Chapter XXXI: Brick, Pottery, Glass, Plastics (2)

Engraving Machines, 290.

Enamelling. (See Pottery.)

Enamelled Ware, 459, 468.

Engineering. (See Civil.)
Electric, 143;
Hydraulic, 168;
Marine, 442;
Mining, 373;
Steam, 2.

Eolipile. (See Hero.)

Erard, pianist, 403.

Erasmus, 183.

Ericsson, John, 83, 86, 441, 443, 444.

Euclid, 9.

Euler, 167, 173.

Evans, Oliver, 1755-1819; 46, 47, 48, 81, 83, 87, 154, 374.

Evaporating, 52.

Evelyn, John, 1699; 25.

Evolution of modern inventions, 153.

Excavating, 105, 106.

Explosives, 270.

Eylewein, 167.

F.

Fabroni, 66, 118.

Faience, 459, 466.

Fairbairn, Sir Wm., 100, 176, 226, 440.

Fairbanks, scales and testing, 397.

Fahrenheit, 183.

Fanning Mills, 45.

Faraday, Michael, 63, 118, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 138,
188, 209, 411, 472.

Fan mills, 41.

Fare registers, 395.

Farmer, Moses G., 133, 135, 145.

Factory life, 298.

Faure, M. Camille, 120.

Faur, Faber du, 230.

Faust, 280.

Felt making, 325.

Fermentation, 65, 66, 67.

Fertilizers--machines and compositions. (See Agriculture.)

Field, Cyrus W., 138.

Filament-carbon, 360.
(See Electric Lighting.)

Filters, filtering, 167, 180, 181.

Filter Press, 465.

Fink bridge, 103.

Fire-arms, 252-272.

Fire crackers, 252.

Fire engines, 76.

Fire place, 205.

Fiske, range finder, 266.

Fiske, 148, 413.

Fitch, John, 1784, 81.

Fitzherbert, Sir A., 1523, 14.

Fireproof safes. (See Locks.)

Flax machines, 42.

Flax brakes, 42.

Flaxman, 464.

Flax-threshers, 41, 42.

Fleming, 247.

Fleshing machines, 364.

Fletcher, 244.

Flexible shafts, 350.

Florence, 459.

Flour. (See Mills.)

Fly Shuttle. (See Spinning and Weaving.)

Foods, preparation of, 53, 54.

Force feed-seeders, 26.

Forneyron, 171, 172.

Forsythe, Rev. Mr., 259, 260.

Foucault, 137.

Fourcroy, 64.

Fourdrinier, 277. (See Paper making.)

Frackelton, Susan, portable kiln, 465.

France, 63, 203, 253, 274, 275, 313.

Francis, S. W., 286.

Frank, pottery, 463.

Franklin, Benj., 5, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 121, 125,
168, 203, 281, 446.

Franklin Institute, 455.

Fraunhofer, von, Jos., 61, 412.

Frederick, Henry, 255.

Freiberg Mining Academy, Metallurgy, 223.

Fresnel, 410.

Frictional Electricity, 111.

Frieburg Bridge. (See Bridges.)

Frogs, R. R., 108.

Flintlock, firearms, 258.

Froment, 146.

Frontinus, on Roman aqueducts, 166.

Fruits, Preparation of, 51, 53.

Fruit jars, 359.

Fry, Laura, 467.

Fulton, Robt., 84-85.

Furnaces, hot air; hot water, 206, 207.

Furniture, 351, 354, 359.

Furniture machinery, 351, 352.

Fuses, 259.

G.

Gaffield, Thos., glass, 472.

Gale, Prof., 126.

Galileo, 1, 166, 183, 388, 409.

Gally, self-playing pianos, 406.

Galton, Capt. Douglas, 205.

Galvani, 5, 117, 118, 125.

Galvanism, 112,121.

Galvanic batteries, 121, 122.

Galvanic music, 148, 406.

Galvanometer, 122, 139.

Gamble, 277.

Garay, Blasco de, 75.

Garments, 310-327.

Gas, 450;
illuminating, 69, 185, 450-456.

Gases, motors, 188, 190.

Gas checks, 266.

Gas engines, 76, 18, 184-194.

Gasoline and stoves, 213.

Gas pumps, 190.

Gatling, Dr., gun, 269.

Gaul, 32, 33.

Gauss, 126.

Gay-Lussac, 60, 185, 194, 209.

Ged, Wm., 281.

Geissler tubes, 135, 149.

Generator, Electric, 113.

Gentleman Farmer, 1768, 20.

George III., 389.

German inventions, 50, 203, 255, 313, 387, 391, 430, 473.

Germ theory, 67.

German clock and watch making, 387.

Gibraltar, 253.

Giffard-injector, 173.

Gilbert, Dr., 1600, 5, 113.

Gill, J. G., 268.

Giers, 234, 250.

Gin-cotton, 297.

Gladstone, inventor, 1806, 35.

Glass, 469, 474.

Glass, wool, and silk, 474, 480.

Glazes, 475. (See Porcelain.)

Glauber, 58.

Glycerine, 69.

Gold. (See Metallurgy.)

Goodyear, Chas., 434, 476, 478, 479, 480.

Googe, Barnaby, 14.

Gompertz, 432.

Gordon, 82.

Gothic architecture, 373.

Governors, 87.

Graham (chemist), 391.

Graham. (See Horology.)

Grain Binder. (See Harvesters.)

Grain cradles, drills, and seeders. (See Agriculture.)

Grain elevator, 110.

Grain Separators, 49.

Gramme, Z., 134, 136, 137.

Gramophone, 406, 408.

Graphophone, 406, 408.

Grass burning stoves, 211.

Gray, Elisha. (See Electricity.)

Gray, S., 1729, 114, 125.

“Great Britain,” The, 440.

“Great Republic,” The, 439.

Great Urgroez, 357.

Greece and Greek antiquities and inventions, 9, 13, 18, 45,
74, 113, 164, 182, 218, 257, 340, 386, 457, 459.

Grenades, 255.

Green, N. W., driven well, 383.

Greenough, J. J., 318.

Gribeauval, 256.

Griffith, Julius, 82.

Griffiths of U. S., 234.

Grinding by stones, 45 to 49.

Grinding glass, 475.

Grindstones, 375.

Grossat, 477.

Grover and Baker sewing mach., 320.

Grooving, 245.

Grove, Sir Wm. Robert, 119.

Gruner, 234.

Gun carriages. (See Ordnance.)

Gun cotton, 270.

Gun making, 345.

Gunpowder, 253, 262, 263, 270.

Gunpowder eng., 192.

Gun-stock, 345.

Guericke, Otto von, 113, 183, 193.

Guillaume, Puy, 253.

Gurney, 82.

Guttenberg, John, 280.

H.

Hales, Dr., 451.

Hall, John H., 267.

Hall safes, 422.

Hamberg, 58.

Hamblet, 146.

Hamilton (stove inventor), 212.

Hammers, steam and air, 88, 244.

Hanckwitz, Godfrey, 1680, 199.

Hancock, Walter, 82.

Handel, 402.

Hanging Gardens, 34.

Hardening metals, 249.

Hardware. (See Metal Working.)

Hargreaves, Jas., 42, 294, 297.

Harnesses, 431.

Harp, The, and the Harpsichord, 6, 402.

Harvesters, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, 41, 322.

Hartshorn, spring roller shades, 356.

Harveyized steel, 234, 249.

Harrows, 22, 28.

Hautefeuille, 77.

Hauteville, Abbé, 185, 389.

Hat making, 325.

Haydn, 402.

Hay, rakes and tedders, 15, 40.

Headers, 32.

Heat as power, 186, 187.

Heating, 86, 199, 210.

Hebrews, 45, 362, 423.

Hele, P., 388.

Helmont, J. van, 58, 184.

Hell Gate, 107.

Helmholtz, 66, 131, 141, 403, 406, 407, 411, 417.

Hendley, Wm., 82.

Henry, Joseph, 63, 123, 124, 126, 131, 146, 210.

Henry, rifle, 267.

Henry, Wm., 78.

Herissent, M., 477.

Hermetical sealing, 359.

Herodotus, 362.

Hero of Alexander, 5, 9, 74, 76, 87, 89, 165, 171, 404.

Herring, safes, 421.

Herschel, 228, 412.

Hides, treatment of. (See Leather.)

Hide mills, 364.

High and low pressure engines, 87, 88.

Hindoos, 220, 241, 254, 273, 292, 340, 384.

Hodges, James, of Montreal, 101.

Hoe, Robert, and son, R. M., 284.

Hoe drill-seeders, 27.

Hoes, 29, 30.

Hoffman, Dr., 464.

Hoisting, conveying, and storing, 152-163.

Holland, 18, 255, 257, 275.

Holley, A. L., 232.

Holtzapffel, J., 241.

Homer, 459.

Hooke, Dr., 388, 389.

Hoopes and Townsend, 247.

Hoppers. (See Mills.)

Hopper boy. (See Mills.)

Hoosac tunnel, 107.

Hornblower, 1781, 87.

Horrocks, 305.

Horse power, 187.

Horseshoes, 248.

Horology, 384-395.

Hot air engines, 185.

Hot air blast, 231.

Hot furnaces. (See Heating.)

Hot water circulation. (See Heating.)

Hotchkiss gun, 270.

Houdin regulator, 137.

Houses, their construction, 351, 352.

Houston. (See Telegraphy.)

Howe, Elias, 314-318.

Howe bridge, 103.

Howitzer. (See Ordnance.)

Hunt, Walter, 314, 315.

Hungary, 357.

Huggins, Dr., 63, 412.

Hughes, D. E., 147.

Hugon, 189.

Hulls, Jonathan, 78.

Huntsman, Benj., 225.

“Husbandry, The whole art of.” (See Agriculture.)

Huskisson, 83.

Hussey, 1833, 37, 38.

Huxley, 65.

Huygens, 61, 77, 183, 184, 192, 388, 391.

Hydraulicising, 174.

Hydraulic elevators, 156, 157, 164, 165, 166.

Hydraulic jacks, 174.

Hydraulic motors, 164-181;
pumps, rams, 166, 168;
press, 52, 53, 154, 155, 168, 171, 175;
testing, 398, 399.

Hydrogen gas, 454.

Hydrostatic engines and presses, 166, 190, 194.

I.

Ida, mountains of, iron, 218.

Illuminating gas. (See Gas.)

Impulse pump. (See Ram.)

Incandescent light, 135, 456.

Incubators, 207.

India, 373, 400.

Industrial mechanics, 328-338.

Injectors, 173.

Intensifiers, 174.

International Exposition, London, 246, 352.

Invention, what it is, how induced, distinctions, growth,
protection of, 1-8.

Iron, 218.

Iron Ships. (See Ships.)

Iridescent glass, 474.

Ironing machines, 338.

Italy, 255, 280.

Ives. F. E. (three-color process), 417.

J.

Jablochoff, M. Paul, 136.

Jacks, 245.

Jacobi, of Russia, 249.

Jackson, C. T., Dr., 71.

Jacquard Loom, The, 304, 323, 326.

Jacquard, Joseph Marie, 304, 305.

Jenk’s ring frame, 302.

Jenkins, Prof. F., 192.

Jefferson, Thos., 16,18.

Jenkin, Prof. Fleeming, 144.

Jewelry, 333.

“Jimcrow,” 245.

Johnson, Denis. (See Bicycle.)

Jones, iron and steel, 234.

Jonval, 172.

Joule, 2.

Jupiter, statue of, 34.

K.

Kaleidoscope, 410.

Karnes, Lord, 1768, 20.

Kaolin. (See Lighting.)

Kay, John, 293, 295.

“Kearsarge,” The, 261.

Kepler, 183.

Kennedy, Diss and Cannan, 331.

Kilns, 463, 464, 465.

Kinetic energy, Age of, 86.

Kinetograph, 417.

Kirchoff, G. R., 62, 412.

Kitchen and table utensils, 356.

Knabe piano, 403.

Knight, Edward, 36, 51, 170, 202, 232, 276, 321, 429.

Knitting, 307, 308.

König and Bauer, 283.

König, acoustics, 407.

Koops, 277.

Koster, 1620, rifle, 258.

Krag-Jorgensen rifle, 268.

Kramer, 146.

Krupp, steel, 234.

Krupp, Fredk., guns, 264.

Krupp, glass, 480.

Kutler, Augustin, 258.

L.

La Condamine, 477.

Labor organizations, 11.

Labor, how affected by inventions; reducing, and increasing,
152, 153, 162, 163, 293, 308, 380, 381, 460.

Lace making, 306.

Laconium, 202.

Ladd electric machine, 133.

La Hire, 167, 170.

Laird, John, 440, 443.

Lallement, P. (See Bicycle.)

Lamps and lamp lighting, 359, 450.

Lancaster, cannon, 263.

Land reclamation, 107.

Lane, 1828, 37.

Lane-Fox light, 137.

Langen and Otto. (See Gas Engine.)

Langley, Prof., 4.

L’Hommedieu, 348.

Lapping-cotton, 299, 300.

Lasts, making of, 344, 345.

Lathes, 241-243, 340, 345, 349;
for turning irregular forms of wood, 344.

Lattice work bridges, 103.

Laundry, 335.

Lavoisier, 58, 60, 63.

Lawn mowers, 40.

Lazy tongs mechanism, 160.

Le Bon, 1801, 185, 452.

Leaching, 236.

Lead, 219. (See Metallurgy.)

Leather, 361-372.

Leeuwenhoek of Holland, 65.

Leeu, 280.

Leckie, 41.

Le Conte, 63.

Lefaucheux, M., 267.

Leibnitz, 183.

Lenoir, 189.

Lesage, 121.

Lescatello, 1662, 24.

Leyden jar, 114.

Libavius, 58.

Liebig, 64.

Lieberkulm, Dr., 409.

Light, 2.

Lighting. (See Lamps and Gas.)

Light Houses, illumination, 105, 410.

Linotype, 288, 289, 290.

Linville bridge, 103.

Lippersheim, 409.

Liquid air, 216, 217.

Livingstone, Dr., 221.

Livingston, Robt., 84, 85.

Lixiviation, 236.

Locks, 420-427.

Locomotives, 82, 83, 84, 88.

Looms, 293, 297, 302. (See Textiles.)

Loomis, Mahlen, 150.

“London Engineering,” 288.

London exhibition, 1851, 470.

London Times, 283, 285.

Lontin regulator, 137.

Lost arts, 219.

Louis XI., XIV., 254, 255.

Lowell, Francis C., 298.

Lowe, T. S. C., gas, 454, 455.

Lubricants, 237.

Lyall, James, 306.

Lyttleton, 442.

M.

MacArthur-Forrest, cyanide process, 236.

Macaulay, Lord, 10.

Mackintosh, of Glasgow, 477.

Machine guns, 269.

Madersperger, Jos., 312.

Magdeburg, 193.

Magic lantern. (See Optics.)

Magnets and Magnetic Electricity, 112, 122, 123, 124, 130, 133.

Mail bags and locks, 427.

Mail service, 427.

Mail marking, 285.

Majolica. (See Pottery.)

Malt, 65, 66.

Man a tool-using animal, 310.

Manning, 1831, 37.

Marble, artificial, 468, 469.

Marine propulsion, 442.

Marconi, 151.

Mariotte’s law of gases, 184, 194.

Markers and cutters, 324.

Markham, 30.

Marsland, looms, 301.

Marr, Wm., 421.

Martin, Prof., 63.

Marvin’s safes, 421.

McClure’s Magazine, 445, 447.

McCormick reaper, 37, 38.

McCallum bridge, 103.

McKay, ships, 439.

McKay, shoe machines, 369.

McMillan bicycle, 433.

Mary, Queen, 402.

Mason, Prof. O. T., 458.

Massachusetts, mills, 298, 369.

Massachusetts, shoe making, 370.

Master locks, 423, 426.

Matches, 199, 200, 201.

Matting, 309, 312.

Maudsley, Henry, 243, 349.

Maurice of Nassau, 255.

Maurice, Peter, 167.

Mauser rifle, 269.

Mausoleum, 34.

Maxim electric light, 137.

Maxwell, 417.

Mayer, Prof., 404.

Meares, 1800, 35.

Meat, Preparation of, 55.

Mechanical powers, 4.

Medicine and surgery, 70, 71, 72.

Meigs, General M. C., 102.

Meikle, 1786, 41.

Megaphone, 407.

Melville, David, 452.

Menai Straits bridges, 96.

Mendeljeff, 2.

Menzies of Scotland, 41.

Mergenthaler, 288.

Merrimac and Monitor, 268, 441.

Metals and Metallurgy, 218-239.

Metal founding, 249.

Metal working and turning, 240;
boring, planing, 251;
hammering, shaping, 240;
modern metal
working plant, 250.

Metal, personal ware, buckles, clasps, hooks, buttons, etc.,
250.

Meters, gas and water, 178.

Mexico, 281, 292.

Microphone, 148.

Microscope, 409.

Middlings purifier, 49, 50.

Milk, milkers, 54, 55.

Millet, 30.

Mills, 45 to 51.

Milling, high, low, 49.

Miller, wood working, 342.

Miller and Taylor, 81.

Millwright, The Young, 47.

Milton, 105, 218.

Mineral wool, minerals and mining, 373-383.

Minneapolis mills, 50.

Mitrailleuses, 269.

Modern machinery, its commencement, 364.

Mohl, von, Hugo, 67.

Moigno, Abbé, 411.

Mold, aging. (See Chemistry.)

Moulding. (See Wood-working and Glass making.)

Monks, 387.

“Monitor,” The, 268, 441.

Montgolfier, 169.

Moody, Paul, 298.

Moors, 253.

Morin, Genl., 209, 238.

Morland, Sir Sam’l, 77.

Morrison, Chas., 115.

Morse, S. B. F., 126, 127, 128, 129.

Mortars, 253.

Mortise making, 345.

Morton, Dr. W. T. G., 71.

Motor vehicles, 435.

Mont Cenis Tunnel, 107.

Mowers, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39.

Moxon, Jos., 242.

Mozart, 402.

Murdock, Wm., 185, 452.

Music, 400-406.

Musical instruments, 6, 400.

Musical electrical apparatus, 406.

Muschenbroeck, Prof., 1745, 114, 115.

Mushet, iron and steel, 234.

Muskets. (See Ordnance.)

Muzzle loaders, 263, 264.

N.

National Assembly, France, 9.

Napoleon. (See Bonaparte.)

Naphtha, 454.

Nasmyth, 243, 245.

Needle, 310, 313.

Needle gun, 266.

Niedringhaus, 468.

Netting. (See Spinning.)

Newcomen, 5, 77, 78, 79, 167, 187.

Newbold, Chas., 19.

Newbury, Wm., 348.

Newton, Sir Isaac, 9, 11, 61, 114, 167, 183, 414.

Niagara bridges, 97, 98, 104.

Niagara power, 171, 172.

Nicholson and Carlisle, 118.

Nicholson, Wm., of England, 282.

Nickel. (See Metallurgy.)

Niepce, Jas. N., 415.

Nitro-glycerine, 270.

Noah’s Ark, 438.

Nobel, A., 192.

Nollet, Prof., 132.

Noria, The, 165.

Norway, 266, 430, 439.

Nozzles, flexible, 174;
water, 179.

O.

Oersted, 121, 130.

Ogle, 1822, 36.

Ohm, G. S., 125.

Oils and fats, 69.

Oil cloth, 306.

Oil lamps, 359.

Oil stoves and furnaces, 190, 212.

Oiling waves, 446.

Oil wells, 190, 382.

Omnibus. (See Stages and Carriers.)

Opening and blowing machines, cotton, 299.

Opthalmoscope, 411.

Optical instruments, 409-412.

Ordnance, arms, explosives, 252 to 272.

Ores, treatment of, 229, 250, 251, 373 to 380.

Ore separators, 379. (See Metallurgy.)

Organs, 404.

Ornamental iron work. (See Metal Working.)

Ornamental wood work. (See Wood Working.)

Oscillating engines. (See Steam.)

Osmund furnaces. (See Metallurgy.)

Otis elevators, 155.

Otto, Nicolaus A., Otto engine, 190, 191.

Oxygen, 58, 453. (See Priestley.)

P.

Paddle wheels and vessels, 443.

Paints, 466.

Painting, 418, 419, 459.

Painting machines, 193, 418, 467.

Paixhans, Genl., 261, 264.

Page, Prof. C. G., 132, 141.

Page, Ralph, 224.

Palissy, Bernard, 458.

Palmer, stage-coaches, 429.

Palladius, 32.

Panoramas, 415.

Paper and printing, 273-291.

Paper bag machinery, 279.

Papin, 5, 77, 184, 192, 193.

Papyrus, 273, 274.

Paraffine. (See Oils.)

Parchment, 274.

Parkinson, Thos., 194.

Parliament, House of, 209.

Parquetry. (See Wood-working.)

Parrott, gun, 264.

Parthenon, 373.

Partridge, Reuben, matches, 200.

Pascal, 166, 168, 170, 183.

Pasteur, 68.

Patents, their origin and purpose, 8, 21.

Pattern making. (See Wood, Metal, and Textiles.)

Pauley, Col., 266.

Pegs, 367, 368.

Pencils, 418.

Pendulum. (See Horology.)

Pendulum machines, 365.

Penelope, 306.

Pennsylvania fireplace, 203.

Percussion caps, 259, 260.

Percy. (See Metallurgy.)

Permutation locks, 425.

Pernot, 234.

Perin & Co., saws, 348.

Persians, 362.

Petroleum, 359, 382.

Petzold, 403.

Pfaff, 121.

Pharos of Alexandria, 34.

Phelps, G. M., 147.

Phœnicians, 439, 459.

“Phœnix,” The. (See Ships.)

Phonautograph, 141, 407.

Phonograph, 2, 406.

Phonophone, 414.

Phonoscope, 414.

Photophone, 414.

Phosphorus matches, 200.

Photochromoscope, 417.

Photography, 410, 414, 416, 418.

Photo-processes, 417.

Piano, 6, 401-404.

Picking machine, 298, 299.

Picker-motion, looms, 297.

Piezometer, 262.

Pigments, 70.

Pitt, inventor, 1786, 33.

Pixii, 131.

Planes, 340, 350. (See Wood-working.)

Planing machines, 245, 349, 350. (See Wood-working.)

Planté, G., 120.

Planters. (See Chap. III.)

Plaster, 469.

Plato, 385.

Platt, Sir Hugh, 14.

Platt, Senator, 35.

Pliny, 32, 164, 223, 227, 273, 340.

Ploughs, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27,
28, 29, 30.

Plucknett, 1808, 35.

Pneumatics, 165, 182 to 198.

Pneumatic machines, 195, 197, 198.

Pneumatic propellers, 444.

Pneumatic tires, 433.

Pneumatic tubes and transmission, 159, 196.

Polemoscope, 413.

Polishing glass, 475.

Pope, Alexander, 394.

Porcelain, 465, 466.

Poririer (match machine), 201.

Porta Baptista, 414.

Porta G. della, 75.

Portable engines, 88.

Potato planters, 28.

Potassium, 236.

Potter, Humphrey, 78.

Pottery, 457-469.

Pousard, 465.

Powder, 253.

Power, measure of, 187.

Prehistoric inventions. (See beginning of each Chapter.)

Pressing machines, 51, 52, 53.

Priestley, 58, 453, 477.

“Princeton,” The, 443.

Printing press, 2, 6, 273-291.

Prince of Orange, 255.

Projectiles, 253-270.

Prometheus, 199, 200.

Protoplasm, 67.

Prussia, 266.

Providence, R. I., Tool Co., 322.

Psalteries, 401.

Ptah, 241.

Puckle’s patent breech loader, 258, 259.

Puddling, 226, 227, 231.

Pug mills, 461.

Pullman car, 107.

Pulp, 275-279.

Pumps, 187.

Ptolemy, 428.

Puillet, 411.

Puy Guillaume, battle of, 1338, 253.

Pyramids, 34, 93.

Q.

Quadruplex telegraphy. (See Telegraphy.)

“Queen Ann’s Pocket Piece,” 256.

Queen of Sheba, 326.

Quern, 45.

Quilting machine, 324.

R.

Radcliffe, 305.

Radiation and radiators, 205, 206.

Railways, rails and tracks, 106, 108;
cars, 108, 109;
frogs, 108.

Railway cars, 436, 437.

Rakes. (See Agriculture.)

Ramage Press, 281.

Ramseye, David, 1630, 76.

Ramelli, Cardan, 75.

Ramsey, David, 1738, 168, 389.

Ram, water. (See Pumps.)

Randolph, David M., 367.

Randolph, Elder and Co., 440.

Ranges. (See Stoves.)

Range finder, 413.

Raphael, 418.

Rawhides. (See Leather.)

Read, Nathan, 1791, 87.

Reapers. (See Harvesters, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38.)

Reichenbach, 382.

Reis, Prof., 141, 407.

Refining metals, 227.

Refrigeration, 213, 214, 216.

Regenerators, 465.

Regenerative furnace. (See Metallurgy, also, 464.)

Registers, 395.

Regulators, Electric, 137;
time, 137.

Rennie, 244.

Repeating watches, 389.

Reservoirs, 166, 180.

Resonators, 404.

Revault, 1605, 75.

Revolvers. (See Fire Arms.)

Rhode Island, 298.

Ribbon making, 306.

Rickel, Dr., 451.

Rider bridge, 103.

Riehle, testing mach., 398.

Rifles, 258, 259, 260.

Rifled cannon, 262, 263.

Ring frame-spinning, 302.

Ritter, 118, 121.

Riveting, 176.

Road carriage, steam, 83.

Roads, 106, 107.

Road making, 106.

Robia, Luca della, 459.

Robert, Louis, 276.

Roberts, 244.

Rock drilling, 107.

Rockers, ore, 235.

Rockets, 253.

Rodman, General, gun, 264.

Roebling, John A., engineer, 98, 99.

Roebling, Washington, 98, 100.

Roentgen, X rays, 149.

Rohes, M. Beau de, 189.

Rogers, Saml. B., metallurgist, 229, 230.

Rogers, type maker, 289.

Roller press, 283, 284.

Roman arts, inventions, etc., 10, 13, 14, 45, 93, 164, 166,
178, 202, 274, 457, 459.

Rookwood pottery, 467.

Romagnosi, G. D., 121.

Roscoe, Prof. (See Chemistry.)

Rose, H., 238.

Rotary engines. (See Steam.)

Rotary printing press, 284. (See Printing.)

Rotary pumps. (See Water and Steam Eng.)

Roving, spinning, 298, 299.

Rubber, 69, 434.

Ruhmkorff coil, 132.

Rumford, Count, 63.

Rumsey, James, 81, 168.

Russia, 40, 254, 430.

Russian leather, 362.

Rust, Saml., 282.

Ruth, 16.

S.

Sabot, projectiles, 262, 263.

Safes and locks, 420-427.

Safety valves, 87.

Saint, Thomas, sewing machine, 311.

Salman, scales maker, 396.

Salonen, 1807, mower, 36.

Samians and Samos, 459.

Sand blast, 332, 334, 475.

Sand filters. (See Filters.)

Sandwich, Earl, 1699, 25.

Saracens, 274.

Sarnstrom, Prof., 234.

Savery, Thos., 5, 77.

Saws, 340, 341, 342, 348, 351.

Saw mills, 341, 342.

Saxton, Jos., 131.

Scales, 395.

Scaliger, 183.

Scandinavians, 363.

Scarborough, 85.

Schilling, Baron, 126.

Schönbein, 270.

Schapper, Hartman, 241.

Schoeffer, Peter, 270.

Schreiber, 403.

Schrotter (matches), 200.

Schweigger, S. C., 126.

Scoops, 178.

Scotland, 19, 20, 33.

Scott, phonautograph, 141, 407.

Scott, Sir Walter, 45, 80.

Scott, Gen. W., 260.

Scott, Rich’d, 420.

Scouring machines. (See Leather and Cloth, and Grain.)

Screw, Archimedean. (See Ships and Propeller.)

Screw, press, 52.

Screw propeller, 85, 443.

Screw making, 245, 246.

Scythians, 362, 428.

Scythes, 32, 33, 35.

Seed drills, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Seely, F. A., 3.

Self-playing Instruments, 406.

Seguin, 83.

Sellers, Wm., 234, 247.

Separators, Grain, 48, 49;
milk, 54;
ore, 379. (See Mills.)

Seppings, Sir Robert, 440.

Serrin, 137.

Serviere, 166.

Seward, Wm. H., 3.

Seven Wonders, The, 34, 35.

Sewing machines, 311-323.

Sewer construction, 107.

Shades and screens, 356.

Shaping machines, 245.

Sharp’s carbine, 267.

Shaw, Joshua, 260.

Sheele, 415.

Sheet metal ware, 250.

Shells, 264.

Shingle making, 350.

Shinar, Brick making in, 457.

Ships, war, and others, 261, 343, 438-449.

Shoes and machinery, 365-371.

Sholes, inventor, type writing, 286.

Shrapnel, 259.

Shuttles, 293. (See Textiles.)

Sickle, 32, 33.

Side wheel steamboats, 85.

Siemens, Dr. Werner, 133.

Siemens, Wm., Sir., 144, 171.

Siemens and Halske, 144, 146.

Siemens, C. L., 147, 234, 465.

Silk making. (See Spinning.)

Silk, artificial. (See Glass.)

Silver, 219.

Singer, sewing machine, 319, 320.

Sinking shafts, Mode of, 106, 107.

Skiving. (See Leather.)

Slade, J. T., 155.

Slater, Thomas, 298.

Slaughtering, 55.

Sleighs, 430, 431.

Slide, rest, 243, 349.

Slotting machines, 245.

Small arms, 266. (See Ordnance.)

Small, Jas., 1784, 18.

Smeaton, 87, 105.

Smelting, 220. (See Metallurgy.)

Smiles, Self Help, 95.

Smith & Wesson, revolvers, 269.

Snellus, 234.

Snow ploughs, 109.

Soda, pulp, 278.

Solarmeter, 413.

Solomon’s temple, 242.

Somerset, Marquis of Worcester. (See Steam.)

Sound, 406. (See Acoustics.)

Sowing, 23.

Spanish inventions, 25, 75, 253, 274, 280, 292.

Spectacles. (See Optics.)

Spectrum, analysis, 60, 61, 62, 63, 412.

Spectroscope, 2, 412.

Speed Indicators, 396.

Spencer, gun, 267.

Spencer, metal coating, 249.

Spinet, 402.

Spinning, 6, 292, 296, 300. (See Textiles.)

“Spinning Jenny,” 297.

Spinning Mule, 297, 300.

“Spiritalia,” 404.

Splitting, leather, 366.

Spooling, 302.

Springfield musket, 268.

Spun glass. (See Spinning and 474.)

Stamp mills and metal working, 236, 250.

Standard time, 394.

Stanhope, Earl, 282.

St. Gothard tunnel, 107.

St. Louis bridge, 102.

Steam engines, 2, 5, 73 to 95;
boilers, 86;
heating, 207;
pumps, 79, 81, 88.

Steam ships, 2, 84, 85, 440.

Stearns, 145.

Steel, manufacture of. (See Metallurgy.)

Steinheil, 126, 412.

Steinway, pianos, 403.

Stenographing, 290.

Stereoscope, 410, 411.

Stereotyping, 281.

Sterilisation, 54, 213.

Stephenson, Geo., 82, 83, 84, 85, 98.

Stephenson, Robert, 98, 100, 101, 155.

Stevens, John C., 84, 85, 86, 443.

Stevinus, 166.

Stitching machines. (See Sewing.)

Stocking making, 307.

Stone cutting, carving and dressing, 374, 375.

Stone crushing, 376.

Stone, artificial, 468.

Storage battery, 120.

Storm, W. M. (Gunpowder Engine,) 192.

Store service, 152, 153, 158, 159.

Stoves, 200-206.

Street, Robert, 185.

Street sweeping, 331.

Stow, 350.

Stückofen, metallurgy, 224.

Sturgeon, inventor, 122, 123, 124.

Sturtevant, B. F. (shoes), 368.

Submarine blasting, etc., 107.

Suez canal, 107.

Sugar, 69.

Sun-dial, 384.

Subdivision of labor, 392. (See Ordnance and Sewing Machines.)

Surgery and instruments, 70.

Suspension bridges, 95, 96-100.

Swan, light, 137.

Sweden, 266.

Sweeping machines, 331.

Swiss manufactures, (See Watches, etc.)

Switzerland, 16, 46, 391.

Symington, 81, 83, 85.

Syphon recorder, 139.

T.

T-rail, 108.

Tables, 354. (See Furniture.)

Tachenius, 58.

Tack making, 344.

Tainter, C. S., 408, 414.

Takamine, 68.

Talus, or Perdix, saw inventor, 340.

Tanning. (See Leather.)

Tapestry, 275.

Teasling, 306.

Tedders, 40.

Telegraph, 124-128, 139, 140.

Telegraphic pictures, 419.

Telephone, 2, 140, 141, 142, 406.

Telescope, 2, 409.

Telpherage, 144.

Telford, 95, 96.

Tennyson, 67.

Tesla, 145.

Testing machines, 398.

Textiles, 292-309.

Thermo-electricity, 112, 120.

Theodore of Samos, 340.

Thimonnier, 313.

Thomson, Sir Wm., 63, 139.

Thompson, Robt. Wm., 433, 435.

Thompson & Houston, 137.

“Three color process,” 417.

Thread making. (See Spinning.)

Threshing machines, 40, 41.

Throstle, 296.

Thurston, Prof. R. H., 86.

Tiles, 350.

Tilghman, B. F., sand blast, 332, 475.

Time locks, 425.

Time measuring of the ancients, 384.

Tissier, 238.

Tobacco and machinery, 55, 56, 57.

Tools, primitive, 310, 328, 339.

Torpedo vessels, 271, 445.

Torpedoes, 271.

Torricelli, 166, 183.

Tour, Cagniard de la, 65.

Towne’s lattice bridge, 103.

Traction railways and engines, 436.

Transplanters, 29.

Transportation, 107, 109.

Treadwell, Daniel, 284.

Tresca, M., 247.

Trevithick, Richard, 81, 82.

Tripler, C. E., liquid air, 216.

Trolley lines. (See Electric, etc.)

Trough batteries. (See Electricity.)

Truss bridges, 102, 103.

Tubal Cain, 218, 239.

Tubes and tubing, making, 248.

Tubular bridges, 100, 102.

Tull, Jethro, 1680-1740, 14, 25.

Tungsten. (See Metals.)

Tunnels, 106, 107.

Turbines, 89, 168, 171, 172.

Turning, Art of, 242, 339, 344.

Tusser, Thomas, 14.

Tweddle, 176.

Twine binders. (See Harvesters.)

Twinings (inventor, refrigerator), 215.

Tympanum, 164.

Tyndall, John, 411, 412.

Type, 280, 281.

Type Distributor, 279.

Type setter, 278, 279.

Type writers, 6, 286.

V.

Vail, Alfred, 126.

Valerius, 388.

Valves, valve gear, 87, 89.

Vapor engines, 190-192.

Vapor stoves, 200-206, 212.

Varley, Alfred, 133.

Varro, 32.

Vegetable cutters, 51.

Velocipedes, 431.

Venetians, 280.

Ventilation, 209.

Veneering, 351.

Vestibule cars, 437.

Vick, Henry de, clockmaker, 387.

Victoria bridge. (See Bridges.)

Vienna, 38.

Vienna exposition, 348.

Vince, Leonardo de, 75.

Virgil, 32.

Virginal, 6, 402.

Vitruvius, 227.

Volta, voltaic electricity, 112, 117, 118, 112 to 120, 125, 133, 134,
249.

Von Alteneck, H., 138.

Von Drais, 432.

Vortex theory, 2;
Vortex wheel, 171.

Voting machines, 395.

Vulcan, 246.

Vulcanisation. (See Rubber.)

W.

Waggons, 431.

Walker, John (matches), 200.

Walker, Joseph, 367.

Wales, Thos. C., 477.

Wallace and Maxim, 137.

Wall paper, 275, 279.

Walter, John, 285.

Watches, 391. (See Clocks.)

Waltham watches, 393.

War, effect on by inventions, 271, 272.

Washington, 15, 16.

Washing and ironing machines, 335-338.

Wasp, first paper maker, 273.

Watches. (See Horology.)

Water. (See Hydraulics.)

Water clocks, 385, 386.

Water closets, 178.

Water distribution, 167, 178;
gas, 454.

Water wheels, 165;
mills, 167;
engines, 178.

Water frame. (See Spinning.)

Water metres, 178;
scoops, 178.

Watts’ Dictionary of Chemistry, 59.

Watt, James, 5, 8, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 154, 167, 170, 176,
182, 203, 206, 296, 341, 460.

Watson, Bishop, 451.

Weaving, 6, 292, 304. (See Textiles.)

Weaver’s shuttle, 307.

Weber piano, 403.

Webster, Daniel, 91.

Wedgwood, 459, 460, 464.

Weeks, Jos., 364.

Weighing, scales, etc., 396, 397, 398.

Weisenthal, C. F., 310, 312.

Welding, 248.

Wellington, Duke of, 83.

Wells, making and boring of, 373, 379-383;
driven, 382;
Artesian, 381.

Welsbach lamp, 456.

Westinghouse, electric light, 137, 138.

Weston, Sir Richard, 14.

Weston, electrician, 137.

West (destroyer of bacteria), 213.

Whaleback ships, 438.

Wheat, its cultivation, 25, 26.

Wheatstone, Chas., 127, 133, 146, 147, 410.

Wheeler and Wilson, 319.

Wheelbarrow, seeder, 24.

Whewell, 166.

Whitehurst, Geo., 168.

Whitney, Eli, cotton gin, 42, 43, 297.

Whitworth, Sir J., 244, 246, 263.

Wilde, electric magnet, 133.

Wilder, safes, 421.

Wilkes, 277.

William of Malmesbury, 75.

Wilson, A. B., sewing machinery, 319.

Wilson, Genl. John M., 180.

Winchester rifle, 267.

Wind mills, wheels, etc., 404. (See Mills.)

Window glass, window screens, 359.

Wine making. (See Chemistry.)

Winter, Sir John, 225.

Wire working, 250.

Wire wound gun, 263.

Wireless telegraphy, 150, 151.

Wolf, aeronaut, 447.

Wöhler, chemist, 238.

Wollaston, 60, 249, 412.

Woodbridge, Dr. W. E., 262, 263.

Woodbury, Oscar D. and E. C., 330.

Woodworth, Wm., planing machinery, 349.

Wood, lathe turning, 344.

Wood, bending and trenting of, 347, 352, 356.

Wood working machinery, 242, 339, 352, 369.

Woods, variety and beauty, 352.

Wood carving, 346.

Wool. (See Spinning, Weaving, Textiles.)

Wool, mineral, 474, 480.

Wooden shoes, making of, 367.

Worcester, Marquis of, 5, 75, 77, 81.

Work shop, a modern, 251.

World’s fair, 1851, 36, 38.

Woven goods, variety of, 308, 309.

Wright (gas engine), 188.

Wren, architect, 209.

Wyatt of Lichfield, 294, 295.

X.

X rays, 149, 150.

Xyloplasty, 347.

Y.

Yale, Linus, Jr., locks, 425.

Yankee clippers, 438.

Yarn. (See Weaving, etc.)

Yeast, 65.

York, Duke of, 124, 125.

Young of America, 63, 417.

Young, Arthur, 1741-1800, 14, 15.

Youmans, Prof., 450.

Z.

Zanon, 1764, 24.

Zech, Jacob, 388.

Zeppelin, Count, 446.

Zimmermann, self-playing pianos, 406.

Zinc, 236.

Zinc batteries. (See Electricity.)

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY SERIES.

_Price 5s. each net._

Religious Progress in the Century.
By W. H. Withrow, M. A., D. D., F. R. S. C.

Literature of the Century.
By Professor A. B. de Mille, M. A.

Progress of South Africa in the Century.
By George McCall Theal, D. Lit., LL. D.

Medicine, Surgery, and Hygiene in the Century.
By Ezra Hurlburt Stafford, M. D.

Progress of India, Japan, and China in the Century.
By Sir Richard Temple, Bart., LL. D., &c.

Progress of the United States of America in the Century.
By Prof. Wm. Peterfield Trent, M. A., LL. D.

Continental Rulers in the Century.
By Percy M. Thornton, LL. B., M. P.

British Sovereigns in the Century.
By T. H. S. Escott, M. A.

Progress of British Empire in the Century.
By James Stanley Little.

Progress of Canada in the Century.
By J. Castell Hopkins, F. S. S.

Progress of Australasia in the Century.
By T. A. Coghlan, F. S. S., and Thomas T. Ewing.

Progress of New Zealand in the Century.
By R. F. Irvine, M. A., and O. T. J. Alpers, M. A.

Political Progress of the Century.
By Thomas Macknight.

Discoveries and Explorations of the Century.
By Professor C. G. D. Roberts, M. A.

Economic and Industrial Progress of the Century.
By H. de Beltgens Gibbins, D. Lit., M. A., F. R. G. S.

Inventions of the Century.
By William H. Doolittle.

Wars of the Century, and the Development of Military Science.
By Professor Oscar Browning, M. A.

Naval Battles of the Century.
By Rear-Admiral Francis John Higginson.

Naval Development of the Century.
By Sir Nathaniel Barnaby, K. C. B.

Presidents of the United States in the Century (from Jefferson to
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By Francis Bellamy.

Presidents of the United States in the Century (from Pierce to
McKinley).
Francis Knowles.

The Fine Arts in the Century.
By William Sharp.

Progress of Education in the Century.
By James Laughlin Hughes and Louis R. Klemm, Ph. D.

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Progress of Science in the Century.
By Professor J. Arthur Thomson, M. A.

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