Chapter I: Preface

In the preparation of this book the author has endeavored to avoid that narrowness of treatment which so easily besets the writer on such a topic as immigration. The effort has been made to regard immigration, not simply as an “American public problem,” but as a sociological phenomenon of world-wide significance. While the primary viewpoint is that of a citizen of the United States, several other viewpoints are considered, and regarded as equally valid. It is pointed out that there are a number of interests to be taken into account, aside from those of the native American workman, or even of the American nation as a whole. The immigration question is set forth as a part of an inclusive conservation program for all humanity. The modern situation is placed in its appropriate historical setting. Particularly, it is demonstrated that the popular notion that a belief in restriction is inconsistent with sympathy for the immigrant is false. The restrictionist may be the truest friend of the alien.

At the same time, this book does not profess to be an exhaustive treatise on immigration. To deal with this question exhaustively, as Dr. Leopold Caro has pointed out, is too much of an undertaking for a single man in a lifetime. This is for two reasons. In the first place, the mass of data is too great, involving the intimate history of most of the civilized nations of the world for a period of from half a century to three centuries. In the second place, the subject is highly dynamic. It is a present movement, displaying aspects which are continually changing, and embodying relations which are constantly shifting. The student is prevented by his human limitations from keeping his information up-to-date in every particular.

For these reasons the purely descriptive features of such a book must necessarily be limited in scope and subject to inaccuracy. The writer is constantly constrained to qualify his general statements in the effort to avoid dogmatism or positive error. But the purely descriptive features are, after all, of secondary importance. The fundamental matters are the laws or principles which underlie the great type of population movement which we call immigration, and these are relatively constant and unchanging. It is a knowledge of these principles which fits one to understand the movement in its ever changing aspects, and to grapple with it as a problem of practical politics or sociology. To define and clarify the concepts involved, to set forth clearly the laws and principles, and to point out the opportunities and responsibilities, is the chief aim of this book.

These considerations account for the summary treatment of some topics, and the omission of others. Some aspects of the question may seem to have received more attention, others less, than their relative importance would warrant. Thus the section on crises, exhibiting as it does the intricate relationship between immigration and one of our most important economic problems, also suggests other equally detailed analytical studies which might be made; as, for instance, the relation between immigration and strikes, or child labor, or public education. The discussion of the effect of emigration on the countries of Europe, while dealing with a topic of equal importance with the effects on the United States, is manifestly only suggestive in character. Only such tables have been included as are necessary for illustration or demonstration. The statistical matter on immigration is now so voluminous that it is impracticable to include it in a treatise dealing with the general aspects of the situation in a narrative manner.

Some portions of this book have already appeared in print. The section on crises is practically a reprint of an article entitled “Immigration and Crises,” which appeared in the _American Economic Review_ for December, 1911. The discussion of the effects of immigration on population reproduces almost _verbatim_ an article, “The Paradox of Immigration,” which was printed in the _American Journal of Sociology_ for September, 1911. An article entitled “Some Immigration Differences,” printed in the _Yale Review_ for May, 1910, contained matter which has been incorporated in different portions of this book. To the editors of these three journals the author extends his thanks for permission to use this material in the present volume.

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor Albert G. Keller, Professor Roswell C. McCrea, and Professor Allen Johnson, who have read the manuscript wholly or in part, and have made many helpful suggestions.

H. P. F.

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT,
April 9, 1913.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. THE UNITED STATES. COLONIAL PERIOD 26

III. 1783 TO 1820 53

IV. 1820 TO 1860 61

V. 1860 TO 1882 90

VI. MODERN PERIOD. FEDERAL LEGISLATION 106

VII. VOLUME AND RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE IMMIGRATION STREAM 123

VIII. THE CAUSES OF IMMIGRATION 144

IX. THE EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION. CONDITIONS OF EMBARKATION AND
TRANSPORTATION 163

X. INSPECTION. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF ARRIVING
IMMIGRANTS 183

XI. CONDITIONS OF IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES. EFFECTS ON
POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION 213

XII. CONDITIONS (_Continued_). THE STANDARD OF LIVING 233

XIII. THE STANDARD OF LIVING (_Continued_) 258

XIV. THE EXPLOITATION OF IMMIGRANTS. RELIGION. BIRTHS,
MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. RECREATION 274

XV. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE COUNTRY. WAGES. PAUPERISM. CRIME.
INSANITY 301

XVI. INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS. CRISES. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.
POLITICAL EFFECTS 341

XVII. THE NEW PROBLEM OF IMMIGRATION 369

XVIII. THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 381

XIX. OTHER POINTS OF VIEW 416

BIBLIOGRAPHY 439

INDEX 451

IMMIGRATION