Chapter XIX: Ancient Continental Islands: the Madagascar Group

Remarks on Ancient Continental Islands--Physical Features of Madagascar--Biological Features of Madagascar--Mammalia--Reptiles--Relation of Madagascar to Africa--Early History of Africa and Madagascar--Anomalies of Distribution and how to Explain Them--The Birds of Madagascar as Indicating a Supposed Lemurian Continent--Submerged Islands Between Madagascar and India--Concluding Remarks on "Lemuria"--The Mascarene Islands--The Comoro Islands--The Seychelles Archipelago--Birds of the Seychelles--Reptiles and Amphibia--Fresh-water Fishes--Land Shells--Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez--Birds--Extinct Birds and their Probable Origin--Reptiles--Flora of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands--Curious Relations of Mascarene Plants--Endemic Genera of Mauritius and Seychelles--Fragmentary Character of the Mascarene Flora--Flora of Madagascar Allied to that of South Africa--Preponderance of Ferns in the Mascarene Flora--Concluding Remarks on the Madagascar Group

_Pages_ 411-449

CHAPTER XX

ANOMALOUS ISLANDS: CELEBES

Anomalous Relations of Celebes--Physical Features of the Island--Zoological Character of the Islands Around Celebes--The Malayan and Australian Banks--Zoology of Celebes: Mammalia--Probable Derivation of the Mammals of Celebes--Birds of Celebes--Bird-types Peculiar to Celebes--Celebes not Strictly a Continental Island--Peculiarities of the Insects of Celebes--Himalayan Types of Birds and Butterflies in Celebes--Peculiarities of Shape and Colour of Celebesian Butterflies--Concluding Remarks--Appendix on the Birds of Celebes

_Pages_ 450-470

CHAPTER XXI

ANOMALOUS ISLANDS: NEW ZEALAND

Position and Physical Features of New Zealand--Zoological Character of New Zealand--Mammalia--Wingless Birds Living and Extinct--Recent Existence of the Moa--Past Changes of New Zealand deduced from its Wingless Birds--Birds and Reptiles of New Zealand--Conclusions from the Peculiarities of the New Zealand Fauna

_Pages_ 471-486

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CHAPTER XXII

THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND: ITS AFFINITIES AND PROBABLE ORIGIN

Relations of the New Zealand Flora to that of Australia--General Features of the Australian Flora--The Floras of South-eastern and South-western Australia--Geological Explanation of the Differences of these Two Floras--The Origin of the Australian Element in the New Zealand Flora--Tropical Character of the New Zealand Flora Explained--Species Common to New Zealand and Australia mostly Temperate Forms--Why Easily Dispersed Plants have often Restricted Ranges--Summary and Conclusion on the New Zealand Flora

_Pages_ 487-508

CHAPTER XXIII

ON THE ARCTIC ELEMENT IN SOUTH TEMPERATE FLORAS

European Species and Genera of Plants in the Southern Hemisphere--Aggressive Power of the Scandinavian Flora--Means by which Plants have Migrated from North to South--Newly Moved Soil as Affording Temporary Stations to Migrating Plants--Elevation and Depression of the Snow-line as Aiding the Migration of Plants--Changes of Climate Favourable to Migration--The Migration from North to South has been Long going on--Geological Changes as Aiding Migration--Proofs of Migration by way of the Andes--Proofs of Migration by way of the Himalayas and Southern Asia--Proofs of Migration by way of the African Highlands--Supposed Connection of South Africa and Australia--The Endemic Genera of Plants in New Zealand--The Absence of Southern Types from the Northern Hemisphere--Concluding Remarks on the New Zealand and South Temperate Floras

_Pages_ 509-530