Chapter XIX: Other Points of View (2)

Ireland, 421.
See also Irish.

Irish, 63, 69, 71, 83, 92, 94, 146, 238, 310, 368.

Italians, 238, 240, 241, 334.

Italy, 13, 128, 136, 423–426.
See also Italians.

Japanese, 167.

Jews, 8, 23, 139, 238, 241, 288, 296, 362.

Juvenile delinquency, 298, 337.

Know Nothing Party, 85.

Labor. See Wages, Standard of Living, Shortage of Labor, etc.

Labor agents, 153.

Labor conditions, 346.

Labor-saving devices, 344.

_Laissez-faire_, 385.

Land. See Ratio of men to land.

Laws. See Federal laws and State laws.

Liquor, 63, 332.

Literacy, 267.

Literacy test, 197, 199–201.

Living wage, 264–266.

Loan-sharks, 160.

Lodgers. See Boarders.

London Company, 30.

Losses of immigrants, 429.

Lumber camps, 282.

Magyars, 14.

Maine, 282.

Malthusianism, 219–221, 381, 416.

Manifests, 111, 112, 172.

Manufacturing industries, 59, 62, 259, 375.

Marine Hospital, New York, 74, 76.

Marine Hospital Service, officers of, 111, 172, 184.

Marriages, 299.

Maryland colony, 44, 47.

Massachusetts, colony, 31, 37, 46;
State, 78.

May Laws, 141.

Mennonites, 33.

Methods of emigration agents, 149.

Migration, defined, 2;
forced, 23;
intra-state, 24.

Migration, seasonal, 2, 3;
causes of, 3, 33;
classified, 6;
economic, 6, 12;
political, 7;
social, 7;
religious, 7;
effects of, 8;
routes of, 9.

Milwaukee, 240, 314.

Mining, 94.

Mining communities, 246, 248, 253.

Missionaries, 290, 292.

Molly Maguires, 94–98, 334.

Money brought in, 202–204.

Money sent home, 157, 158–160, 204, 287, 326, 345, 421, 424.

Moors, 23.

Moral dangers, 295.

Mores, 10, 15, 16, 403.

Mortgages, 150, 160, 278.

Motives of migration, 5.

Native American Party, 70, 81.

Naturalization, 58, 70, 85, 101, 114, 115, 272, 363, 364–368.

New immigration, 128, 250.

New Jersey colony, 32, 35.

New Netherland, 31.

New-type steerage, 180–181.

New York City, 289, 329, 331.

New York, colony, 32, 35, 46;
State, 74.

Nonemigrant aliens, 359;
defined, 125.

Nonimmigrant aliens, 359;
defined, 125.

North Carolina, colony, 44;
State, 57.

Notary public, 287.

Numbers argument, 393.

Occupations of immigrants, 204–206, 223.

Old immigration, 128, 249.

Old-type steerage, 174–180.

Open-door policy, 383, 388.

Opposition to immigration, 41, 54, 68, 69, 70, 81, 85, 91, 99, 104.
See also Arguments.

Orders in Council, 59.

Overcrowding on shipboard, 44, 61, 82, 87, 180.
See also Congestion.

Overpopulation, 6, 12, 14, 16, 136, 138, 383.

Overproduction, 352.

Padrone system, 274–277.

Palatinate, 34.

Palatines, 33, 34.

Panic of 1907, 286, 350.

Parochial schools, 273, 411.

Pauperism, 63, 84, 311–328.

Pauperism argument, 395.

Paupers, imported, 64.

Penal colonies, 24.

Pennsylvania, colony, 32, 33, 36, 39, 41;
State, 56, 94.

Peonage system, 280–283.

Persons per room, 237.

Petition for naturalization, 364.

Philanthropy, 413.

Phœnicia, 17.

Physical conditions of immigrants, colonial period, 40;
1820–1860, 64, 81;
modern period, 209–211.

Physiological analogy, 398.

Plantation colonies, 18.

Plymouth colony, 31.

Plymouth Company, 30.

Poles, 239, 241.

Politics, 70, 363–368.

Poorhouses, private, 80.

Population, effect of emigration upon, 416–421, 423;
effect of immigration upon, 215–225, 341.

Population movements, four forms of, 2.

Potato, 73.

Prepaid tickets, 158, 169, 284, 379.

Presbyterians, 33, 37.

Prices, 137, 302, 307, 352, 422, 425.

Prisoners, 330.

Protection, 289.

Protestantism, 46, 51, 70, 297.

Provisions on shipboard, 61.

Public domain, 372.

Public schools, 252, 270–272, 410.

Quakers, 33, 47.

Quality of immigrants, 377–380, 395, 419.

Race prejudice, 39, 99, 103, 297, 362, 397, 411.

Racial composition, 128–131, 189, 369.

Railroads, 62, 63.

Ratio of men to land, 6, 21, 38, 88, 146, 303, 370–373, 381.

Recreations, 299.

Redemptioners, 48.

Reformation, Protestant, 33, 34.

Regulation, 386.

Religion, 293–298.

Remedies, 434–436.

Remittances. See Money sent home.

Responsibility of the United States, 382, 387, 432–436.

Restriction, 42, 393, 394, 436.

Retardation, 272.

Returned emigrants, 157–158, 422, 424, 426.

Revolution of 1848, 72.

Rhode Island colony, 47.

Roman Catholicism, 34, 47, 70, 85, 293.

Roman Empire, 12.

Rome, 13, 15, 17.

Rooms per apartment, 236.

Routes of migration, 9.

Runners, 79.
See also Agents.

Russia, 22, 128, 139.

Sanitary provisions on shipboard, 176;
on land, see Housing conditions.

Savings, 284, 323, 345, 357.

Scandinavians, 93.

Schools, 269–273.
See also Parochial schools and Public schools.

Scotch-Irish, 33, 36.

Second generation, 403.

Sentimental argument, 388.

Sex distribution of immigrants, 190–194, 317, 419.

Ship fever, 84.

Shipping, 59, 84, 91, 131.

Shipping conditions, 59, 63, 81.
See also Voyage.

Shoe-shining industry, 275–277, 282.

Shortage of labor, 344, 357.

Skye, Isle of, 419.

Slavery, 19, 24, 30, 164.

Slums, 234, 242, 251, 403.

Social argument, 390.

Social stratification, 361.

Sociology, applied, 384, 387, 433.

Sources of immigration, 167, 419.

South Africa, 22, 27.

Special inquiry, boards of, 113, 114, 185.

Standard of living, 221, supposed to be 224–273, 303–310, 417.

Standard of living argument, 394.

Standpoints, 385, 388.

State laws, 74–81, 104.

Statistics of immigration, authorized, 62.

Steerage conditions, 86, 174–182.

Steerage legislation, 82, 87, 118–120.

Steerage rates, 148, 181.

Stimulated immigration. See Induced immigration.

Stimulation argument, 396.

Stowaways, 121.

Superintendent of Immigration, 111, 113.

Supreme Court decisions, 77.

Sweat shops, 288.

Sweden, colonists from, 31.

Tamerlane. See Timur.

Tariff, 60, 92.

Temporary immigration, 138, 379.

Theodoric, 13.

Timur, 14.

Trachoma, 209, 210, 211.

Trade-unions, 310.

Tradition, 383, 392.

Transit, aliens in, 121, 125–126.

Transportation companies, 148–153, 170, 175, 207.

Treaties with China, 101.

Underconsumption, 352, 357.

Unemployment, 352.

United Hebrew Charities, 323.

United States, 22, 24, 27, 53, 382, 388.

Ventilation, of steerage, 178;
of houses, see Housing conditions.

Virginia colony, 30.

Volume of immigration, 1783–1820, 53;
1820–1860, 62, 73, 74;
1860–1882, 92;
1882–1912, 102, 106, 123–128;
1820–1912, 189, 369, 384.

Voyage, 39, 61, 83, 174, 379.

Wages argument, 394.

Wages, in Europe, 422;
in Italy, 137, 424;
in the United States, 258–264, 301–310, 354.

Wandering, defined, 1, 10.

War of 1812, 59.

Wealth, amount of, 345;
distribution of, 346;
growth of, 392;
love of, 411.

Weekly earnings, 260.

White slavery, 296, 334–337, 365.

Yearly earnings, 261, 276.

Young Men’s Christian Association, 297.

-----

Footnote 1:

Mason, Otis T., “Migration and the Food Quest,” _American
Anthropologist_, 7:279.

Footnote 2:

Mason, Otis T., “Migration and the Food Quest,” _American
Anthropologist_, 7:275.

Footnote 3:

Professor A. G. Keller brings out this point in his unpublished
lectures on Colonization, where the causes of emigration are
classified under unsatisfactory conditions of environment, either
physical or human. He also emphasizes the strength of the home tie in
resisting emigration.

Footnote 4:

Henry George does not appear to recognize this dividing line, but
seems to regard an indefinite increase of numbers as bearing with it
the possibility of improvement. The opposite view is maintained by
Professor Irving Fisher, _Elementary Principles of Economics_, pp. 434
ff.

Footnote 5:

Cf. Bryce, James, “Migrations of the Races of Men Considered
Historically,” _Contemporary Review_, 62:128.

Footnote 6:

Bradley, H., _The Story of the Goths_, p. 21. Cf. Von Pflugk-Harttung,
J., _The Great Migrations_, p. 110.

Footnote 7:

Bradley, _op. cit._, p. 365. See this work for fuller details of the
Gothic invasion. Also Von Pflugk-Harttung, _op. cit._, and Hodgkin,
Thomas, _Theodoric the Goth_.

Footnote 8:

Huntington, Ellsworth, _The Pulse of Asia_, pp. 357, 373, 383.

Footnote 9:

Keller, A. G., _Colonization_, Ch. I.

Footnote 10:

Sumner, W. G., _War and Other Essays_, “Sociology.”

Footnote 11:

Well developed, of course, in the sense of culture, not in the
exploitation of natural resources.

Footnote 12:

There has not only been much looseness and ambiguity in the use of the
word “immigration,” but also an apparent feeling that immigration and
emigration are two different things, as is witnessed by the title of
one of the standard works on the subject. They are, in fact, only two
different ways of looking at the same thing. As so often happens in
the social sciences, the student of immigration is under the necessity
of taking a word from the common language, and giving it a more
restricted and inflexible meaning than either everyday usage or the
etymology of the word would warrant.

Footnote 13:

Mayo-Smith, R., _Emigration and Immigration_, p. 36.

Footnote 14:

Cobb, S. H., _The Story of the Palatines_. Cf., also, Faust, A. B.,
_The German Element in the United States_, Chs. II, III, IV;
Bittinger, Lucy F., _The Germans in Colonial Times_, pp. 12–19;
Proper, E. E., _Colonial Immigration Laws_, Columbia College Studies,
Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 40–42.

Footnote 15:

Commons, J. R., _Races and Immigrants in America_, p. 32.

Footnote 16:

Cf., especially, Commons, _op. cit._, pp. 31–38. Also Hanna, Charles
A., _The Scotch-Irish_, esp. Vol. II, pp. 172–180; Green, S. S., _The
Scotch-Irish in America_; MacLean, J. P., _Settlements of Scotch
Highlanders in America_, pp. 40–61.

Footnote 17:

Kapp, F., _Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the
State of New York_, p. 21.

Footnote 18:

Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 6:385.

Footnote 19:

Early examples of this practice are furnished by Holland, which in
1655 sent out large numbers of orphan boys and girls from its asylums.
The action in this case was less grievous, however, as they were
apparently bound out to service for a term of four years, so that they
did not at once come on the community. Documents relating to the
Colonial History of New York, 14:166, 264, etc.

Footnote 20:

Cf. Proper, E. E., _op. cit._, pp. 19, 20.

Footnote 21:

Diffenderffer, F. R., _German Immigration into Pennsylvania through
Philadelphia_, p. 143.

Footnote 22:

Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 2:282 ff.

Footnote 23:

Diffenderffer, _op. cit._, pp. 51–53.

Footnote 24:

_Ibid._, p. 53, quoted from Watson’s _Annals of Philadelphia_,
2:266–7.

Footnote 25:

Proper, _op. cit._, p. 50.

Footnote 26:

The action of the governor in recommending the passage of the act of
1727 is exceptional.

Footnote 27:

Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 4:516.

Footnote 28:

William Penn in his day reckoned the average voyage at between six and
nine weeks, though voyages sometimes took four months. Diffenderffer,
_op. cit._, pp. 29, 62.

Footnote 29:

North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.

Footnote 30:

Archives of Maryland, 2:540.

Footnote 31:

_Ibid._, 15:36.

Footnote 32:

See, for instance, Archives of Maryland, 13:440 and 19:183.

Footnote 33:

Yet in 1700 Massachusetts passed an elaborate immigration law,
requiring shipmasters to furnish lists of their passengers, and
prohibiting the introduction of lame, impotent, or infirm persons, or
those incapable of maintaining themselves, except on security that the
town should not become charged with them. In the absence of this
security, shipmasters were compelled to take them back home. This
statute was reënacted with amendments from time to time. Proper, _op.
cit._, pp. 29, 3.

Footnote 34:

_Commercial Relations of the United States_, 1885–1886, Appendix III,
p. 1967.

Footnote 35:

Hall, Prescott F., _Immigration_, p. 4.

Footnote 36:

_Mass. Election Sermons_, 1754, pp. 30, 48.

Footnote 37:

Doc. Col. Hist. of N. Y., 6:60.

Footnote 38:

Proper, E. E., _op. cit._, p. 13.

Footnote 39:

_Ibid._, pp. 25, 63.

Footnote 40:

_Ibid._, p. 36.

Footnote 41:

_Ibid._, pp. 13, 57, 62.

Footnote 42:

Archives of Maryland, 22:497.

Footnote 43:

These terms are used somewhat loosely in the contemporary documents
and in modern writings. “Indented servants” is the broader term,
including all who signed indentures, or were sold under an indenture,
whether they came willingly or under compulsion. “Redemptioners” is
sometimes used to refer specifically to those who voluntarily sold
themselves. But there is authority for the view that “redemptioner,”
strictly speaking, referred to one who came without an indenture, on
the expectation of finding some one on this side who would pay for his
passage. He was given a period of time after landing to accomplish
this. Failing in this, he was to be sold by the captain to the highest
bidder. See Geiser, K. F., _Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in
the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania_, Ch. I. But the words are
sometimes used interchangeably.

Footnote 44:

Fiske, J., _Old Virginia and her Neighbors_, Vol. II, pp. 177 ff.

Footnote 45:

Evans-Gordon, W., _The Alien Immigrant_, pp. 192–193.

Footnote 46:

Hall, P. F., _Immigration_, p. 4.

Footnote 47:

_Encyc. Britannica_, article “United States.”

Footnote 48:

Commons, _op. cit._, p. 27.

Footnote 49:

_Encyc. Britannica_, article “United States.”

Footnote 50:

_American Museum_, 1:206.

Footnote 51:

_Ibid._, 7:233.

Footnote 52:

_Ibid._, 2:213.

Footnote 53:

_American Museum_, 10:114.

Footnote 54:

North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.

Footnote 55:

Jefferson is quoted as having expressed the wish that there were “an
ocean of fire between this country and Europe, so that it might be
impossible for any more immigrants to come hither.” Hall, P. F., _op.
cit._, p. 206.

Footnote 56:

McMaster, J. B., _History of the United States_, Vol. II, p. 332; “The
Riotous Career of the Know Nothings,” _Forum_, 17:524; Franklin, Frank
G., _Legislative History of Naturalization_.

Footnote 57:

_Monthly Anthology_, Boston, 6:383.

Footnote 58:

_Niles’ Register_, 13:378.

Footnote 59:

McMaster, J. B., _History of the United States_, Vol. V, pp. 121 ff.

Footnote 60:

Hazard’s _Register of Pennsylvania_, 6:266; 11:362, 416; 15:157.

Footnote 61:

Trollope, Mrs. T. A., _Domestic Manners of the Americans_, p. 121.

Footnote 62:

_Niles’ Register_, 24:393.

Footnote 63:

_Ibid._, April 26, 1823.

Footnote 64:

_Ibid._, Aug. 23, 1823; July 21, 1827; Aug. 14, 1830.

Footnote 65:

Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370.

Footnote 66:

_Ibid._

Footnote 67:

_Ibid._

Footnote 68:

Executive (House) Doc., 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370, and House Reports of
Committees, 34th Cong., 1st and 2d Ses., 359.

Footnote 69:

Executive (House) Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 54.

Footnote 70:

Senate Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 161.

Footnote 71:

As late as 1884–1885 thousands of immigrants were sent from Ireland to
the United States and Canada, partly at state expense and partly at
the expense of the “Tuke Fund.” Some of these were admittedly paupers.
Cf. Tuke, J. H., “State Aid to Emigrants,” _Nineteenth Century_,
17:280.

Footnote 72:

_Knickerbocker_, 7:78.

Footnote 73:

It is said that the natives suspected a deliberate plan on the part of
the Catholic powers to destroy the free institutions of America.
McMaster, _Forum_, 17:524.

Footnote 74:

Hall, P. F., _op. cit._, p. 207.

Footnote 75:

Franklin, F. G., _op. cit._, p. 247.

Footnote 76:

Report of the Immigration Commission, Federal Immigration Legislation,
Abstract, pp. 7, 8.

Footnote 77:

Roscher-Jannasch, _Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung_, p.
380.

Footnote 78:

The statistics at this period are confused by changes in the time of
ending of the fiscal year, but the above statement corresponds with
the figures of the Immigration Commission.

Footnote 79:

Mar. 21, 1823; Rev. Stat., 1827, Ch. XIV, Title IV, Sec. 7; Apr. 18,
1843; May 7, 1844.

Footnote 80:

In 1818 a book was published under the title _Der Deutsche in
Nord-Amerika_, by M. von Fürstenwärther. According to a review of this
book which appeared in the _North American Review_ for July, 1820, Mr.
von Fürstenwärther mentions a New York State law requiring security
from ship captains against their immigrant passengers becoming public
burdens. This reference does, in fact, occur on page 38 of the book in
question, but the present author, after a careful search, has not
succeeded in finding any such law on the New York Statutes previous to
1824.

Footnote 81:

7 Howard, 283. Passenger Cases, U. S. Supreme Court, Jan. Term, 1849.

Footnote 82:

Endicott, William C., Jr., _Commercial Relations of the United
States_, 1885–1886, pp. 1968 ff.

Footnote 83:

The following passage, quoted from J. T. Maguire’s _The Irish in
America_, gives a vivid picture of conditions on the voyage, and of
the circumstances that attended landing in Canada. “But a crowded
immigrant sailing ship of twenty years since [written in 1868], with
fever on board!—the crew sullen or brutal from very desperation, or
paralysed with terror of the plague—the miserable passengers unable to
help themselves or afford the least relief to each other; one fourth,
or one third, or one half of the entire number in different stages of
the disease; many dying, some dead; the fatal poison intensified by
the indescribable foulness of the air breathed and rebreathed by the
gasping sufferers—the wails of children, the raving of the delirious,
the cries and groans of those in mortal agony!” The only provision for
the reception of these sufferers at Grosse Isle, where many of them
were landed, consisted of sheds which had stood there since 1832.
“These sheds were rapidly filled with the miserable people, the sick
and the dying, and round their walls lay groups of half-naked men,
women and children, in the same condition—sick or dying. Hundreds were
literally flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones, to crawl
on the dry land how they could. ‘I have seen,’ says the priest who was
chaplain of the quarantine, ... ‘I have one day seen thirty-seven
people lying on the beach, crawling on the mud, and dying like fish
out of water.’ Many of these, and many more besides, gasped out their
last breath on that fatal shore, not able to drag themselves from the
slime in which they lay.” As many as 150 bodies, mostly half naked,
were piled up in the dead-house at a time. (pp. 135, 136.) The moral
evils and dangers were said to be even worse than the physical.

Footnote 84:

For accounts of the activities at Castle Garden, and of the operations
of the runners, see Kapp, Friedrich, _Immigration and the
Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York_; _Chambers’
Journal_, 23:141, “Emigrant Entrappers”; Bagger, L., “A Day in Castle
Garden,” _Harper’s Monthly_, 42:547.

Footnote 85:

Maguire, _op. cit._, pp. 185–187.

Footnote 86:

See Mr. Maguire’s description, footnote, p. 79.

Footnote 87:

_Congressional Globe_, Feb. 1, 1847, p. 304.

Footnote 88:

Hale, E. E., _Letters on Irish Immigration_.

Footnote 89:

Most of these details are taken from E. E. Hale’s interesting _Letters
on Irish Immigration_, written in 1851–1852.

Footnote 90:

_Congressional Globe_, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., p. 391.

Footnote 91:

Its real name was “The Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner.”
There appears to be some difference of opinion as to the exact date of
organization. It began to attract public attention about 1852. See
Hall, _op. cit._, p. 207; Jenks and Lauck, _The Immigration Problem_,
p. 297; Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration Legislation, Abs., p. 8;
McMaster, J. B., “The Riotous Career of the Know Nothings,” _Forum_,
17:524.

Footnote 92:

Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration Legislation, Abs., pp. 8–10.

Footnote 93:

Rept. Imm. Com., Steerage Legislation, Abs., p. 11.

Footnote 94:

Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., pp. 12, 13.

Footnote 95:

Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 13.

Footnote 96:

See Flom, George T., _Norwegian Immigration into the United States_,
and _Chapters on Scandinavian Immigration to Iowa_; also, Nelson, O.
N., _History of the Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in the
United States_.

Footnote 97:

Commons, J. R., _op. cit._, p. 129.

Footnote 98:

Dewees, F. P., _The Molly Maguires_; Rhodes, J. F., _The Molly
Maguires in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania_; _Encyc.
Britannica_, article “Molly Maguires.”

Footnote 99:

Coolidge, Mary R., _Chinese Immigration_, pp. 16, 17.

Footnote 100:

Coolidge, M. R., _op. cit._, p. 107.

Footnote 101:

Professor Taussig justifies the exclusion of the Chinese on the ground
that “a permanent group of helots is not a healthy constituent in a
democratic society,” _Principles of Economics_, Vol. II, p. 140.

Footnote 102:

The subject of Chinese immigration has been treated thus summarily
because of the large amount of reliable material which is easily
available on the question. It has been treated as a whole, rather than
divided among the different periods, because in fact it has been a
distinct phase of our immigration problem; only since 1900 has the
administration of the Chinese exclusion law been a part of the duties
of the Commissioner General of Immigration. Foremost among the books
on the topic is Mrs. Coolidge’s work, already quoted. A defense of the
Chinese written in the heat of the controversy is George F. Seward’s
_Chinese Immigration_. Interesting chapters on the topic are to be
found in Mayo-Smith, and Hall, and frequent references in Jenks and
Lauck, and Commons. Cf. also Sparks, E. E., _National Development_,
1877–1885, pp. 229–250.

Footnote 103:

Mason, A. B., “An American View of Emigration,” _Fortnightly Review_,
22:273.

Footnote 104:

“Deportation” must be carefully distinguished from “exclusion,”
“debarment,” or “returning.” When either of the last three terms is
used, it implies that the immigrant is never allowed to land in the
country. The first term is applicable when the immigrant has landed in
this country, and some time after, in accordance with some provision
of the law, is sent back to the country from which he came.

This is the first provision for deportation in the federal laws,
except the temporary provision of the Alien Bill. As early as 1837 the
common council of New York City passed a resolution, authorizing the
commissioners of the almshouse to send back to their native country
such alien paupers as were, or were likely to become, paupers at the
establishment at Bellevue or elsewhere, provided the pauper in
question gave his consent. (Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong.,
2d Ses., 370, pp. 16–18.) It is amusing to note that at that period
our right to send back alien paupers,—even though they had been
officially transported to this country,—after they had once been
admitted, was seriously questioned by foreign powers.

Footnote 105:

By an administrative rule of the department any alien, who is a lawful
resident of the United States and becomes a public charge from
physical disability arising subsequent to his landing, may, with his
consent, and the approval of the bureau, be deported within one year
at government expense.

Footnote 106:

See page 118.

Footnote 107:

Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 14.

Footnote 108:

The figures since 1858 have been for the fiscal year ending June 30.

Footnote 109:

For a fuller discussion of this class see the discussion of crises, p.
359.

Footnote 110:

As, for instance, in the study of the effects of crises (see pp.
347–361).

Footnote 111:

Rept. Imm. Com., Emigration Conditions in Europe, Abs., p. 9.

Footnote 112:

Rept. Imm. Com., The Immigration Situation in Canada, p. 15.

Footnote 113:

Commons, J. R., _op. cit._, pp. 79 ff.

Footnote 114:

Balch, Emily G., _Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens_, p. 29.

Footnote 115:

For a detailed account of Slavic immigration, the reader is referred
to Miss Emily G. Balch’s monumental work, _Our Slavic
Fellow-Citizens_.

Footnote 116:

Commons, J. R., _op. cit._, p. 73. For fuller figures see King, B.,
and Okey, T., _Italy To-day_, p. 126.

Footnote 117:

Cf. _Americans in Process_, p. 46.

Footnote 118:

Bodio, Luigi, “Dell’ Emigrazione Italiana,” _Nuova Antologia_,
183:529.

Footnote 119:

Commons, J. R., _op. cit._, p. 92. Cf. _Americans in Process_, p. 48;
Rubinow, I. M., “The Jews in Russia,” _Yale Review_, August, 1906, p.
147; Antin, Mary, _The Promised Land_; Evans-Gordon, _The Alien
Immigrant_, Chs. IV, V.

Footnote 120:

Marsh, Benjamin C., _Charities_, XXI:15, p. 649.

Footnote 121:

The instances given by Mrs. Houghton of economic causes of immigration
are mainly of this temporary nature, though not all trifling. See
Houghton, Louise S., “Syrians in the United States,” _Survey_, July 1,
1911, p. 482.

Footnote 122:

Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Cond., p. 8.

Footnote 123:

Caro, L., _Auswanderung und Auswanderungspolitik in Österreich_, pp.
59–71.

Footnote 124:

Mayo-Smith, R., _Emigration and Immigration_, p. 46.

Footnote 125:

Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement of Conclusions and Recommendations,
p. 17.

Footnote 126:

Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, etc., Abs., p. 12.

Footnote 127:

Canoutas, S. G., _Greek-American Guide_, 1909, p. 39.

Footnote 128:

These prepaid tickets are commonly orders, to be exchanged by the
traveler, in Europe, for the actual certificate of transportation. Cf.
Rept. N. Y. Com. of Imm., pp. 38 ff.

Footnote 129:

See pp. 192, 194.

Footnote 130:

See Whelpley, Jas. D., _The Problem of the Immigrant_, p. 3.

Footnote 131:

Report, 1910, p. 116.

Footnote 132:

Quoted from the author’s book, _Greek Immigration_, pp. 236–237. Cf.
Cooke-Taylor, W., _The Modern Factory System_, p. 419.

Footnote 133:

Rept. Imm. Com., Japanese and Other Immigrant Races, etc., Abs., p.
46.

Footnote 134:

Under authority conferred by Section 1 of the Immigration Law of 1907.

Footnote 135:

Millis, H. A., “East Indian Immigration to British Columbia and the
Pacific Coast States,” _Am. Econ. Rev._, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 72. Rept.
Comm. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 148.

Footnote 136:

For a picturesque description of “The Beginning of the Trail” the
reader is referred to the first chapter of Professor Steiner’s
fascinating book, _On the Trail of the Immigrant_.

Footnote 137:

Clapp, Edwin J., _The Port of Hamburg_, pp. 667–688; Evans-Gordon,
_op. cit._, Ch. XIII.

Footnote 138:

Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 118.

Footnote 139:

Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 37.

Footnote 140:

_Ibid._, p. 38.

Footnote 141:

For a fuller description of the system of medical examination, see the
Report of the Immigration Commission, Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp.
35 ff., from which many of the above facts are taken.

Footnote 142:

See p. 149.

Footnote 143:

For fuller accounts of the steerage and life therein, see Rept. Imm.
Com., Steerage Conditions; Steiner, E. A., _On the Trail of the
Immigrant_; Brandenburg, B., _Imported Americans_, Chs. III, XIV, XV.

Footnote 144:

Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 135.

Footnote 145:

Cf. Brandenburg, B., _Imported Americans_, Chs. XVII and XVIII.

Footnote 146:

See an editorial in the _New York Evening Journal_, May 24, 1911.

Footnote 147:

Brandenburg, _op. cit._, p. 214.

Footnote 148:

Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1907, p. 77.

Footnote 149:

Rept. Imm. Com., Statistical Review, Abs., p. 17, and Rept. Comr. Gen.
of Imm., 1912, pp. 68, 129. The figures of the Commission do not tally
in all respects with those given in the annual Reports.

Footnote 150:

Figures for Italy, unless otherwise specified, include Sicily and
Sardinia.

Footnote 151:

Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 9.

Footnote 152:

_Ibid._, Stat. Rev., Abs., p. 11.

Footnote 153:

See page 128.

Footnote 154:

Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., pp. 9, 10, 11.

Footnote 155:

Repts. Comr. Gen. of Imm., 1911, 1912.

Footnote 156:

Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 13.

Footnote 157:

See page 247.

Footnote 158:

Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement, p. 39.

Footnote 159:

_Ibid._, Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 14.

Footnote 160:

See page 341.

Footnote 163:

The per cent of illiteracy in the general population of the United
States, ten years of age or over, is 10.7.

Footnote 164:

Claghorn, Kate H., “The Immigration Bill,” _The Survey_, Feb. 8, 1913.

Footnote 165:

Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining, Abs., p. 165.

Footnote 168:

Mayo-Smith, R., _Emigration and Immigration_, pp. 104 ff.

Footnote 169:

Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 20.

Footnote 170:

Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 69.

Footnote 173:

_Races and Immigrants in America_, pp. 124–125.

Footnote 174:

For detailed figures of occupation by races see Rept. Imm. Com., Stat.
Rev., Abs., pp. 52, 53.

Footnote 176:

See Brandenburg, B., “The Tragedy of the Rejected Immigrant,”
_Outlook_, Oct. 13, 1906.

Footnote 177:

Stoner, Dr. George W., _Immigration—The Medical Treatment of
Immigrants_, etc., p. 10.

Footnote 178:

There is also a flourishing business of this sort in Liverpool,
Marseilles, etc. Rept. Commissioner General of Immigration, 1905, pp.
50 ff.

Footnote 180:

Quoted by Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration_, p. 107. See also Walker, F.
A., “The Restriction of Immigration,” _Atlantic Monthly_, 77:822.

Footnote 181:

Bushee, F. A., “The Declining Birth Rate and Its Cause,” _Pop. Sci.
Month._, 63:355.

Footnote 182:

Hunter, Robert, “Immigration the Annihilator of our Native Stock,”
_The Commons_, April, 1904.

Footnote 183:

For a statement of the importance of the growth of cities, as opposed
to immigration, in affecting the birth rate, see Goldenweiser, E. A.,
“Walker’s Theory of Immigration,” _Am. Jour. of Soc._, 18:342.

Footnote 184:

See page 217.

Footnote 185:

See review of Levasseur’s “American Workman,” _Pol. Sci. Quart._,
13:321.

Footnote 186:

See page 145.

Footnote 187:

See Report of Committee on Standard of Living, 8th N. Y. State
Conference of Charities and Corrections, Albany, 1907, p. 20. Also Van
Vorst, Mrs. John, _The Cry of the Children_, p. 213.

Footnote 188:

Bailey, W. B., _Modern Social Conditions_, p. 104, and Gonnard, René,
_L’Émigration européenne au XIXe siècle_, p. 120.

Footnote 189:

For discussions of the sensitiveness of the marriage rate to economic
conditions, see Schooling, J. Holt, “The English Marriage Rate,”
_Fortnightly Review_, 75:959; Willcox, W. F., “Marriage Rate in
Michigan, 1870–1890,” _Quart. Publ. Amer. Stat. Assn._, 4:1; and Crum,
F. S., “The Marriage Rate in Massachusetts,” _Quart. Publ. Amer. Stat.
Assn._, 4:322.

Footnote 190:

See page 191.

Footnote 191:

_Christianity and the Social Crisis_, p. 273.

Footnote 192:

Cf. Commons, J. R., _op. cit._, pp. 203–204.

Footnote 193:

See page 207.

Footnote 195:

See page 207.

Footnote 197:

Abstract, Thirteenth Census, p. 197.

Footnote 198:

For a full statement of opposite opinions on this subject, see
Willcox, W. F., “The Distribution of Immigrants in the United States,”
_Quart. Jour. of Econ._, August, 1906; and Fairchild, H. P.,
“Distribution of Immigrants,” _Yale Review_, November, 1907.

Footnote 199:

Cf. Balch, Emily G., _Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens_, pp. 317–319; and
Addams, Jane, _Newer Ideals of Peace_, pp. 65–68.

Footnote 200:

Quotations are from the abstract of that report.

Footnote 201:

Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, _Italians in America_, p. 70; Bushee, F.
A., _Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston_, p. 29.

Footnote 202:

Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, _op. cit._, p. 72.

Footnote 203:

Bushee, _op. cit._, p. 30.

Footnote 204:

Almy, Frederic, “The Huddled Poles of Buffalo,” _The Survey_, Feb. 4,
1911.

Footnote 205:

Thompson, Carl D., “Socialists and Slums,” Milwaukee, _The Survey_,
Dec. 3, 1910. Cf. Byington, Margaret F., _Homestead_, pp. 131–136.

Footnote 206:

Cf. description of conditions in a manufacturing town, Fitch, John A.,
Lackawanna, _The Survey_, Oct. 7, 1911, p. 936.

Footnote 207:

Balch, Emily G., _Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens_, p. 349.

Footnote 208:

For convenience’ sake, the term “boarder” will hereafter be used in
the place of the clumsy phrase “boarders and lodgers.”

Footnote 211:

Balch, _op. cit._, p. 349.

Footnote 212:

Lauck, W. Jett, “The Bituminous Coal Miner and Coke Worker of Western
Pennsylvania,” _The Survey_, April 1, 1911. Cf. also Roberts, Peter,
_Anthracite Coal Communities_, p. 137.

Footnote 213:

Warne, F. J., _The Slav Invasion_, p. 68. Cf. Hunt, Milton B., “The
Housing of Non-Family Groups of Men in Chicago,” _Am. Jour. of Soc._,
16:145.

Footnote 214:

See, for instance, Riis, Jacob, _How the Other Half Lives_;
Breckenridge, Sophonisba, and Abbott, Edith, “Housing Conditions in
Chicago,” _Am. Jour. of Soc._, 16:4 and 17:1, 2; “The Housing
Awakening,” series in _The Survey_, beginning Nov. 19, 1910.

Footnote 215:

_The Survey_, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 771.

Footnote 216:

Roberts, _op. cit._, p. 143.

Footnote 217:

For full descriptions of life in mining and manufacturing villages,
see Roberts, _op. cit._, Chs. IV and V; Lauck, W. Jett, _The Survey_,
Apr. 1, 1911; Fitch, John A., _The Survey_, Oct. 7, 1911; Balch, _op.
cit._, pp. 372–375; Warne, _op. cit._, Ch. VI. For an account of the
life of some of our foreign agriculturists, see Cance, Alexander E.,
“Piedmontese on the Mississippi,” _The Survey_, Sept. 2, 1911; Lord,
Trenor, and Barrows, _op. cit._, Ch. VI; Balch, _op. cit._, Ch. XV.

Footnote 218:

Cf. Balch, _op. cit._, pp. 363–364; Lauck, _The Survey_, Apr. 1, 1911,
p. 48; Roberts, _op. cit._, pp. 103 ff.; Bushee, _op. cit._, p. 29;
Rept. Imm. Com., Recent Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 59; _Americans in
Process_, p. 141.

Footnote 219:

Cf. Streightoff, F. H., _Standard of Living_, Ch. VI.

Footnote 220:

_Ibid._, p. 106.

Footnote 221:

_Americans in Process_, pp. 142–143.

Footnote 222:

Conditioned, of course, by the general standard of the society.

Footnote 230:

_Ibid._, Imms. in Cities, Abs., p. 44.

Footnote 231:

_Ibid._, Recent Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 57.

Footnote 232:

Roberts, _op. cit._, p. 346.

Footnote 233:

_Standard of Living_, Ch. IV.

Footnote 234:

Roberts, _op. cit._, p. 346.

Footnote 235:

_The Survey_, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 767.

Footnote 236:

Streightoff, _op. cit._, p. 162.

Footnote 241:

In this investigation pupils are listed by their own nativity, rather
than by that of the father.

Footnote 242:

Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Padrone System, pp. 7, 8. For an account of the
operation of the system in England, see Wilkins, W. H., _The Alien
Invasion_.

Footnote 243:

For a fuller description of the system, and a more detailed account of
its crying evils, see Fairchild, H. P., _Greek Immigration_, and Rept.
Imm. Com., The Greek Padrone System in the United States.

Footnote 244:

For an illustration of such a contract, see Rept. Imm. Com., Greek
Padrone System, Abs., pp. 23–24.

Footnote 245:

Cf. Addams, Jane, _Twenty Years at Hull-House_, p. 221.

Footnote 246:

Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, Abs., p. 12, which compare
throughout.

Footnote 247:

Clyatt case, 197 U. S. 207.

Footnote 248:

Cf. Rept. Imm. Com., Peonage, etc.

Footnote 249:

Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 35.

Footnote 250:

_Ibid._, p. 35.

Footnote 251:

Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 27.

Footnote 252:

_Ibid._, pp. 69, 85, 86.

Footnote 253:

For a full description of the nature, organization, and functions of
the immigrant bank, and of efforts which have been made to correct its
evils, the reader is referred to the Report of the Immigration
Commission on Immigrant Banks, to which reference has been made, and
also to the Report of the New York Commission of Immigration. This
latter volume also contains an extended discussion of the position of
the notary public. Cf. also Roberts, Peter, _The New Immigration_, Ch.
XV.

Footnote 254:

Addams, Jane, _Twenty Years at Hull-House_, p. 99; Adams, T. S., and
Sumner, Helen L., _Labor Problems_, Ch. IV.

Footnote 255:

Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 88.

Footnote 256:

Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 8.

Footnote 257:

Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 90.

Footnote 258:

Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 14.

Footnote 259:

_Ibid._, p. 16.

Footnote 260:

Cf. Rept. N. Y. Com. of Imm., p. 92.

Footnote 261:

New York now has a state law, which went into effect Sept. 1, 1911,
for the regulation of these lodging houses. _The Survey_, Sept. 30,
1911.

Footnote 262:

That the spirit of Know Nothingism dies hard, and is likely to crop
out even in modern times, is evidenced by the so-called A. P. A.
agitation of the early nineties. The A. P. A., or American Protective
Association, was the most prominent of several secret organizations,
formed about this time, the purposes and methods of which were
strikingly similar to those of the Native American and Know Nothing
parties. The object of their antagonism was the Roman Catholic Church,
and particularly the body of Irish Catholics. This agitation was
carried to such an extent that many people, even of the intelligent
and thoughtful, feared that a religious war was impending. For details
see Winston, E. M., “The Threatening Conflict with Romanism,” _Forum_,
17:425 (June, 1894); Coudert, Frederic R., “The American Protective
Association,” _Forum_, 17:513 (July, 1894); Gladden, W., “The
Anti-Catholic Crusade,” _Century_, 25:789 (March, 1894).

Footnote 263:

Professor Mayo-Smith says on this point, “The commands of morality are
absolute and must have the sanction of perfect faith in order to be
effective. To destroy the credibility of the sanction, without putting
anything in its place, must for the time being be destructive of
ethical action.” _Emigration and Immigration_, p. 7.

Footnote 264:

Cf. Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” _North American
Review_, September, 1908, p. 381. Also, Rept. Imm. Com., Importing
Women for Immoral Purposes, pp. 12, 14.

Footnote 265:

_The Workingman and Social Problems_, p. 32. Cf. White, Gaylord S.,
“The Protestant Church and the Immigrant,” _The Survey_, Sept. 25,
1909.

Footnote 266:

Anderson, W. L., _The Country Town_, p. 164.

Footnote 267:

Commons, J. R., _op. cit._, p. 203.

Footnote 268:

It is a suggestive fact that the word “recreation” does not occur in
the indexes of Hall’s _Immigration_, Jenks and Lauck’s _The
Immigration Problem_, Commons’ _Races and Immigrants in America_,
Coolidge’s _Chinese Immigration_, or Balch’s _Our Slavic
Fellow-Citizens_. For descriptions of the recreations of the
foreign-born see Kenngott, George F., _The Record of a City_, Ch.
VIII; _City Wilderness_, Ch. VIII; _Americans in Process_, Ch. VIII;
Roberts, Peter, _The New Immigration_, Ch. XVIII.

Footnote 269:

Statistical Abstract of the U. S., 1910, p. 251. Cf. also Ely, R. T.,
_Outlines of Economics_, p. 340, and Streightoff, F. H., _Standard of
Living_, p. 55.

Footnote 270:

_Races and Immigrants in America_, p. 115.

Footnote 271:

Professor Taussig says that there is evidence that “a standard of
living so tenaciously held as to affect natural increase” is a force
which acts on the numbers of the well-to-do in modern countries and is
coming into operation in the upper tier of manual workmen. _Prin. of
Econ._, Vol. II, p. 152. In these upper groups it operates mainly upon
the birth rate. In the lower groups, where there is less conscious
control of the rate of reproduction, a decrease in the means of
subsistence must almost inevitably result in an increase of the death
rate, particularly of infants.

Footnote 272:

A certain amount of repetition of matter already given—particularly in
the discussion of the effects of immigration on population—has seemed
unavoidable in the following paragraphs. The matters of population,
wages, and standards of living are obviously closely associated.

Footnote 273:

See page 145.

Footnote 274:

Mr. Earle Clark has shown by a comparison of recent figures that “the
wages paid in the Massachusetts cotton mills do not enable the men
employed to maintain a standard of living higher than that which the
men employed in English mills can maintain upon English wages.” _The
Survey_, March 23, 1912.

Footnote 275:

A further consideration, in addition to the difference in standards,
which gives the foreigner an advantage over the native, is found in
the different price levels here and abroad. In general the price
levels in the countries from which the new immigration comes are lower
than in the United States. This means that the immigrant, who saves
part of his earnings for the support of a family in Europe, finds it
possible to accept a lower wage than the native, who supports his
family in this country, and yet keep his family on a standard
equivalent to that of the American workman.

Footnote 276:

Professor Taussig says, “The position of common laborers in the United
States (that is, in the Northern and Western States) has been kept at
its low level only by the continued inflow of immigrants.... These
constant new arrivals have kept down the wages of the lowest group,
and have accentuated also the lines of social demarcation between this
group and others.” _Principles of Economics_, Vol. II, p. 139. See
also p. 234.

The same general opinion is expressed by Jenks and Lauck, _The
Immigration Problem_, p. 195; by Hall, _Immigration_, pp. 123–131; by
Commons, _Races and Immigrants in America_, pp. 151, 152, 159; by Miss
Balch, _Our Slavic Fellow Citizens_, pp. 288–289; and by Wilkins (with
reference to England), _The Alien Invasion_, p. 68.

Footnote 277:

Cf. Byington, M., _Homestead_, pp. 6–11.

Footnote 278:

Cf. Ripley, William Z., “Race Factors in Labor Unions,” _Atlantic
Monthly_, 93:299.

Footnote 279:

Cf. Stewart, Ethelbert, “Influence of Trade-Unions on Immigrants,” in
LaFollette, R. M., _The Making of America_, Vol. VIII, pp. 226 ff.

Footnote 280:

Congressional Globe, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., 391.

Footnote 281:

Hall, P. F., _Immigration_, p. 161.

Footnote 282:

_Ibid._, p. 165.

Footnote 283:

_Ibid._, p. 161.

Footnote 284:

See, for example, Mass. Report on the Unemployed, 1895, pp. 18, 116.
Report Ohio State Board of Charities, 1902, pp. 178 ff.

Footnote 285:

Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 92, 95, 96.

Footnote 287:

_Paupers in Almshouses_, p. 101.

Footnote 288:

Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 215, 218.

Footnote 290:

_Immigration_, p. 168.

Footnote 291:

Mr. Streightoff points out that even in a year of prosperity about
half of the laboring families are not able to save anything, even on
the close margin of living which they maintain. _Standard of Living_,
pp. 24, 25.

Footnote 292:

Cf. Byington, M. F., _Homestead_, p. 184.

Footnote 293:

Claghorn, K. H., “Immigration in its Relation to Pauperism,” _Annals
of the American Academy of Political Science_, 24:187.

Footnote 295:

Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Crime, Abs., p. 7.

Footnote 296:

_Ibid._, p. 8.

Footnote 297:

Cf. Hourwich, I. A., “Immigration and Crime,” _Am. Jour. Soc._, 17:4,
p. 478.

Footnote 298:

Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, pp. 42, 45.

Footnote 299:

_Ibid._ Cf. also Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” _No.
Am. Rev._, September, 1908, p. 381; Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. and Crime,
Abs.; _Americans in Process_, pp. 199–207; _The City Wilderness_, p.
172.

Footnote 300:

Fairchild, H. P., _Greek Immigration to the United States_, p. 203.

Footnote 301:

“Molly Maguire in America,” _All the Year Round_, New Series, 17:270.

Footnote 302:

Cf. Bingham, T. A., _The Girl that Disappears_, and “Foreign Criminals
in New York,” _No. Am. Rev._, September, 1908; and Rept. Imm. Com.,
Importing Women for Immoral Purposes; _New York Times_, Jan. 17, 1912,
p. 1.

Footnote 303:

Cf. Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, p. 236; Commons, _Races and
Immigrants in America_, p. 170; Hall, _Immigration_, p. 150; Bingham,
_No. Am. Rev._, September, 1908; Addams, _Twenty Years at Hull-House_,
p. 252; _Americans in Process_, p. 209.

Footnote 304:

Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1908, p. 98.

Footnote 305:

_Insane and Feeble-minded in Hospitals and Institutions_, 1904, p. 20.

Footnote 306:

Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Insanity. Cf. Williams, William,
“Immigration and Insanity,” address before the Mental Hygiene
Conference, New York City, Nov. 14, 1912. Yet the burden of the
feeble-minded immigrant is becoming so strongly felt in New York as to
lead the Chamber of Commerce of that state to send resolutions to
Congress urging better provisions for excluding this class. _The
Survey_, March 2, 1912.

Footnote 307:

Roberts, P., _Anthracite Coal Communities_, pp. 19 ff.; Warne, _Slav
Invasion_.

Footnote 308:

Jenks and Lauck, _Immigration Problem_, p. 92.

Footnote 309:

_Ibid._, p. 72. For numerous other cases see Rept. Imm. Com., Imms. in
Mf. and Min., Abs., pp. 226 ff.; Commons, J. R., _Races and Immigrants
in America_, pp. 151, 152.

Footnote 310:

_Anthracite Coal Communities_, p. 20.

Footnote 311:

For an opposite view of this whole question, see Hourwich, I. A.,
_Immigration and Labor_. This book, which should be consulted for an
elaborate defense of free immigration from the economic point of view,
has come to hand too late to be cited at frequent intervals throughout
the present work. It is an ingenious production, but so full of
inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and misleading statements that to
criticize it in detail would require a volume in itself. The
refutation of many of Dr. Hourwich’s arguments may be found throughout
the pages of the present work.

Footnote 312:

Mr. W. L. Anderson, who is not an extreme advocate of the opinion that
immigration has not increased population, nevertheless says,
“Certainly the common assertion that without the foreigner the
development of the country would have halted disastrously is
fallacious.” _The Country Town_, p. 154.

Footnote 313:

Some allowance needs also to be made for the amount of money brought
in. See p. 202.

Footnote 314:

Speare, Charles F., “What America Pays Europe for Immigrant Labor,”
_No. Am. Rev._, 187:106.

Footnote 315:

Cf. Balch, _op. cit._, p. 302. Fred C. Croxton and W. Jett Lauck find
the recent immigrants largely responsible for dangerous and
unhealthful conditions in mines and factories, and trace a direct
causal relation between the extensive employment of recent immigrants
and the extraordinary increase of mining accidents in recent years.
Spiller, G., _Inter-Racial Problems_, pp. 218–219.

Footnote 316:

Pp. 155–159.

Footnote 317:

For the distinction between these classes see p. 125.

Footnote 318:

White, _Money and Banking_, third edition, Ch. XVIII.

Footnote 319:

The fact that in March, 1908, there was a gain of 31 is not a
coincidence. The month of March is always a busy one in immigration,
as it opens the spring season, and this influence was sufficient to
check the prevailing movement temporarily.

Footnote 320:

Mr. F. H. Streightoff shows that at the time the census of 1900 was
taken, 2,634,336 or 11.1 per cent of all males over ten years of age
who were engaged in gainful occupation in the United States were
unemployed three months or more during the year. See _Standard of
Living_, p. 35.

Footnote 321:

Fisher, Irving, _The Purchasing Power of Money_, pp. 58 _seq._

Footnote 322:

Ely, R. T., _Outlines of Economics_, p. 268.

Footnote 323:

Bulletin of the American Economic Association, April, 1911, p. 253.

Footnote 324:

Streightoff, _The Standard of Living_, p. 24.

Footnote 325:

Streightoff, _The Standard of Living_, p. 111.

Footnote 326:

See quotation from Professor Taussig, footnote, p. 309.

Footnote 327:

Israel Zangwill, in an address before the Universal Races Congress in
London, said, “Even in America, with its lip-formula of brotherhood, a
gateless Ghetto has been created by the isolation of the Jews from the
general social life,” Spiller, G., _op. cit._, p. 270. Cf. also
Peters, Madison C., _The Jews in America_, pp. 123–138.

Footnote 328:

“The Jews associate little with other nationalities, principally from
the choice of the other nationalities.” Bushee, F. A., _City
Wilderness_, p. 42.

Footnote 329:

Cf. _Americans in Process_, pp. 61–63, 157.

Footnote 330:

Jenks and Lauck, _Immigration Problem_, p. 172.

Footnote 331:

Cf. Franklin, Frank G., _Legislative History of Naturalization in the
United States_.

Footnote 333:

Hall, P. F., _op. cit._, p. 194.

Footnote 334:

_Ibid._, p. 186. For a general discussion of these abuses, see Hall,
_op. cit._, Ch. IX.

Footnote 335:

_Americans in Process_, p. 157.

Footnote 336:

Act of March 2, 1907.

Footnote 337:

Cf. Champernowne, Henry, _The Boss_, Ch. XIII.

Footnote 338:

Commons, J. R., _Races and Immigrants in America_, p. 182.

Footnote 339:

Cf. throughout, Commons, _op. cit._, Ch. VIII.

Footnote 340:

Twelfth Census, Vol. I, p. xxxii. Includes land and water. Figures for
land area alone are given in _A Century of Population Growth_, p. 54.
Taking land in this restricted sense would not materially affect the
conclusions.

Footnote 341:

This change has been furthered, according to Professor Taussig, by
immigration. _Principles of Economics_, Vol. I, p. 545.

Footnote 342:

The importance of this change is emphasized by noting Professor Guy S.
Callender’s statement, “Perhaps the most important circumstance
affecting American society is the fact that the people have always
been in contact with unoccupied lands.” _Economic History of the
United States_, p. 667. Professor Taussig points out also, in this
connection, that unskilled labor is more needed when a plant is being
constructed than when it is being utilized. _Principles of Economics_,
Vol. II, p. 154, footnote.

Footnote 343:

Thus, “Immigration calls for courage and every other personal quality
which makes for social progress.” Lincoln, _The City of the Dinner
Pail_, p. 141.

Footnote 344:

See page 160.

Footnote 345:

Cf. Bailey, W. B., “The Bird of Passage,” _Am. Jour. of Soc._, 18:3,
p. 391.

Footnote 346:

See Professor Keller’s introduction to Fairchild’s _Greek
Immigration_.

Footnote 347:

A slight element of inaccuracy is given to these figures by the
different methods of recording immigration at different periods. Rept.
Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., p. 8.

Footnote 348:

_War and Other Essays_, p. 169.

Footnote 349:

Cf. Kidd, Benjamin, _Social Evolution_, p. 237; Ellis, Havelock, _The
Task of Social Hygiene_, pp. 2–4.

Footnote 350:

_De Bows’s Review_, 18:698, “Sources from which Great Empires Come.”
Signed L.

Footnote 351:

This point is frequently pressed by writers who adopt the standpoint
of the immigrant, as for instance, Professor Steiner. Much effort is
expended to establish the high character of the immigrant, his noble
motives and worthy ambitions. The wealthy American on the promenade
deck is contrasted unfavorably with the alien in the steerage. No
criticism is to be made of this position. It is beyond doubt that
there is a great deal to admire in the very humblest of our
immigrants. But a most emphatic exception must be taken to the
conclusion which apparently is assumed to follow this premise; namely,
that therefore anything in the way of restriction is wrong. Granted
that the admirable character of the immigrant is thoroughly
established. This fact does not obviate the need for action, if it
appears that evils arise. If the welfare of the nation is menaced; if
the immigrants are not reaping the benefits for which they have
sacrificed all in the old country; if the wonderful patrimony of the
United States, fitted to render an enduring service to mankind, is
being thoughtlessly squandered; if conditions in foreign countries are
not improved; if the most remarkable population movement in history is
being left to the machinations of selfishly interested parties—if any
of these things are true, the fact that it is not the immigrant’s
“fault” does not remove the responsibility from those upon whom it
naturally rests of taking active measures to secure to humanity the
greatest and most enduring benefits which such a tremendous
sociological phenomenon may be made to yield. If the first step in
such a conservation program is restriction, then that step must be
taken.

Footnote 352:

Cf. Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” _No. Am. Rev._,
Jan., 1912.

Footnote 353:

_Webster’s Dictionary._

Footnote 354:

_Century Dictionary._

Footnote 355:

_New English Dictionary._

Footnote 356:

_Encyc. Britannica_, article “Physiology.”

Footnote 357:

For an enumeration of important American characteristics, see
Mayo-Smith, R., _Emigration and Immigration_, pp. 5–6.

Footnote 358:

It is noteworthy that while the English are in many respects more
similar to Americans than any other foreign race, yet their complete
assimilation to the American type is said to be very difficult,
because of their unwillingness to give up their own ideas and
character. _City Wilderness_, p. 52; _Americans in Process_, p. 65.

Footnote 359:

Professor Lester F. Ward says, “The assimilation of an alien
civilization ... cannot be accomplished in a single generation, no
matter how favorable the conditions may be.” _Applied Sociology_, p.
109. Professor Sumner says, “The only way in which, in the course of
time, remnants of foreign groups are apparently absorbed and the group
becomes homogeneous, is that the foreign element dies out.”
_Folkways_, p. 115. Mr. Joseph Lee says, “Whether we in this country
shall succeed in doing in a few centuries what Europe in fifteen or
twenty or more has not been able to accomplish, is a problem of which
the present generation of Americans is not in a position to fully
judge.” _Charities and the Commons_, 19:17.

Footnote 360:

_The Immigration Problem_, p. 209.

Footnote 361:

_The Immigration Problem_, p. 267.

Footnote 362:

_Ibid._, p. 293.

Footnote 363:

Cf. Coolidge, Mary R., _Chinese Immigration_, p. 267; and Fairchild,
H. P., _Greek Immigration_, footnote, p. 242.

Footnote 364:

_Americans in Process_, p. 50.

Footnote 365:

Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” _No. Am. Rev._, Jan.,
1912.

Footnote 366:

_De Bows’s Review_, “Sources from which Great Empires Come,” 18:698
(1855).

Footnote 367:

_American Museum_, 7:240.

Footnote 368:

_Political Economy_, Vol. II, 13:265.

Footnote 369:

_Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung_, pp. 333 ff.

Footnote 370:

_Op. cit._, p. 135. Cf. also Bonar, J., _Malthus and His Work_, p.
144.

Footnote 371:

_The Commons_, April, 1904.

Footnote 372:

Douglas, _Emigration_, pp. 117–118.

Footnote 373:

_The Problem of the Immigrant_, p. 15.

Footnote 374:

_Op. cit._, p. 23.

Footnote 375:

_Principles of Economics_, Vol. II, p. 217. For a statement of the
opposite opinion, see Bourne, S., _Trade, Population, and Food_.

Footnote 376:

Bailey, _Mod. Soc. Cond._, 101, and Gonnard, _L’Emig. Eur._, 120.

Footnote 377:

In spite of the enormous emigration from Italy, and the almost entire
depopulation of certain districts, the population of the country as a
whole increased 6.81 per cent during the period from Feb. 10, 1901, to
June 10, 1911, without regard to those subjects temporarily residing
abroad. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, Jan. 20, 1911, p. 1440.

Footnote 378:

Gonnard, _op. cit._, p. 22.

Footnote 379:

Flom, George T., _Norwegian Immigration_, p. 27.

Footnote 380:

Fairchild, _Greek Immigration_, p. 71.

Footnote 381:

Mangano, Antonio, “The Effect of Emigration upon Italy,” _Charities
and the Commons_, Jan. 4, 1908, Feb. 1, 1908, April 4, 1908, May 2,
1908, June 6, 1908.

Footnote 382:

For a corroboration of these facts, see Borosini, Victor von,
“Home-Going Italians,” _The Survey_, Sept. 28, 1912.

Footnote 383:

Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp. 10, 11.

Footnote 384:

Fairchild, H. P., _Greek Immigration_, pp. 220–235, Ch. XI.

Footnote 385:

Gonnard, while he has little to say of the effects of emigration,
other than those on population, in his book on _European Emigration_,
nevertheless gives the general impression that these effects are
injurious as far as Austria-Hungary is concerned, quoting Count
Mailath to that effect (p. 280). The so-called emigration from Russia
to Siberia, which Gonnard regards as advantageous, does not fall
within the strict definition of emigration adopted in this book.

Footnote 386:

Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 10.

Footnote 387:

Miss Balch gives a pathetic and significant instance of a Ruthenian
woman, returned to her native land, whose highest ideas of American
social life were based on her acquaintance with negroes. _Our Slavic
Fellow-Citizens_, p. 144.

Footnote 388:

See the series of articles on foreigners in the United States in
_Munsey’s Magazine_ for 1906.

Footnote 389:

Balch, E. G., _op. cit._, pp. 154–155, pp. 300–303; Steiner, E. A.,
_The Immigrant Tide_, Ch. II.

Footnote 390:

Mangano, A., _The Survey_, April 4, 1908, p. 23; Rept. Imm. Com.,
Greek Bootblacks, Abs., pp. 12 ff.

Footnote 391:

Adams and Sumner, _Labor Problem_, pp. 130–138.

Footnote 392:

Chute, Charles L., “The Cost of the Cranberry Sauce,” _The Survey_,
Dec. 2, 1911, and Lovejoy, Owen R., _The Survey_, Jan. 7, 1911.

Footnote 393:

Page 246.

Footnote 394:

See page 383.

Footnote 395:

Cf. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1911, pp. 4–7.

Footnote 396:

Quoted by Hall, P. F., _Immigration_, p. 128.

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