Chapter XVII (3)

66. The chief cities on this side of the Alps, whence new editions came forth, were Paris, Basle, Lyons, Leyden, Antwerp, Brussels, Strasburg, Cologne, Heidelberg, Frankfort, Ingolstadt, and Geneva. In all these, and in all other populous towns, booksellers, who were generally also printers, were a numerous body. In London at least forty or fifty were contemporaneous publishers in the latter part of Elizabeth’s reign; but the number elsewhere in England was very small. The new books on the continent, and within the Alps and Pyrenees, found their principal mart at the annual Frankfort fairs. Catalogues of such books began to be published, according to Beckmann, in 1554.[1435] In a collective catalogue of all books offered for sale at Frankfort, from 1564 to 1592, I find the number, in Latin, Greek, and German, to be about 16,000. No Italian or French appear in this catalogue, being probably reserved for another. Of theology in Latin there are 3200, and in this department the catholic publications rather exceed the protestant. But of the theology in the German language the number is 3700, not one-fourth of which is catholic. Scarcely any mere German poetry appears, but a good deal in both languages with musical notes. Law furnishes about 1600 works. I reckoned twenty-seven Greek and thirty-two Latin grammars, not counting different editions of the same. There are at least seventy editions of parts of Aristotle. The German books are rather more than one-third of the whole. Among the Latin I did not observe one book by a writer of this island. In a compilation by Clessius, in 1602, purporting to be a conspectus of the publications of the sixteenth century, formed partly from catalogues of fairs, partly from those of public libraries, we find, at least in the copy I have examined, but which seems to want one volume, a much smaller number of productions than in the former, but probably with more selection. The books in modern languages are less than 1000, half French, half Italian. In this catalogue also the catholic theology rather outnumbers the protestant, which is perhaps not what we should have expected to find.

[1435] Hist. of Inventions, iii. 120. “George Willer, whom some
improperly call Viller, and others Walter, a bookseller at
Augsburg, who kept a large shop, and frequented the Frankfort
fairs, first fell upon the plan of causing to be printed every fair
a catalogue of all the new books, in which the size and printers’
names were marked.” There seems to be some doubt whether the first
year of these catalogues was 1554 or 1564: the collection mentioned
in the text leads us rather to suspect the latter.

|Literary correspondence.|

67. These catalogues, in the total absence of literary journals, were necessarily the great means of communicating to all the lovers of learning in Cisalpine Europe (for Italy had resources of her own) some knowledge of its progress. Another source of information was the correspondence of scholars with each other. It was their constant usage, far more than in modern times, to preserve an epistolary intercourse. If their enmities were often bitter, their contentions almost always violent, many beautiful instances of friendship and sympathy might be adduced on the other side; they deemed themselves a distinct cast, a priesthood of the same altar, not ashamed of poverty, nor disheartened by the world’s neglect, but content with the praise of those whom themselves thought worthy of praise, and hoping something more from posterity than they obtained from their own age.

|Bibliographical works.|

68. We find several attempts at a literary or rather bibliographical history of a higher character than these catalogues. The Bibliotheca Universalis of Gesner was reprinted in 1574, with considerable enlargements by Simler. Conrad Lycosthenes afterwards made additions to it, and Verdier published a supplement. Verdier was also the author of a Bibliothèque Française, of which the first edition appeared in 1584. Another with the same title was published in the same year by La Croix du Maine. Both these follow the strange alphabetical arrangement by Christian instead of family names, so usual in the sixteenth century. La Croix du Maine confines himself to French authors, but Verdier includes all who had been translated. The former is valued for his accuracy and for curious particulars in biography; the second for the extracts he has given. Doni pretended to give a history of books in his Libreria, but it has not obtained much reputation, and falls, according to the testimony of those who are acquainted with it, below the compilations above-mentioned.[1436]

[1436] Morhof. Goujet. Biogr. Univ.

|Restraints on the Press.|

69. The despotism of the state, and far more of the church, bore heavily on the press in Italy. Spain, mistress of Milan and Naples, and Florence under Cosmo I., were jealous governments. Venice, though we are apt to impute a rigid tyranny to its senate, appears to have indulged rather more liberty of writing on political topics to its subjects, on the condition, no doubt, that they should eulogise the wisdom of the republic; and, comparatively to the neighbouring regions of Italy, the praise both of equitable and prudent government may be ascribed to that aristocracy. It had at least the signal merit of keeping ecclesiastical oppression at a distance; a Venetian might write with some freedom of the papal court. One of the accusations against Venice, in her dispute with Paul V., was for allowing the publication of books that had been censured at Rome.[1437]

[1437] Ranke, ii. 330.

|Index Expurgatorius.|

70. But Rome struck a fatal blow, and perhaps more deadly than she intended, at literature in the Index Expurgatorius of prohibited books. It had long been the regulation that no book should be printed without a previous license. This was of course a restraint on the freedom of writing, but it was less injurious to the trade of the printer and bookseller than the subsequent prohibition of what he had published or purchased at his own cost and risk. The first list of books prohibited by the church was set forth by Paul IV. in 1559. His Index includes all Bibles in modern languages, enumerating forty-eight editions, chiefly printed in countries still within the obedience of the church. Sixty-one printers are put under a general ban; all works of every description from their presses being forbidden. Stephens and Oporinus have the honour of being among these.[1438] This system was pursued and rigorously acted upon by the successors of the imperious Caraffa. The council of Trent had its own list of condemned publications. Philip II. has been said to have preceded the pope himself in a similar proscription. Wherever the sway of Rome and Spain was felt, books were unsparingly burned, and to this cause is imputed the scarcity of many editions.

[1438] Schelhorn, Amœnit. Liter. vii. 98. viii. 342 and 485. The two
dissertations on prohibited books here quoted are full of curious
information.

|Its effects.|

71. In its principle, which was apparently that of preserving obedience, the prohibitory system might seem to have untouched many great walks of learning and science. It is of course manifest that it fell with but an oblique blow upon common literature. Yet, as a few words or sentences were sufficient to elicit a sentence of condemnation, often issued with little reflection, it was difficult for any author to be fully secure; and this inspired so much apprehension into printers, that they became unwilling to incur the hazard of an obnoxious trade. These occupations, says Galluzzi, which had begun to prosper at Florence, never recovered the wound inflicted by the severe regulations of Paul IV. and Pius V.[1439] The art retired to Switzerland and Germany. The booksellers were at the mercy of an Inquisition, which every day contrived new methods of harassing them. From an interdiction of the sale of certain prohibited books, the church proceeded to forbid that of all which were not expressly permitted. The Guinti, a firm not so eminent as it had been in the early part of the century, but still the honour of Florence, remonstrated in vain. It seems probable, however, that after the death of Pius V., the most rigorous and bigoted pontiff that ever filled the chair, some degree of relaxation took place.

[1439] Ist. del Gran Ducato, iii. 442.

|Restrictions in England.|

72. The restraints on the printing and sale of books in England, though not so overpowering as in Italy, must have stood in the way of useful knowledge under Elizabeth. The Stationers’ Company, founded in 1555, obtained its monopoly at the price of severe restrictions. The Star Chamber looked vigilantly at the dangerous engine it was compelled to tolerate. By the regulations it issued in 1585, no press was allowed to be used out of London, except one at Oxford, and another at Cambridge. Nothing was to be printed without allowance of the council; extensive powers both of seizing books and of breaking the presses were given to the officers of the crown.[1440] Thus every check was imposed on literature, and it seems unreasonable to dispute that they had some efficacy in restraining its progress, though less, perhaps, than we might in theory expect, because there was always a certain degree of connivance and indulgence. Even the current prohibition of importing popish books, except for the use of such as the council should permit to use them, must have affected the trade in modern Latin authors beyond the bounds of theology.

[1440] Herbert, iii. 1668.

|Latin more employed on this account.|

73. These restrictions do not seem to have had any material operation in France, in Germany, or the Low Countries. And they certainly tended very considerably to keep up the usage of writing in Latin; or rather, perhaps, it may be said, they were less rigorously urged in those countries, because Latin continued to be the customary tongue of scholars. We have seen that great license was used in political writings in that language. The power of reading Latin was certainly so diffused, that no mystery could be affected by writing it; yet it seemed to be a voluntary abstaining from an appeal to the passions of the multitude, and passed better without censure than the same sense in a modern dress.

|Influence of literature.|

74. The influence of literature on the public mind was already very considerable. All kinds of reading had become deeper and more diffused. Pedantry is the usual, perhaps the inevitable, consequence of a genuine devotion to learning, not surely in each individual, but in classes and bodies of men. And this was an age of pedants. To quote profusely from ancient writers, seemed to be a higher merit than to rival them; they furnished both authority and ornament, they did honour to the modern, who shone in these plumes of other birds with little expense of thought, and sometimes the actual substance of a book is hardly discernible under this exuberance of rich incrustations. Tacitus, Sallust, Cicero, and Seneca (for the Greeks were in comparison but little read), and many of the Latin poets, were the books that, directly, or by the secondary means of quotation, had most influence over the public opinion. Nor was it surprising that the reverence for antiquity should be still undiminished; for, though the new literature was yielding abundant crops, no comparison between the ancients and moderns could as yet fairly arise. Montaigne, fearless and independent as he was, gave up altogether the pretensions of the latter; yet no one was more destined to lead the way to that renunciation of the authority of the former which the seventeenth century was to witness. He and Machiavel were the two writers who produced the greatest effect upon this age. Some others, such as Guevara and Castiglione, might be full as much read, but they did not possess enough of original thought to shape the opinions of mankind. And these two, to whom we may add Rabelais, seem to be the only writers of the sixteenth century, setting aside poets and historians, who are now much read by the world.

INDEX.

Page

Aberlard, Poetry of, 17
Academies, Italian Literary, 229
Academy del Cimento, The, 831
---- French, Established, 630
---- Neapolitan, 112
Afra Behn, Plays of, 808
Agricola, The first Mineralogist, 227
---- Works of, 103
Agrippa, Cornelius, 192
Augustine, Antonio, 201
Alamanni, 202
Alciati, Andrew, 201
Aldine Editions, The, 109
Aldus, Press of, 125
Algebra, Descartes on, 650
---- Earliest Work on, 118
Alchemy, Study of, 58
Amadis de Gaul, The, 66, 152
Aminto, Passo’s, 351
Amyot, His Translations, 371
Ana, The, 820
Anatomy, Fallopius on, 397
---- Leaders in studying, 842
Andreæ, John Valentine, 532, _and note_
Anglo-Saxon, Change of, to English, 22
Antiquaries, Society of, founded, 405
Apianus, Cosmography of, 228
Apology, Jewell’s, 272
Arabic, Rise of Study of, 399
Arcadia, Sir Philip Sydney’s, 383
---- Character of, 383
---- Walpole on, 383
Aretin, Leonard, 44
---- Plays of, 211
Argensola, The Brothers, 570
Arianism in Italy, 181
Ariosto, Satires of, 203
Aristotle countenanced by Melancthon, 189
---- Veneration shown for, 189
Arithmetic of Sacro Bosco, 56
Arnauld on true and false ideas, 725
Art of Rhetoric, Cox’s, 219
Ascham, His Character of Cambridge, 168
---- Writings of, 372
Astronomy in Middle Ages, 58
Augsburg, Confession of, 173
---- Diet of, 259
Averroes on the Soul, 93
Avis aux Refugiéz, 772
Ayala, Balthazar, on War, 315

Bacon, Lord, 468
---- Conception of his Philosophy, 469
---- Essays of, 293, 529
---- his fame on the Continent, 489
---- his Instauratio Magna, 469
---- ---- ---- ---- Analysis of, 469
---- ignorant of Mathematics, 488
---- Nature of his Philosophy, 472
---- Novum Organum, 478
---- Plan of Philosophy, 469
Bacon, Roger, 57
Balbi, Catholicon of, 40
Baldi, Sonnets of, 319
Ballads, Early Spanish, 59
Balzac, Letters of, 628
Bandello, Novels of, 380
Barbarism, A relapse into, 38
Barbarus, Hermolaus, 111
Barclay, his works, 642
Barlæus, Gaspar, 589
Barrow, Sermons of, 703
Basson, Sebastian, 463
Bath, Adelard of, 56
Bayle on the Comet, 819
---- his Dictionary, 819
---- Philosophical Commentary of, 700
Beaumont, Fletcher and, 611
Bellarmin, Works of, 273
Bellenden, de Statu, 534
Bello Francesco, 113
Belon, Zoology of, 394
Belphegor, Machiavel’s, 215
Bembo, Care of, 159
---- Life of, 217
---- Works of, 159, 201
Berigard, Claude, 463
Benserade, Poems of, 781
Bentley, Richard, the Critic, 682
Berchonius, 59
Beza, Works of, 27
Bible, Cranmer’s, 187
---- First printed, 76
---- Latin Versions of the, 137
---- Mazarin, 77
---- The Authorised Version, 457
Bibles, Early English, 187
Block-books, 75
Blood, Circulation of the, discovered, 665
Boccalini, Trajan, 624
Bodin, compared with Aristotle and Machiavel, 310
Bodleian, Foundation of the, 674
Boehm, Jacob, 464
Boethius, his Consolation of Philosophy, 1
---- Poem on, 13
Boiardo, Works of, 112
Boileau, Works of, 780
Bookselling, Rise of, 121
---- The Universities and, 123
Books, Early, price and form of, 122
---- Number of, printed at close of the Fourteenth Century, 120
---- Price of in Middle Ages, 52
---- Sold by printers, 121
Bossu on Epic Poems, 816
Bossuet, Exposition of Faith, 688
---- other Works, 689
---- Sermons of, 702
Botany, Turner’s, 395
Botero, Giovanni, 301
Boucher, Treatise of, 299
Bouhours, Works by, 813
Bourdalone, Style of, 701
Boyle, Works of, 833
Brahé, Tycho, 387
---- System of, 387
Brandt, Sebastian, 117
Browne, Thomas, 531
---- his Religio Medici, 531
---- William, 581
Bruno, characteristics of his system, 285
Buchanan, de Jure Regni, 296
---- Poetry of, 349
Buda, Royal Library at, 81
Budæus, Budé on, 115
---- his Commentaries, 161
---- Style of, 162
Bunyan, John, 828
Burnet, his Theory of Earth, 841
Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, 637
Bury, Richard of, 39
Butler, Hudibras of, 783
Byzantine Literature, 48

Cabbala, The Jewishp, 100
Calderon, his Comedies, 593
----- his Tragedies, 595
Calendar, Gregorian, 390
Calisto and Melibœa, Drama of, 128
Calvin, John, 177
---- Institutes of, 177
Camoenss, The Lusiad of, 330
Cancionero General, The, 61
Cardan, Jerome, 193
---- Discoveries of, 221
Carew, Poetry of, 584
Cartesian Theory, The, 655
Casa, Poems of, 318
Casaubon, Isaac, 248, 410
---- Wavering of, 428, 430, _note_
Cassander, Consultation of, 265
Castalio, Sebastian, 270
Castelvetro, Ludovico, 377
Castile, Rhymes in Language of, 60
---- The Language of, 21
Castillejo, 329
Casuistry, Schemes of, 523
Casuists, English, 527
---- Literature of the, 521
Cathani, Labours of, 276
Catholicon, Balbi’s, 40
Cats, Father, 577
Caxton, First Works of, 79
Celio Magno, Odes of, 319
Celso Minop, 271
Cena de li Ceneri, The, 282
Century, Twelfth, Progress during, 6
Cervantes, his Don Quixote, 638
---- Minor Novels, 640
Cesalpin, System of, 280
Ceva, Poems of, 791
Chapman, his Translation of Homer, 341
Charlemagne, Few schools before, 4
---- Greeks under, 45
---- Work effected by, 4
Charron, Pierre, 529
---- on Wisdom, 529
Chaucer, Gower and, 24
Chaulieu, Poems of, 781
Cheke, Teaching of, 168
Chiabrera, Poems of, 569
---- Style of, 569
Chillingworth, his Religion of Protestants, 436
China, Jesuits in, 401
Chivalry, Effects of, on Poetry, 64
---- Romances of, 215
Christianismi Restitutio, The, 268, _note_
Christianity, Vindicators of, 699
Chronicle, The Saxon, 23
Chronology, Lydiat’s, 420
---- Scaliger’s, 258
Chrysoloras, Disciples of, 49
Chrysostom, Saville’s, 412
Church, Early Learning in the, 2
---- High, Rise of in England, 427, 435
Cicero, Editions of, 160
Ciceronianus, The, 159
---- Scaliger on the, 160
Cid, The, 597
Citizens, Privileges of, 303
Clarendon, History of, 636
Classics, First Editions of, 231
Clergy, Discipline of the, 261
---- Prejudices of, against profane learning, 2
---- Use of their prejudices, 3
Codex, Chartaceus, 30
Colleges at Alcala and Louvain, 134
---- not derived from Saracens, 9
Colonna, Vittoriap, 202
Columbus, the Anatomist, 398
Columns, Double, use of, 241
Comedies of the Restoration, 807
Comedy, First English, 214
Comenius, Popularity of, 409
Commès, Philip de, 118
Commentators, English, about 1600, 453
Commonwealths, Origin of, 303
Concord, Form of, 267
Congreve, Plays of, 807, 808
Conti, Account of the East by, 72
Controversy raised by Baius, 267
Copernican Theory, The, 386
Copernicus, Labours of, 222
Corneille, Pierre, Plays of, 597
---- Style of, 598
Corneille, Thomas, 799
Cortesius, Paulus, 89
Costanzo, Poems of, 319
Cowley, Johnson’s Character of, 580
Crashaw and Donne, 580
Crellius, Ruanus and, 440
Cremonini, 281
Criticism in the Sixteenth Century, 375
Critics about 1600, 414
Cruquius of Ypres, 236
Cudworth, Ralph, 707
Cumberland, Richard, 747

Daillé on the Fathers, 435
Dalgarno, George, 735
Daniel, his History of England, 635
Dante, Petrarch and, 22
De Bergerac, Novels of, 827
De Gongora, Luis, 572
---- Style of, 572
---- Works of, 572
De Leon, Luis, 328
De Lisle, Map of the World by, 845
De Retz, Memoirs of, 846
De Sevigné, Madame, 812
De Vega, Lope, 353
---- Fertility of, 353
---- Popularity of, 354
---- Style of, 354
---- Versification of, 354
De Villegas, Manuel Estevan, 571
Dead, Dialogues of the, 811
Decline of German Poetry, 20
Defensio Fidei Nicenæ, The, 695
Deistical Writers, 277
Delineation, Arts of, 93
Della Causa, The, 282
Delphin Editions, 680
Denham, Sir John, 579
Descartes, René, 491
---- Attacked by Gassendi, 497
---- Charged with Plagiarism, 505
---- Early Life, 491
---- his Meditations, 495
---- his Mental Labours, 492
---- his Paradoxes, 499
---- his Publications, 492
---- his Superiority, 497
---- Merits of his Writings, 503
---- on Free will, 503
---- on Intuitive Truth, 501
Desportes, Poems of, 335
Deventes, College at, 54
Devotional Works in 1600, 454
Dictionary, Della Crusca, 625
Dodorus, Clusius and, 396
D’Oliva, Perez, 195
Don Quixote, 638
Don Sancho Ortiz, Analysis of, 355
Donne, Crashaw and Cowley, 580
Dramatic Mysteries, Origin of, 105
Drayton, Michael, 581
---- His Polyolbion, 591
Dryden, Early Poems, 787
---- Fables, 789
---- Odes, 790
---- Style of, 821
---- Tragedies, 805
---- Translations, 790
Ductor Dubitantium, Taylor’s, 745
Dunbar, Poems of, 130
Dupin on Ancient Discipline, 686
Du Vair, Works of, 371

Earle, John, Works of, 637
Eastern Languages, Early Study of, 128
Ecclesiastical Polity, The, 289
Elizabeth, Learning under, 249
Encomium Moræ, The, 143
Encyclopædias of Middle Ages, 58
England, Reformed Tenets in, 178
England, Revival of Learning in, 3
English, Use of, 22
Equations, Cubic, Invention of, 220
Episcopius, Works of, 440
Erasmus, Adages of, 139
---- Character of, 139
---- Epistles of, 175
---- First Visit to England, 116
---- His Controversy with Luther, 174
---- Jealousy of, 139
---- Quotations from, 140
---- Testament of, 142
---- Zeal of, 114
Erastianism, Disputes on, 444
Ercilla, The Araucana of, 329
Erpenius, Works of, 671
Essays, Bacon’s, 293
---- Montaigne’s, 290
---- Sir W. Temple’s, 824
Essex, Earl of, 633
Etherege, Plays of, 808
Euclid, Early Translations of, 56
Europe, Language in, in 1400, 25
Eustachius on Anatomy, 397
Evelyn, Works of, 821

Faber of Savoy, 313
Fabricius on the Language of Brutes, 663
Faery Queen, The, 343
---- Style of, 344
---- Superiority of First Volume, 343
Fallopius on Anatomy, 397
Fanaticism, Growth of, 172
Farces, First Real, 107
Farquhar, Plays of, 809
Fenelon on Female Education, 761
---- Works of, 696
Fermat, the Geometer, 651
Fernel, Works of, 220
Ferreira, 331
Ficinus, Works of, 98
Fiction, Popular Moral, 66
Figures in MSS. of Boethius, 55
Filacaja, Vincenzo, 777
Filli di Sciro, The, 592
Fléchier, Style of, 703
Fletcher, Beaumont and, 611
---- Phineas and Giles, 577
Fleury, Ecclesiastical History, 687
Florence, Academy of, 229
---- History of, 199
Fontenelle, Character of, 810, 817
---- Poems of, 782
Ford, John, 621
France, Troubadours of, 21
Francesca of Rimini, 26
Franco-Gallia, The, 295
Free will, Molina on, 268
France, Classical Study in, 53
French, Diffusion of, 19
---- During Eleventh Century, 14
---- Early, 13
---- in England, Disuse of, 24
---- Whence it came, 13
Friars, Mendicant, The, 9
Fuchs, Leonard, 226
Fur Prædestinatus, Sancroft’s, 693

Galileo, compared with, Bacon, 486
---- Discoveries of, 653
Gallantry, Effects of on Poetry, 64
---- Probable Origin of, 64
Garnier, 357
Gascoyne, George, 337
Gasparin, Style of, 43
---- Works of, 42, 43
Gassendi, Syntagma Philosophicum of, 710
---- Bernier on, 713
---- Works of, 467, 468
Gemalis Dies, The, 160
Genius, Want of, in Dark Ages, 5
Gentilis, Albenius, 316
---- De Jure Belli, 377
Geology, Rise of the Science, 840
Gerard, Herbal of, 397
German Poetry, Decline of, 20
---- ---- of Swabian Period, 19
Germany, Schools in, 89
Gesner, Conrad, 241, 392
---- His Zoology, 392
---- Quadrupeds discovered by, 393
Gilbert, his Treatise on the Magnet, 392
Glanvil, his Scepsis Scientifica, 733
---- the Plus Ultra, 735
Glosa, Nature of the, 61
Glosses, Meaning of, 31
---- Use of, 31
Gloucester, Library of Duke of, 54
Godefroy, James, 775
Gomberville, 641
Gorboduc, Sackville’s, 359
Governor, Sir T. Elyot’s, 195
Gower, Chaucer and, 24
Grammars of the Sixteenth Century, 239 _note_.
---- Provençal, 14
Greek, better known after 1580, 251
---- Corruption of Language, 47
---- Dawn of in England, 115
---- Early Grammars and Lexicons, 112
---- Latin Translations of, 50
---- Learned by Petrarch, 48
---- Learning in Middle Ages, 45
---- Printing, Early, 84
---- Revival of Study of, 44
---- Study of at Paris, 91
---- Taught by Chrysoloras, 49
---- Taught to Boys, 167
Greeks, Emigration of, to Italy, 52
Grew, Discoveries of, 839
Grocyn, Linaire and, 135
Groot, Gerard, College of, 54
Grotius, De Imperio Circa Sacra, 444
---- De Jure Belli, 544 _et seq._
---- his Arrangement, 565
---- his Defects, 565
---- Objections to, 561
---- Religious Doubts of, 428
---- Vindicated against Rousseau, 565
---- Works of, 414
Gruchius, Works of, 255
Gruter, his Collection of Inscriptions, 419
---- his Suspicions, 413
Grymæus, Geography of, 228
Guevara, Treatise of, 194
Guiciardini, History of, 402
Guidi, Poems of, 777
Gymnasium, Roman, 131

Habington, 585
Hales on Schism, 438
Hardy, Plays of, 596
Harmonia Apostolica, Bull’s, 694
Harriott, Works of, 649
Harvey, his Anatomical Discoveries, 665
Havelok the Dane, 18
Hawes, Stephen, 153
Hebraists of the Fifteenth Century, 227
Hebrew, First Printed, 95
---- in the Sixteenth Century, 670
Heinsius, Daniel, 413
Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 456, 465
Herrera, Works of, 329
Herrick, Robert, 586
Heterodoxy, Italian, 179
Heywood, Plays of, 622
---- Thomas, 363
Hippocrates, Study of, 224
History, Natural, from 1600-1650, 662
Hobbes, Political Works of, 538
---- The Leviathan of, 506
---- Analysis of, 506 _et seq._
Hooft, Peter, 577
Hooke, Works of, 834
Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, 289
---- his Theory of Natural Law, 290
Horace, Lambinus’s, 235
Hottoman, Francis, 295
Hudibras, Butler’s, 783
Huet, The Censura of, 715
Hymns, German, 206

Icon Basilice, The, 636
Immutable Morality, Cudworth’s, 745
Index Expurgatorius, The, 407
Ingulfus, History of, 15
Instauratio Magna, The, 469
Irnerius, Works of, 31
Italian, Early, 22
---- Language, Origin of, 10
Italy, Printing in, 83

Jansenism, Rise of, 441
Jansenius, Tenets of, 691
Jesuits, Colleges of the, 262
---- Patronized by Popes, 263
---- Rise of the, 181
---- Rising Influence of the, 261
---- their Popularity, 181
Jewell, Apology of, 272
Joachim, Rhæticus, 388
Jodelle, Father of the French Theatre, 357
John II., Poetry under, 62
---- of Ravenna, 41
---- of Salisbury, 36
Jonson, Ben, 585
---- his Every Man in his Humour, 369
---- Plays of, 609
Journal des Sçavans, The, 817
Julian Period, Invention of the, 258
Jurisprudence, Golden Ages of, 311
---- in 1500, 200
Jurists, Decline of, after Accursius, 32
---- Early, 32
---- Scholastic, 33

Kempis, Thomas à, Works of, 68
Kepler, Discoveries of, 652
King’s Quair, The, 63
Knolles, his History of the Turks, 634
Knowledge, Limited by Sense, 481

La Bruyere, Characters of, 758
La Fayette, Madame, 826
La Fontaine, Fables of, 779
La Forge, Regis and, 714
La Motte le Vayer, 632
La Noue, Works of, 301
Labbe, Philip, 411
Lacteals, Discoveries of the, 668
Land, Views of, 427
Lanfrance and his Schools, 35
Language, A New, formed from Latin, 12
Language, Early Imperfections of, 6
---- Modern, Metres of, 15
Languet, Vindicæ of, 295
Latin becomes a New Language, 12
---- Colloquial Corruption of, 11
---- in the Lower Empire, 11
---- in the Seventh Century, 12
---- Origin of Rhyme in, 16
---- Poems, Mediæval, 210
Latinists, Apology for the, 217
---- in 1600, 415
Laws, Abridgments of, 31
Layamon, Works of, 23
Leaguers, Tenets of the, 298
Learned, Persecution of the, 81
Learning, Decline of in Sixth Century, 2
---- Encouraged by a Pope, 51
---- General, Rise of, 26
---- in England, Revival of, 3
---- in England under Edward VI., 249
Lebrixa, Character of, 86
Legal Study, Importance of, 30
Leibnitz on Roman Law, 775
---- The Protogæa of, 841
Leipsic Acts, The, 819
Leo X., a Patron of Letters, 131
Letters, The Paston, 82
Lexicon, Constantin’s, 237
---- Feirari’s, 672
---- Scapula’s, 238, _note_.
Libraries, New Public, 230
---- Public, Want of, 169
Library, Bodleian, Founded, 674
---- of Charles V., 39
---- Vatican, Founded, 230
Lilly, his Euphues, 373
---- Popularity of, 373
Lipsius, and other antiquaries, 256
Lister, Studies of, 836
Literature, Checks upon, 407
---- Theological, of Sixteenth Century, 183
Loci Communes, The, 275
Locke on Education, 759
---- on Government, 768
---- on Human Understanding, 736
---- on the Coin, 773
---- on Toleration, 700
Logarithms, Invention of, 645
Logic, Aconcio’s, 286
---- Campanella on, 460
---- Inductive, 481 _et seq._
---- Ramus’s, Success of, 288
Lombard, Peter, 7
London, First Theatre in, 360
Lotichius, 347
Love songs, Abelard’s, 17
---- Spanish, 61
Lucan, May’s supplement to, 591
Lully, Raymond, 155
---- his method, 155
Lusiad, The, 330
---- Defects of, 330
---- Excellencies of, 330
Luther, Character of, 182
---- Dangerous tenets of, 148
---- Differences from Zwingle, 172
---- Theses of, 146
Lutrin, The, 780
Lydgate, Works of, 63
Lyndsay, Poems of, 207
Lyrics, Portuguese, early, 117

Machiavel, Nicolas, 196, 211
---- Motives of, 197
---- some of his rules not immoral, 197
---- The Prince, of, 197
---- Works of, 198
Malebranche, Theory of, 717
Malherbe, Poems of, 573
---- Style of, 573
Malpighi, Discoveries of, 840
Manana, de Rege, 299
Mantuan, Works of, 111
Manuscripts, Copying of, 36
Manutius, de Civitate, 253
---- Epistles of, 245
Maps, Early, 94
Maranta on gardening, 395
Margarita, Antoniana, The, 287
Marlowe, Plays of, 360
Marot, Poems of, 206
Marsham, Sir John, 685
Massinger, Philip, 618
Matthiola, System of, 226
Medici, Lorenzo de, 80
Medicine, Early Study of, 58
---- Revival of Greek methods of, 223
Meigret, Orthography of, 219
Melancthon, Early Studies of, 127
---- Tenets of, 266
Melville, Andrew, 253
Memoirs, Political, 301
Mendicant Friars, The, 9
Mendoza, Works of, 208, 673
Mercator, Gerard, 402
Metre, Romances in, 18
Metres of Modern Languages, 15
---- Spanish, 60
Microscope, first used in Anatomy, 842
Milton, John, 586
---- Allegro, 587
---- Compared with Dante, 784
---- Comus, 586
---- Il Penseroso, 587
---- Lycidas, 587
---- Paradise Lost, 783
---- Paradise Regained, 787
---- Samson Agonistes, 787
---- Sonnets, 588
Minot, Lawrence, 24
Mirandola, Picus of, 101
---- Credulity of, 101
---- Literary Works of, 102
Miscellanies of Politian, 95
Moliére, Plays of, 799
Montaigne, Essays of, 290
---- Characteristics of, 291
Montesquieu, Bodin compared with, 310
Moralities, Early, 107
Morals, Italian writers on, 292
More, Henry, 709
More, Utopia of, 137
Morgante Maggiore, The, 97
Morison, Robert, 837
Motion, Laws of, 658
Mun, Thomas, on Foreign Trade, 773
Muretus, Marc Antony, 233
Mysteries, Desire to explore, 99
---- Early English, 105

Naudé, Gabriel, 534
Napier, Works of, 645
Nizolius, Marius, 286
Norris, Essay of, 725
Northern Seas, Discoveries in, 401
Nosce Teipsum, The, 340
Novum Organum, The, 478
Numencia, The, of Cervantes, 356
Numerals, Arabic, 55
Numismatics, Works on, 257

Oceana, Harrington’s, 766
Opinion, Religious, in Fifteenth Century, 67
Opitz, Martin, 575
---- Followers of, 576
Optics, Discoveries in, 660
Opus Magnus, Bacon’s, 57
Oracles, The History of, 811
Orientalists, Celebrated, 844
Orlando Furioso, The, 150
---- a continuation of Boiardo, 150
---- its popularity, 150
---- its want of seriousness, 150
---- Style of, 151
Orlando Innamorata, The, 112
Ortelius, Works of, 401
Otway, Plays of, 806
Oxford, University of, founded, 8

Paley, Compared with Puffendorf, 707
Pallavicino, Ferrante, 625
Pantheism, Bruno and, 283
Papal Power, Decline of, 425
Papal Power, Discussion of, 274
Paper, Cotton, First use of, 28
---- Invention of, 28
---- Linen, as old as 1100, 29
---- ---- First use of, 28
---- ---- Known to Peter of Clugni, 29
---- of mixed materials, 29
Papias, Vocabulary of, 36
Papyrus, Use of the, 28
Paracelsus, Theophrastus, 191, 463
---- his extravagances, 192
---- his impostures, 192
Paradise Lost, Milton’s, 783
Parchment, Use of, 28
Paris, University of, founded, 6
---- ---- increase of, 8
Paruta, Paolo, 302
Pascal, Malebranche and, 724
---- Provincial letters of, 744
---- Thoughts of, 697, 725
Pastor Fido, Guarini’s, 351
Pastourelles, Early, 18
Patrizzi, 281
Pearson on the Creed, 704
Peele, Greene and, 362
Pelletier, Algebra of, 385
Pellican, 227
Perkins, his Cases of Conscience, 527
Perrault, Charles, 816
Petavius, the Jesuit, 421
Peter Martyr, Epistles of, 156
Petrarch, Dante and, 22
---- Latin Poems of, 41
---- Restoration of Letters by, 40
---- Style of, 41
Philology, Stephens’s Works on, 243
Philosophy, Consolation of, 1
---- Scholastic, Defeat of, 188
---- Scholastic, Origin of, 7
---- Speculative, 188
---- Stanley’s History of, 707
Pibrac, 335
Pilgrim’s Progress, The, 828
Pinelli, Occupations of, 404
Platonists, Aristotelians and, 74
Poem, Early, on Boethius, 13
Poetry, Early English, 62
---- German, Decline of, 20
---- German, of Swabian Period, 19
---- Provençal, 16
Poets, Early Spanish, 203
---- Elizabethan, 342
---- Minor, from 1650-1700, 790
Poggio, Bracciolini, 42
---- on the Views of Rome, 72
Politian, Works of, 95, 105
Political Philosophy in the Sixteenth Century, 294
Polyglott, Walton’s, 843
Pontanus, Works of, 111
Popery, Taylor’s Dissuasive from, 690
Port-Royal Writers, 679
Poynet on Politique Power, 296
Prerogative Argument, 485, _note_.
Press, The, of Aldus, 125
Printing, Effects of, on Reformation, 124
---- Invention of, 75
---- Progress of, 79
---- Restraint of, 124
Progress in the Tenth Century, 4
Prophesying, Taylor’s Liberty of, 449
Prose-writers under Elizabeth, 373
Protestantism Extinguished in Italy, 260
---- ---- ---- ---- And Spain, 261
Protestants, use of the Term, 173
---- The Religion of, 426
Provençal Grammar, 14
Psalter, Early Printed, 77
Publications, Early European, 85
Puffendorf, his Theory of Politics, 762
---- The Law of Nature, 753
Pulci, Works of, 97
Purbach, Discoveries of, 78

Quevedo, Satires of, 571
---- Visions of, 825

Rabelais, 216
Racine, Plays of, 793, 802
---- Style of, 798
Raleigh, his History of the World, 635
Ramus, Peter, mentioned by Bacon, 191
---- Peter, New Logic of, 190
Ramusio, Voyages of, 400
Rapin, René, on Gardens, 792
---- Critical Works of, 815
Ray, Works of, 835, 838
Reading and Writing, Ignorance of, 25
Réflexions sur l’Eloquence, Les, 815
Reformation, Burnet’s History of the, 846
---- Origin of the, 146
Regiomontanus, 93
Regnard, Plays of, 802
Regnier, Statues of, 574
Religion, Differences of, Effects of, on Poetry, 66
Republic, Analysis of the, 302
Reuchlin,, 104
---- The Monks and, 145
Reviews, Early, 817
Rhetoric, Cox’s Art of, 219
Rhetorique, Wilson’s Art of, 379
Rhyme, Origin of in Latin, 16
Ribeyro, Works of, 205
Richard of Bury, 39
Richelieu, his Care for Liberty, 426
Rienzi, The Story of, 52
Rivinus, System of, 838
Rochefoucault, 757
Roger Bacon, Works of, 57
Roman Laws, never wholly unknown, 31
Romances, Metrical, 18
---- of Chivalry, The, 65
Rome, Loss of Learning on Fall of, 1
---- Conversions to, 263
---- Supremacy of, 422
Ronsard, Poems of, 333
Roscelin, Story of, 7
Rose, Bishop of Senlis, 298
Rosmunda, The, 132
Rota, Bernardino, 320
Rowley, Thomas, 83
Royal Society, Origin of the, 832
Ruanus, Crellius and, 440
Rueda, Lope de, 212
Ruel, Studies of, 226
Rymer on Tragedy, 823

Sachs, Hans, Dramas of, 213
Sackville, Works of, 336
St. Evremond, 812
Salmasius, Works of, 412, 415
Salvator, Rosa, Satires of, 778
Sanchez, Minerva of, 244
---- Sceptical Theory of, 285
Sansons, Maps of the, 844
Santeul, Latin Poems, 793
Sarpi, Fra Paolo, 423
Saville on Roman Militia, 257
Saxon Chronicle, The, 23
Scaliger, Joseph, 247
---- as a Critic, 375
Scaliger assists Gruter, 419
Scarron, Roman Comique of, 826
Schools, Early teaching in, 136
---- Greek Taught in, 251
Science in Sixteenth Century, 645
Sciences, Academy of, at Paris, 832
---- of Middle Ages, 55
Scioppius, Work of, 416
Scot, Reginald, 278
Scotland, Learning in about 1550, 253
Scotus, 91
---- Reasonings of, 92
Scripture, Early Translation of, 85
Sebonde, Raymond de, 69
---- Real Objects of, 70
Secchia Rapita, The, 568
Secular Variation, Law of, 176
Segrais, Novels of, 827
Seicentisti, Opinions on the, 566
Selden, De Jure Naturali, 528
Semi-Pelagian School, The, 439
Sermons, Donne’s and Taylor’s, 454
---- Latimer’s, 184
Serra, Antonio, 537
Servetus, Labours of, 180
---- Life of, 269
Servitude, Domestic, 303
Shadwell, Plays of, 808
Shakspeare, William, 364, 602
---- As You Like it, 369
---- Comedy of Errors, 365
---- First Writings, 364
---- Historical Plays, 368
---- Love’s Labours Lost, 365
---- Lear, 604
---- Lucrece, 340
---- Measure for Measure, 603
---- Merry Wives of Windsor, 603
---- Midsummer Night’s Dream, 365
---- Pericles, 605
---- Poems, 340
---- Roman Tragedies, 606
---- Romeo and Juliet, 366
---- Sonnets, 582
---- Twelfth Night, 602
---- Two Gentlemen of Verona, 365
---- Venus and Adonis, 340
Shirley, Plays of, 621
Skelton, Works of, 154
Smith, Teaching of, 167
Societies, German Literary, 575
Socinianism, Rise of, 181
Sonnets, Shakspeare’s, 583
Soto, Dominic, 289
South, Sermons of, 704
Southern, Plays of, 807
Spain, Pastoral Romances of, 117
Spanish Language, Origin of, 10
Spenser, his Sense of Beauty, 344
---- Resembles Ariosto, 344
---- Shepherd’s Kalendar of, 337
---- Style of, 345
Spregel, the Dutch Ennius, 576
Spinosa, Ethics of, 726, 746
---- Politics of, 764
Stampa, Gaspara, 321
---- her Love for Collalto, 321
---- her Second Love, 322
---- her Style, 322
Statics, Galileo’s, 657
Stephens, Thesaurus of, 163, 237
---- Works of, 236
Stevinus, Statics of, 391
Strada, his Prolusiones, 627
Sturm on German Schools, 165
Suarez, of Granada, 524
---- on Laws, 544
---- Works of, 525
Surrey, Wyatt and, 207
Surville, Clotilde de, 83
Swift, his Tale of a Tub, 831
Sydney, Algernon, on Government, 767
---- Sir Philip, his Defence of Poesie, 338
---- his Poetry, 339
Syriac, New Testament in, 399

Table Talk, Selden’s, 532
Tacitus of Lipsius, The, 235
Tale of a Tub, The, 831
Talent, Deficiency of Poetical, in Tenth Century, 5
Tasso, Bernardo, The Amadigi of, 323
---- Torquato, 324
---- compared with others, 326
---- his Jerusalem, 324
---- ---- ---- Characters of, 325
---- ---- ---- Faults in, 325
---- his Styles, 324
---- Virgil and, 326
Tassoni, Alessandro, 568
Taste, Prevalence of Bad, 5
Tauler, John, 25
Taylor, Bishop Jeromy, 447
Telemaque, Fenelon’s, 828
Telesio, System of, 281
Theatre, English, Revival of, 804
---- First French, 107
Theosophists, Paracelsists, and, 463
Thesauri of Grævius and Gronovius, 683
Thesaurus Criticus, Gruter’s, 234
Thomas À Kempis, School of, 55
Tillotson, Sermons of, 704
Toleration, Arguments for, 446
Tournebœuf, or Turnebus, 233
Tournefort, System of, 838
Tractate, Milton’s, 758
Tracts, Statistical, 775
Treatise de Imitatione Christi, 68
Trent, Council of, 182
---- ---- Efforts of, 264
Trinitarian Controversy, The, 268
Turkish Spy, The, 829
Tyndale, Bible of, 187
Tyrannicide, Poynet and, 297

Universities, Rise of, 8
Usher, Chronology of, 684
Usury, Noodt on, 776
Utopia, More’s, 137

Valla, Laurentius, 72
---- Defects of his Work, 73
---- Heeren’s Praise of it, 73
---- Testament, Annotations on New, 73
Valors, Henry, 681
Van Helmont, 669
Vanbrugh, Plays of, 809
Vanini, Writings of, 455
Vatican Library, The, 230
Vesalius, Works of, 224
Victa, Francis, 385
Victoria, Learning of, 44
Vincent of Beauvais, 59
Vinci, Leonardo de, 108
Vocabulary of Papias, 36
Voiture, Poems of, 574
Vondel, 577
Vossius, Gerard, 417
Vulgar Errors, Browne’s, 677
Vulgate, The, 187
---- Authenticity of, 278

Waller, Poetry of, 782
Walton, the Complete Angler, 824
Webster, Plays of, 622
White, Thomas, 706
Wilkins, Bishop, 736
Wit, Whetstone of, The, 385
Witchcraft, Scot on, 278
Writers, Romish, 183
Writing, Rise of Knowledge of, 27
Wyatt, Surrey and, 207
Wycherley, Plays of, 803

Ximenes, Cardinal, 134

Zerbi, Anatomy of, 130
Zwingle, Work of, 147

Transcriber’s Notes:

This volume contains the table of contents for both Volumes 1 and 2. The index, contained at the end of Volume 2, was duplicated and added to this book. Pages 1-408 pertain to this volume, 409-847 to Volume 2.

Sidenotes were moved to the beginning of the paragraph to which they pertain and are surrounded by pipes, |like this|.

Words in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like this_.

Transliterations of words and phrases in Greek were added within brackets.

Footnotes were renumbered sequentially, indented, and moved to follow the numbered section in which the related anchor occurs.

The author/editor usually omitted quotation marks around cited text; this was not changed. All other punctuation and accents marks were standardized.

In a later edition of this book, footnote 1009 reads ‘... without name of place ...’ instead of ‘... without date of place...’ No alteration was made to this text.

Words with missing or partially printed letters were completed. Obvious spelling errors were corrected. Capitalization of words was corrected, where appropriate. Obsolete and archaic spellings were retained. Variations of names that appear more than once were left unchanged (e.g. Boccace vs. Boccaccio and Zwingle vs. Zuingle). Other corrections are listed below.

Corrections:

For consistency within the text, one instance of ‘Shakspaere’ and two instances of ‘Shakespeare’ were changed to ‘Shakspeare’ and ‘free-will’ was changed to ‘free will.’

Duplicate sidenote, |Vincent of Beauvais|, was removed from Chapter II,