Chapter VI

CHEMISTRY, MEDICINES, SURGERY, DENTISTRY.

Chemistry among the Ancients.--Egyptians.--Phœnicians.-- Israelites.--Greeks and Romans.--Chinese.--Became a Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.--Libavius.--Van Helmont.--Glauber--Tachenius.--Boyle.--Lémery.--Becher.-- Stahl.--Boerhaave.--Black.--Cavendish.--Lavoisier.--Priestley.-- Chemistry of Nineteenth Century a New World.--Atomic and Molecular Theories.--Light, Heat, and Electricity.--Correlation and Conservation of Forces.--Spectrum Analysis.--Laws of Chemical Changes.--John Dalton.--Wollaston.--Gay.--Lussac.-- Berzelius.--Huygens’and Newton’s Discoveries in Light in Seventeenth Century.--Unfolded and Developed by Fraunhofer, Kirchoff.--Bunsen in the Nineteenth.--Young of America.-- Combination of Spectroscope and Telescope.--Huggins of England, Spectrum Analysis of the Stars.--Heat and other Forces.--Count Rumford.--Davy.--Mayer.--Helmholtz.--Colding.--Joule.--Grove.-- Faraday.--Sir William Thomson.--Le Conte and Martin.--French Revolution and Agricultural Chemistry.--Lavoisier, Berthollet.-- Guyton.--Fourcroy.--Napoleon.--Sir Humphry Davy.--Liebig.-- Fermentation.--Alcohol.--Yeast.--Malt.--Wines.--Beer.--Huxley’s Lecture on Yeast, 1871.--Protein.--Protoplasm.--Evolution from one all-pervading Force.--Alcohol and Pasteur.--Manufacture of Liquors.--Carbonating.--Soils and Fertilisers.--Liquids, Oils, Sugar and Fats.--Bleaching and Dyeing.--Aniline Colours.-- Perfumes.--Electro-Chemical Methods.--Applied to the Production of Artificial Light.--Abradants.--Disinfectants.--Pigments.-- Mineral Analysis.--Purification of Water and Sewage.-- Electroplating Metals.--Chemicals and the Fine Arts.--Redemption of Waste Materials.--Medicines and Surgery.--Their Growth from Empiricism.--Anæsthetics.--Davy.--Morton.--Jackson.--Innumerable Medical Compounds.--Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds.--Vast Variety of Surgical Instruments Invented.--Four Thousand Patents in United States Alone.--Dentistry.--Its Ancient Origin.-- Account of Herodotus.--Revolution in, during Nineteenth Century.--Instruments.--Artificial Teeth.--Vast Relief from Pain. 58

CHAPTER VII.

STEAM AND STEAM ENGINES.

Prophecy of Dr. Darwin in Eighteenth Century.--Review of the Art from Hero to James Watt.--Pumping Engines.--Road Carriages.-- Watt.--Cugnot.--Rumsey.--Fitch.--Oliver Evans.--Read.-- Symington.--Trevithick.--Locomotives.--Blenkinsop.--Griffith.-- Bramah.--Horse Engine.--Hancock.--Blackett.--George Stephenson.--Hackworth.--Braithwaite.--Ericsson.--Huskisson First Victim of Railroad Accident.--Seguin.--John C. Stevens.-- Horatio Allen.--Peter Cooper.--Symington.--Lord Dundas.--Fulton and Livingston.--The First Successful Steamboat.--Transatlantic Steam Navigation.--Scarborough of Georgia.--Bell of Scotland.-- Cunard Line; Paddle Wheels.--Screw Propellers.--The Age of Kinetic Energy.--Professor Thurston.--Variety of Engines and Boilers.--Corliss.--Bicycle and Automobile Engines.--Napoleon’s Stage Trip and Present Locomotion.--Daniel Webster’s Survey of the Art. 73