Chapter XIX: Conclusion: Having attained conviction of the truth of all or part of (1)

the preceding Articles in a manner to justify the proposed end, which is that you may be enabled to pronounce in recognition of the cause, the Promoter doth conclude that it will be ultimately judged by you, upon the whole, according to law and right.

And the said Promoter humbly imploreth your offices on all these things, as may be suitable.

The Seventy Articles preceding [p. 341] which form the Act of Accusation for the Trial, were reduced to Twelve by Maître Nicolas Midi; the twelve Articles are here given.

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Footnote 213:

_Chronicles of the Dukes of Alençon._

Footnote 214:

Philip the Good, son of Jean Sans-Peur, the Duke murdered at the
Bridge of Montereau in 1418 by the Armagnac faction; he was
consequently an ally of England. Anne, his sister, married John, Duke
of Bedford. Efforts were constantly made by both sides to secure the
sympathies of so powerful an ally; but after the death of his sister
in 1432, the Duke’s attachment to the English cause waned; and in
1435, a week after the death of Bedford, he made peace with Charles
VII., and signed the Treaty of Arras, which practically restored
France to the King. He died in 1467, and was succeeded by his son
Charles the Bold.

Footnote 215:

Jean de Luxembourg, Sire de Luxembourg and de Choques, nephew of the
Constable Waleran de Luxembourg. A captain of Free-Lances in the
service of the Duke of Burgundy, afterwards Count de Ligny and Guise,
and a knight of the Toison d’Or. He remained true to the English, even
after his chief had made terms with Charles, and died in 1441, still
obstinately refusing to recognize the Treaty of Arras.

Footnote 216:

Louis de Luxembourg, Bishop of Thérouanne, 1414, and Chancellor of
France for Henry VI., 1425, surnamed “Le Renard”; afterwards
Archbishop of Rouen, Bishop of Hély, and Cardinal. A warm adherent of
the English cause, and a consistent supporter of Bedford and Warwick.
It was he who received information of the capture of Jeanne on May
25th, and himself went with the news to the Parliament. When the tide
turned, and Charles VII. was able to establish himself in his kingdom,
the Bishop retired to England, and there died, 1443.

Footnote 217:

Jean D’Aulon. Formerly a squire in the service of the King, appointed
Chief of Jeanne’s Household by Charles VII., in 1428. He remained with
her from that time till her capture at Compiègne; was taken prisoner
with her, and carried to Beaulieu, but was ransomed during the autumn.
He was afterwards knighted, and made Seneschal of Beaucaire.

Footnote 218:

Lionel Bastard de Wandonne; now _Wandomme_, a castle in Artois; a
captain in the service of Jean de Luxembourg, to whom the Maid finally
surrendered at Compiègne. For his share of the reward he received 300
pounds _rente_. He was afterwards Count de Nesle and Beaulieu, in
Vermandois.

Footnote 219:

The much-vexed question of the date of the Capture seems to be decided
by these two last contemporary documents. The same date, May 23rd, is
also given in the Chronicle of William of Worcester.

Footnote 220:

The news, received in the letter from Jean de Luxembourg, was
communicated by his brother, the Bishop of Thérouanne, to the
Parliament.

Footnote 221:

Or let herself down, as some state, by a rope that was too short to
reach the ground.

Footnote 222:

Massieu.

Footnote 223:

Cusquel.

Footnote 224:

Taquel.

Footnote 225:

Lebouchier.

Footnote 226:

Massieu.

Footnote 227:

_Ibid._

Footnote 228:

According to the rules of Inquisitorial Trials it was not necessary to
grant an advocate to the accused. In the “Directorium Inquisitorum”
the Decretal on the treatment of Heretics empowers the Bishop and the
Judge of the Inquisition, acting conjointly, to dispense with other
assistance, and to act alone.

Footnote 229:

See “Execution of the Mandate,” Feb. 20th.

Footnote 230:

Manchon.

Footnote 231:

_Ibid._

Footnote 232:

Massieu.

Footnote 233:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 5th Public Examination,
March 1st; 8th Private Examination, 17th; and 9th Private Examination,
March 17th.

Footnote 234:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th.

Footnote 235:

Cf. 5th Public Examination, March 1st.

Footnote 236:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd, and 3rd Public Examination,
February 24th.

Footnote 237:

Cf. 2nd Private Examination, March 12th.

Footnote 238:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd; 3rd Public Examination,
February 24th; 4th Public Examination, February 27th; 5th Public
Examination, March 1st; 2nd Private Examination, March 12th; 3rd
Private Examination, March 12th.

Footnote 239:

This answer is given in French in the text.

Footnote 240:

No previous answer is recorded.

Footnote 241:

Cf. 2nd Private Examination, March 12th.

Footnote 242:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd; 4th Public Examination,
February 27th; 3rd Private Examination, March 12th; and 8th Private
Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 243:

The two following questions and answers appear in the Minute only:—

“But, Jeanne, the Holy Canons and Holy Writ declare that women who
take men’s dress or men who take women’s dress, do a thing abominable
to God. How then can you say that you took this dress at God’s
command?”

“You have been answered. If you wish that I should answer you further,
grant me delay, and I will answer you.”

“Will you not take the dress of a woman to receive your Saviour on
Easter Day?”

“Neither for that nor for anything else will I yet put off my dress. I
make no difference between man’s dress and woman’s dress for receiving
my Saviour. I ought not to be refused for this question of dress.” Cf.
4th Public Examination, February 27th, and 6th Public Examination,
March 3rd.

Footnote 244:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 3rd Private Examination,
March 12th; 8th Private Examination, March 17th. These questions and
answers come after Article XIII. in the minute.

Footnote 245:

Cf. 7th Private Examination, March 15th; 8th Private Examination,
March 17th.

After Article XV., the following sentence is inserted in the Extracts,
but is not in the Procès. “She added that the Demoiselle de Luxembourg
prayed the Seigneur de Luxembourg not to give her up to the English.”

Footnote 246:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd.

Footnote 247:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd; 4th Private Examination,
March 13th.

Footnote 248:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th.

Footnote 249:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th; 8th Private Examination,
March 17th.

Footnote 250:

Cf. 5th Public Examination, March 1st; 6th Public Examination, March
3rd; 9th Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 251:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd; 6th Public Examination,
March 3rd.

Footnote 252:

_Vide_ 5th Public Examination, March 1st: pages 36–38.

Footnote 253:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th.

Footnote 254:

Cf. 9th Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 255:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 9th Private Examination,
March 17th.

Footnote 256:

Cf. 5th Public Examination, March 1st.

Footnote 257:

_Vide_ 5th Public Examination, March 1st: pages 34–35.

Footnote 258:

_Vide ante_, page 35.

Footnote 259:

Cf. 5th Public Examination, March 1st.

Footnote 260:

The following incident occurs in the Minute only:

The Bishop, referring to the promise given on the previous day by
Jeanne that she would answer on the subject of her dress, asks that,
before proceeding with the reading, this answer may be given. To which
Jeanne replies:

“The dress and the arms that I wear, I wear by the permission of God:
I will not leave them off without the permission of God, even if it
cost me my head: but, if it should so please Our Lord, I will leave
them off: I will not take a woman’s dress if I have not permission
from Our Saviour.”

Footnote 261:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd; 3rd Public Examination,
February 24th; 4th Public Examination, February 27th; 5th Public
Examination, March 1st; 7th Private Examination, March 15th; 8th
Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 262:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 4th Public Examination,
February 27th; 5th Public Examination, March 1st; 6th Public
Examination, March 3rd; 1st Private Examination, March 10th; 3rd
Private Examination, March 12th; 5th Private Examination, March 14th.

Footnote 263:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th; 5th Public Examination,
March 1st; 7th Private Examination, March 15th.

Footnote 264:

Minute reads: “pour l’aise de son corps.”

Footnote 265:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd; 3rd Public Examination,
Feb. 24th; 8th Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 266:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd.

Footnote 267:

Cf. 2nd Public Examination, February 22nd; 1st Private Examination,
March 10th; 7th Private Examination, March 15th.

Footnote 268:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 7th Private Examination,
March 15th.

Footnote 269:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 5th Public Examination,
March 1st; 6th Private Examination, March 14th.

Footnote 270:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd.

Footnote 271:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd; 5th Private Examination, March
28th.

Footnote 272:

Cf. 9th Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 273:

Cf. 5th Public Examination, March 1st.

Footnote 274:

Cf. 5th Private Examination, March 14th; 6th Private Examination,
March 14th; 5th Public Examination, March 1st.

Footnote 275:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th; 5th Public Examination,
March 1st; 6th Public Examination, March 3rd.

Footnote 276:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd.

Footnote 277:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd; 6th Private Examination, March
14th.

Footnote 278:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 6th Public Examination,
March 3rd; 2nd Private Examination, March 12th.

Footnote 279:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 1st Private Examination,
March 10th; 2nd Private Examination, March 12th; 7th Private
Examination, March 15th; 9th Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 280:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 4th Public Examination,
February 27th; 2nd Private Examination, March 12th; 4th Private
Examination, March 13th; 5th Private Examination, March 14th.

Footnote 281:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th; 5th Public Examination,
March 1st; 1st Private Examination, March 10th; 2nd Private
Examination, March 12th; 4th Private Examination, March 13th.

Footnote 282:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd.

Footnote 283:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th.

Footnote 284:

Cf. 1st Private Examination, March 10th.

Footnote 285:

This is the only known reference to this declaration of Catherine de
la Rochelle.

Footnote 286:

Her usual oath was ‘En nom Dé’ or ‘Par mon martin’ (bâton).

Footnote 287:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd.

Footnote 288:

These reports do not appear in the official documents.

Footnote 289:

Cf. 6th Public Examination, March 3rd; 4th Private Examination, March
13th.

Footnote 290:

4th Public Examination, February 28th; 6th Public Examination, March
3rd; 1st Private Examination, March 10th; 8th Private Examination,
March 17th; 9th Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 291:

Cf. 8th Private Examination, March 17th.

Footnote 292:

Cf. 3rd Public Examination, February 24th; 4th Public Examination,
February 27th; 5th Public Examination, March 1st; 6th Public
Examination, March 3rd; 2nd Private Examination, March 12th.

Footnote 293:

Cf. 7th Private Examination, March 15th; 9th Private Examination,
March 17th.

Footnote 294:

Cf. 4th Public Examination, February 27th; 5th Public Examination,
March 1st.

THE TWELVE ARTICLES OF ACCUSATION.

ARTICLE I.

A woman doth say and affirm that when she was of the age of thirteen years or thereabouts, she did, with her bodily eyes, see Saint Michael come to comfort her, and from time to time also Saint Gabriel; that both the one and the other appeared to her in bodily form. Sometimes also she hath seen a great multitude of Angels; since then, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret have shewn themselves to her in bodily form; every day she sees these two Saints and hears their voices; she hath often kissed and embraced them, and sometimes she hath touched them, in a physical and corporeal manner. She hath seen the heads of these Angels and these Saints, but of the rest of their persons and of their dress she will say nothing. The said Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret have also formerly spoken to her near a spring which flows at the foot of a great tree, called in the neighbourhood “The Fairies’ Tree.” This spring and this tree nevertheless have been, it is said, frequented by fairies; persons ill of fever have repaired there in great numbers to recover their health. This spring and this tree are nevertheless in a profane place. There and elsewhere she hath often venerated these two Saints, and hath done them obeisance.

Besides this, she doth say that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret appear and shew themselves to her adorned with most beautiful and most precious crowns. At this time and very often since, they have announced to her, by the order of God, that she was to go in search of a certain secular Prince, promising that, by her help and succour, this same Prince should, by force of arms, recover a great temporal domain and the honour of this world, and should obtain victory over his adversaries: this same Prince received her, and furnished her with arms and soldiers for the carrying out of what has just been said. Further, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret have ordered this same woman, by the command of God, to take and to wear a man’s dress, which she hath borne and doth still bear, persisting in obeying this order, to the extent that she saith she would rather die than give up this dress, adding that she will only abandon it by the express order of God. She hath even preferred not to assist in the Office of the Mass and to deprive herself of the Holy Communion of the Eucharist, at the time when the Church commands the faithful to receive it, rather than to resume female dress and to quit this man’s habit.

The said woman hath gone so far, under the inspiration of these two Saints, that without the knowledge and against the will of her parents, at the age of seventeen, she did quit the paternal roof and joined herself to a great troop of soldiers, with whom she lived night and day, having never had, or at least very rarely, another woman with her. These two Saints have said and prescribed to her many other things for the which she declares herself sent by the God of Heaven and the Church Victorious, composed of Saints who already enjoy celestial blessedness; it is to them that she submits as right all she hath done. As to the Church Militant, she hath deferred and refused to submit herself, her deeds, and her words to it, although many times required and admonished so to do, saying always that it is impossible to her to do contrary to what she hath, in her Trial, affirmed to have done by the order of God; and that for these things she will not refer to the decision or the judgment of any man alive, but to the judgment of God alone.

The said Saints have revealed to this woman that she will obtain the glory of the blessed and will gain the salvation of her soul if she doth preserve the virginity which she vowed to these Saints the first time she saw and recognized them. As a result of this revelation, she doth affirm that she is as assured of her salvation as if, now and in fact, she were already in the Kingdom of Heaven.

ARTICLE II.

The same woman saith that the sign which was received by the Prince to whom she was sent—a sign which decided this Prince to believe in her and to aid her to carry on the war—was, that Saint Michael came to the said Prince, accompanied by a multitude of Angels, of which some had crowns and others had wings; with them also were Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret. She and the Angel proceeded together, their feet touching the ground, by the road, the staircase, and the Prince’s chamber; the Angel was accompanied by other Angels and by the said two Saints; he gave to the Prince a crown, very precious and made of the purest gold, bowing before him and doing him reverence. Once she hath said that when her Prince received this sign, it seemed to her he was alone, although many other persons were close by; another time she hath said that it seemed to her that an Archbishop had received the sign of the crown and had given it to the Prince, in the presence of several temporal lords.

ARTICLE III.

The same woman doth say and affirm that he who visits her is Saint Michael; that which makes her believe in him is the good counsel, the comfort, and the good teaching which he doth give her, and because he hath named himself to her, and hath told her that he was Saint Michael. She hath in the same way recognized Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret; she knoweth how to distinguish the one from the other, because they name themselves to her and greet her.

On the subject of the pretended Saint Michael who appeared to her, she believes that it is truly Saint Michael; and the sayings and deeds of this Michael she believes to be true and good as firmly as she believes that Our Lord Jesus suffered and died for our redemption.

ARTICLE IV.

The same woman doth say and affirm that she is certain of what should happen on the subject of certain future things, as surely as she is certain of those which she sees passing under her eyes. On the subject of occult things she doth boast to know or to have known them by means of the revelations which have been made to her by the Voices of Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret: for example, that she will be delivered from her captivity, and that the French will do, under her guidance, the greatest exploits that they have ever done in all Christendom; for example, again, she saith she hath known by revelation without any one pointing them out to her, men whom she had never seen, and herself revealed and pointed out the existence of a sword which was hidden in the earth.

ARTICLE V.

The same woman doth say and affirm that, by the command and good pleasure of God, she hath taken and borne and continueth still to bear a man’s dress. Further, she doth say that, because she hath had God’s command to bear this habit, it was necessary that she should have a short tunic, cap, jerkin, breeches, hose with many points, hair cut close above her ears, keeping no garment which might indicate her sex. She doth say and affirm that she hath, in this dress, several times received the Sacrament of the Eucharist. She hath not desired and doth still not desire to resume woman’s dress, although many times required and charitably admonished so to do. At times she saith that she would rather die than leave off the dress which she bears; at times she saith that she will leave it off only by the command of God. She doth also say, that if she again found herself with this dress among those for whom she hath armed herself, she would act as she did before her capture; and this would be, she doth add, one of the greatest benefits that could happen to the whole kingdom of France. Also, for nothing in the world will she swear to wear this dress or to take arms no more. In all this she doth say that she hath done and doeth well, obeying God and His Commandments.

ARTICLE VI.

The same woman doth avow and acknowledge that she hath caused to be written many letters and warnings on the which were placed these names “_Jhésus Maria_,” with the sign of the Cross. Sometimes, she put a cross, and between her and her party this signified that she did not wish them to do what in this same letter she told them to do. At other times she caused it to be written that she would have those who did not obey her warnings killed, and “by the blows she would give they would see who had the true right from the God of Heaven.” She hath often said that she hath done nothing but by the revelation and order of God.

ARTICLE VII.

The same woman doth say and confess that, being of the age of seventeen, by revelation, as she saith, and spontaneously, she went to seek a Knight whom she had never seen, abandoning for this the paternal roof, against the will of her parents. These, when they had knowledge of her departure, were wild with grief. This same woman ordered the Knight to conduct her, or to have her conducted, to the Prince already mentioned. The said Knight, or Captain, furnished this woman, on her demand, with a man’s dress and a sword, and appointed and commanded for her conduct a Knight, a Squire, and four servants. When they had come to the Prince, this woman told him that she wished to fight against his adversaries. She promised to establish him in great sovereignty and to vanquish his enemies; and for this she had been sent by the God of Heaven. She saith she hath acted well, having had revelation and the command of God.

ARTICLE VIII.

The same woman doth say and affirm that she, of herself, no one compelling her, did throw herself down from a very high tower, wishing rather to die than to be placed in the hands of her enemies and to live after the destruction of the town of Compiègne. She saith also that she was not able to avoid this fall, although Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret had forbidden it to her. To offend them is, she herself saith, a great sin. But she knoweth that this sin was remitted to her after she had confessed it; she saith she received revelation of this.

ARTICLE IX.

The same woman saith that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret have promised to conduct her to Paradise, if she doth preserve with care the virginity of body and soul which she vowed to them. Of this she saith she is as assured as if she were already in the glory of the blessed. She doth not think she hath committed mortal sin; for, if she were in a state of mortal sin, she saith it seemeth to her that Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret would not visit her each day as they do.

ARTICLE X.

The same woman doth say and affirm that God doth love sundry persons still living, designated by her and named, more than He doth this woman: this, she knoweth by revelation from Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, who speak frequently to her, but in French and not in English, because these Saints are not on the side of the English. Since she hath known by revelation that their Voices were for the Prince aforesaid she hath ceased to love the Burgundians.

ARTICLE XI.

The same woman doth say and confess that to the Voices and the Spirits now under consideration, whom she calls Michael, Gabriel, Catherine and Margaret, she doth often do reverence, uncovering, bending the knee, kissing the earth on which they walk, vowing to them her virginity, at times kissing and embracing Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret; she hath touched them with her own hands, corporeally and physically; she hath asked of them counsel and help; at times she doth call them, and they even come to her without being called; she accedes to and obeys their counsels and their commands; she hath always obeyed them, without having asked counsel thereon from whomsoever it be—father, mother, curé, prelate, or any ecclesiastic whatsoever. She doth believe no less firmly that the Voices and the revelations she receives by the medium of the Saints of whom she speaks come from God and by His order: she believes it as firmly as she believes the Christian Faith and that Our Lord Jesus Christ suffered for us Death and Passion. She doth add that, if it were an evil spirit who had come to her under the appearance and mask of Saint Michael she would quite well have known how to distinguish that it was not Saint Michael. Finally she saith, that of her own wish and without any one pressing her thereto, she hath sworn to Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, who appeared to her, to reveal to no one the sign of the crown given to the Prince to whom she was sent, until she should have permission from God to reveal it.

ARTICLE XII.

The same woman doth say and confess that if the Church wished that she should do anything contrary to the order she doth pretend to have received from God, she would not consent, whatsoever it might be. She doth affirm that she knows well, that all contained in her Trial has come to her by the order of God, and it would be impossible for her to do contrary to what she doth. Thereupon she doth not wish to refer to the decision of the Church Militant, nor to any one, whoever it be in the world, but to God alone, Our Lord, Whose commands she doth always execute, above all in what doth concern her revelations, and in what she doth in consequence. This answer and all the others are not from her own head, she saith, but she hath made and given them by order of her Voices and revelations: she doth persist [in this], although by the Judges and others of the Assessors, the Article of Faith, ‘The Church, One, Holy, Catholic,’ hath often been recalled to her, and it hath often been shewn to her that all the faithful are bound to obey the Church Militant and to submit to it their words and actions—above all in matters of faith and in all which concerns sacred Doctrine and Ecclesiastical sanction.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO THE REHABILITATION.

It was not until nearly twenty years after the death of Jeanne d’Arc that any attempt was made by those in authority to vindicate her memory or even to acknowledge the services she had rendered to the kingdom of France.

In 1450, however, after the occupation of Normandy and the submission of the town of Rouen, the idea appeared to have occurred to Charles VII. that to suffer the stigma of heresy and witchcraft to rest on the name of the Maid of Orleans, who had “led him to his anointing,” was to throw a doubt upon his own orthodoxy, and to justify the taunt of his enemies that he had been the mere tool of “a lyme of the Fiend.” On February 13th, 1450, therefore, he issued a Declaration empowering one of his Counsellors, Guillaume Bouillé, to enquire into the conduct of the Trial undertaken against Jeanne by “our ancient enemies the English,” who, “against reason, had cruelly put her to death,” and to report the result of his investigations to the Council.

Bouillé was Rector of the University of Paris, Dean of the Theological Faculty, Dean of Noyon, a Member of the Great Council, and at one time Ambassador to Rome. It is very probable that he was the author of the first memorial issued in favour of Jeanne, throwing doubts upon the validity of the Rouen sentence—a memorial which, according to some, was prior to the Enquiry of 1450 with which we are now dealing.

It was to an able and competent person therefore, that Charles committed the Enquiry, which was held at Rouen on March 4th and 5th, less than three weeks after the issue of the Royal Mandate.

Seven witnesses were heard; namely, Toutmouillé, de la Pierre, Ladvenu, and Duval,—all Dominicans of Saint Jacques, Rouen; the Notary Manchon, the Usher Massieu, and Beaupère, one of the chief Examiners. But the Court took no further interest in the matter; and, although in the opinion of several legal authorities consulted by De Bouillé, the Process of Condemnation was held as null and void, the proceedings were carried no further: the Enquiry was forwarded to the King and Council, and the whole question once more fell into abeyance.

Two years later, the Cardinal-Bishop of Digne, Guillaume d’Estouteville, Legate in France for Pope Nicholas V. took up the Enquiry, at the formal request of Isabel d’Arc, mother of the Maid, who claimed, on Civil as well as on Ecclesiastical authority, the rehabilitation of her daughter, and the restoration of the family to the position they had lost by the imputation of heresy cast on them in the person of one of their number.

The failure of the former Enquiry was due, in great part, to the fear of arousing the hostility of the English, and also of meeting with opposition from the Ecclesiastical authorities, by bringing forward an action instituted by the Sovereign against proceedings which had received the unquestioned sanction of the Holy Office and the University of Paris, and which were also guaranteed by the protection of the English King. The expedient of shifting the entire responsibility on to the shoulders of the d’Arc family obviated these difficulties, and enabled the Case to be taken as a purely private one, an appeal against a judgment given on false premisses. The reversal of this verdict could offend no one, as the action was brought against Defendants none of whom were living to meet the charge, and who could therefore be represented only by their titular legal successors. Their innocence in the whole matter made the case a perfectly harmless one—a legal fiction which might satisfy many and could injure none.

The first act of the Cardinal d’Estouteville was to associate with himself the Prior of the Convent of the Jacobins at Paris, Jean Bréhal, Inquisitor of France; and, together, they proceeded to an Enquiry at Rouen in April, 1452, at which witnesses to the number of twenty-one, including some of those heard in 1450, gave their evidence. The Cardinal being obliged by his duties to leave Rouen, the Enquiry was left in the hands of Bréhal and of Philippe la Rose, the Treasurer of the Cathedral. There were still difficulties in the way. The Pope feared to wound English susceptibilities; and, in spite of the efforts of the Cardinal and of the petition presented to Rome by Isabel d’Arc and her two sons, the proceeding languished; and three more years passed without any definite step being taken.

In 1455, however, the Pope Nicholas V. died, and his successor Calixtus III. [Borgia], less timorous, acceded to the request of the d’Arc family, granting a Rescript authorizing the process of revision, and appointing as delegates for the Trial the Archbishop of Rheims (Jean Jouvenal des Ursins), the Bishop of Paris (Guillaume Chartier), and the Bishop of Coutances (Richard de Longueil), who afterwards associated with themselves the Inquisitor, Jean Bréhal.

The Case was solemnly opened on November 7th, 1455, in the Church of Notre Dame at Paris, when the mother and brothers of the Maid came before the Court to present their humble petition for a revision of her sentence, demanding only “the triumph of truth and justice.” The Court heard the request with some emotion. When Isabel d’Arc threw herself at the feet of the Commissioners, shewing the Papal Rescript and weeping aloud, while her Advocate, Pierre Maugier, and his assistants prayed for justice for her and for the memory of her martyred daughter, so many of those present joined aloud in the petition, that at last, we are told, it seemed that one great cry for justice broke from the multitude.

The Commissioners formally received the petition, and appointed November 17th, ten days later, for its consideration, warning the Petitioners of the possible danger of a confirmation of the previous Trial, instead of the reversal they looked for, but promising careful consideration of the Case should they persist in their appeal.

On November 17th the Court met a second time at Notre Dame; the Papal Rescript was solemnly read, and the Advocate for the Petitioners brought his formal accusation against the Judges and Promoter of the late Trial—none of whom, as has been said, were then alive—carefully excluding the Assessors concerned in the case, who, he said, were led to wrong conclusions by false deductions. At the close of the Advocate’s address, the Archbishop of Rheims and the Bishop of Paris declared themselves ready to act as Judges in the Appeal Case, in conjunction with the Inquisitor Bréhal, appointing the following December 12th for the inaugural sitting, and citing all those concerned in this Case to appear before them on that day.

The Trial opened on December 12th. The family of d’Arc were represented by the Procurator, Guillaume Prévosteau, who had formerly been appointed Promoter in the case instituted by Cardinal d’Estouteville: but the Plaintiffs alone were represented, no one appearing to answer for either of the accused Judges nor for the Promoter d’Estivet. The Case was adjourned until December 15th, in order that Advocates for the Defendants might be summoned to appear.

The Court met accordingly on the 15th December; but, in spite of mandates and citations placed on Church-doors and other public places, no one was found to come forward as representatives of the accused; and a further delay of five days was therefore granted. At the same time, the Commissioners formally constituted the Tribunal and appointed their Officers: Simon Chapitault as Promoter or Advocate-General, Ferrebouc and Lecomte as Registrars for the Court. The Registrars of the former Trial, being present, were asked if they wished in any way to defend the Process in which they had been concerned; but, on their replying in the negative, they were requested to lay before the Court any documents relating to the previous Trial which they might have in their possession. By this means the Commissioners were enabled to have before them the actual Minute of the Trial of 1431, written in Manchon’s own hand and presented by him, and also to obtain his formal attestation of the authenticity of the Official Procès-Verbal, upon which their further enquiries were to be based.

The “Preliminary Enquiry” made in 1452, by command of the Cardinal d’Estouteville and his delegates, was formally annexed, by request of the Promoter, to the official documents of the Trial of Rehabilitation; but the earlier Enquiry of 1450, having been made under secular authority, was unfortunately treated as of no value, and not included in the authorized Case.

On December 18th the Promoter lodged his request on the part of the family of d’Arc, and prayed for a Judgment of Nullity on the previous sentence, on the ground that, both in form and substantiation, it was null and void, and that it should therefore be publicly and legally so declared.

On December 20th—the last day appointed for the appearance of any representatives of the accused—only the Advocate for the family of Cauchon presented himself. He made a declaration to the effect that the heirs of the late Bishop had no desire to maintain the validity of a Trial with which they had no concern, and which took place either before they were born or when they were very little children; that Jeanne had been the victim of the hatred of the English, and that therefore the responsibility fell rather upon them; finally they begged that the Rehabilitation of Jeanne might not be to their prejudice, invoking for themselves the benefits of the King’s amnesty granted after the conquest of Normandy.

The Procurator having declared his willingness to agree, the heirs of Cauchon were put out of the question; and the other Defendants, not having appeared, were declared contumacious, and cited once more to appear on February 16th following. On the same day [Dec. 20th] the Promoter formulated his Accusation, and brought before the notice of the Court certain special points in the previous Trial which tended to vitiate the whole: 1st, the intervention of the hidden registrars and the alterations, additions, and omissions made in the Twelve Articles; 2nd, the suppression of the Preliminary Enquiry, and the obvious predisposition of the Judges; 3rd, the incompetence of the Court, and the unfairness of the treatment received throughout by the Accused, culminating in an illegal sentence and an irregular execution.

The Promoter then asked that enquiries might be instituted into the life and conduct of the Maid, and as to the manner in which she had undertaken the reconquest of the country. Orders were accordingly given, that information should at once be taken at Domremy and Vaucouleurs, under the direction of Reginald de Chichery, Dean of Vaucouleurs, and of Wautrin Thierry, Canon of Toul.

While these enquiries were being made, a document containing 101 Articles was drawn up,[295] setting forth the case of the Plaintiffs for the consideration of the still-absent Defendants, and stating at great length the grounds, both in fact and reason, for the demand of a revision of sentence.

On the day fixed for the final citation of the Defendants—Feb. 16th, 1456,—the Court again assembled; and on this occasion the accused were represented by their legal successors: the Promoter of the Diocese of Beauvais, Brédouille, as representative of the authority of the Bishop, Guillaume de Hellande; and Chaussetier, the Prior of the Convent of Evreux, as representing the Dominicans of Beauvais, to whose Order Jean Lemaître, the other Judge of the Maid, belonged. Both of these disclaimed any responsibility for the former Trial, but submitted themselves to the mandate of the Court; and, no objection being offered to the 101 Articles, these were accepted by the Judges, and the case was proceeded with.

The Enquiry of 1456 extended over several months. Thirty-four witnesses were heard, in January and February, at Domremy and Vaucouleurs; forty-one, in February and March, at Orleans; twenty at Paris, in April and May; nineteen at Rouen, in December and May; and on May 28th, at Lyons, the Vice-Inquisitor of the province received the deposition of Jean d’Aulon, whose evidence is specially important, as being that of the Steward of the Maid’s household, and the most devoted of her followers.

After the close of these Enquiries and their formal reception as part of the Process, the Advocate of the d’Arc family petitioned the Judges to give their attention to certain Memorials drawn up on the Case by learned men, which documents he prayed might also be inserted among the formal proceedings of the Trial. The request being granted, Eight Memorials were presented and formally annexed to the Authentic Documents of the Process. The whole case was then admirably summed up, for the guidance of the Judges, in the ‘Recollectio’ of the Inquisitor, Jean Bréhal, and on this document the final Sentence of Rehabilitation was subsequently based.

On the 18th of June, Jean d’Arc and the Promoter, Chapitault in the name of the Plaintiffs, appeared at the Palace of the Bishop of Paris, and prayed that a day might be fixed for the conclusion of the Case. In answer to this request the following 1st of July was appointed for the purpose, and an announcement to that effect was ordered to be placed on all the doors of the Cathedral at Rouen.

On July 2nd the Pontifical Delegates met and appointed the following Wednesday, July 7th, for the pronouncement of the final Sentence; and on that day, at 8 a.m., the Court assembled in the Hall of the Archiepiscopal Palace, and the formal Sentence of Rehabilitation was solemnly read by the Archbishop of Rheims. This was followed by a procession and sermon on the same day in the Place St. Ouen, and by a second sermon on the day following in the Old Market Place, where a Cross to perpetuate the memory of the martyrdom was then erected, “for the salvation of her soul.” This Cross remained until the end of the following century, when it was replaced by a fountain, with a statue of the Maid under an arcade surmounted by a Cross; the fountain now standing was erected in 1756.

-----

Footnote 295:

Of these 101 Articles, the first thirty-three form the basis of the
succeeding enquiries made at Paris, Orleans, and Rouen.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF JEANNE D’ARC.

1411–12. January 6th Birth at Domremy.
1424 (?). Summer First visions.
Sojourn at Neufchâteau.
1428. Call to mission in France.
May Visit to Vaucouleurs (?), May 13th;
Ascension Day.
1428–9. February Second visit to Vaucouleurs.
Visit to Duke of Lorraine.
Pilgrimage to Saint Nicolas.
February 12th Battle of the Herrings.
February 13th (First Return to Vaucouleurs.
Sunday in Lent)
February 23rd, Departure from Vaucouleurs, with
Wednesday Jean de Metz and others.
March 5th, Saturday Fierbois.
March 6th, Sunday Arrival at Chinon.
March 8th, Tuesday Interview with the King.
March 22nd, Tuesday in First letter to the English.
Holy Week.
1429. March 27th, Easter Day.

_Note._—The year, in the fifteenth century, is computed from Easter.

April Stay at Tours. Household appointed.
Banner painted.
Joins the army at Blois.
April 27th, Start for Orleans.
Wednesday (?)
April 29th, Friday Arrival at Orleans.
May 4th, Wednesday Fort of Saint Loup taken.
May 5th, Ascension Day Third letter to the
English.
May 6th, Friday Fort of the Augustins taken.
May 7th, Saturday Jeanne wounded.
May 8th, Sunday Siege of Orleans raised.
May 10th, Tuesday Leaves for Blois.
May 12th, Thursday Tours.
May 13th, Friday Meeting with King Charles.
May 23rd, Monday Loches.
June 2nd, Thursday Selles: grant of arms to Jeanne and
her family.
[June 6th, Monday Selles: Incident of the horse.]
June 9th, Thursday Return to Orleans.
June 11–12th Siege of Jargeau.
June 14th Attack on Meung.
1429. June 16th Siege of Beaugency.
June 17th, Friday Arrival of the Constable of France.
June 18th, Saturday Battle of Patay.
June 19th, Sunday Return to Orleans.
June 24th, Friday Jeanne encamps at Gien.
June 29th, Wednesday Start for Rheims.
July 1st, Friday Arrival before Auxerre.
July 5th, Tuesday Arrival before Troyes.
July Meeting with Brother Richard.
July 9th, Saturday Surrender of Troyes.
July 10th, Sunday Entry into Troyes.
July 12th, Tuesday Departure from Troyes.
July 14th, Thursday Chalons.
July 15th, Friday Departure from Chalons.
July 16th, Saturday Charles enters Rheims.
July 17th, Sunday Coronation of Charles.
July 21st, Thursday Charles touches for “the Evil” at
Saint Marcoul.
July 22nd, Friday Charles receives keys of Soissons
and Laon at Vailly,
July 23rd, Saturday and of four other towns.
July 29th, Friday Skirmish at Château Thierry.
August 4th, Thursday Charles signs fifteen days’ truce
with the Duke of Burgundy.
August 13th, Saturday Skirmish at Dammartin.
August 18th, Thursday Compiègne entered.
August Senlis and Beauvais surrender;
flight of Bishop.
August 23rd, Tuesday Jeanne leaves Compiègne for Saint
Denis; letter from the Count of
Armagnac received when starting.
August 26th, Friday Jeanne at Saint Denis.
August 28th, Sunday Secret treaty of Charles VII. with
the Duke of Burgundy, to
Christmas.
September 8th, Thursday Attack on Paris. Jeanne wounded.
(Nativity B.V.M.)
September 10th, Retreat ordered by Charles.
Saturday
September Jeanne’s armour hung up in the
church at Saint Denis.
September 13th, Tuesday Charles leaves Saint Denis.
September 18th, Sunday Second treaty of Charles VII. With
the Duke of Burgundy.
October Jeanne at Bourges.
November Saint Pierre-le-Moustier assailed
and taken.
November 9th, Wednesday Siege of La Charité.
November Truce with Burgundy till Easter.
1429–30. December Passed in visiting the towns she
January had freed. Orleans visited for
February the last time on January 19th.
March 3rd At Sully with the King.
Leaves Sully, accompanied by
D’Aulon and Pasquerel, and goes
to Lagny.
April Franquet d’Arras taken and executed
at Lagny.
Alleged miracle.
1430. April 16th, Easter day
April Easter-tide Melun—warning of capture.
April 23rd, Sunday Henry VI. lands at Calais.
May 13th, Saturday Jeanne at Compiègne (Archbishop of
Rheims then in the city). During
this month she visits Senlis,
Soissons, and other towns.
May Jeanne repulsed on the Oise whilst
trying to relieve Choisy, then
besieged by the Duke of Burgundy.
Jeanne in Compiègne; prediction in
the church of Saint Jacques.
May 22nd, Monday. Jeanne goes to Crespy for
reinforcements.
May 23rd, Tuesday Jeanne’s return to Compiègne, and
capture. Letter of Duke of
Burgundy to the people of
Saint-Quentin, announcing the
capture.
May 25th, Ascension Day News of capture reaches Paris.
May Jeanne a prisoner for several days
at Marigny.
May In prison at Beaulieu.
1430. June 6th At Noyon.
July 14th, Friday Cauchon’s mission to the Duke of
Burgundy.
July 29th, Saturday Henry VI. arrives at Rouen.
August In prison at Beaurevoir.
October Leap from the Tower of Beaurevoir.
Prophecy of the relief of Compiègne
“before Martinmas.”
October 25th Relief of Compiègne.
Nov. (about the middle) Jeanne sold by Jean de Luxembourg.
Jeanne taken to Arras, then Crotoy.
December (late) Brought to Rouen.
1430–1. January 3rd, Wednesday Order of surrender of Jeanne as
“suspect of heresy,” from Henry
VI. To the Judges.

I. CAUSE DE LAPSE.

_Trial Ex Officio._

January 9th, Tuesday First day of the Trial. Preliminary
meeting in the Bishop’s house.
Appointment of officers.
January 13th, Saturday First consultation of the Bishop
with the Doctors; the result of
the Domremy enquiry discussed (?)
Articles of Accusation to be
prepared.
January 23rd, Tuesday Second consultation with the six
Doctors. Articles approved.
Delafontaine appointed to make
further enquiries.
February 13th–17th, Officers make oath of fidelity.
Tuesday-Saturday
1430–1. February 19th, Monday Consultation of the Bishop with
twelve Doctors. Decision that the
Case shall be proceeded with, and
the Inquisitor or his Deputy
invited to attend. The Deputy
Inquisitor, being summoned,
pleads inability.
February 20th, Tuesday The Deputy Inquisitor again
appears, but still refuses to act
as Judge without Commission from
his Superior. It is decided to
write to the Chief Inquisitor.
Jeanne is cited to appear the
next day.
February 21st, First Public Examination, in the
Wednesday Chapel-Royal. Jeanne’s guardians
appointed from the King’s Body
Guard. (42 Assessors.)
February 22nd, Thursday Second Public Examination, in the
Ornament Room. The Deputy
Inquisitor declares his assent to
the Trial. Beaupère charged with
the examination. (48 Assessors.)
February 24th, Saturday Third Public Examination, in the
Ornament Room. (52 Assessors.)
February 27th, Tuesday Fourth Public Examination, in the
Ornament Room. (54 Assessors.)
March 1st, Thursday Fifth Public Examination, in the
Ornament Room. (58 Assessors.)
March 3rd, Saturday Sixth Public Examination, in the
Ornament Room. (41 Assessors.)
The Bishop decides to continue the
Examination privately.
March 4th–9th, The Examinations are considered by
Sunday-Friday the Bishop and some of the
Doctors, and it is decided to
question Jeanne on sundry
doubtful points.
March 10th, Saturday First Private Examination, in
prison, conducted by
Delafontaine, assisted by two
Assessors and two witnesses.
March 12th, Monday Second Private Examination, in
prison, in the morning.
Third Private Examination, in
prison, in the afternoon, the
Bishop not present.
In the Bishop’s house, on the same
day, the letter from the
Inquisitor, appointing his Vicar
to act as his Deputy, is read;
and the Vicar is appointed to act
as Judge.
March 13th, Tuesday The Vicar joins with the Bishop and
appoints his officers.
Fourth Private Examination,—the
first at which the Inquisitor is
present as Judge.
March 14th, Wednesday. Fifth Private Examination, in
prison, in the morning.
Sixth Private Examination, in
prison, in the afternoon.
1430–1. March 15th, Thursday Seventh Private Examination in
prison.
March 17th, Saturday Eighth Private Examination, in
prison, in the morning.
Ninth Private Examination, in
prison, in the afternoon.
March 18th, Passion Consultation of the Bishop with
Sunday twelve Assessors, in the Bishop’s
house. They adjourn till March
22nd, to deliberate over the
examinations already held.
March 22nd, Thursday Consultation at the Bishop’s house.
Résumé of the answers of Jeanne
read to twenty-two Assessors.
March 24th, Saturday The Judges, Delafontaine, and six
Assessors visit Jeanne in prison,
and the examinations are read
over to her in French by Manchon.
March 25th, Palm Sunday The Bishop and four Assessors visit
Jeanne in prison.
The complete papers of the Process
ex officio are given to the
Promoter that he may prepare the
Articles of Accusation for the
Trial in Ordinary.
March 26th, Monday At a meeting at the Bishop’s house,
twelve Assessors and the two
Judges being present, it is
decided to proceed on the
following day to the Trial in
Ordinary, to be conducted by the
Promoter.

_Trial in Ordinary._

1430–1. March 27th, Tuesday Solemn sitting in the Great Hall of
the Castle; the two Judges and 38
Assessors present. The Act of
Accusation, in Seventy Articles,
is produced by the Promoter, and
read to Jeanne by Thomas de
Courcelles. Questions are put to
her on each Article.
March 28th, Wednesday. The same continued—35 Assessors
present.
March 31st, Easter Eve. The Judges and 9 Assessors visit
Jeanne in prison, to question her
on sundry points upon which she
had asked for delay.
1431. April 1st, Easter Day.
April 2nd–4th, The Judges and certain of the
Monday-Wednesday Assessors employ themselves in
reducing the Seventy Articles to
Twelve; these are finally drawn
up by Nicholas Midi.
April 5th, Thursday The Twelve Articles are sent to the
Assessors for their opinion,
which they are asked to send in
by April 10th.
April 12th, Thursday Consultation of 22 Assessors, who
decide that Jeanne must be
condemned.
During the following week many
other opinions, all more or less
in accordance with this, are sent
in.
April 18th, Wednesday Jeanne is ill. The two Judges and 7
Assessors visit her in prison;
and the Bishop addresses to her a
charitable exhortation.
April 19th, Thursday The Twelve Articles are sent to the
University of Paris.
(May 14th) These are discussed in full
assembly on April 29th; then by
the Faculties of Theology and
Decrees, separately; and finally,
the Resolutions of these
Faculties are adopted by the
University and forwarded to
Rouen.
May 2nd, Wednesday Solemn assembly in the Ornament
Room; the two Judges and 63
Assessors present. Jeanne is
summoned and admonished by the
Bishop; and a solemn preachment
is made to her by the Archdeacon
of Eu.
May 9th, Wednesday The Judges and 9 Assessors summon
Jeanne to the Torture Chamber in
the Great Tower, and threaten her
with torture.
May 10th, Ascension
Day.
May 12th, Saturday Consultation in the Bishop’s house;
the Judges and 12 Assessors
present. It is decided not to
torture Jeanne.
May 19th, Saturday Solemn assembly in the Chapel of
the Archiepiscopal Manor—51
Assessors present. The
Resolutions of the University of
Paris are read, and the opinions
of the Assessors taken.
May 23rd, Wednesday Solemn meeting in a room near the
prison. The Judges and 7
Assessors are accompanied by the
Bishops of Noyon and Thérouanne.
Jeanne is summoned, and solemnly
admonished by Pierre Maurice. The
Final Sentence is appointed for
the next day.
May 24th, Thursday Public assembly in the Cemetery of
St. Ouen; the Cardinal of England
and the Bishop of Norwich
present. Exhortation from Érard.
Abjuration of Jeanne. Sentence of
perpetual imprisonment. In the
afternoon, the Deputy Inquisitor
and sundry Assessors visit Jeanne
in prison.

II. CAUSE DE RELAPSE.

May 28th, Monday The Judges and 4 Assessors visit
Jeanne in prison, having been
informed of her relapse.
May 29th, Tuesday Solemn meeting in the Chapel of the
Archiepiscopal Manor, 40
Assessors present. Consultation
on the relapse of Jeanne.
Decision of the Assessors that
she must be delivered up to the
secular arm as a relapsed
heretic.
May 30th, Wednesday Massieu delivers the order of
execution to Jeanne. Visit of
sundry Assessors and of the
Bishop to the prison.
Jeanne receives the Holy Communion.
Final Exhortation from Nicholas
Midi at the public assembly in
the Old Market Place. Sentence
pronounced against Jeanne. Her
Death.
June 7th, Wednesday Information taken after the death
of Jeanne by certain persons who
visited her in prison on May
30th.
June 8th, Thursday (1) Letter from the King, Henry
VI., to the Emperor, announcing
the trial, sentence, and
execution of Jeanne.
June 12th, Monday Letter of Guarantee for those
concerned in the Trial, from
Henry VI.
June 28th. (2) Letter from Henry VI. to the same
effect as (1), to prelates and
nobles.
Letter of the University of Paris
to the Pope.
August 8th Sentence pronounced against a monk
who had spoken ill of the Judges.

FRANCE, 1429–1431
to illustrate
THE LIFE OF JEANNE D’ARC

_Route followed by Jeanne d’Arc_——

_Stanford’s Geog^l Estab^t.
London._
]

INDEX

Abjuration of Jeanne, 130–133, 206, 208, 327

Adelie, Guillaume, 106

Agincourt, viii, ix, 72

Aimery (or Aymerie), Guillaume, 244, 306

Alain, Jacques, 227

d’Albret, Lord, 271

d’Alençon, John Duke, 30, 60, 71, 237, 238, 260, 264, 272–281, 290;
_Chronicles_ of, 332

Alépée, Maître Jean, 302

Alexander, viii

Alfred the Great, xiv

Ambeville, herald, 248

Anche, or Anceinsi, 281

Apparitions and illusions, 124, 147–153, 176

d’Arc, Isabel, mother of Jeanne, 215, 225, 321, 372, 373

d’Arc, Jacques, father of Jeanne, 213, 215, 225

d’Arc, Jean, brother of Jeanne, 321

d’Arc, Jeanne; _see_ Jeanne

d’Arc, M. Lanery, 332

d’Arc, Pierre, brother of Jeanne, 321

Archangel Michael, x;
_see_ St. Michael

Arles Cathedral, 42

d’Armagnac, Thibauld, 293

d’Armagnac, Count, 34;
letters 34–5

Armagnac faction, 332

Armour, Account for Jeanne’s, 275

Arras, 49, 104, 348;
Treaty, 332, 334

d’Arras, Franquet, 78

Articles of Jeanne’s Accusation, 98, 101, 102, 105, 113–117, 119,
184–185, 341–366.
The twelve, 324, 325, 366–371

Arundel, Earl of, 333

Assessors at Trial, 55, 97, 119, 179, 189–190

d’Aulon, Sieur Jean, 267, 309–320, 334

Auxerre, Jeanne at Mass in, 12

Avignon, xvi

d’Avignon, Marie, 269, 270

Avit, Jean de Saint, 160, 190

Avranches, Bishop, 160, 190

Baignart, Maître Robert, 293

Bailly, Nicolas, 225, 229

Banner, Jeanne’s, 30–1, 58–9, 89, 90, 283, 316–7, 361;
of the Crucifixion, 284, 285;
Account for, 30

Barbier, Maître Robert, 100, 118

Barbin, Jean, 269

Barrey, Edith, 6

Barrey, Jean, 6

Basle, Council of, xvii, 177

Basset, Jean, 99

Bastard of Orleans; _see_ Dunois

Baudricourt, Robert de, x, 11, 12, 26, 65, 219, 226, 227, 229, 304,
308, 345, 348

Bavon, Anna, 205

Beaucaire, 334

Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, xvii

Beaugency, 237, 263, 266, 278, 293