Chapter X

OTHER DISEASES, MOSTLY TROPICAL, KNOWN OR THOUGHT TO BE TRANSMITTED BY INSECTS

SLEEPING SICKNESS

One of the worst scourges of Africa and one that is to-day attracting world-wide attention is the disease known as trypanosomiasis, the terminal phase of which is sleeping sickness, one of the most ghastly diseases that we know.

Among the Protozoa referred to in one of the earlier chapters mention was made of certain trypanosomes which inhabit the blood of man and certain animals. Very little was known concerning these parasites previous to the beginning of the present century, but since that time several have been found to be of great economic importance. The group is being studied extensively and every day our knowledge of them is increasing so that we now know quite definitely the life-history of several.

_Trypanosoma lewisi_, a parasite of rats, is perhaps the best known as it is always common where-ever rats are found. Sometimes as many as 30% or 40% of the rats of certain districts are infected. It is thought that these are transmitted from rat to rat by the common rat-louse which serves as an intermediate host. Fleas may also act as disseminating agents.

A few other kinds cause serious disease of animals, but we are more interested just now in the particular one that is causing so much trouble in Africa. This parasite was discovered in 1902 and was named _Trypanosoma gambiensi_ (Fig. 111). Since then it has been found to be widely distributed. Although the natives have doubtless long been subject to the disease caused by this parasite, the recent influx of whites to these regions and the consequent movements of the natives have caused a great spread of the disease so that whole regions are now made desolate, the inhabitants dying or fleeing to escape the uncanny death.

The disease may run its course in a few months or it may take years. The symptoms are various, but infection is usually soon followed by fevers, sometimes mild, sometimes severe, which recur at irregular intervals. Certain glands or other parts of the body may become swollen. More or less extensive skin eruptions occur on all parts of the body and the patient gradually becomes anemic and physically and intellectually feeble. The nervous system seems to be affected by the parasite, either directly or by the action of the toxins it produces. The patient becomes more debilitated and morose with an increasing tendency to sleep, hence the name sleeping sickness. As the stupor deepens the patient looses all desire or power of exertion and as little food is taken he rapidly wastes away and finally succumbs for after this final stage is reached there is no relief.

It is definitely known that a species of tsetse-fly, _Glossina palpalis_ (Fig. 112), which somewhat resembles our stable-fly, is responsible for the dissemination of the disease, and some recent investigators have suggested that certain species of mosquitoes may also carry the parasite from one host to another. There still remains some doubt as to the exact manner in which the fly transmits the disease, but it seems altogether likely that it is an alternative host and does not serve as a simple mechanical carrier. In this respect it is like the mosquito which is one of the necessary hosts of the malaria parasites, and unlike the house-fly which carries the germs of various diseases in a purely mechanical way without serving as a definite necessary host for the parasite.

The tsetse-fly is found only in tropical Africa and is limited in its distribution there to certain very definite, narrow, brushy areas along the water's edge. If these places can be avoided there seems to be little danger. Those who are fighting the disease have found that if the brush in the vicinity of watering-places and ferry-landings is cleared away such places become comparatively safe. These flies do not lay eggs but produce full-grown larvæ which soon pupate in the ground.

ELEPHANTIASIS

In many tropical regions human blood as well as that of other animals is the normal habitat of certain worm-like parasites (Nematodes). They are not entirely confined to the tropics but may extend far up into the subtropical regions. Five or six different species of these parasites are known, only one of which, however, has been shown to be of any pathological importance, as far as human beings are concerned.

This species, _Filaria bancrofti_, is not only very widely distributed, but in regions such as some of the South Sea Islands a very large per cent of the natives have the filariæ present in their blood. When these parasites are withdrawn from the circulation and placed on a slide for study they are seen to be minute transparent, colorless, snake-like organisms inclosed in a very delicate sack or sheath. They are but a little more than one-hundredth of an inch long and about as big around as a red blood-corpuscle. These are the larval forms of the parasite and have been called by Le Dantec the micro-filaria.

If blood of the patient drawn from the skin, is examined during the day few if any of these parasites are found, but if it is examined between five or six o'clock in the evening and eight or nine o'clock the next morning they may be found in numbers. During the daytime they have retired from the peripheral circulation to the larger arteries and to the lungs, where they may be found in great numbers.

This night-swarming to the peripheral circulation has been found to be a remarkable adaptation in the life-history of the parasite, for it has been demonstrated that in order to go on with its development these larval forms must be taken into the alimentary canal of the mosquito. Most of the mosquitoes in which the development takes place are night-feeders, so that the parasites are sucked up with the blood of the victim. Once inside the stomach they soon free themselves from the inclosing sheath and make their way through the walls of the stomach and enter the muscular tissue, particularly the thoracic muscles. Here they undergo a metamorphosis and increase enormously in size, some attaining one-sixteenth of an inch in length.

After sixteen to twenty days they leave these muscles and make their way to other parts of the body. A few may be found in different parts of the abdomen, but most of them make their way forward into the head of the mosquito and coil themselves up close to the base of the proboscis, finally finding their way down into the proboscis inside the labium. Here they lie until an opportunity offers for them to escape to the warm blood of a vertebrate. They probably pass through the thin membrane connecting the labella with the proboscis and there find their way into the wound made by the puncture when the insect bites. Whether these parasites can gain an entrance into the circulatory system in any other way is not known. It has been suggested that the mosquitoes dying and disintegrating on the surface of water may liberate the filariæ which may later find their way into the system of the vertebrate host when the water is used for drinking, but most of the investigations made so far seem to indicate that they make their way directly from the proboscis into the new host.

Soon after entering the circulatory system of the human host the parasites make their way into the lymphatics where they attain sexual maturity, and in due time new generations of the larval filariæ or microfilariæ are poured into the lymph, and finally into the definite blood-vessels, ready to be sucked up by the next mosquito that feeds on the patient.

In most cases of infection the presence of these filariæ in the blood seems to cause no inconvenience to the host. They are probably never injurious in the larval stage, that is, in the stage in which they are found in the peripheral circulation.

In many cases, however, the presence of the sexual forms in the lymphatics may cause serious complications. The most common of these is that hideous and loathsome disease known as elephantiasis in which certain parts of the patient becomes greatly swollen and distorted. An arm or a leg may become swollen to several times its natural size, or other parts of the body may be seriously affected.

In some of the South Sea Islands 30% to 40% of the natives are afflicted in this way, some only slightly others seriously. There is little or no pain, but in severe cases the distorted parts often render the patient entirely helpless.

The exact way in which the parasites cause such swelling is not very definitely known. Manson, who has done more work on these diseases than any one else, believes that the trouble arises from the clogging of the lymphatic glands or trunks, thus cutting them off from the general circulation, in which case the affected parts may become distorted. This clogging of the passages is believed to be due to the presence of great numbers of immature eggs which have been liberated by parasites injured in some way before their eggs were entirely developed.

This interference with the lymphatic circulation brings about the anomalous condition of a patient with a serious filarial disease with fewer of the filarial parasites in his blood than one who is not so seriously affected. This is supposed to be due to the fact that the disease-producing parasites have died and that the lymphatics have become so obstructed that any microfilariæ they may contain cannot make their way into the general circulation. Such a patient then would not be as likely to infect a mosquito as would one less seriously affected.

It has always been thought that little or nothing could be done in the way of successfully treating this disease, but quite recently a French physician, who has been conducting a long series of experiments in the Society Islands, announced that he is able to cure many cases by certain surgical operations on the affected parts.

DENGUE OR "BREAKBONE FEVER"

This is another disease of the tropics often occurring in widespread epidemics. It is probably most frequently met with in the West Indies, but may occur in any of the tropical countries or islands. Occasionally it spreads into subtropical or even temperate regions. Several extensive epidemics have occurred in the United States. Once introduced into a community it spreads very rapidly and nothing seems to confer immunity.

The various names by which it has been called well describe its effect on the patient; breakbone fever, dandy-fever, stiff-necked or giraffe-fever, boquet (or "bucket") fever, _scarlatina rheumatica_, polka-fever, etc. While the suffering is intense as long as the disease lasts it seldom terminates fatally.

It has always been classed as a very contagious disease and it has not yet been definitely shown that it is not. Recent observations, however, have shown that it is probably caused by a certain Protozoan parasite that is found in the blood of dengue patients and several experiments have been conducted by Dr. Graham which seem to indicate that it is transmitted by mosquitoes. In these experiments, _Culex fatigans_, a common tropical or subtropical mosquito, was used. The same parasite that is found in the human blood may be found in the stomach and blood of the mosquitoes up to the fifth day after it has fed on a dengue patient.

Sick and healthy individuals were allowed to remain in close contact in a room from which the mosquitoes had been excluded, and the disease was not spread. Mosquitoes that had bitten dengue patients were taken to a higher region where dengue had never occurred and allowed to bite two healthy persons. Both developed the disease and as they were protected from other mosquitoes until they had recovered, the disease did not spread to others of the community. These and other observations seem to make a complete chain of evidence, and most medical men to-day accept the theory as well proved and in their practice take every precaution to prevent the spread of the disease by keeping the infected patient from being bitten by the mosquitoes.

The yellow fever mosquito is also suspected of carrying this same disease, and it is possible that other species are also concerned. If it is true that the parasite can be carried by several different species of mosquitoes this would account very largely for its rapid spread wherever it is introduced into a community. Where it occurs outside the tropics it is only in the warm summer months when mosquitoes are always abundant.

MALTA OR MEDITERRANEAN FEVER

This is also a tropical and subtropical disease that occasionally gets up into the temperate region, sometimes occurring in the United States. The fever begins with a severe headache, and other symptoms follow. It is usually of the remittent type and may continue for some months.

It is caused by minute bacteria (_Micrococcus melitensis_) and is a very infectious but not usually contagious disease. The germ is readily conveyed by inoculation, and several investigators have sought to show that the mosquito often serves as the inoculating agent. The disease is especially prevalent during the mosquito season, and has twice been conveyed to monkeys by infected insects.

LEPROSY

This loathsome disease has long been known to be caused by a particular bacillus (_Bacillus lepræ_), but the way in which this organism gains an entrance into the system is still unknown. Many theories have been propounded, but none of them has been well established. Within recent years the possibility of insects carrying the germ and in one way or another transmitting it to healthy individuals has been suggested and much discussed. As the lepræ bacilli are present in the skin and ulcers of leprous patients, insects sucking the blood or feeding on the sores could not help taking some of them into their body or becoming contaminated. These bacilli have been found at various times in the stomach or intestine of mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs. So it is believed by some that these and other insects, such as lice and flies, may sometimes transmit the disease. On a previous page we have referred to the possibility of the face-mites acting as disseminators of leprosy.

Leprosy occurs most commonly among people where little attention is paid to bodily cleanliness. Such people are usually freely infested with various parasites that thrive well in the filth, so if the germs can be transmitted in this way the carriers are there in abundance.

The fact that the sores usually occur on exposed parts of the body has been pointed to as evidence that inoculation is due to such insects as flies and mosquitoes. It has been noted that leprosy is frequently very common in regions where elephantiasis occurs, suggesting the possibility of the same carrier, the mosquito, for both diseases. So while there is as yet very little evidence one way or the other, insects that are found around leprous patients are to be regarded with suspicion, for until we know more definitely just how the disease is communicated the insects must be looked on as possible sources of contamination.

KALA-AZAR OR DUM-DUM FEVER

This is a very fatal infectious disease of many tropical and subtropical regions, spreading terror among the natives wherever it occurs. It is caused by the presence in the system of Protozoan parasites, the so-called Leishman-Donovan bodies, that have recently been studied by several observers.

Dr. W.S. Patton of the Indian Medical Service has been making some extensive experiments with the common bedbug of India (_Cimex rotundatus_) which seem to demonstrate fully that this insect is responsible for the transmission of the parasite that causes the disease. He has found the parasite in all stages of development in the bedbug. This, taken with a number of other observations in regard to the tendency of the disease to cling to particular houses, makes a strong case against the bedbug. Manson, however, believes that the parasite may be transmitted by other agents also, possibly by means of flies that visit the sores or in other ways.

ORIENTAL SORE

This disease, once supposed to be confined to the Orient, is now found to be rather widely distributed throughout the tropics, where it is sometimes very prevalent. It is caused by the presence in the system of a parasite very similar to or identical with the one causing _kala-azar_ and is regarded by some as a modified form of that disease. The patient is affected with one or more serious sores or ulcers which usually occur on exposed parts of the body.

The parasite that causes the disease is supposed to be carried by insects either directly or indirectly.

In the latter case the insect may act as an intermediate host.

Dogs and camels are also attacked by this disease and may be sources of infection.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A complete list of books and articles dealing more or less directly with the subjects discussed in this book would be too extended for use here. For the past ten or twelve years many of the medical and biological journals have contained articles in almost every issue, discussing these subjects in some of their phases. I have selected only a few of the more important of them, and these only the English ones, confining myself mostly to those that I have personally consulted, and giving brief annotations. Many of these will be found to include very full bibliographies of the particular subject treated.

In order to avoid repetition, references are given under one head only although many might properly be included in other sections as well.

PARASITES AND PARASITISM

BRAUN, MAX. Animal Parasites of Man. Translated by Pauline Falcke
and edited by L.W. Sambon and F.V. Theobald. Third edition, 1906. A
chapter on the general subject of parasitism and a description of
parasites of all classes. Bibliography.

LEUCKART, R. The Parasites of Man and the Diseases Induced by Them.
Eng. transl., London, 1886.

NEUMAN, THEO. Entoparasites and Hygiene. _Trans. Vassar Bros.
Institute_, VII, 1895. A general discussion of parasitism;
life-history of some common parasites that infest man.

NEUMANN, L.G. Treatise on the Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of
the Domesticated Animals. Eng. transl. by Fleming, 1892.

RANSOM, B.H. How Parasites Are Transmitted. _Year Book U.S. Dept.
Agric._, 1905, pp. 139-166 (pub. 1906). Discusses the ways in which
parasites of all classes are transmitted.

SAMBON, L. The Part Played by Metazoan Parasites in Tropical
Pathology. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, Vol. XI, Jan. 15, 1908. A
comprehensive discussion of this subject.

SHIPLEY, A.E., AND FEARNSIDES, E.G. Effects of Metazoan Parasites
on Their Hosts. _Jour. Econom. Biology_, Vol. I, 1906, pp. 41-62.
Discusses injury due to mere presence of parasite in host; to the
migration of the parasite; loss to host by feeding of parasites;
injury by certain toxins.

STILES, C.W. Diseases Caused by Animal Parasites. _Osler's Mod.
Med._, Vol. I, 1907, p. 525. General discussion; Trematodes;
Cestodes; Roundworms; Acariasis; Parasitic Insects; Myiasis.

VAN BENEDEN, P.J. Animal Parasites and Messmates. 1889. Contains
much that is interesting.

WARD, HENRY B. Influence of Parasitism on the Host. _Proc. Amer.
Assn. for Advancement of Science_, Vol. 56, 1907. A comprehensive
statement of this subject. List of literature.

PROTOZOA

CALKINS, G.N. The Protozoa. _Osler's Mod. Med._, Vol. I, 1907, p.
353. General notes on the Protozoa; classification; reproduction;
life-cycle of various forms. Regards Protozoa as subkingdom and the
four great divisions as phyla.

CALKINS, G.N. Protozoölogy. N.Y., 1909. Chapters on parasitism,
pathogenic Protozoa, etc.

CLARKE, J.J. Protozoa and Disease. London, 1903, Pt. I. Discusses
the various protozoa that cause disease, and refers frequently to
those that are transferred from host to host by insects.

CLARKE, J.J. Protozoa and Disease. London, 1908. Part II,
comprising sections on the causation of smallpox, syphilis and
cancer. Notes on parasitic Protozoa, tropical diseases, ticks,
piroplasmosis, etc.

DANIELS, C.W. Persistence of the Tropical Diseases of Man Due to
Protozoa. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, 12, Aug. 2, 1909, pp. 232-234.
Same in _Lancet_, II, 1909, p. 460. Good summary of present
knowledge of the subject.

MINCHIN, E.A. Protozoa. In Albutt and Rolleston's _System of
Medicine_, II, 1907, pp. 9-122. A comprehensive chapter on
Protozoa. Many parasitic forms are figured and described.
Bibliography.

MINCHIN, E.A. The Sporozoa. In Lankester's _Treatise on Zoöl._, Pt.
I, pp. 150-360, 1903. Best account of this group, list of Sporozoan
hosts. Bibliography.

BACTERIA

FLEXNER, SIMON. Relation of Bacteria and Sporozoa to Disease.
_Science_, N.S., Vol. 27, No. 682, pp. 133-136. On these pages
discusses relation of bacteria and Protozoa to human diseases.

JORDAN, EDWIN O. General Bacteriology. Philad., 1898. A good
general treatment of the subject.

LEVY, ERNST, AND KLEMPERER, FELIX. Elements of Clinical
Bacteriology for Physicians and Students (transl. by A.A. Eschner),
Philad., 1909. Morphology and biology of bacteria; infection;
immunity; specific diseases of bacterial origin, etc.

MUIR, ROBT., AND RITCHIE, JAS. Manual of Bacteriology. N.Y., 1903.
Contains chapter on the relation of bacteria to diseases and
discussion of several bacterial diseases.

STERNBERG, G.M. A Manual of Bacteriology. N.Y., 1893. Part III is
devoted to pathogenic bacteria.

INSECTS AND DISEASE

HERMS, W.B. Medical Entomology, Its Scope and Methods. _Jour. of
Eco. Ento._, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1909, pp. 265-268.

HOWARD, L.O. Insects as Carriers and Spreaders of Disease. _Year
Book U.S. Dept. Agric._, 1901, pp. 177-192. Good review of the
subject.

HOWARD, L.O. How Insects Affect Health in Rural Districts. _U.S.
Dept. Agric., Farmers' Bulletin, No. 155_, 1902. Discussion of city
and county conditions; protection from typhoid, malaria and yellow
fever.

HOWARD, L.O. Economic Loss to the People of U.S. Through Insects
That Cause Disease. _Bull. 78, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. of Ent._,
1909. A comprehensive discussion and summary of the subject.
Discusses mosquitoes, flies, the Panama Canal, epidemic diseases
and the progress of nations.

KELLOGG, V.L. Insects and Disease, Chap. XVIII, in _American
Insects_, pp. 615-654, 1905. Discusses Mosquitoes and malaria;
yellow fever and filariasis.

KING, H.H. Report on Economic Entomology of Khartoum, in _Third
Rept. of Wellcome Research Lab._, 1908. Discusses insects injurious
to man: mosquitoes, blood-sucking insects other than mosquitoes,
etc.

MASON, C.F. The Spread of Diseases by Insects, with Suggestions
Regarding Prophylaxis. _International Clinics_, Vol. II, 1904, pp.
1-21. A brief summary of the subject.

MCCRAE, JOHN. Recent Progress in Tropical Medicine. _International
Clinics_, Vol. II, 1904, pp. 22-36. Discusses several diseases,
some of which are transmitted by insects.

NUTTALL, G.H.F. On the Rôle of the Insects Arachnids and Myriapods
as Carriers in the Spread of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases of
Man and Animals. A critical and historical study. _Johns Hopkins
Hospital Reports_, Vol. 8, 1899, pp. 1-154. A review of all the
literature up to this date. Important article.

NUTTALL, G.H.F. Insects as Carriers of Disease. Recent advances in
our knowledge of the part played by blood-sucking arthropods
(exclusive of mosquitoes and ticks) in the transmission of
infectious diseases. Bericht über den XIV. Intern. Kongress für
Hygiene und Dermogrophic. Berlin, 1907, pp. 195-206. Discusses
protozoan and bacterial diseases.

STILES, C.W. Insects as Disseminators of Disease. _Virginia Medical
Semi-monthly_, Vol. 6, No. 3, May 10, 1901, pp. 53-58. Good
statement of subject with list of recent workers.

WHERRY, W.B. Insects and Infection. _Cal. State Jour. of Med._,
Nov., 1907. Discusses the rôle of insects, ticks, etc., in the
transmission of infectious diseases.

Symposium on Yellow Fever and Other Insect-borne Diseases.
_Science_, N.S., Vol. 23, Nos. 584-585, 1906. The Protozoan
Life-cycle, G.N. Calkins. Filariasis and Trypanosome Diseases, H.B.
Ward. The Practical Results of Reed's Findings on Yellow Fever
Transmission, J.H. White. Difficulties of Recognition and
Prevention of Yellow Fever, Q. Kohnke. The Practical Side of
Mosquito Extermination, H.C. Weeks. Without Mosquitoes There Can Be
No Yellow Fever, Jas. Carroll. Estivo-autumnal Fever, Cause,
Diagnosis, Treatment and Destruction of Mosquitoes Which Spread the
Disease, H.A. Veazie.

MOSQUITOES--SYSTEMATIC AND GENERAL

BALFOUR, ANDREW, AND STAFF. _Second Report of the Wellcome Research
Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College_, Khartoum, 1906.
Includes reports on work on mosquitoes and other noxious insects.

BOYCE, SIR ROBERT W. Mosquitoes or Man? The Conquest of the
Tropical World. N.Y., 1909. Reviews medical and sanitary work in
the tropics and discusses the relation of insects to various
tropical diseases.

BUSCH, AUGUST. Report on a Trip for the Purpose of Studying the
Mosquito Fauna of Panama. _Smith. Miscell. Coll._, Vol. 5, Pt. I,
1908, p. 49. Work that is being done in Panama to control the
mosquitoes. Annotated list of species.

FELT, E.P. Mosquitoes or Culicidæ of New York State. In _N.Y. State
Museum Bull. 79_, Entomology 22, 1904. Discusses distribution,
migration and life-history of various species of mosquitoes and
mosquito diseases. Bibliography.

GILES, GEO. M. A Handbook of Gnats or Mosquitoes, Giving the
Anatomy and Life-History of the Culicidæ. London, 1902. Whole
subject treated very fully.

GRUBBS, S.B. Vessels as Carriers of Mosquitoes. _Pub. Health and
Mar. Hospt. Ser. Bull._ II, Mar. 3, 1903. Believes that mosquitoes
may come aboard when the vessel is lying at anchor one-half mile
from shore, and that under favorable conditions they may come
aboard when the vessel is fifteen miles from shore.

HOWARD, L.O. Mosquitoes. _Osler's Mod. Med._, Vol. I, p. 370, 1907.
General notes on classification and habits particularly in relation
to diseases.

HOWARD, L.O. Notes on Mosquitoes of the United States. _U.S. Dept.
Agric., 1900. Div. of Ento. Bull. No. 25_, N.S. Account of the
structure; biology; remarks on remedies.

HOWARD, L.O. Concerning the Geographic Distribution of the Yellow
Fever Mosquito. _Public Health Rept., Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt.
Ser._, Nov. 13, 1903. The same revised to Sept. 10, 1905.

HOWARD, L.O. Mosquitoes: How They Live; How They Carry Disease;
How They Are Classified; How They May Be Destroyed. N.Y., 1901. One
of the best popular books on mosquitoes.

MCCRACKEN, I. _Anopheles_ in California, with a Description of a
New Species. _Entomological News_, Vol. 15, Jan., 1904. Records of
three species, their breeding-places, habits, etc.

MITCHELL, EVELYN G. Mosquito Life. N.Y., 1907. A good popular
account of the mosquitoes and their relation to disease. The
appendix treats of mosquitoes and their possible relation to
leprosy.

SMITH, J.B. Mosquitoes Occurring Within the State of New Jersey.
Report of the New Jersey State Agric. Exper. Station upon the
mosquitoes occurring within the State. Trenton, N.J., 1904. Habits,
development, relation to disease, checks and remedies; systematic.

SMITH, J.B. The General Economic Importance of Mosquitoes. _Popular
Science Monthly_, 70, 1907, pp. 325-329. Mosquitoes affect not only
the health and comfort of the people, but hinder development of
agriculture and thus affect land values.

SMITH, J.B. The New Jersey Salt-marsh and Its Improvement. _New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin_, 207, 1907. Shows
that the increased value of the land drained in the antimosquito
crusade more than pays for the cost of the drainage.

THEOBALD, F.V. Monograph of _Culicidæ_ of the World. Four Vols. and
one Vol. of plates. London, 1901 to 1907. Vol. I contains 96 pages
on structure, life-history, habits, etc. Vol. II contains a
bibliography. Vol. Ill contains a list of species that carry
disease.

THEOBALD, F.V. Mosquitoes or _Culicidæ_. In Albutt and Rolleston's
_System of Medicine_, II, 1907, pp. 122-168. Structure,
life-history, habits, distribution and classification of
mosquitoes. Bibliography.

MOSQUITO ANATOMY

BERKELEY, WM. M. Laboratory Work with Mosquitoes. N.Y., 1902.
Chapters on development, anatomy, dissection, malarial parasites,
filarial disease, yellow fever.

DIMMOCK, GEO. Anatomy of the Mouth-parts and Suctorial Apparatus of
_Culex_. _Psyche_, 3, pp. 231-241, Sept., 1881. Good.

IMMS, A.D. On the Larval and Pupal Stages of _Anopheles
maculipennis_. _Journal Hygiene_, Vol. 7, No. 2, April, 1907.
Morphology.

IMMS, A.D. On the Larval and Pupal Stages of _Anopheles
maculipennis_. _Parasitology_, Vol. I, No. 2, June, 1908.
Continuation of article in _Jour. Hyg._, Vol. 7, No. 2. Continues
discussion of morphology.

NUTTALL, GEO. F., CORBETT, LOUIS, AND STRANGEWAYS-PIG, T. Studies
in Relation to Malaria. Pt. I, The Geographical Distribution of
_Anopheles_ in Relation to the Former Distribution of Ague in
England. _Jour. Hyg._, Vol. I, No. 1, Jan., 1901.

NUTTALL, GEO. F., AND SHIPLEY, ARTHUR E. Studies in Relation to
Malaria. Pt. II, Structure and Biology of _Anopheles_, _Jour Hyg._,
Vol. I, No. 1, Jan., 1901: The Egg and Larva; Bibliography. Pt. II,
cont, Vol. I, No. 2, April, 1901: The Pupa. Pt. II, cont., Vol. I,
No. 4, Oct., 1901: Adult External Anatomy. Pt. II, cont., Vol. 2,
No. 1, Jan., 1902: Ætiology of Adult. Pt. II, cont., Vol. Ill, No.
2, April, 1903: Anatomy of Adult.

THOMPSON, MILLETT T. Alimentary Canal of the Mosquito. _Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist._, Vol. 32, No. 6, 1905, pp. 145-202. Good summary
of recent investigations.

WESCHE, W. The Mouth-parts of _Nemocera_ and Their Relation to the
Other Families of _Diptera_. _Royal Microscopic Soc. Jour._, 1904,
pp. 28-47. Discussion with illustrations of the mouth-parts of
various _Diptera_.

MOSQUITOES--LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS

AYERS, E.A. The Secrets of the Mosquito. A guide to the
extermination of the prolific pest. _World's Work_, 1907, Vol. 14,
pp. 8902-8910. Notes on life-history and methods of control.

JORDAN, E.O., AND HEFFERAN, MARY. Observations on the Bionomics of
_Anopheles_. _Jour. Infec. Diseases_, II, 1905, pp. 56-69.
Occurrence, breeding-places, habits, etc.

MORGAN, H.A., AND DUPREE, J.W. Development and Hibernation of
Mosquitoes. _Bull. 40_, N.S., _Div. of Ento._, pp. 88-92, 1903.
Results of observation on five genera of mosquitoes in the vicinity
of Baton Rouge, La.

ROSS, E.H. The Influence of Certain Biological Factors on the
Question of the Migration of Mosquitoes. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._,
12, 1909, pp. 256-258, Sept. 1. Only fecundated females feed on
blood, and must be fertilized after each batch of eggs. This
determines largely the time and place of breeding.

SMITH, J.B. Concerning Migration of Mosquitoes. _Science_, 18, Dec.
11, 1903, pp. 761-764. Observations on the migrations of
mosquitoes, particularly _C. sollicitans_.

MOSQUITO FIGHTING

CELLI, ANGELO. The Campaign Against Malaria in Italy. Transl. by
J.J. Eyre. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, XI, Apr. 1, 1908, pp.
101-108. Includes a good discussion of the effectiveness of
destroying the mosquitoes in controlling malaria.

FELT, E.P. Mosquito Control. In _Report of the N.Y. State
Entomologist for 1905_, pp. 109-116. Notes on importance and
methods of control of various species.

GOLDBERGER, JOS. Prevention and Destruction of Mosquitoes. _Public
Health Reports, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser._, July 17, 1908.
Life-histories and methods of fighting larvæ, pupæ and adults.

LE PRINCE, J.A. Mosquito Destruction in the Tropics. _Jour. Amer.
Med. Assn._, LI, p. 26, Dec. 26, 1908. Occurrence and habits of
_Anopheles_, methods of destruction. Results of anti-malarial work
on the isthmus. Discussion by various doctors.

QUAYLE, H.J. Mosquito Control Work in California. _Bull. No. 178,
Calif. Agric. Ex. Sta._, pp. 1-55, 1906. Habits and life-history of
California species, with an account of experiments to control the
salt-marsh species.

ROSENAN, M.J. Disinfection Against Mosquitoes with Formaldehyde and
Sulphur Dioxid. _Hyg. Lab. Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser., Bull.
6_, 1901.

ROSS, RONALD. Mosquito Brigades and How to Organize Them. New York,
1902.

ROSS, RONALD. Logical Basis of the Sanitary Policy of Mosquito
Reduction. _Science_, N.S., Vol. 22, No. 750, Dec. 1, 1905, pp.
689-699. Important article dealing with the methods of control.

SMITH, J.B. Salt-marsh Mosquitoes. _New Jersey Agric. Exper. Stn.
Special Bulletin T_, 1902. Breeding-places and methods of control
of this species.

SMITH, J.B. Mosquitocides. _Bull. 40, New Series U.S. Dept. Agric.,
Div. of Ento._, pp. 96-108, 1903. Results of experiments with a
number of substances, several of which were found to be effective
and some cheap enough to permit of their use to a limited extent.

SMITH, J.B. The New Jersey Salt-marsh and Its Improvement. _Bull.
No. 207_, Nov. 14, 1907, _New Jersey Agric. Exper. Stn._ Results of
draining the marshes to get rid of mosquitoes.

SMITH, J.B. The House Mosquito: a City, Town and Village Problem.
_N.J. Agric. Ex. Stn. Bull. 216_, 1908. Work done on salt-marshes
since 1904 practically eliminated the migratory species, so that
_C. pipens_, the house mosquito, is now the problem. Life-history
and methods of combating.

UNDERWOOD, W.L. Mosquitoes and Suggestions for Their Extermination.
_Pop. Sci. Mo._, Vol. 63, 1903, pp. 453-466. Life-history, habits
and methods of control.

UNDERWOOD, W.L. The Mosquito Nuisance and How to Deal with It.
Boston, 1903.

First Antimosquito Convention, 1903. Pub., Brooklyn, 1904. Contains
articles on what railroads, government and laws should do toward
mosquito extermination; mosquito work in Havana; how state
appropriations should be used, etc.

National Mosquito Extermination Society. Bulletin No. 1, 1904.
Object of Society; brief sketches of Ross, Reed, and others.
Reprints of a few articles on mosquito extermination.

American Mosquito Extermination Society. _Year Book for 1904-05._
N.Y., 1906. Containing reports of meetings and discussions of
various problems. Several interesting papers, among them "Criminal
Indictment of the Mosquito," F.W. Moss. "Mosquito Work at Panama
Canal," W.C. Sorgas. "Diversities Among New York Mosquitoes," E.P.
Felt. "Mosquito Extermination in New Jersey," J.B. Smith. "The
Mosquito Question," Quitman Kohnke.

Antimalarial Work in the Panama Canal Zone. Editorial in _Jour.
Trop. Med. & Hyg._, XI, Aug. 15, 1908, p. 251. Notes on the success
of the measures adopted there.

MOSQUITOES AND DISEASE

DOTY, A.H. The Mosquito, Its Relation to Disease and Its
Extermination. _New York State Journal of Medicine_, May, 1908.

FINLAY, CHAS. Mosquitoes Considered as Transmitters of Yellow Fever
and Malaria. _Med. Record_, May 27, 1899, pp. 737-739. Review of
his theory in regard to mosquitoes and disease and the probable
necessary changes in view of recent discoveries.

HOWARD, L.O. Mosquitoes as Transmitters of Disease. _Review of
Reviews_, XXIV, 1901, pp. 192-195. A review of the work of various
investigators.

SMITH, J.B. Sanitary Aspect of the Mosquito Question. _Medical
News_, Mar. 7, 1903. Note on mosquitoes and their relation to
disease.

TAYLOR, J.B. Observations on the Mosquitoes of Havana, Cuba.
Reprint from _La Revista de Medicina_, June, 1903, p. 27.

MALARIA

BANKS, C.S. Experiments in Malarial Transmission by Means of
_Myzomyia ludlowii_. _Phil. Jour. Sci._, B. 2, 1907, pp. 513-535.
Breeding-places of mosquitoes, life-histories of the species;
mosquitoes and malaria.

CRAIG, C.F. Malarial Fevers. _Osler's Mod. Med._, Vol. I, p. 392,
1907. Historical; distribution; malarial parasites; classification;
development; malarial mosquitoes; pathology; treatment, etc.

CRAIG, C.F. Studies in the Morphology of Malarial Plasmodia after
the Administration of Quinine and in Intracorpuscular Conjugation.
_Jour. Infec. Diseases_, VII, No. 2, 1910. See also same, IV, 1907,
pp. 108-140. Gives the evidence upon which he bases his theory of
the meaning of intracorpuscular conjunction.

CRAIG, C.F. The Malarial Fevers, Hemoglobinuric Fever and the Blood
Protozoa of Man. N.Y., 1909. A thorough consideration of the
subject of malaria and good discussion of the other subjects noted
in title. Bibliography.

DEADERICK, W.H. Malaria. Philad., 1909. The chapter on ætiology
treats of the transmission by mosquitoes.

HARRIS, S. Prevention of Malaria. _Jour. Amer. Med. Assn._, 53,
Oct. 9, 1909, pp. 1162-67. Effects of malaria, transmission by
mosquitoes, etc. In the discussion of the paper J.H. White
summarizes the fight against yellow fever in New Orleans.

HERRICK, G.W. Relation of Malaria to Agriculture and Other
Industries of the South. Economic losses occasioned by malaria;
malaria responsible for more sickness among the white population
than any other disease; relation to mosquitoes. _Pop. Sci. Mo._,
Vol. 62, Apr., 1903, pp. 521-525.

JONES, ROSS, ELLETT. Malaria. London, 1907. Small book,
introduction by Ross. Malaria in Greece and Italy; shows how this
disease contributed to the downfall of great nations.

MANNABERG, JULIUS. Malaria. In Nothnagel's _Encyclopedia of
Practical Med._, Amer. Ed., 1905, pp. 17-494. A very comprehensive
discussion of the disease and the relation of mosquitoes to the
malarial parasite.

MANSON, PATRICK. The Mosquito and the Malaria Parasite. _Brit. Med.
Jour._, Vol. II for 1898, pp. 849-853. History of the parasite in
the human and insect host; observations of Ross and others and
their meaning.

MANSON, PATRICK. Experimental Demonstration of the
Mosquito-malarial Theory. _Brit. Med. Jour._, Vol. 2 for 1900, pp.
949-951, also _Lancet_, II, 1900, pp. 923-925. Infected mosquitoes
sent from Rome allowed to bite men in England who had not been in
malarial regions. Malarial fever followed.

MANSON, PATRICK. Malarial Fever. Appendix to Vol. IX of T.C.
Albutt's _System of Med._, 1900. Relation of the malarial parasite
to the disease and to mosquitoes.

ROBERTSON, E.W. Renaming of Malaria--Anophelesis. _Va. Medical
Semi-monthly_, Sept. 10, 1909. Considers malaria a misnomer and
gives reasons for suggesting new name.

ROSS, RONALD. On Some Peculiar Pigmented Cells Found in Two
Mosquitoes Fed on Malarial Blood. _Brit. Med. Jour._, 1897, Dec.
18, p. 1786. Records in his experiments in feeding mosquitoes on
blood of malarial patients. Records finding the parasites in some
of them. Important article.

ROSS, RONALD. Pigmented Cells in Mosquitoes. _Brit. Med. Jour._,
1898, Feb. 26, p. 550. Further notes on them.

ROSS, RONALD. The Mosquito Theory of Malaria. Report dated
Calcutta, Feb. 16, 1899. Reprinted in _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, Vol. 56,
Nov., 1899, pp. 42-46. Tells of his investigations in India and
their results.

ROSS, RONALD. The Relationship of Malaria and the Mosquito.
_Lancet_, II, 1900, July 7, p. 4880. Observation on the
transmission of malaria.

ROSS, RONALD. Malaria Fever, Its Cause, Prevention and Treatment.
London, 1902. Chapters on malaria, mosquitoes, prevention and
treatment.

ROSS, RONALD. Parasites of Mosquitoes. _Jour. of Hyg._, VI, No. 2,
Apr., 1906. Brief review of several of his earlier papers on this
subject with additional notes.

SIMPSON, W.J.R. Recent Discoveries Which Have Rendered Antimalarial
Sanitation More Precise and Less Costly. _Brit. Med. Jour._, 1907,
II, pp. 1044-46. Discussion of the various factors in mosquito
control.

STEPHENS, J.W.W., AND CHRISTOPHERS, S.R. The Practical Study of
Malaria and Other Blood Parasites. London, 1908. Chapters on
mosquitoes, flies and ticks and their relation to diseases.

STERNBERG, G.M. The Malarial Parasite and Other Pathogenic
Protozoa. _Pop. Sci. Mo._, Vol. 50, 1897, pp. 628-641. Account of
the discovery of the malarial parasite and more recent studies on
it.

STERNBERG, G.M. Malaria. _Smith. Rept._, 1900, pp. 645-656. Review
of the experimental evidence in support of the mosquito-malaria
theory.

Malarial Fever. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, II, Mar. 16, 1908, pp.
96-98. A list of literature mostly for the years 1906 and 1907.

YELLOW FEVER

ADAMS, S.H. Yellow Fever, a Problem Solved. The battle of New
Orleans against the mosquito. _McClure's Magazine_, Vol. 27, June,
1906, p. 178. An interesting popular article.

CARROLL, JAMES. Yellow Fever. _Osler's Mod. Med._, Vol. II, 1907,
p. 736. History, ætiology, treatment. A good review of the work of
the Yellow Fever Com. and the results of their work.

CARROLL, JAMES. The Transmission of Yellow Fever. _Amer. Med.
Assn._, 40, 1905, pp. 1429-33. Shows the relation of the mosquito
to the disease.

CARROLL, JAMES. Yellow Fever. Lessons to be learned from the
present outbreak of yellow fever. _Jour. of Amer. Med. Assn._, Vol.
45, 1905, pp. 1079-81. Among other things recommends that
mosquitoes be kept from patients.

CHAILLE, S.E. The _Stegomyia_ and Fomites. _Amer. Med. Assn._, 40,
1903, pp. 1433-40. Concludes that the mosquito is the only proven
disseminator of yellow fever. Extended discussion by various
physicians.

DASTRE, A. The Fight Against Yellow Fever. _Smith. Rept._, 1905,
pp. 339-350. History of the yellow fever epidemics, its
geographical distribution, and the work that is being done to
control it.

DOTY, A.H. On the Mode of Transmission of the Infectious Agent in
Yellow Fever and Its Bearing upon the Quarantine Regulations. _Med.
Record_, Oct. 26, 1901, pp. 649-653. Review of older theories in
regard to the spread of yellow fever. Believes that the quarantines
are now unnecessary.

FINLEY, CHAS. The Mosquito Theory of the Transmission of Yellow
Fever and Its New Development. _Med. Record_, Jan. 19, 1901. Refers
to his early observations on the subject, giving extracts from some
of his earlier papers to show that he had long held the mosquito
responsible for the dissemination of yellow fever.

GOLDBERGER, JOS. Yellow Fever, Ætiology, Symptoms and Diagnosis.
_Yellow Fever Inst. Bull. 16, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser._,
1907. Includes discussion of the relation of mosquitoes to the
disease.

GUITERAS, JOHN. Experimental Yellow Fever at the Inoculation
Station of the Sanitary Department of Havana. _Amer. Med._, Vol.
II, No. 21, 1901, pp. 809-817. Experiments show that all types of
the yellow fever from mild to severe may be produced by the bite of
the mosquito.

MCFARLAND, JOSEPH. Life and Work of James Carroll. Memoir read at
the fifth annual meeting of the Soc. of Tropical Med., 1908. Early
life of Carroll and his work with the Yellow Fever Com.

PARKER, H.B., BEYER, G.E., AND POTHIER, O.L. Rept. of Working Party
No. 1, Yellow Fever Institute. _Bull. 13, Pub. Health and Mar.
Hospt. Ser._, 1903. As a result of their studies they believe that
the disease is caused by a protozoan parasite which they name and
describe. Discuss the relation of mosquitoes to the disease.

REED, WALTER; CARROLL, JAMES; AND AGRAMONTE, A. Experimental Yellow
Fever. _Amer. Med._, July 6, 1901, pp. 15-23. Records of certain
experiments and their results.

REED, WALTER; CARROLL, JAMES; AND AGRAMONTE, C.A. The Ætiology of
Yellow Fever. A preliminary note presented at the Amer. Pub. Health
Assn. _Philad. Med. Jour._, Oct. 27, 1900, pp. 790-796. Also an
additional note in _Jour. Amer. Med. Assn._, 36, pp. 431-440, 1901.
Records of their experiments and a summing up of the data in regard
to yellow fever and the mosquito.

REED, WALTER, AND CARROLL, JAMES. The Prevention of Yellow Fever.
_Med. Record_, Oct. 26, 1901, pp. 441-449. History of the disease,
especially in U.S., results of the work of Yellow Fever Com.
description, life-history and habits of the mosquito, its relation
to yellow fever, methods of control. Important paper.

REED, WALTER. Recent Researches Concerning the Ætiology,
Propagation and Prevention of Yellow Fever by U.S. Army Com. _Jour.
Hyg._, 2, 1902, pp. 101-119. Review of work of the Yellow Fever
Com. and the importance of the results. Bibliography.

ROSENAN, M.J., PARKER, H.B., FRANCIS, E., AND BEYER, G.E. Rept. of
Working Party No. 2, Yellow Fever Institute. Experimental studies
in yellow fever and malaria at Vera Cruz, Mex. _U.S. Pub. Health
and Mar. Hospt. Ser._, May, 1904. Includes experiments and
observations on mosquitoes.

ROSENAN, M.J., AND GOLDBERGER, JOS. Report of Working Party No. 3,
Yellow Fever Institute. _Yellow Fever Inst. Bull. 15, Pub. Health
and Mar. Hospt. Ser._, 1906. Unsuccessful attempts to grow the
yellow fever parasite. Negative results in the experimental study
of the hereditary transmission of the yellow fever in the mosquito.
Appendix A gives a translation of Marchoux and Simonds' report in
which they report positive results in their experiments along the
same line.

STERNBERG, G.M. Transmission of Yellow Fever by Mosquitoes. _Smith.
Rept._, 1900, pp. 657-673. Review of the early theories in regard
to yellow fever and the work and findings of the yellow fever
commission.

WHITE, J.H. Yellow Fever and the Mosquito. _Jour. Amer. Med.
Assn._, LI, No. 26, Dec. 26, 1908. Considers both _S. calopus_ and
_C. pungens_. Results of early mistakes. Necessity of destroying
mosquito. Methods of destroying mosquito. Habits of mosquito.

Abstract of the Report of the French Yellow Fever Com. at Rio de
Janeiro, 1903. _Pub. Health Report, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt.
Ser._, Vol. 19, Pt. I, p. 1019. A summary of their findings and
conclusions to the date of report.

DE YBARRA, A.M.F. Yellow Fever Again in Cuba. _Jour. Trop. Med. &
Hyg._, XI, Mar. 2, 1908, pp. 73-78. Cites a number of cases of
yellow fever within the last few years and uses them as evidence
to show that the disease may be transmitted in other ways than by
the mosquito. A strong summing up of the arguments against the
mosquito theory. Reprint of editorial in _Tex. Med. Jour._, Oct.,
1907, also follows this article.

The Extinction of Yellow Fever at Rio de Janeiro. _Lancet_, II,
1909, p. 404. A review of a French publication giving the results
of the work from 1903 to present time. In 1903 before work was
begun there were 584 deaths from yellow fever. In 1908 only 4, and
none so far in 1909. Success accredited to mosquito work and
general sanitation.

A Pioneer in Research on Yellow Fever. Editorial in _Brit. Med.
Jour._, May 30, 1908, p. 1306. Refers to the work of L.D.
Beauperthuy, who, in 1853, set forth the theory that yellow fever
was transmitted by mosquitoes.

DENGUE

ASHBURN, P.M., AND CRAIG, C.F. Experimental Investigations
Regarding the Ætiology of Dengue Fever. _Jour. Infec. Diseases_,
Vol. V, 1907, pp. 440-475. Conclude that the disease is spread only
by mosquitoes.

COLEMAN, THOMAS D. Dengue. _Osler's Mod. Med._, Vol. II, 1907, p.
489. Ætiology, pathology, etc.; possibility of _Culex fatigans_
disseminating the disease.

GRAHAM, H. "The Dengue"; a Study of Its Pathology and Mode of
Propagation. _Jour. of Trop. Med. & Hyg._, July 1, 1903, p. 209.
Experiments which seem to show that dengue is transmitted by _Culex
fatigans_.

LEICHTENSTERN, O. Dengue. In Nothnagel's _Encyclopedia of Practical
Med._, Amer. Ed., 1905, pp. 720-743. Consideration of the disease
and its transmission.

ROSS, E.H. The Prevention of Dengue Fever. _Amer. Trop. Med. &
Parasit._, Vol. II, No. 3, July 1, 1908, pp. 193-195. A successful
campaign against the mosquitoes in Port Said in 1906 stopped the
outbreaks of malaria and dengue.

Dengue and Sand-flies. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, 12, 1909, pp.
172-173. A note on these pages refers to the work of Dr. R. Doerr,
who suspects that dengue may be carried by sand-flies,
_Phlobotomus_, as well as by mosquitoes.

FILARIAL DISEASES AND ELEPHANTIASIS

CHRISTOPHERS, S.R. What Is Really Known of the Cause of
Elephantiasis. _Ind. Med. Gaz._, Nov., 1907, p. 404. Questions
Manson's theory in regard to the disease being caused by filaria.

MANSON, PATRICK. Tropical Diseases. London, 1908, pp. 594-648. A
most comprehensive chapter on filariasis and elephantiasis.

PHALEN, J.M., AND NICHOLS, H.J. Filariasis and Elephantiasis in
Southern Luzon. _Phil. Jour. Sci._, Sept., 1908. _Culex
microannulatus_ regarded as the carrier of the filaria.

PROUT, W.T. On the Rôle of Filaria in the Production of Disease.
_Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, Apr. 1, 1908, p. 109. Discussion of same
in same journal, June 1, 1908.

WHITE, DUNCAN. Filarial Periodicity and Its Association with
Eosinophilia. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, 12, July 15, 1909, pp.
175-183. Among other things he discusses the relation of mosquitoes
to filarial diseases.

LEPROSY

BRINCKERHOFF, W.R. A Note upon the Possibility of the Mosquito
Acting in the Transmission of Leprosy. _Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt.
Ser._ (general publications), 1908. Suggests the possibilities of
such transmission, but concludes that the probabilities are against
it.

GOODHUE, E.S. The Bacillus Lepræ in the Gnat and Bedbug. _Ind.
Med. Gaz._, Vol. XLI, Aug., 1906, p. 342. Has found this bacillus
in mosquitoes and bedbugs, but believes the latter is more
concerned in transmitting the disease.

GOODHUE, E.S. Mosquitoes and Their Relation to Leprosy in Hawaii.
_Amer. Med._, N.S., 2, 1907, p. 593. Suggests that mosquitoes may
carry the disease, also warns against danger from flies and
bedbugs.

HUTCHINSON, J. Mosquitoes and Leprosy. _Brit. Med. Jour._, Dec. 22,
1906, Vol. II, p. 1841. Evidence against the insect theory of
transmission of leprosy.

MUGLISTON, T.C. On a Possible Mode of Communication of Leprosy.
_Jour. Trop. Med._, Vol. VIII, July 15, 1905, p. 209. Suggests that
the itch-mite may be the carrier of leprosy. Studies on 77 lepers
led him to this conclusion.

SMYTH, W.R. Leprosy. _Brit. Med. Jour._, Dec. 8, 1906, Vol. II, p.
1670. Believes that bedbugs or some similar wingless parasite
conveys the disease.

PLAGUE

BRANNERMAN, W.B. Spread of Plague in India. _Jour. of Hyg._, Vol.
6, No. 2, Apr., 1906, pp. 179-211. A digest of experiments made in
India. Discusses various ways in which the disease may be spread.
Review of the evidence that insects may be concerned. Bibliography.

CALVERT, W.J. Plague. _Osler's Mod. Med._, Vol. II, 1907, p. 760.
History; bacteriology; pathology; plague among animals;
transmission, etc.

HAM, B. BURNETT. Report on Plague in Queensland, 1900-1907. P. 153
discusses the rat-flea theory of dissemination of bubonic plague,
summing up the evidence of various observers, including the Indian
Advisory Com. and others. Considers the evidence conclusive that
_P. cheopis_ and possibly _C. fasciatus_ transmit plague. Other
pages discuss various rat fleas and their relation to plague in
rats.

HANKIN, E.H. On the Epidemiology of Plague. _Jour. Hyg._, 5, 1905,
pp. 48-83. A comprehensive discussion of the disease and its
spread, several pages devoted to rats and fleas; evidence for and
against the theory that rats and fleas are the principal carriers
of the disease.

HERZOG, MAX. The Plague, Bacteriology, Morbid Anatomy &
Histopathology, Including the Consideration of Insects as Plague
Carriers. Biological Laboratory Bureau of Govt. Laboratories,
Manila, Oct., 1904. Reviews the evidence regarding the possibility
of fleas carrying plague; describes a new rat flea (_Pulex
philippinensis_); records experiments with fleas and cites a case
of bubonic plague in a child in which the infection was possibly
carried by _Pediculi_.

MCCOY, G.W. Plague Bacilli in Ectoparasites of Squirrels. _Pub.
Health Reports, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser._, Vol. XXIV, No.
16, Apr. 16, 1909. Experiments with fleas and lice from infected
squirrels demonstrating presence of plague bacilli.

MCCOY, G.W. The Susceptibility of Gophers, Field-mice and
Ground-squirrels to Plague Infection. _Jour. of Infec. Diseases_,
Vol. 6, 1909, No. 3, pp. 283-288. Gophers highly resistant,
field-mice moderately susceptible and ground-squirrels very
susceptible to plague.

MITZMAIN, M.B. Insect Transmission of Bubonic Plague: a Study of
the San Francisco Epidemic. _Ento. News_, 19, No. 8, 1908, pp.
353-359. Fleas obtained in examination of 1,800 rats. Attempt to
locate source of rat and flea introduction.

MORTON, F.M. Eradicating Plague from San Francisco. Report of the
Citizens' Health Com. and an account of its work. San Francisco,
1909. Discusses the epidemics, methods of transmission, methods of
fighting, etc.

RUCKER, W.C. Plague Among Ground-squirrels in Contra Costa Co.,
Cal. _Pub. Health Reports, Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser._, Aug.
27, 1909. Reports of human cases supposed to be connected with
plague among ground-squirrels. Plague among squirrels; habits,
methods of fighting, etc.

RUCKER, W.C. Fighting an Unseen Foe. _Sunset Mag._, XXII, No. 2,
Feb., 1909. Story of the fight against plague in San Francisco.

SHIPLEY, A.E. Rats and Their Animal Parasites. _Jour. Eco.
Biology_, Vol. III, No. 3, Oct. 28, 1908. List of species of ecto-
and endoparasites.

SIMPSON, W.J. A Treatise on Plague. Cambridge Univ. Press, London,
1906. Deals with historical, epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic
and preventive aspect of the disease.

THOMPSON, J.A. The Mode of Spread and Prevention of Plague in
Australia. _Lancet_, Oct. 19, 1907, p. 1104. Rat fleas the
essential factor in transmitting plague, and preventive methods
should be directed against the rats.

THOMPSON, J.A. On the Epidemiology of Plague. _Jour. Hyg._, Vol.
VI, No. 5, Oct., 1906. Methods of infection, spread, relation of
rats to the disease and a review of the rat-flea theory.
Bibliography.

VERJBITSKI, D.T. The Part Played by Insects in the Epidemiology of
Plague. _Jour. Hyg._, 8, 1908, No. 2, pp. 162-208. Record of
extensive experiments with fleas. Fleas communicated plague for
three days, bedbugs for five days. Interrelation of fleas, rats,
dogs, cats, and man. An important article translated from Russian.

WHERRY, W.B. Further Notes on the Rat Leprosy and on the Fate of
the Human and Rat Leper Bacillus in Flies. _Jour. Infec. Diseases_,
Vol. 5, No. 5, 1908. Discussion and references, experiments with
flies, summary, etc. More than 1,115 lepra-like bacilli were
counted in a single fly-speck.

WHERRY, W.B. Plague Among the Ground-squirrels of California.
_Jour. Infec. Diseases_, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1908, pp. 485-533. How the
plague was first discovered among rats, records of cases and a
discussion of the possible relation of this to human plague cases.

Eradicating Plague in San Francisco; Report of the Citizens' Health
Committee, 1909. An account of the recent outbreaks and the methods
of fighting them.

Report of the Indian Plague Commission, Vol. V, pp. 75-77, 1901. In
these pages the Commission considers the question of the
transference of plague by suctorial insects. It considers Simonds'
claims and others and believes that "suctorial insects do not come
under consideration with the spread of plague."

Reports on Plague Investigations in India Issued by the Advisory
Committee Appointed by the Sec. of State for India, the Royal
Society and the Lister Institute. The reports include the reports
of the Working Commission appointed by the Advisory Committee and
reports on various contributory investigations. They are published
in the _Jour. of Hygiene_ as "Extra Plague Numbers." All these
reports deal very largely with the relation of the rat and flea to
plague, and are commonly referred to as "Reports of Indian Plague
Commission." The first number, Vol. VI, Sept., 1906, contains
articles on "Experiments upon the Transmission of Plague by Fleas."
"Note on the Species of Fleas Found on Rats, _Mus rattus_ and _Mus
decumanus_ in Different Parts of the World." "The Physiological
Anatomy of the Mouth-parts and Alimentary Canal of the Indian Rat
Flea, _Pulex cheopis_," and other papers on the relation of rats to
plague. The second number, Vol. VII, July, 1907, contains articles
on "On the Significance of the Locality of the Primary Bubo in
Animals Infected with Plague in Nature," "Further Observations on
the Transmission of Plague by Fleas with Special Reference to the
Fate of Plague Bacillus in the Body of the Rat Flea,"
"Experimental Production of Plague Epidemics Among Animals,"
"Experiments in Plague Houses in Bombay," "On the External Anatomy
of the Indian Rat Flea and Its Differentiation from Some Other
Common Fleas," "A Note on Man as a Host of the Indian Rat Flea,"
and others on the relation of rats to plague. The third number,
Vol. VII, Dec., 1907, contains articles on "Digest of Recent
Observations on the Epidemiology of Plague" (Bibliography),
"Epidemiological Observations in Bombay City," "Epidemiological
Observations in the Villages of Wadhala, Parel, Worli in the
Neighborhood of Bombay Village," "General Considerations Regarding
the Spread of Infection, Infectivity of Houses, etc., in Bombay
City and Island," "Epidemiological Observations in the villages of
Dhand and Kasel (Punjab)." The fourth number, Vol. VIII, May, 1908,
contains articles on "The Part Played by Insects in the
Epidemiology of Plague" (see also ref. under D.T. Verjbitski),
"Observations on the Bionomics of Fleas with Special Reference to
_P. cheopis_," "The Mechanism by Means of Which the Flea Cleans
Itself of Plague Bacilli," "On the Seasonal Prevalence of Plague in
India."

See also under Fleas.

FLEAS

BAKER, C.F. Fleas and Disease. _Science_, N.S., Vol. 22, No. 559,
Sept. 15, 1905, p. 340. Discusses the possibility of fleas
transmitting leprosy.

DOANE, R.W. Notes on Fleas, Collected on Rat and Human Hosts in San
Francisco and Elsewhere. _Can. Ento._, 40, 1908, pp. 303-304. Shows
that _Ceratophyllus fasciatus_ and _Pulex irritans_ are common on
both man and rats.

FOX, CARROLL. The Flea in Its Relation to Plague, with a Synopsis
of the Rat Fleas. _The Military Surgeon_, 24, June, 1909, pp.
528-537. Review of the work of the Indian Plague Commission and
others. Key for identification of rat fleas.

GALLI-VALERIO. The Part Played by Fleas of Rats and Mice in the
Transmission of Bubonic Plague. _Jour. Trop. Med._, Feb., 1902.
Attacks the theory that plague can be conveyed from rats to men by
fleas because rat fleas do not bite men.

MCCOY, G.W. _Siphonaptera_ Observed in the Plague Campaign in
California with a Note upon Host Transference. _Pub. Health Report,
Pub. Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser._, Vol. XXIV, No. 29, July 16,
1909. Lists of species from various hosts. Report on experiments in
transferring rat fleas to squirrels and squirrel fleas to rats.

MCCOY, G.W., AND MITZMAIN, M.B. An Experimental Investigation of
the Biting of Man by Fleas Taken from Rats and Squirrels. _Public
Health Report_, XXIV, No. 8, Feb. 19, 1909, pp. 189-194. Rat and
squirrel fleas will bite man.

MITZMAIN, M.B. Insect Transmission of Bubonic Plague. A Study of
the San Francisco Epidemic. _Entomological News_, Oct., 1908.
Source and distribution of species of fleas and brief notes on work
of Indian Plague Commission.

MITZMAIN, M.B. How a Hungry Flea Feeds. _Entomological News_, Dec.,
1908.

MITZMAIN, M.B. Some New Facts on the Bionomics of the California
Rodent Fleas. _Annals Ento. Soc. Amer._, III, pp. 61-82, 1910.

SHIPLEY, A.E. Rats and Their Animal Parasites. _Jour. of Economic
Biology_, Vol. 3, No. 3, Oct. 28, 1908. List of species ecto- and
endoparasites.

See also reports of Advisory Commission under Plague.

TYPHOID FEVER

ANDERSON, J.F. The Differentiation of Outbreaks of Typhoid Fever
Due to Water, Milk, Flies and Contact. _Amer. Jour. Pub. Health_,
19, pp. 251-259. Discusses flies and typhoid.

MCCRAE, THOMAS. Typhoid Fever. _Osler's Mod. Med._, Vol. II, p.
70, 1907. A full discussion of this disease.

REED, WALTER; VAUGHAN, V.C., AND SHAKESPEARE, E.O. Abstract of
Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in the U.S.
Military Camps During the Spanish War of 1898. Washington, Govt.
Printing Office, 1900. Shows among other things that "flies
undoubtedly served as carriers of infection."

ROSEMAN, M.J., LUMSDEN, L.L., AND KASTLE, J.H. Report on Origin and
Prevalence of Typhoid Fever in D.C. Including reports by Stiles,
Goldberger and Stimson. _Bull. 35 of Hygienic Laboratory of U.S.
Public Health and Mar. Hospt. Ser._, 1907. (Second report in _Bull.
44_, 1907, includes nothing about insects.)

VEEDER, M.A. Typhoid Fever from Sources Other Than Water Supply.
_Med. Record_, 62, pp. 121-124, July 26, 1902. Cites several
instances where flies might act as the carriers of the disease.

WHIPPLE, GEO. C. Typhoid Fever, Its Causation, Transmission and
Prevention. N.Y., 1908. Considers that house-flies and probably
fruit-flies carry typhoid bacilli.

HOUSE-FLIES; ANATOMY, LIFE-HISTORY, HABITS

FELT, E.P. Observations on the House-fly. _Jour. Eco. Ento._, III,
No. 1, Feb., 1910, pp. 24-26. Shows that it does not breed freely
in darkness.

GRIFFITH, A. The Life-history of House-flies. _Public Health_
(London), 21, No. 3, 1908, pp. 122-127. Study of life-history.
Flies require water frequently, eggs hatch in twenty-four hours,
larval stage four days. Each female may lay four batches of eggs.
Destroy manure and rubbish.

HAMER, W.H. The Breeding of Flies Summarized. _Am. Med._, 3, 1908,
p. 431. Habits of flies and experiments to show that they may carry
the germs of various diseases.

HEPWORTH, JOHN. On the Structure of the Foot of the Fly. _Quar.
Jour. Micro. Sci._, II, 1859, pp. 158-563. One plate showing feet
of different flies. A review of the older theories of how a fly was
able to walk on smooth surfaces.

HERMS, W.B. The Essentials of House-fly Control. _Bull. of Berkeley
Board of Health_, Berkeley, Cal., 1909. Recommends removing manure
as soon as possible and keeping it in tight bins until removed. No
very satisfactory insecticides have been found for use in treating
manure piles.

HERMS, W.B. The Berkeley House-fly Campaign. _Cal. Jour. of
Technology_, Vol. XIV, No. 2, 1909. Discusses the methods that have
been used in fighting the fly in Berkeley, Cal. Removing manure
regularly or keeping it in closed bins recommended.

HEWITT, C.G. A Preliminary Account of the Life-history of the
Common House-fly. _Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc._,
1906, Vol. 51, pp. 1-4.

HEWITT, C.G. On the Bionomics of Certain Calyptrate Mucidæ and
Their Economic Significance with Especial Reference to Flies
Inhabiting Houses. _Jour. Econ. Biol._, 1907, Vol. II, pp. 79-88.
Character and importance of group and notes on many species.

HEWITT, C.G. Structure, Development and Bionomics of the House-fly,
_Muca domestica_. Part I, _Quar. Jour. Micro. Sci._, 1907, p. 395,
on anatomy, external and internal, and bibliography. Part II, same;
1908, p. 495. Breeding-habits, development and anatomy of larvæ,
bibliography. Part III, same; 1909, pp. 347-414. The bionomics,
allies, parasites, and the relations to human disease. The best
article on the house-fly.

HOWARD, L.O. Further Notes on the House-fly. _Bull. 10, U.S. Dept.,
Agric. Div. of Ento._, p. 63, 1898. Experiments to kill larvæ in
manure.

HOWARD, L.O. House-flies. _U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Ento.,
Circular No. 71_, revised ed., 1906. Methods of control of
house-fly and related species.

HOWARD, L.O., AND MARLATT, C.L. _Bull. 4, U.S. Dept. Agric., Div.
of Ento._, pp. 43-47, 1896. General account with methods of
controlling.

JEPSON, F.P. The Breeding of the Common House-fly During the Winter
Months. _Jour. Econ. Biol._, 4, 1909, pp. 78-82. Records of certain
experiments which show that the flies will breed in winter under
favorable conditions.

NEWSTEAD, R. Preliminary Report on the Habits, Life-cycle and
Breeding-places of the Common House-fly as Observed in the City of
Liverpool, with Suggestions as to the Best Means of Checking Its
Increase. Liverpool, Oct. 3, 1907.

NEWSTEAD, R. On the Habits, Life-cycle and Breeding-places of the
Common House-fly. _Ann. Trap. Med. Para._, Vol. I, No. 4, Feb. 29,
1908, pp. 507-520. Final report on this subject. Sums up notes on
life-history, habits, breeding-places, etc. Important article.

PACKARD, A.S. On the Transformation of the Common House-fly with
Notes on Allied Forms. _Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist._, Vol. XVI,
1874, pp. 136-140. Life-history and anatomy.

WILCOX, E.V. Fighting the House-fly. _Country Life in America_,
May, 1908. Methods of controlling this pest.

HOUSE-FLIES AND TYPHOID

AUSTEN, E.E. The House-fly and Certain Allied Species as
Disseminators of Enteric Fever Among the Troops in the Field.
_Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps_, June, 1904. Suggests that it may
carry enteric fever and other diseases; method of control.

FELT, E.P. The Typhoid or House-fly and Disease. In 24th _Rept. of
State Ento_. in _N.Y. State Museum Bull._, No. 455, 1909. A general
discussion with complete bibliography.

FIRTH, R.H., AND HORROCKS, W.H. An Inquiry Into the Influence of
Soil, Fabrics, and Flies in the Dissemination of Enteric Infection.
_Brit. Med. Jour._, Vol. II, 1902, pp. 936-942. House-flies carry
enteric bacilli. They may pass through digestive tract and remain
virulent.

HAMILTON, ALICE. The Fly as a Carrier of Typhoid. _Jour. Amer. Med.
Assn._, 40, 1903, pp. 576-83. A study of a typhoid outbreak in
Chicago gives good evidence that the flies were important factors
in the spread of the disease.

HEWITT, C.G. The Biology of House-flies in Relation to Public
Health. _Royal Inst. Pub. Health Jour._, Oct., 1908.

HOWARD, L.O. A contribution to the Study of the Insect Fauna of
Human Excrement. _Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci._, 2, 1900, pp. 541-600.
Special reference to the house-fly and typhoid fever.

HOWARD, L.O. Flies and Typhoid. _Pop. Sci. Mo._, Jan., 1901, pp.
249-256. A popular account of several species of flies that may be
concerned in carrying typhoid.

KLEIN, E. Flies as Carriers of _B. typhus_. _Brit. Med. Jour._,
Oct. 17, 1908, pp. 1150-51. In cultures made from flies he found
great numbers of _B. coli communis_ and _B. typhosus_, showing that
flies may carry these germs.

MARTIN, A. Flies in Relation to Typhoid and Summer Diarrhea.
_Public Health_, 15, 1903, pp. 652-653. Believes that the house-fly
is largely responsible for these diseases.

REED, WALTER. _War Dept. An. Rept._, 1899, pp. 627-633. Flies the
cause of a typhoid outbreak in army in 1899.

HOUSE-FLY AND VARIOUS DISEASES

BUCHANAN, R.A., GLASG, F.F., AND M.B. The Carriage of Infection by
Flies. _Lancet_, 173, 1907, pp. 216-218. Flies carry various germs
on their feet and distribute them where they walk. Must protect
food from contamination.

BREWSTER, E.T. The Fly. The Disease of the House. _McClure's
Magazine_, XXXIII; No. 5, Sept., 1909, pp. 564-568. Proposes to
make use of tropisms for ridding the houses of flies.

CASTELLANI, ALDO. Experimental Investigation on _Framboesia
tropica_ (Yaws). _Jour. of Hyg._, Vol. VII, 1907, pp. 558-599. On
pages 566-568 he discusses the part played by insects in
transmitting the disease. Gives detail of experiments conducted and
concludes that under certain conditions yaws may be conveyed by
flies and possibly other insects.

COBB, J.O. Is the Common House-fly a Factor in the Spread of
Tuberculosis? _Amer. Med._, 9, 1905, pp. 475-477. Believes that the
bacilli may enter the system through the digestive tract and that
flies carry them to our food.

DICKENSON, G.K. The House-fly and Its Connection with Disease
Dissemination. _Med. Record_, 71, 1907, pp. 134-139. Summary;
bibliography.

ESTEN, W.M., AND MASON, C.J. Sources of Bacteria in Milk. Starr's
_Agric. Ex. Stn., Conn. Bull._, 51, 1908. Shows how flies may carry
bacteria to milk. Table showing number of bacteria on flies from
various sources.

FELT, E.P. The Economic Status of the House-fly. _Jour. Eco.
Ento._, Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb., 1909, pp. 39-45. A summary of the
charges, possibilities, proofs, etc. Discussion.

GUDGER, E.W. Early Note on Flies as Transmitters of Disease.
_Science_, N.S. Vol. 31, Jan. 7, 1910, pp. 31-32.

HAMER, W.H. Nuisance from Flies. _London County Council Rept._ No.
1,138, pp. 1-10, and No. 1,207, pp. 1-6, 1908. Observations on
various flies and their relation to diseases.

HAYWARD, E.H. The Fly as a Carrier of Tuberculosis Infection. _N.Y.
Med. Jour._, 80, 1904, pp. 643-644. Tubercular bacilli pass through
the digestive tract of flies and remain virulent.

HOWARD, L.O. The Carriage of Disease by Flies. _Bull. 30_, N.S.,
pp. 39-45, _U.S. Dept. Agric, Div. of Ento._, 1901. Discussion of
flies as carriers of disease.

HOWARD, L.O. House-flies. _U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Ento._,
Cir. No. 71, revised ed., Sept. 21, 1906. Notes on the various
species visiting houses; habits; methods of control; regulations
for controlling flies in cities.

HUTCHINSON, WOODS. The Story of the Fly That Does Not Wipe Its
Feet. _Sat. Evening Post_, March 7, 1908.

JACKSON, DANIEL D. Conveyance of Disease by Flies Summarized.
_Bost. Med. & Surg. Jour._, 1908, p. 451. Disease and flies prevail
at same time; records over 1,000,000 bacteria to each fly caught on
swill-barrels.

JACKSON, DANIEL B. Pollution of New York Harbor as a Menace to
Health by the Dissemination of Intestinal Diseases Through the
Agency of the Common House-fly. Account of experiments and
deductions. Pamphlet issued July, 1908, by Merchants' Assn. of New
York.

LEIDY, JOSEPH. Flies as a Means of Communicating Contagious
Diseases. _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil._, 23, 1871, p. 297. Believes
that flies may carry disease; refers to flies in connection with
gangrene and wounds.

LORD, F.T. Flies and Tuberculosis. _Bost. Med. & Surg. Jour._,
1904, pp. 651-654. Fly-specks may contain virulent tubercular
bacilli for at least fifteen days.

MAYS, THOS. J. The Fly and Tuberculosis. _N.Y. Med. Jour. & Phila.
Med. Jour._, 82, 1905, pp. 437-438. Believes that J.O. Cobb's data
as given in _Amer. Med. Jour._ is not at all conclusive.

NASH, J.C.T. A Note on the Bacterial Contamination of Milk as
Illustrating the Connection Between Flies and Epidemic Diarrhea.
_Lancet_, II, 1908, pp. 1668-69. Experiments show that milk left
exposed to flies soon contains many more germs than that protected
from them.

NASH, J.C.T. The Ætiology of Summer Diarrhea. _Lancet_, 164, 1903,
p. 330. Believes house-fly carries this disease because the two
appear and disappear together.

ROBERTSON, A. Flies as Carriers of Contagion in Yaws. _Jour. Trop.
Med. & Hyg._, 11, 1908, No. 14, p. 213. As a result of examinations
the author concludes that the house-fly is capable of carrying the
virus of yaws.

SANDILANDS, J.E. Epidemic Diarrhea and the Bacterial Control of
Food. _Jour. Hyg._, 6, 1906, pp. 77-92. Believes that house-flies
convey these diseases from the excrement of infected infants.

SIBTHORPE, E.H. Cholera and Flies. _Brit. Med. Jour._, Sept., 1896,
p. 700. Flies considered scavengers, think they thus help abate the
disease.

SMITH, T. The House-fly as an Agent in Dissemination of Infectious
Diseases. _Amer. Jour. Pub. Hyg._, Aug., 1908, pp. 312-317. Points
out that flies on account of their habits, are dangerous sources of
contamination.

SMITH, THEOBALD. The House-fly at the Bar. Merchants' Assn., New
York, 1909, pp. 1-48. Letters from various authorities giving their
opinion; quotations from various authors. Bibliography.

VEEDER, M.A. Flies as Spreaders of Sickness in Camps. _Med.
Record_, 54, 1898, pp. 429-430. Flies feed on typhoid excreta and
pass to food. Cultures made from fly tracks and excreta show many
bacteria present.

VEEDER, M.A. The Relative Importance of Flies and Water Supply in
Spreading Disease. _Med. Record_, 55, 1899, pp. 10-12. Reasons for
believing that flies spread disease in many instances. Burial of
infected typhoid material no protection but a menace.

Dangers from Flies. E.P.W. _Nature_, Vol. 29, pp. 482-483. Review
of an article by Dr. B. Grassi in regard to flies and various
diseases. Opthalmia is discussed. Flies may ingest and pass
unharmed eggs of various human parasites including tapeworm.

HUMAN MYIASIS

ALLEN, CHAS. H. Demonstration of Locomotion in the Larvæ of the
OEstridæ. _Proc. Amer. Assn. Adv. Set._, Vol. 24, 1875, pp.
230-236. Larvæ taken from flesh of child, one had moved thirty-six
inches and one six inches.

FRENCH, G.H. A Parasite the Supposed Cause of Some Cases of
Epilepsy. _Canad. Ento._, 32, 1900, pp. 263-264. Larvæ of
_Gastrophilus_ or _Dermatobia_ in the alimentary canal supposed to
have caused spasms in young boy.

GILBERT, N.C. Infection of Man by Dipterous Larvæ with Report of
Four Cases. _Archives of Internal Med._, Oct., 1908. Historical;
various kinds sometimes found in man; good summary of subject.
Bibliography.

HARRISON, J.H.H. A Case of Myiasis. _Jour. Trop. Med. & Hyg._, XI,
Oct. 15, 1908, p. 305. Over 300 larvæ of _Lucilia macellaria_
removed from face of negro woman.

HUMBERT, FRED. _Lucilia macellaria_ Infesting Man. _Proc. U.S. Nat.
Museum_, 6, 1883, pp. 103-104. Records several cases in which the
screw-worm infested patients.

JENYUS, LEONARD. _Trans. Ento. Soc._, London, Vol. II, 1839, pp.
152-159. Notice of a case in which the larvæ of a dipterous insect,
supposed to be _Anthomyia canicularis_, Meig., were expelled in
large quantities from the human intestines.

KANE, E.R. A Grub Supposed to Have Traveled in the Human Body.
_Insect Life_, II, 1890, pp. 238-239. Larva of bot-fly taken from
face of boy. It had been traveling under the skin for about five
months.

MCCAMPBELL, E.F., AND COOPER, H.J. _Myiasis intestinalis_ Due to
Infection with Three Species of Dipterous Larvæ. _Jour. Amer. Med.
Assn._, 53, Oct. 9, 1909, pp. 1160-62. General notes on this
subject and a report on a case in which larvæ of three different
species of flies were obtained from one patient.

MEINERT, FR. _Lucilia nobilis_ Parasitic on Man. _Insect Life_, II,
1892, pp. 36-37. Two larvæ from the ear of a man proved to be the
above species.

MURTFELEDT, M.E. Hominivorous Habits of the Screw-worm in St.
Louis. _Insect Life_, IV, 1891, p. 200. Many larvæ of this species
removed from the nasal passages of a patient.

NELSON, J.B. Insects in the Human Ear. _Insect Life_, VI, 1893, p.
56. Two cases in which blow-fly larvæ are reported as coming from
the human ear.

RILEY, W.A. A Case of Pseudoparasitism by Dipterous Larvæ. _Canad.
Ento._, 38, 1906, p. 413. Several larvæ, species undetermined,
removed from back of patient.

SAY, THOMAS. On a South American Species of OEstrus Which
Inhabits the Human Body. _Tr. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci._, Vol. 2, 1822,
pp. 353-360. Extended notes on various dipterous larvæ infesting
man.

SNOW, F.H. Hominivorous Habits of _Lucilia macellaria_ "The
Screw-worm." _Psyche_, 4, 1883, pp. 27-30. Cites observations made
by himself and others.

WILLISTON, S.W. The Screw-worm Fly _Compsomyia macellaria_.
_Psyche_, 4, 1883, pp. 112-114. Notes on this species with a
translation of a Spanish article by Anibalzaga in which instances
of this fly infesting human beings are recorded.

YOUNT, C.E., AND SUDLER, M.T. Human Myiasis from the Screw-worm
Fly. _Jour. Amer. Med. Assn._, Vol. 49, No. 23, 1907, p. 1912.
Several cases giving reference to literature, symptomatology,
diagnosis.

STOMOXYS AND OTHER FLIES

AUSTEN, E.E. Blood-sucking and Other Flies Known or Likely to Be
Concerned in the Spread of Disease. In Albutt's and Rolleston's
_System of Med._, 2, 1907, pp. 169-186. A descriptive list of these
flies. Bibliography.

AUSTEN, E.E. Illustrations of African Blood-sucking Flies Other
Than Mosquitoes and Tsetse-flies. London, 1909.

NEWSTEAD, R. On the Life-history of _Stomoxys calcitrans_. _Jour.
Econom. Biology_, Vol. I, 1906, pp. 157-166. Describes habits and
life-history of larvæ and adults. Important article.

STEPHENS, J.W.W., AND NEWSTEAD, R. The Anatomy of the Proboscis of
Biting Flies. Part II, _Stomoxys_. _Ann. of Trop. Med. & Parasit._,
Vol. I, No. 2, June 15, 1907, pp. 171-182. Good anatomical paper.