Chapter XIX: Part 19

Instead of describing many cases to you I will tell you of one only, in which I had to suffer for the sake of professional conscientiousness. I took a young girl—many years ago—for analytic treatment; for a considerable time previously she had been unable to go out of doors on account of a dread, nor could she stay at home alone. After much hesitation the patient confessed that her thoughts had been a good deal occupied by some signs of affection that she had noticed by chance between her mother and a well-to-do friend of the family. Very tactlessly—or else very cleverly—she then gave the mother a hint of what had been discussed during the analysis; she did this by altering her behaviour to her mother, by insisting that no one but her mother could protect her against the dread of being alone, and by holding the door against her when she attempted to leave the house. The mother herself had formerly been very nervous, but had been cured years before by a visit to a hydropathic establishment—or, putting it otherwise, we may say she had there made the acquaintance of the man with whom she had established a relationship that had proved satisfying in more than one respect. Made suspicious by her daughter’s passionate demands the mother suddenly _understood_ what the girl’s dread signified. She had become ill in order to make her mother a prisoner and rob her of the freedom necessary for her to maintain her relations with her lover. The mother’s decision was instantly taken; she put an end to the harmful treatment. The girl was sent to a home for nervous patients, and for many years was there pointed out as an “unhappy victim of psycho-analysis”; for just as long I was pursued by damaging rumours about the unfortunate results of the treatment. I maintained silence because I supposed myself bound by the rules of professional secrecy. Years later I learned from a colleague who had visited the home and there seen the girl with agoraphobia that the intimacy between the mother and the wealthy man was common knowledge, and that in all probability it was connived at by the husband and father. To this “secret” the girl’s cure had been sacrificed.

In the years before the war, when the influx of patients from many countries made me independent of the goodwill or disfavour of my native city, I made it a rule never to take for treatment anyone who was not _sui juris_, independent of others in all the essential relations of life. Every psycho-analyst cannot make these stipulations. Perhaps you will conclude from my warnings about relatives that one should take the patient out of his family circle in the interests of analysis, and restrict this therapy to those living in private institutions. I could not support this suggestion, however; it is far more advantageous for the patients—those who are not in a condition of severe prostration, at least—to remain during the treatment in those circumstances in which they have to struggle with the demands that their ordinary life makes on them. But the relatives ought not to counteract this advantage by their behaviour, and above all should not oppose their hostility to one’s professional efforts. But how are you going to induce people who are inaccessible to you to take up this attitude? You will naturally also conclude that the social atmosphere and degree of cultivation of the patient’s immediate surroundings have considerable influence upon the prospects of the treatment.

This is a gloomy outlook for the efficacy of psycho-analysis as a therapy, even if we may explain the overwhelming majority of our failures by taking into account these disturbing external factors! Friends of analysis have advised us to counterbalance a collection of failures by drawing up a statistical enumeration of our successes. I have not taken up this suggestion either. I brought forward the argument that statistics would be valueless if the units collated were not alike, and the cases which had been treated were in fact not equivalent in many respects. Further, the period of time that could be reviewed was too short for one to be able to judge of the permanence of the cures; and of many cases it would be impossible to give any account. They were persons who had kept both their illness and their treatment secret, and whose recovery in consequence had similarly to be kept secret. The strongest reason against it, however, lay in the recognition of the fact that in matters of therapy humanity is in the highest degree irrational, so that there is no prospect of influencing it by reasonable arguments. A novelty in therapeutics is either taken up with frenzied enthusiasm, as for instance when Koch first published his results with tuberculin; or else it is regarded with abysmal distrust, as happened for instance with Jenner’s vaccination, actually a heaven-sent blessing, but one which still has its implacable opponents. A very evident prejudice against psycho-analysis made itself apparent. When one had cured a very difficult case one would hear: “That is no proof of anything; he would have got well of himself after all this time.” And when a patient who had already gone through four cycles of depression and mania came to me in an interval after the melancholia and three weeks later again began to develop an attack of mania, all the members of the family, and also all the high medical authorities who were called in, were convinced that the fresh attack could be nothing but a consequence of the attempted analysis. Against prejudice one can do nothing, as you can now see once more in the prejudices that each group of the nations at war has developed against the other. The most sensible thing to do is to wait and allow them to wear off with the passage of time. A day comes when the same people regard the same things in quite a different light from what they did before; why they thought differently before remains a dark secret.

It is possible that the prejudice against the analytic therapy has already begun to relax. The continual spread of analytic doctrine and the numbers of medical men taking up analytic treatment in many countries seem to point in that direction. As a young man I was caught in just such a storm of indignation roused in the medical profession by the hypnotic suggestion-treatment, which nowadays is held up in opposition to psycho-analysis by the “sober-minded.” As a therapeutic instrument, however, hypnotism did not bear out the hopes placed in it; we psycho-analysts may claim to be its rightful heirs and should not forget how much encouragement and theoretic enlightenment we owe to it. The harmful effects reported of psycho-analysis are essentially confined to transitory manifestations of an exacerbation of the conflict, which may occur when the analysis is clumsily handled, or when it is broken off suddenly. You have heard an account of what we do with our patients, and you can form your own judgement whether our efforts are likely to lead to lasting injury. Misuse of analysis is possible in various ways: the transference especially, in the hands of an unscrupulous physician, is a dangerous instrument. But no medical remedy is proof against misuse; if a knife will not cut, neither will it serve a surgeon.

I have now reached the end. It is more than a conventional formality when I say that I myself am heavily oppressed by the many defects of the lectures I have delivered before you. I regret most of all that I have so often promised to return again in another place to a subject that I had just touched upon shortly, and that then the context in which I could keep my word did not offer itself. I undertook to give you an account of a thing that is still unfinished, still developing, and now my short summary itself has become an incomplete one. In many places I laid everything ready for drawing a conclusion, and then I did not draw it. But I could not aim at making you experts in psycho-analysis; I only wished to put you in the way of some understanding of it, and to arouse your interest in it.

INDEX

ABEL, C., 150, 194

ABRAHAM, K., 275, 346

Act:
accidental, 48
sexual, 271, 297, 326
introductory, 257, 260, 271
symptomatic, 48, 209, 215

Actions, erroneous performance of, 62

Actual neuroses, 322–7

ADLER, A., 201, 318, 339

‘Advantage through illness,’ 320

Ætiology of neuroses, 216, 287–93, 295, 303–5, 308, 313, 322

Affects:
anxiety and, 330, 337
in dreams, 181–2
James-Lange theory of, 331
repression and, 336, 341–2

Agoraphobia, 224, 229, 334, 386

ALEXANDER, the Great, 14
dream of, 69, 200

Altruism, 348

Ambivalence, 279, 357, 370, 377

Amnesia:
of childhood, 168, 239, 263, 274
of neuroses, 239, 240

Anal-erotism, 265, 268

Anal-sadistic stage of libido-development, 275–6, 289

ANDREAS, LOU, 265

_Anthropophyteia_, 137–8

Antithetical sense of primal words, 150, 194

Anus, 257, 265

Anxiety, 225, 328–44, 359
development of, 330, 338, 342
‘free-floating,’ 332, 334
in children, 338
in dreams, 181–3, 230

Anxiety-equivalents, 334

Anxiety-hysteria, 229, 244, 252, 304, 334, 372

Anxiety-neurosis, 325, 332, 335, 337, 365–6, 374

Anxious readiness, 330

_Apotropaea_, 138

Apprehensiveness, 338–40

ARISTOTLE, 71

Art, and phantasy, 314

Association-experiment, 90

Associations:
resistance against, 96, 243
to dreams, 87, 90, 94–102, 126, 198
to names, 88
to numbers, 88

Attention theory, 22

Auto-erotism, 199, 265, 276, 298, 307–10

BERNHEIM, 84, 234, 373, 375

BINET, 292

BINZ, 70

Birth:
experience of, 331
infantile theories of, 135, 268
symbolism of, 128, 135

BLEULER, 90, 357

BLOCH, I., 258

BOECKLIN, 145

BÖLSCHE, W., 297

Breasts, 131, 165

BREUER, J., 218, 228, 232, 247
FREUD and, 233, 236, 246, 375

BREUGHEL, P., 256

Brothers and sisters, 172, 280
symbols of, 128, 134

BRÜCKE, von, 286

Castration, 175, 267, 309–11
circumcision and, 139
symbolism of, 131, 139, 161, 227

CHARCOT, 122

‘Charge of energy,’ 301

Childhood-experiences, 169, 302–11, 360, 378

Childhood-memories, 169, 281, 308

Children:
anxiety in, 338
birth-phantasies of, 135, 268
dreams of, 105–13, 180
egoism in, 172, 279
intimidation of, 266, 309
neurosis in, 304
phobias in, 340
purity of, 177, 263, 273
sexual curiosity of, 176, 186, 190, 267, 274, 280
sexual life of, 176, 261–84, 296, 302–11

Clitoris, 130, 226, 267

_Coitus interruptus_, 335

Complex, 90
the castration, 175, 267
the Oedipus, 175, 277–84

Component-instincts (component-impulses), 266, 271–2, 275–6, 288–90,
302–3, 313

Compromise-formations, 52, 108, 253, 300

Compulsions, 220, 337

Condensation, 301, 307
in dreams, 144, 160, 199, 250, 307

Conflict, mental, 260, 293–5, 300–2, 306, 312–13, 319, 345, 351, 361–3,
366, 372, 379

Conscience, 358

Conscious, _see_ Mental Processes

Consciousness, 16, 211, 239, 248–50, 301–2, 336, 363
psychology of, 16, 235

Conversion-hysteria, 252, 326, 334

Convictions, 207

COPERNICUS, 241

‘Countercharge,’ 301, 314, 342, 365

DARWIN, C., 61, 241

Day-dreams, 80, 109, 312, 314

Death, symbols of, 129, 136

Death-wishes, 282
in dreams, 119, 159, 166, 170–4

‘Degeneration,’ 221, 235, 258, 269

Delusions, 69, 211–17, 346, 354–7

Dementia præcox, 228, 326, 346, 351–2, 366, 384

Determinism, 21, 87

DIDEROT, 283

Displacement, 220, 290, 301, 307
in dreams, 117, 146, 198, 250, 307

Disposition, hereditary, 213, 297, 302–4, 313, 352, 360

Dream:
of Alexander the Great, 69, 200
of an obsessional neurotic, 166
of “love service,” 115, 119, 178
of “three bad theatre tickets,” 102, 117, 149, 186, 190

_Dream, The Prisoner’s_, 113

Dreams:
affects in, 181–2
anxiety in, 181–3, 230
archaic features in, 152, 168–79
compared with hieroglyphics, 147, 168, 194
condensation in, 144, 160, 199, 250, 307
confounded with latent thoughts, 153, 188, 200–2
death-wishes in, 119, 159, 166, 170–4
displacement in, 117, 146, 198, 250, 307
distortion in, 95, 97, 101–8, 113–20, 125, 142–4, 152, 178, 180–4
examples of, 98–102, 106, 111, 115, 155–67, 199
experimentally produced, 74, 202
form of, 149, 179
hallucinatory experience in, 80, 108, 180
indefiniteness of, 68, 149, 194, 195
incestuous desires in, 119, 177, 278, 284
infantile features in, 168–80
inversion in, 164, 193
manifest and latent content of, 94–104, 107, 118, 143, 146, 152
mathematical calculations in, 153
medical view of, 70, 106, 149
neurotic symptoms and, 190, 202, 250, 383
no associations to, 87, 125
objectionable tendencies in, 119, 170, 178, 284
occasioned by physical needs, 77, 110, 182
of animals, 109
of children, 105–13, 180
opposites in, 150, 164, 182
preserving sleep, 107, 112, 184
problems, resolves, etc., in, 187
reactions to stimuli, 72–9, 107, 180, 201, 250
regression in, 152, 177–9, 189
residue from previous day, 179, 191, 201, 250, 349
secondary elaboration in, 153
sexual need and, 77, 129
symbolism in, 125–42, 151, 161–6
theory of, 181, 349, 381–3
thought-relations in, 148
two possible interpretations of, 145, 193, 201
typical, 230, 278
undistorted, 105, 107, 110
visual images in, 73, 78, 101, 143, 147, 152
wish-fulfilment in, 107–13, 121, 130, 143, 171, 180–92, 301, 382
wit in, 99, 199, 200
word-representation in, 101, 147

Dream-censorship, 114–24, 142, 175, 178–9, 181–4, 250, 349, 358

Dream-interpretation:
ancient and popular, 69, 126
doubts and criticisms of, 181, 187, 193–203
resistance against, 96, 118, 121, 181, 197, 200
in analytic treatment, 125, 155, 382
results of, 120–3, 193, 197
technique of, 86, 95, 193, 242

Dream-work, 114, 118, 143–54, 168, 179, 180–1, 189

Dropping and breaking objects, 42, 61

DU PREL, 111

Dynamic conception of mental life, 53, 238, 246, 288, 313, 338

Dynamics of cure, 365, 372

‘Economic’ aspect of mental processes, 232, 298, 313

Education, 262, 298, 305, 377

Ego:
character-traits of the, 245, 251
counter-charges from the, 301, 314, 342
development of the, 295–9
disintegrations of the, 353, 358
Libido and, 312, 318, 323, 338, 345–7, 366, 380
neurosis and the, 319–21
psychology of, 352, 357
repression and, 248
sexuality and, 294, 318, 346

Ego-ideal, 357

Ego-instincts, 291, 294–5, 297–9, 344–6, 350, 358

Ego-Libido, 347, 350, 358, 374

Egoism:
in children, 172, 279
in dreams, 119, 172, 191
in neurosis, 319
narcissism and, 348

Erotogenic zones, 259, 264–5, 270, 275–6, 324

Errors:
accumulated and combined, 43
attention theory of, 22
counter-will in, 58, 59
fatigue, excitement, etc., as a cause of, 21, 35–6
interference of two tendencies in, 33, 36, 48–54
subsequent confirmation of meaning in, 45

Excretory functions, 257, 265, 268

Excretory organs, 260

Expectant dread, 332, 334–5

Fact, a mental, 37

Fairy tales, 133, 134, 140, 158, 182, 268

Faith, 372

Faith-healers, 15

Family relationships, 172–5

Father:
erotic attachment to, 228, 231, 233
hostility towards, 173, 245, 282–3

FECHNER, G. T., 73

FEDERN, P., 130

FERENCZI, 295

Fetichism, 257, 292

Fixation:
neurosis and, 233
of Libido, 286–97, 301–3, 305, 308, 312, 347, 352
upon traumata, 231–3

FLAUBERT, G., 256

_Fliegende Blätter_, 22, 322

FLIESS, W., 269

‘Flight into illness,’ 320

Folk-lore, 133, 139, 141

Forgetting, 19, 22, 44
as an excuse, 41
names, 21, 40, 59–61, 91
resolutions, 41, 57
to avoid pain, 60

Free association, 88, 95, 128, 157, 242, 381

“Free living,” 361

Gazing-impulse, _see_ Skoptophilia

Genital organs:
replaced by other organs, 176, 257, 259–60, 265, 271–2
symbols of, 129–33, 136–8, 161–4, 226, 227

Genital zone, primacy of, 275–6, 288, 290

GOETHE, 30, 283, 349

Grief, 233

Hate-impulses, 119, 171–4, 280, 282

Homosexuality, 176, 256, 259, 370
and paranoia, 354

HUG-HELLMUTH, FRAU DR. v., 114

Human nature:
good and evil in, 12, 122–3
self-love in, 240
sense of guilt in, 279

Hypnosis:
experiments under, 85, 234
treatment by, 246, 373–9

Hypochondria, 325–6

Hysteria, 219, 244, 252, 288, 351–2, 365–7, 372, 374
agoraphobia and, 229
amnesia in, 239, 240
attacks, 240, 331
Breuer’s case of, 218, 228, 232, 246
symptoms of, 229, 239, 253, 259, 273, 302, 314, 326, 334

Identification, 222, 357

_Imago_, 141

Incest, horror of, 177, 281

Inferiority, feeling of, 339

Inhibition, 285, 305, 314, 323

Insomnia, 184

Interference of two tendencies, 33, 36, 48–54

_Interpretation of Dreams_, 143

Intra-uterine existence, 71, 348

Introversion, 313

JANET, P., 218

JENNER, 387

JODL, 70

Jokes, 34, 133, 145, 146
in dreams, 99, 199, 200

JONES, ERNEST, 44

JUNG, C. G., 90, 228, 313, 345

Kiss, the, 270, 273

Knowing, various kinds of, 237

Knowledge, unconscious possession of, 51, 84, 124, 139, 234

KOCH, 387

KRAUS, F. S., 137.

Language:
development of, 140, 150, 154
implications in, 80, 109, 133, 140
of sexual origin, 141
the Chinese, 195

Latency period, 274, 277

LEURET, 218

LEVY, L., 136

Libido, 119, 263
‘adhesiveness’ of, 292, 380
anxiety and, 335–43, 359
attachment to objects, 284, 350–6, 373, 374, 379–81
regression of, 285–9, 301–6, 312
symptom-formation and, 300–15, 323
theory of the, 344–59, 379–81

Libido-development, 274–7, 285–99, 352–3
genital stage of, 275–6, 290
inhibition of, 285, 305
pre-genital stage of, 275–6

LICHTENBERG, 30, 56

LIÉBAULT, 84

LINDNER, DR., 264

Looking-impulse, _see_ Skoptophilia

Losing and mislaying objects, 42, 44, 61

Love-impulse, 172, 277, 289

LÖWENFELD, 208

_Lutschen_, 263–4

MAEDER, A., 45, 200

Magic:
ceremonies, 227
precautions, 231
words and, 13

Masochism, 257

Masturbation, 254, 260, 274, 296, 322

MAURY, 70
experiments by, 74–6

Meaning:
in dreams, 67, 70, 72, 74, 82, 86
in errors, 27–63
in symptoms, 67, 218–30, 235, 237, 323, 372

Melancholia, 356, 366, 387

Memory, _see_ Amnesia

Mental activities, systems of, 248–50, 287–8, 301

Mental life, conceptions of:
dynamic, 53, 238, 246, 288, 313, 338
economic, 232, 298, 313
topographic, 249, 287–8, 338, 364, 366

Mental processes:
conscious, 16, 94, 121, 249–50, 287–8, 301, 312, 362
preconscious, 199, 249–50, 287–8, 301, 312, 362
unconscious, 16, 94, 121, 124, 202, 301
in symptom-formation, 234–8, 307
made conscious, 237, 239, 363, 372
symbolism and, 127, 139
under repression, 248–50, 287, 336
wishes as, 123, 125, 171, 189, 278–9

MERINGER and MAYER, 25

Milk, dislike of, 306

Mind:
a psychological attitude of, 15
distribution of forces in, 203
play of forces in, 53
psycho-analytical definition of, 16
the scientific habit of, 40

Misprints, 23

Misreading, 56

Mistaking of objects, 62

Mother:
daughter and, 173–4
love-object, 156, 174–7, 277–82, 339

MOURLY VOLD, J., 70, 74, 130, 202

Mouth, 257, 270, 275

Myths, mythology, 133, 135, 139, 141, 145, 281, 308

NÄCKE, P., 347

Names:
forgetting of, 21, 40, 59–61, 91
wrong pronunciation of, 33

Narcissism, 347–59, 381
object-love and, 347–9

Narcissistic neuroses, 287–8, 318, 351–3, 358, 374

Necessity, 298, 344, 358

Nervousness, 316–27

Neurasthenia, 325–6

Neuroses:
actual, 322–7
ætiology (or causation) of, 216, 287–93, 295, 303–5, 308, 313, 322
amnesia of, 239–40
characteristics of, 231, 235, 239, 289, 339
dynamic conception of, 246
grief and, 233
in children, 304
narcissistic, 287–8, 318, 351–3, 358, 374
prevention of, 305
transference, 252, 287–8, 294, 323, 346, 350, 352, 366, 372
traumatic, 232, 319
with organic disease, 327

NORDENSKJÖLD, 111

Nutrition:
function of, 263, 265
organs of, 260

Object-choice:
incestuous, 119, 177, 274–88
types of, 356

Object-Libido, 347, 350, 374

Object-love, 347

Obsessional neurosis, 252, 337, 365–7, 372–4
a case of, 221, 224, 239, 251, 259
doubt in, 220, 225, 230, 244
masturbation and, 260
rituals of, 224, 229, 239, 253
sadism and, 260, 289
symptoms of, 219–21, 229, 231, 235, 239–40, 314, 318, 337, 352

Obsessions, 219, 257, 289, 351, 356

Obsessive acts, 219, 221, 234, 239, 259, 260, 337

Obsessive ideas, 68, 235, 289

Oedipus complex, 175, 277–84

Omens, 46

Onanism, 160, 264, 266, 310
castration and, 131, 139

Opposites (polarity):
in dreams, 150, 164, 182
in the mind, 61, 121, 185, 220, 253, 275

Oral phase of Libido-development, 275–6

‘Organ-pleasure,’ 272, 273

Pain, avoidance of, 60, 298, 313

Paranoia, 53, 259, 319, 326, 366, 384
and homosexuality, 354

Paraphrenia, 326, 354

Parents:
coitus of, 186, 227, 252, 268, 309
detachment from, 283
relationship to, 172–5, 277–83
symbols of, 128, 134

Patient, relatives of, 13, 237, 367, 384–6

Penis, 129, 267, 309

Perversions, 176, 256–62, 266, 269–72, 289, 292, 297, 301

PFISTER, DR., 197

Phantasies, 80, 116, 227, 254, 258, 260, 307–15
artists and, 314
symptom-formation and, 312
typical, 309

‘Phantasy-making, retrogressive,’ 282

Philosophy, 15, 70, 79

Phobias, 332–4, 341–3
in children, 340
symbolism in, 343

Phylogenetic development, 168, 307

Phylogenetic inheritance, 297, 311

Physician, 319, 321
transference to, 245, 367–81

PLATO, 122

Pleasure, 265

Pleasure-principle, 299, 307, 319

Polarity, _see_ Opposites

Preconscious, _see under_ Mental Processes

Primacy of genital zone, 275–6, 288, 290

Privation, 252, 260, 289–91, 293–5, 301, 312, 360

Psychiatry, 16, 207–17, 218, 221, 235, 353

Psychical systems, 248–50, 287–8, 301

Psycho-Analysis:
as a science, 325
attitude to sexual matters, 129
based on observations, 208
compared with mineralogy, 326
conventional morality and, 362
criticisms of, 247, 294, 378
difficulties of, 11–18
implicit in literature, 28, 29, 133, 175, 278, 283
infancy of, 84, 252, 383
opposition against, 12, 17, 37, 63, 175, 208, 240, 244, 318, 383
prejudices against, 16, 18, 387
study of, 12, 14
treatment (or therapy), 11–13, 155, 169, 217, 219, 226, 237, 239,
242, 252, 360–88
advice and guidance during, 362
education by, 377, 381
fundamental rule of technique in, 243
misuse of, 387
repetition and recollection during, 371
resistances during, 242–47, 267, 353, 369, 379, 384
suggestion in, 373–9
technique of, 242, 353, 378
warnings against, 11, 12

Psychology, experimental, 15, 79, 88, 90

Psycho-neuroses, 323, 336

_Psycho-pathology of Everyday Life_, 43

Puberty, 262, 282

Puberty-rites, 139, 281

RANK, O., 29, 112, 135, 141, 156, 175, 283

Rationalization, 354

Reaction-formations, 314, 319

Real anxiety, 329, 335, 337–41, 343, 359

Reality:
depreciation of, 308
material and psychical, 56, 309
the ‘testing’ of, 311

Reality-principle, 299, 307, 344, 347

Reason under affective influence, 208, 247

Regression:
in dreams, 152, 177–9, 189
of Ego, 299
of Libido, 285–9, 301–6, 312
to phantasies, 312

REIK, TH., 281

Repetition of previous experience, 331

Repression, 248–51, 295, 297, 306, 342, 351, 354, 361, 363–7, 380, 382
regression and, 287, 289
transformation of affect and, 337, 341

Reproduction, function of, 255, 262, 266, 268, 269, 271

Resistance:
against associations, 96, 243
during treatment, 242–47, 267, 353, 369, 379, 384
overcoming of, 246, 365, 374, 378–81
to dream-interpretation, 96, 118, 121, 181, 197, 200

ROUX, 303

SACHS, H., 141, 174

Sadism, 257, 260, 268, 275–6, 289

SCHERNER, K. A., 77, 127, 133

SCHILLER, 28

SCHUBERT, 137

Screen-memories, 169

Secondary elaboration:
in dreams, 153
in paranoia, 319

Seduction, 309–10

Self-analysis, 15

Self-preservation, 295, 298, 329, 343–6, 350, 358

Self-punishment, 62, 185, 278

Series, complemental, 292, 303, 305, 310

Sexual:
abstinence, 290, 336, 361, 363
act, 255, 271, 297, 326
introductory, 257, 260, 271
aim, 257–8, 277, 311
anæsthesia, 267
curiosity, 186, 275
in children, 176, 186, 190, 267, 274, 280
experiences, in childhood, 302–11
instinct and civilization, 17, 262, 290
instincts and Ego-instincts, 291, 294–5, 297–9, 344–6, 350
intercourse, 226, 265, 296, 355, 363
parental, 186, 227, 252, 268, 309
sadistic conception of, 268
symbols of, 132, 138, 164
object, 256–8, 264, 277, 311
of component-impulses, 276
organizations, _see_ Libido-development
the term, 255, 264, 268–70, 273
toxins, 324, 326

Sexuality:
infantile, 176, 261–84, 296, 302–11
perverted, 176, 256–62, 266, 269–72, 289, 292, 297, 301

SHAKESPEARE, 29, 78

SHAW, G. B., 42, 173

SILBERER, H., 201, 255

Skoptophilia (gazing-impulse), 186, 190, 257, 260, 271, 275–6, 310

Sleep, the condition of, 71, 86, 184, 348, 350, 382

Slips of the pen, 55

Slips of the tongue, 24–40, 49–54, 82, 145, 199

Slips of the tongue in literature, 28, 29

Spatial, _see_ Topographical

SPERBER, H., 140

STEKEL, W., 201

Struggle for existence, 262, 298

_Struwelpeter_, 309

Sublimation, 17, 290, 314, 381

Sucking:
for nourishment, 263–4, 306
for pleasure, 263–4, 275

Suggestion, treatment by, 373–9

Symbolism:
a mode of expression, 139, 168
in dreams, 125–42, 151, 161–6
in phobias, 343
in symptom-formation, 222, 226–7

Symptomatic acts, 48, 209, 215

Symptom-formation, 293, 300–15, 318–19, 326, 352
phantasy and, 312
repression and, 251

Symptoms, Neurotic:
analysis of, and past life, 232, 237, 261
ascetic character of, 253, 361
conflict expressed in, 260, 300, 306, 319
dreams and, 190, 202, 250, 383
meaning of, 67, 218–30, 235, 237, 323, 372
purpose of, 223, 251, 253
substitutes, 236, 248, 251, 253, 259, 293, 306, 323, 326, 372, 380
typical, 229
‘whence,’ and ‘whither’ or ‘why’ of, 234, 240

Systems of mental activities, 248–50, 287–8, 301

Taboos, 216

Topographical (spatial) conception of mental life, 249, 287–8, 338,
364, 366

_Totem und Tabu_, 216, 279

Toxins, 324, 326

Transference, 245, 367–81

Transference neuroses, 252, 287–8, 294, 323, 346, 350, 352, 366, 372

Traumatic neuroses, 232, 319

Treatment, _see under_ Psycho-Analysis

Unconscious, _see under_ Mental Processes

Unconscious, the:
affects and, 342
dreams and, 127, 312
Ego and, 318, 349
Janet’s view of, 218
meaning of term, 248
mechanisms of, 179, 199, 202, 307
memories in, 169
opposites in, 185
psycho-analysis and, 235, 325
symbolism and, 127, 139
symptoms and, 238–40
system, 178–9, 248–50, 287–8, 301–2, 365
wishes in, 278–9

Urination, 265, 268

Vagina, 257, 265, 267

Virginity, 226, 253

War, the, 12, 122, 387

Wish-fulfilment:
in dreams, 107–13, 121, 130, 143, 171, 180–92, 301, 382
in phantasy, 311
in symptoms, 223, 252, 260, 302

_Wit_, 98

Word-association, 90

Words:
an exchange of, 13
magic and, 13
sound-values of, 36
verbal images, 352

WUNDT, 36, 70, 90

ZOLA, ÉMILE, 221

_Printed in Great Britain by_
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, LONDON AND WOKING

-----

Footnote 1:

[Literally: “that wishes to build in the dark and fish in murky
waters.”—TR.]

Footnote 2:

In German—_Versprechen_.

Footnote 3:

_Verschreiben._

Footnote 4:

_Verlesen._

Footnote 5:

_Verhören._

Footnote 6:

_Vergessen._

Footnote 7:

_Verlegen._

Footnote 8:

[The equivalent English prefix is “mis-,” but is not so widely
employed.—TR.]

Footnote 9:

In German—_Vergreifen_.

Footnote 10:

[English example.—TR.]

Footnote 11:

[_Komfortabel_ is a slang Viennese expression for a one-horse cab. An
English example of this is as follows: In a play during a scene of a
funeral procession the actor was made to say, “Stand back, my Lord,
and let the _parson cough_!” instead of “the coffin pass.”—TR.]

Footnote 12:

[English examples.—TR.]

Footnote 13:

[English examples.—TR.]

Footnote 14:

“Ja, das draut” = das _dauert_ ... eine _traurige_ Geschichte.

Footnote 15:

“Dann aber sind Tatsachen zum _Vorschwein_ gekommen” = _Vorschein_ ...
_Schweinerei_.

Footnote 16:

[The two words “_begleiten_” and “_beleidigen_” are a good deal more
obvious in the German “_begleidigen_” than in the translation.—TR.]

Footnote 17:

[Two untranslatable examples are given in the text, _apopos_ for
_apropos_ and _Eischeissweibchen_ for _Eiweisscheibchen_. (Meringer
and Mayer.)—TR.]

Footnote 18:

_Vor_schussmitglieder instead of _Aus_schussmitglieder.

Footnote 19:

From C. G. Jung.

Footnote 20:

From A. A. Brill.

Footnote 21:

From B. Dattner.

Footnote 22:

Also in the writings of A. Maeder (_French_), A. A. Brill and Ernest
Jones (_English_), and J. Stärcke (_Dutch_) and others.

Footnote 23:

From R. Reitler.

Footnote 24:

[German: _Zurückdrängen_ = to force back. This word is stronger than
_unterdrücken_ = to press under, which we translate by suppress (not a
technical term); _zurückdrängen_ contains already the _drängen_ of
_verdrängen_, the technical word used by Freud to denote the strongest
pressure of all, _repression_. In the examples discussed here, the
agency withholding the intention from expression may be either
conscious or unconscious (groups one, two, and three, according to the
degree of unconsciousness); Freud does not use _verdrängen_ =
“repression,” the technical word for _unconscious_ agency only, here,
but one very near to it in sense.—TR.]

Footnote 25:

Joseph Breuer, in the years 1880–1882. Cf. my Lectures on
Psycho-Analysis, delivered in the United States in 1909.

Footnote 26:

[It should be noted that in using the word “unconscious” to translate
the German “_unbewusst_” we are deflecting it from its customary
English sense, which is “absence of unawareness,” such as in the
phrases “he lay unconscious,” “a stone is unconscious,” etc.
_Unbewusst_ is rather “unconscious’d,” i.e. something of which the
subject is not aware. Of it two statements may therefore be
predicated, not only that it is not conscious in itself or of itself,
but also that the subject is not conscious of its existence.—TR.]

Footnote 27:

[Lit.: “Tablers”—TR.]

Footnote 28:

[This example has been altered in translation to bring in the play
upon words in English.—TR.]

Footnote 29:

[See note on preceding example.—TR.]

Footnote 30:

See Frontispiece.

Footnote 31:

Frau Dr. von Hug-Hellmuth.

Footnote 32:

[_Liebesdienst_ = “love service,” a popular expression adapted from
“military service.”—TR.]

Footnote 33:

[Cf. sweetheart, sweetest.—TR.]

Footnote 34:

[In German, an old acquaintance is often addressed as “old house”
(_altes Haus_); the expression “giving him one on the roof” (_einem
eins aufs Dachl geben_) corresponds to “hitting him over the head.”]

Footnote 35:

[The _portal_ vein carries nourishment from the bowels to the body
_via_ the liver. The _pylorus_ (from πύλη = gate) is the entrance to
the small intestine. In German, the apertures of the body are called
_Leibespforten_ (gates of the body).—TR.]

Footnote 36:

[Cf. the Russian expression, “Little father.”—TR.]

Footnote 37:

[Cf. “I am a wall and my breasts like towers: then was I in his eyes
as one that found favour.” Cant. viii. 10.—TR.]

Footnote 38:

[This is certainly so with English patients.—TR.]

Footnote 39:

Whilst correcting these pages, my eye happened to fall upon a
newspaper paragraph which I reproduce here as affording unexpected
confirmation of the above words.

DIVINE RETRIBUTION

A BROKEN ARM FOR A BROKEN MARRIAGE-VOW.

Frau Anna M., the wife of a soldier in the reserve, accused Frau
Clementine K. of unfaithfulness to her husband. In her accusation she
stated that Frau K. had had an illicit relationship with Karl M.
during her husband’s absence at the front, and while he was sending
her as much as 70 crowns a month. Besides this, she had already
received a large sum of money from her (Frau M.’s) husband, while his
wife and children had to live in hunger and misery. Some of her
husband’s comrades had informed her that he and Frau K. had visited
public-houses together and remained there drinking late into the
night. The accused woman had once actually asked the husband of the
accuser, in the presence of several soldiers, whether he would not
soon leave his “old woman” and come to her, and the caretaker of the
house where Frau K. lived had repeatedly seen the plaintiff’s husband
in Frau K.’s room, in a state of complete undress.

Yesterday, before a magistrate in the Leopoldstadt, Frau K. denied
knowing M. at all: any intimate relations between them were out of the
question, she said.

Albertine M., a witness, however, gave evidence of having surprised
Frau K. in the act of kissing the accuser’s husband.

M., who had been called as a witness in some earlier proceedings, had
then denied any intimate relations with the accused. Yesterday, a
letter was handed to the magistrate, in which the witness retracted
his former denial and confessed that up to the previous June he had
carried on illicit relations with Frau K. In the earlier proceedings
he had denied his relations with the accused only because she had come
to him before the action came into court and begged him on her knees
to save her and say nothing. “To-day,” wrote the witness, “I feel
compelled to lay a full confession before the court, for I have broken
my left arm and regard this as God’s punishment for my offence.”

The judge decided that the penal offence had been committed too long
ago for the action to stand, whereupon the accuser withdrew her
accusation and the accused was discharged.

Footnote 40:

[Both senses of cleave are still alive in English: to cleave (=
separate) and to cleave to (= adhere).—TR.]

Footnote 41:

[The principal park of Vienna.—TR.]

Footnote 42:

Another interpretation of the number _three_, occurring in the dream
of this childless woman, lies very close; but I will not mention it
here, because this analysis did not furnish any material illustrating
it.

Footnote 43:

_Verranntheit._

Footnote 44:

Cf. _Totem und Tabu_, 1913.

Footnote 45:

[_Zwangsneurose_, sometimes called in English
compulsion-neurosis.—TR.]

Footnote 46:

E. Toulouse, _Émile Zola. Enquête medico-psychologique._ Paris, 1896.

Footnote 47:

See p. 222.

Footnote 48:

Ferenczi, _Contributions to Psycho-Analysis_. English translation by
Ernest Jones, 1916. Chap. viii, p. 181.

Footnote 49:

[I.e. Grave’s disease, exophthalmic goitre.—TR.]

Footnote 50:

[_Angst._ The German word denotes a more intense feeling than the
English ‘anxiety’; the latter however, derived from the same root, has
become established as the technical English term.—TR.]

Footnote 51:

[In Germany it replaces the use of “duck” for this purpose in
English.—TR.]

Footnote 52:

[Taken, with very slight modifications, from Ernest Dowden’s
translation.—TR.]

Footnote 53:

[This name is based on a reference to a relationship with an older
person in early life.—TR.]

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.