wings transparent white, having two rows of
greenish crescents running along the external edges, the anterior wings
having some faint marks of the same kind in the middle also. The anterior
edges are of a yellow hue.

_Under Side._ Palpi white. Tongue not observed. Legs, breast, and abdomen
white. Anus dark-brown. Wings coloured as on the upper side; the
posterior ones having two brown spots on each near the abdominal corners.
Margins of the wings entire.

CALLIMORPHA? DIAPHANA.

Plate XXII. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.

CALLIMORPHA? DIAPHANA. Alis diaphanis, marginibus anticis et externis
strigâque transversâ e margine antico ad angulum posticum ductâ, nigris.
(Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Diaphana, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil, "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1774" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated. Thorax brown. Abdomen black, brown
above. Wings diaphanous, the edges being bordered with black, a black
band also crosses the anterior, from the anterior edges to the lower
corners.

_Under Side._ Tongue spiral. Breast and legs black. Abdomen grey. Anus
yellowish. Wings coloured on this side as on the upper. Margins of the
wings entire.

{32}CALLIMORPHA? PHILETA.

Plate XXII. fig. 5.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.

CALLIMORPHA? PHILETA. Alis anticis oblongis fuscis, fasciâ transversâ
pone medium albâ, posticis fulvis margine externo nigro, thorace
sanguineo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Phileta, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1776" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black and setaceous. Thorax red, spotted, and
striped with black. Abdomen yellow, with black streaks crossing it.
Anterior wings sooty black, with a white band crossing each from the
anterior edges to the lower corners. Posterior wings yellow, with a black
border running along the external edges.

_Under Side._ Head and neck red. Legs streaked black and white. Breast
and abdomen yellow, the latter spotted with black on each side. Wings
coloured as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

CALLIMORPHA? EUCHARIS.

Plate XXII. fig. 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.

CALLIMORPHA? EUCHARIS. Alis sulphureis, margine postico lato punctoque
medio anticarum fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Eucharis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Thorax and abdomen brown. Anterior wings
greyish yellow, with a single spot placed near the middle, almost close
to the anterior edge. Posterior wings of the same colour as the anterior,
and like them surrounded with a deep black border.

_Under Side._ Tongue spiral. Legs, breast, and abdomen grey. Wings
coloured as on the upper side, the borders being fainter. Margins of the
wings entire.

PLATE XXIII.

NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) TIRIDATES.

Plate XXIII. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera, _Linn._ SECTION: Diurna, _Latr._ FAMILY: Nymphalidæ,
_Swainson_.

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Eq. achiv.) _Linn. Drury._ Papilio
Nymphalis, _Fabr._ (SUBGENUS: Charaxes, _Boisduval_.)

NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) TIRIDATES. Alis supra atro-coeruleis, margine
postico lunulis ochraceis, omnium dimidio apicali punctis
coerulescentibus. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (N.) Tiridates, _Fabr. Spec. Ins._ 2. _p._ 11. _No._ 43.
_Cramer_, _pl._ 162. _f._ A. B. _Herbst. Pap._ _tab._ 62. _f._ 3. 4.
_Donovan Ins. India_, 3. _pl._ 2. _f._ 3.

Nymphalis T., _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 354. 14.

HABITAT: Amboyna, Java (_Fabr. & Enc. Méth._). Brazil (_Drury_, in text).
"Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1766" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

{33}_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head dark brown, with four white spots
on the crown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown. Wings fine dark blue, with a
number of small light blue spots sprinkled on each wing. The anterior
being edged with a row of yellow spots. Posterior wings furnished with
four short tails and deeply scolloped, each scollop being edged with
yellow.

_Under Side._ Palpi and abdomen clay-coloured. Breast and legs light
hair-coloured. Anterior wings hair-coloured, with several small waved and
irregular black lines half crossing them, from the anterior edges to the
middle of the wing, each line being edged with blue. A black
kidney-shaped spot is also situate next the lower corners, being also
edged with blue. Posterior wings coloured as the anterior, and furnished
with four short tails, having several irregular black lines on them near
the body, which are edged with blue as on the anterior ones.

NYMPHALIS PYRAMUS [male].

Plate XXIII. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Pleb. rur.), _Drury_.

NYMPHALIS PYRAMUS. Alis nigris (in mare supra violaceo-micantibus)
anticis utrinque fasciâ latâ miniatâ: posticis subtus irroratis strigâque
marginali coerulescenti. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 7½ lin.)

SYN. Papilio Pyramus, _Fabr. Sp. Ins._ 2. 130. 590. _Ent. Syst._ III. 1.
_p._ 323. 223.

Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Pyramus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Stoll Suppl.
Cramer_, _pl._ 32. _f._ 3. 3e. _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 422. (Nymphalis P.)
_Donovan Nat. Repos._ 1. _t._ 3. _f._ 2. 2.

HABITAT: Brazil, "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1774" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown. Anterior
wings at the extremities black, but next the body red-brown, the middle
being occupied by a band which crosses them of a beautiful red, extending
to the middle of the posterior ones, the remaining parts of which are of
a fine blueish purple.

_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen white. Anterior wings next
the body yellowish brown, the tips the same. The red band is not so
strong on this side as on the upper, neither does it extend to the
inferior wings, but is bordered with black on that side near the tips.
Posterior wings yellowish brown, prettily variegated with very small
lighter marks and spots, with a small faint blueish indented line running
along the external borders.

The original Fabrician description of this insect is stated to have been derived from an insect from Cayenne in the collection of Mr. Yeats; and in the Fabrician detailed description, we find the wings characterized thus--"macula magna, _in medio_, fulva, anticæ subtus concolores." It appears, however, from the observations of Donovan that the celebrated iconographer Jones had made a drawing of Yeats's specimen, from which drawing Donovan published his illustration of the species in the Naturalist's Repository, with the following observations:--"There was a variety of this insect pretty nearly, but not exactly, according with this in the collection of an old and well-known entomologist, a figure of which appeared shortly after the publication of the Fabrician writings as the true Papilio {34}Pyramus. It was not precisely the same as it appeared to us from an inspection of the specimen in the Cabinet of Mr. Drury." Making due allowance for Donovan's over-charged colouring, there is still considerable difference between the figures of Drury and Donovan; in the former the fore-wings being almost entirely red on the under side, whilst in the latter, the upper side of same wings is red, except at the tips. In both these particulars, as will at once be seen from the above quotation of Fabricius, Drury's figure perfectly agrees with the character given of Yeats's specimen; whilst Donovan's differs in each respect. The female of this species is destitute of the purple gloss on the upper surface of the wings, and the red band does not run into the posterior pair.

PLATE XXIV.

SATURNIA PHÆDUSA.

Plate XXIV. and XXV.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germ._ Phalæna (Attacus), _Drury_.

SATURNIA PHÆDUSA. Alis griseo-fuscis, anticis strigis tribus transversis
saturatioribus maculâque-parvà triangulari fenestratâ mediâ; posticis
obscurioribus ocello magno nigro, margine carneo-rufo cincto. (Expans.
Alar. 7 unc. 9 lin.)

_Syn._ Phalæna (Attacus) Phædusa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Bombyx Saturnus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 409. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
5. 27. 11.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). "In Indiis" (_Fabricius_).

_Upper Side._ PLATE XXIV. Antennæ broad in the middle and strongly
pectinated, terminating in a point both at the base and extremity, the
latter being like a thread. Head dark brown. The neck surrounded with a
white collar. Thorax and abdomen greyish clay-coloured. Anterior wings
the same, but towards their extremities becoming darker; the tips are
angulated, and the edges a little scolloped; a dark line rises near the
tips, which running across the wings ends near the middle of the
posterior edges, but is there much fainter than at the tips. A small
triangular transparent spot is situate near the centre of these wings,
about three-eighths of an inch from the anterior edges. Posterior wings a
little scolloped, being the same colour with the anterior next the
abdomen, but darker towards the external edges. In the middle of these
wings is a large eye, the pupil being black like velvet, surrounded with
a narrow circle of a dark orange, round which is another cream-coloured
circle, and this likewise is surrounded by a large border of a fine
red-brown.

_Under Side._ PLATE XXV. Tongue not noticed. Thighs of the fore legs dark
brown, the other legs lighter. Breast and abdomen light clay-coloured.
Anterior wings the same, being next the body paler than towards the
extremities; along the external edges is a pale indented border, running
from the tips to the lower corners. Two dark brown spots are placed next
the transparent one mentioned in the preceding description, and the dark
line there mentioned is conspicuous on this side. Posterior wings
coloured as the anterior, becoming darker towards the external edges. A
pale indented border runs along the external edges, similar to that on
the anterior wings. On the middle of these wings are four dark brown
spots, two small and two large, being placed opposite to the eyes
observed on the upper side; and just below them a dark line runs across
from the upper corners to the middle of the abdominal edges.

{35}PLATE XXV.

In Mr. Drury's manuscripts I find the insect referred to these two figures is stated to have been obtained from the Duchess of Portland's Museum, and to be an inhabitant of New York.

PLATE XXVI.

NYMPHALIS LAODICE.

Plate XXVI. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Pleb. rur.) _Drury_.

NYMPHALIS LAODICE. Alis supra atro-coeruleis, limbo postico serie
lunularum coerulescentium; subtus fascià mediâ communi saturatiori,
posticis punctis marginalibus albis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Laodice, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. (1783.)

Papilio Lycurgus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 67. _No._ 209. _Enc.
Méth._ ix. _p._ 364. _No._ 49.

Nymphalis Lyc., _Paul. Beauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep._ _pl._ 4. _f._
2.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax black. Abdomen dark brown. Wings very
dark blue, almost black, the edges being dark brown; the anterior ones
are angulated, and the posterior ones furnished with two short tails. A
row of blue crescents, forming a line, runs along the posterior wings
near the external edges, extending along part of the anterior ones, which
also have two small oval blue spots, almost joined together, placed at
the middle of the anterior edges, and one single one near the tips.

_Under Side._ Palpi not noticed. Legs brown above, and white beneath.
Breast and abdomen dark brown. Wings soft brown, with some irregular and
indented bands of a darker colour crossing them, particularly the
posterior ones, which have a rather broad one running from the upper to
the abdominal corners. These wings have also seven very small white spots
placed along the external edges.

THECLA PHALEROS [male].

Plate XXVI. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. THECLA, _Fabr._ (Syst. Gloss.) Polyommatus, _Latr. God._ Hesperia
p. _Fabr._ (olim.) Papilio (Pleb. rur.), _Drury_.

THECLA PHALEROS. Alis [male] violaceo-coeruleis nitidis, [female] albidis
apice fusco, subtus albis fasciis transversis margineque nigris ad
angulum ani conjunctis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Pleb. urb.) Phaleros, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. _p._ 796. _No._
272. _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 628. (Polyomm. Ph.)

Hesperia R. Chiton, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 262. _Donovan Ins.
India_, 1. _pl._ 3. _f._ 1.

Papilio Silenus, _Cram._ _pl._ 282. E.

Papilio Agis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

HABITAT: Brazil (_Drury_, in text). "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas, 1775"
(_Drury's_ MSS.). Surinam (_Enc. Méth._). India (_Linn. Fabr. Donov._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen dark blue. Wings blue,
without marks. Posterior furnished with four small black tails, the tips
of which are white. The abdominal corners are also edged with white.

_Under Side._ Palpi long, thin, and black, white at the base, as is the
neck. Legs brown above and white beneath. Breast yellow. Abdomen blue.
Wings yellow; the anterior having some brown, {36}irregular, and uneven
lines crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges. The
external edges are also verged with brown, and at the lower corners have
an orange-coloured patch. Posterior wings with three dark brown lines
crossing them from the anterior edges to the abdominal corners, and
externally edged with dark brown.

PLATE XXVII.

VANESSA PELARGA.

Plate XXVII. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. VANESSA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Hamadryades, _Hübn._ Papilio (Nymph.
Phal.) _Drury_.

VANESSA PELARGA. Alis anticis falcatis, posticis intùs subcaudatis,
omnibus suprà fuscis, fasciâ coerulescenti-albâ, nigro-punctatâ,
extrorsumque fulvo inductâ; subtùs xerampelinis lineâ fuscâ communi
mediâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (N.) Pelarga, _Fabr. Syst. Ent._ _p._ 513. _No._ 296.
_Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Stoll Suppl. Cram._ _pl._ 27. _f._ 2.

Vanessa P., _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 313. _No._ 37.

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone, Mr. Smeathman, 1776" (_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown. Wings at the
base dark olive brown; the anterior having two red and one blue crooked
lines, a quarter of an inch long, placed near the anterior edges, which
are also red. A white bar encircles all the brown part, beginning at the
anterior edges, meeting just below the anus; the lower part of it being
tinged with red or orange, on which are eight small round black spots,
three on the anterior and five on the posterior wings. The external edges
of all the wings are deeply bordered with olive brown, and near the tips
are placed three small white spots, one larger than the rest. Abdominal
groove orange. A few blue streaks are placed at the abdominal corners.

_Under Side._ Palpi long and white, but reddish above. Legs white. Breast
and abdomen orange. Wings dark reddish brown, with very little
variegations. The three white spots near the tips of the anterior wings
are observable, and the five black spots on the posterior ones are
faintly seen. Wings deeply angulated. The under side varies considerably
in different specimens.

NYMPHALIS MELEAGRIS.

Plate XXVII. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Pleb. rur.), _Drury_.

NYMPHALIS MELEAGRIS. Alis suprà olivaceo-fuscis, subtùs lutescentibus;
utrinque albo, in triplici serie, multipunctatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.
4½ lin.)

SYN. Papilio Meleagris, _Cramer_, _pl._ 66. _f._ A. B. _Herbst._ _t._
145. _f._ 1. 2. _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._
128. _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 387. (Nymphalis M.)

HABITAT: "Sierra Leone" (_Drury_, in text). "Brazil, Mr. Skeene, 1772"
(_Drury's_ MSS.).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax, abdomen, and wings olive-brown,
spotted with a number of round white spots edged with black; the anterior
wings having twenty-five, the posterior eighteen, besides those placed on
the external edges.

{37}_Under Side._ Palpi white. Legs white. Breast yellowish. Abdomen
olive-brown. Wings dusky orange; the white spots described on the upper
side being here very discernible with the addition of a few others next
the body. Margins of the wings entire.

NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) ANTICLEA.

Plate XXVII. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera, _Linn._ SECTION: Diurna, _Latr._ FAMILY: Nymphalidæ,
_Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Eq. achiv.), _Linn. Drury._ Papilio
Nymphalis, _Fabr._ (SUBGENUS: Charaxes, _Boisduval_.)

NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) ANTICLEA. Alis suprà fuscis fasciâ terminali fulvâ,
in anticis maculari et abbreviatâ, in posticis ocellis 4, anali
sesquialtero. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Anticlea, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 3.

Nymphalis Ant., _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 353. _No._ 9.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_, in text). "Rio Janeiro, Mr. Bonifas,
1766" (_Drury's_ MSS.).