Chapter IX (6)

"Now in the western quarters of the enclosure of the temple there were four gates; the first led to the king's palace, and went to a passage over the intermediate valley; two more led to the suburbs of the city; and the last led to the other city, where the road descended down into the valley by a great number of steps, and thence up again by the ascent; for the city lay over against the temple in the manner of a theatre, and was encompassed with a deep valley along the entire south quarter." XV. XI. 5.

[Sidenote: Herod's subterranean gallery from the Antonia tower to the eastern gate.]

"There was also an occult passage built for the king; it led from Antonia to the inner temple, at its eastern gate; over which he also erected for himself a tower, that he might have the opportunity of a subterraneous ascent to the temple, in order to guard against any sedition which might be made by the people against their kings." XV. XI. 7.

[Sidenote: Herod opens the tomb of David.]

"... he had a great while an intention to make the attempt; and at this time he opened that sepulchre by night and went into it, and endeavoured that it should not be at all known in the city, but took only his most faithful friends with him. As for any money, he found none, as Hyrcanus had done, but that furniture of gold, and those precious goods that were laid up there; all which he took away. However, he had a great desire to make a more diligent search, and to go farther in, even as far as the very bodies of David and Solomon; where two of his guards were slain by a flame that burst out upon those that went in, as the report was. So he was terribly affrighted, and went out, and built a propitiatory monument of that fright he had been in; and this of white stone, at the mouth of the sepulchre, and at a great expense also." XVI. VII. 1.

[Sidenote: Pilate constructs acqueducts.]

"But Pilate undertook to bring a current of water to Jerusalem, and did it with the sacred money, and derived the origin of the stream from the distance of two hundred furlongs. However, the Jews were not pleased with what had been done about this water; and many ten thousands of the people got together and made a clamour against him, and insisted that he should leave off that design." XVIII. III. 2.

[Sidenote: Jesus Christ.]

"Now, there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man, for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews, and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men among us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day." XVIII. III. 3.

[Sidenote: King Agrippa begins to fortify Jerusalem, but is prevented from proceeding by Claudius.]

"As for the walls of Jerusalem, that were adjoining to the new city [Bezetha], he repaired them at the expense of the public, and built them wider in breadth, and higher in altitude; and he had made them too strong for all human power to demolish, unless Marcus, the then president of Syria, had by letter informed Claudius Cæsar of what he was doing. And when Claudius had some suspicion of attempts for innovation, he sent to Agrippa to leave off the building of those walls presently. So he obeyed; as not thinking it proper to contradict Claudius." XIX. VII. 2.

[Sidenote: Pyramids of Helena three furlongs from the city.]

"But Monobazus sent her bones, as well as those of Izates, his brother, to Jerusalem, and gave order that they should be buried at the pyramids which their mother had erected; they were three in number, and distant no more than three furlongs from the city of Jerusalem." XX. IV. 3.

[Sidenote: Agrippa's palace, whence could be seen all that passed in the temple.]

"About the same time king Agrippa built himself a very large dining-room in the royal palace at Jerusalem, near to the portico. Now this palace had been erected of old by the children of Asamoneus, and was situated upon an elevation, and afforded a most delightful prospect to those that had a mind to take a view of the city, which prospect was desired by the king; and there he could lie down and eat, and thence observe what was done in the temple: which thing, when the chief men of Jerusalem saw, they were very much displeased at it; for it was not agreeable to the institutions of our country or law, that what was done in the temple should be viewed by others, especially what belonged to the sacrifices. They therefore erected a wall upon the uppermost building which belonged to the inner court of the temple towards the west, which wall, when it was built, did not only intercept the prospect of the dining-room in the palace, but also of the western cloisters that belonged to the outer court of the temple also, where it was that the Romans kept guards for the temple at the festivals." XX. VIII. 11.

[Sidenote: The younger Ananus, high-priest, puts S. James to death.]

"Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the Sanhedrim of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others [or some of his companions] and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned." XX. IX. 1.

[Sidenote: King Agrippa refuses to rebuild the eastern gate of the temple.]

"... so they [the people] persuaded him to rebuild the eastern cloisters. These cloisters belonged to the outer court, and were situated in a deep valley, and had walls that reached four hundred cubits [in length], and were built of square and very white stones, the length of each of which stones was twenty cubits, and their height six cubits. This was the work of king Solomon, who first of all built the entire temple." XX. IX. 7.

PASSAGES FROM JOSEPHUS'S HISTORY OF THE JEWISH WAR,

TAKEN FROM THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF

ROBERT TRAILL, D.D. M.R.I.A.

[Sidenote: Antiochus Epiphanes at Jerusalem.]

"That monarch, long intent on the enterprise, was prevailed on; and, pressing forward at the head of a formidable army, he took Jerusalem by assault, put to the sword vast numbers of those attached to the interests of Ptolemy, allowed his troops unrestricted pillage, despoiled the temple in person, and, during three years and six months, interrupted the course of the daily sacrifices." I. I. 1.

[Sidenote: Judas attacks the garrison at Jerusalem. Purifies the temple.]

"In the ardour of victory Judas attacked the garrison in the city, which had not yet been reduced, and having expelled the troops from the upper town, drove them into the lower, a quarter of the city called Acra. Being now master of the temple, he purified the place throughout, and walled it round." I. I. 4.

[Sidenote: Hyrcanus opens David's tomb.]

"Antiochus, enraged by what he had endured at the hands of Simon, led an army into Judæa, and sitting down before Jerusalem, besieged Hyrcanus; who, opening the sepulchre of David, the richest of kings, and privately taking out upwards of three thousand talents in money, both induced Antiochus, by the payment of three hundred, to raise the siege; and also, from the remaining surplus, maintained--the first of the Jews to do so--a mercenary force." I. II. 5.

[Sidenote: Aristobulus. Antigonus. Tower of Baris.]

"Gradually, and with reluctance, Aristobulus credited these insinuations. Yet careful, at once, to avoid the semblance of suspicion, and to provide against any covert attempt, he stationed his body-guards in a dark subterraneous passage--he was himself at the time confined to bed, in a tower formerly called Baris, but subsequently named Antonia--with orders to allow Antigonus, if unarmed, to pass; but to despatch him, should he approach in arms." I. III. 3.

[Sidenote: Strato's Tower.]

"But, on reaching the dark passage, known by the name of Strato's Tower, he [Antigonus] was killed by the body-guards." I. III. 4.

[Sidenote: Pompeius reconnoitres the city of Jerusalem.]

"Incensed at this, Pompeius committed Aristobulus to custody; and having advanced to the city, he considered well on what point he should direct his attack. He found the walls, from their height, of almost impregnable strength, with a frightful ravine in front of them: while within this the temple was so strongly fortified, that, even after the capture of the town, it would afford a second refuge to the enemy." I. VII. 1.

[Sidenote: The bridge broken down by Aristobulus' party.]

"The adherents of Aristobulus, being discomfited in the contest, retired into the temple, and, breaking down the bridge which connected it with the city, prepared to hold out to the last." I. VII. 2.

[Sidenote: Pompeius fills up the fosse of the town.]

"The Roman commander now filled up the fosse, and the whole of the ravine, which lay on the north quarter, the troops collecting materials. This was an undertaking of difficulty, not only on account of the prodigious depth of the ravine, but from the impediments of every kind offered by the Jews from above." I. VII. 3.

[Sidenote: Herod rebuilds the temple.]

[Sidenote: Palaces of Cæsarium and Agrippium.]

"Herod, accordingly, at an incalculable expense, and in a style of unsurpassed magnificence, in the fifteenth year of his reign, restored the Temple, and breasted up with a wall the area round it, so as to enlarge it to twice its former extent. An evidence of its sumptuousness were the ample colonnades around the holy place, and the fort on its northern side. The colonnades he reared from the foundation; the fort, in nothing inferior to a palace, he repaired at an immense cost; and called it Antonia, in honour of Antonius. He also constructed a residence for himself in the upper town, containing two very spacious, and not less beautiful buildings, with which the Temple itself bore no comparison. These he designated after his friends, the one Cæsarium, the other Agrippium." I. XXI. 1.

[Sidenote: Pilate constructs acqueducts.]

"He subsequently occasioned another tumult, by expending the sacred treasure, called Corban, in the construction of an aqueduct. He brought the water from a distance of four hundred furlongs. Indignant at this profanation, the populace, on his return to Jerusalem, collected with loud clamours about his tribunal." II. IX. 4.

[Sidenote: Cestius encamps on Mount Scopus.]

"Cestius, seeing that these intestine dissensions afforded him a favourable opportunity for attack, led out his entire force, routed the Jews, and pursued them to the gates of Jerusalem. Encamping at a place called The Scopus, distant seven furlongs from the city, he for three days suspended his operations against it." II. XIX. 4.

[Sidenote: Cestius encamps opposite the royal palace.]

"Cestius, on entering, set fire to Bezetha, so named, the Coenopolis, and the place called the Timber Market; and, proceeding to the upper town, encamped opposite the royal residence." II. XIX. 4.

[Sidenote: Number of the troops of Titus engaged in the siege of Jerusalem.]

"For Titus, having drawn together part of his troops to himself, and sent orders to the others to meet him at Jerusalem, broke up from Cæsarea. There were the three legions which, under the command of his father, had before ravaged Judæa, and the twelfth, that had formerly been defeated with Cestius, and which, remarkable at all times for its valour, on this occasion, from a recollection of what had befallen it, advanced with greater alacrity to revenge. Of these, he directed the fifth to join him by the route of Ammaus, and the tenth to go up by that of Jericho; while he himself moved forward with the remainder, attended, beside these, by the contingents from the allied sovereigns, all in increased force, and by a considerable body of Syrian auxiliaries.

"Detachments having been drafted by Vespasian from the four legions, and sent with Mucianus into Italy, their places were filled up from among the troops that had come with Titus. For two thousand men, selected from among the forces of Alexandria, and three thousand of the guards from the Euphrates, accompanied him; and with them, Tiberius Alexander." V. I. 6.

[Sidenote: Titus with 600 cavalry reconnoitres Jerusalem.]

"Leading on his forces in orderly array, according to Roman usage, Titus marched through Samaria to Gophna, which had been previously taken by his father, and was then garrisoned. Here he rested for the night, and, setting forward early in the morning, advanced a day's march, and encamped in the valley, which is called by the Jews, in their native tongue, 'The Valley of Thorns,' adjacent to a village named Gabath-Saul, which signifies 'Saul's Hill,' distant from Jerusalem about thirty furlongs. From hence, accompanied by about six hundred picked horsemen, he rode forward to reconnoitre the strength of the city, and ascertain the disposition of the Jews, whether, on seeing him, they would be terrified into a surrender previous to any actual conflict." V. II. 1.

[Sidenote: Titus attacked by the Jews by the monument of Helena.]

[Sidenote: The Women's Towers.]

"While he continued to ride along the direct route which led to the wall, no one appeared before the gates; but on his filing off from the road towards the tower Psephinus, and taking an oblique direction with his squadron, the Jews suddenly rushed out in immense numbers at a spot called 'The Women's Towers,' through the gate opposite the monuments of Helena. They broke through his ranks, and placing themselves in front of the troops who were still advancing along the road, prevented them from joining their comrades, who had filed off, and thus intercepted Titus with only a handful of men. For him to move forward was impossible; as the entire space was intersected by transverse walls and numerous fences, and separated from the ramparts by dykes made for gardening purposes." V. II. 2.

[Sidenote: Titus encamps at Scopus, seven furlongs from Jerusalem.]

[Sidenote: The tenth legion upon the Mount of Olives.]

"Cæsar, being joined during the night by the legion from Ammaus, moved the next day from thence, and advanced to Scopus, as it is called, the place from which the city first became visible, and the stately pile of the sanctuary shone forth; whence it is that this spot--a flat adjoining the northern quarter of the town--is appropriately called Scopus (the Prospect). When at the distance of seven furlongs from the city, Titus ordered a camp to be formed for two of the legions together; the fifth he stationed three furlongs in rear of them: thinking that, as they had been fatigued with their march during the night, they required to be covered, that they might throw up their entrenchments with less apprehension. Scarcely had they commenced their operations, when the tenth legion arrived. It had advanced through Jericho, where a party of soldiers had lain to guard the pass formerly taken possession of by Vespasian. These troops had received orders to encamp at the distance of six furlongs from Jerusalem, at the Mount of Olives, so called, which lies over against the city on the east, and is separated from it by a deep intervening ravine, which bears the name of Kedron." V. II. 3.

[Sidenote: Titus levels the ground between Scopus and Jerusalem.]

[Sidenote: Tomb of Herod. Serpents' Pool.]

"Titus intending to break up from Scopus, and encamp nearer to the city, stationed a body of picked men, horse and foot, in such force as he deemed sufficient to check the sallies of the enemy, and employed the main body of his army in levelling the intervening ground as far as the walls. All the fences and hedges, with which the inhabitants had enclosed their gardens and orchards, being accordingly swept away, and the fruit trees in the whole of the intermediate distance felled, the hollows and chasms of the place were filled up, and the rocky eminences removed with iron implements; and thus the whole space from Scopus to the monuments of Herod, adjacent to what is called 'The Serpents' Pool,' was reduced to a level." V. III. 2.

[Sidenote: Tomb of Helena. Sortie of the Jews.]

"Accordingly, after maintaining a long contest with their spears, and receiving many wounds from their opponents, but inflicting not fewer in return, they eventually drove back the party who had surrounded them. The Jews, however, as soon as they began to retire, pursued them as far as the monuments of Helena, annoying them with missiles." V. III. 3.

[Sidenote: Titus encamps opposite the Tower of Psephinus.]

[Sidenote: Another division opposite the Tower of Hippicus, and the tenth legion upon the Mount of Olives.]

"In four days, the interval between his post and the walls having been levelled, Titus, anxious to forward in safety the baggage and the followers of the army, ranged the flower of his troops opposite the wall on the northern quarter of the city, and extending towards the west, the phalanx being drawn up seven deep. The infantry were disposed in front, and the cavalry in rear, each in three ranks; the archers, who formed the seventh, being in the middle.

"The sallies of the Jews being checked by such an array, the beasts of burthen belonging to the three legions, with the camp followers, passed on in safety. Titus himself encamped about two furlongs from the ramparts, at the corner opposite the tower called Psephinus, where the circuit of the wall, in its advance along the north side, bends with a western aspect. The other division of the army was entrenched opposite to the tower named Hippicus, distant, in like manner, two furlongs from the city. The tenth legion continued to occupy its position on the Mount of Olives, as it is called." V. III. 5.

* * * * *

_Description of the walls of Jerusalem._

"Jerusalem, fortified by three walls--except where it was encompassed by its impassable ravines, for there it had but a single rampart--was built, the one division fronting the other, on two hills, separated by an intervening valley, at which the rows of houses terminated. Of these hills, that on which the upper town was situated is much higher and straighter in its length. Accordingly, on account of its strength, it was styled the Fortress by king David, the father of Solomon, by whom the temple was originally erected; but by us the Upper Market-place. The other, which bears the name of Acra, and supports the lower town, is of a gibbous form. Opposite to this was a third hill, naturally lower than Acra, and formerly severed from it by another broad ravine. Afterwards, however, the Asmonæans, during their reign, filled up the ravine, with the intention of uniting the city to the temple; and, levelling the summit of Acra, they reduced its elevation, so that the temple might be conspicuous above other objects in this quarter also. The Valley of the Cheese-makers, as it was designated, which divided, as we have said, the hill of the upper town from that of the lower, extended as far as Siloam, as we call it, a fountain whose waters are at once sweet and copious. On the exterior, the two hills on which the city stood were skirted by deep ravines, so precipitous on either side that the town was nowhere accessible." V. IV. 1.

"Of the three walls, the most ancient, as well from the ravines which surrounded it, as from the hill above them on which it was erected, was almost impregnable. But, besides the advantages of its situation, it was also strongly built; David and Solomon, as well as their successors on the throne, having devoted much attention to the work.

[Sidenote: First Wall.]

"Beginning on the north at the tower called Hippicus, and extending to what was termed the Xystus, it then formed a junction with the council-house, and terminated at the western colonnade of the temple. On the other side, towards the west, beginning at the same tower, it stretched through Bethso, as it was styled, to the gate of the Essenes. It then turned, and advanced with a southern aspect above the fountain of Siloam, whence it again inclined, facing the east, towards Solomon's reservoir, and extending to a certain spot, designated Ophla, it joined the eastern colonnade of the temple.

[Sidenote: Second Wall.]

[Sidenote: Third Wall.]

[Sidenote: King Agrippa commences the third Wall.]

"The second had its beginning at the gate which they called Gennath, belonging to the first wall. It reached to the Antonia, and encircled only the northern quarter of the town. The tower Hippicus formed the commencement of the third wall, which stretched from thence towards the northern quarter, as far as the tower Psephinus, and then passing opposite the monuments of Helena, Queen of Adiabene, and mother of king Izates, and extending through the royal caverns, was inflected at the corner tower near to the spot known by the appellation of the Fuller's Tomb; and, connecting itself with the old wall, terminated at the valley called Kedron. This wall Agrippa had thrown round the new-built town, which was quite unprotected; for the city, overflowing with inhabitants, gradually crept beyond the ramparts; and the people, incorporating with the city the quarter north of the temple close to the hill, made a considerable advance, insomuch that a fourth hill, which is called Bezetha, was also surrounded with habitations. It lay over against the Antonia, from which it was separated by a deep fosse, purposely excavated to cut off the communication between the foundations of the Antonia and the hill, that they might be at once less easy of access and more elevated. Thus the depth of the trench materially increased the altitude of the towers.

"The quarter most recently built was called, in our language, Bezetha, which, if translated into the Greek tongue, would be Cænopolis (New-town). Those who resided there requiring defence, the father of the present sovereign, and of the same name, Agrippa, commenced the wall we have mentioned. But, apprehending that Claudius Cæsar might suspect from the magnitude of the structure that he entertained some designs of innovation and insurrection, he desisted when he had merely laid the foundations. For, indeed, had he completed that wall upon the scale on which it was begun, the city would have been impregnable. It was constructed of stones twenty cubits long and ten broad, fitted into each other in such a manner that they could scarcely have been undermined with iron, or shaken by engines. The wall itself was ten cubits in breadth; and it would probably have attained a greater height than it did, had not the enterprising spirit of its founder met with a check; but, subsequently, though the work was carried on with ardour by the Jews, it only rose to the height of twenty cubits; while, crowning this, were battlements of two cubits, upon parapets of three cubits in altitude, so that it attained in its entire elevation twenty-five cubits." V. IV. 2.

[Sidenote: Description of the third Wall.]

[Sidenote: Ninety towers in the third Wall.]

"On this wall were erected towers, twenty cubits in breadth, and the same in height, square, and solid as the wall itself. In the joining and beauty of the stones, they were nowise inferior to the temple. Over the solid altitude of the towers, which was twenty cubits, were sumptuous apartments; and above these, again, upper rooms, and numerous cisterns therein to receive the rain-water, and to each room wide staircases. Of such towers the third wall had ninety, disposed at intervals of two hundred cubits.

[Sidenote: The middle Wall had fourteen towers, the ancient sixty.]

[Sidenote: The Psephinus tower.]

"The middle wall was divided into fourteen towers, and the ancient one into sixty. Of the city the entire circuit was thirty-three furlongs. But admirable as was the third wall throughout, still more so was the tower Psephinus, which rose up at the north-west angle, and opposite to which Titus encamped. Being seventy cubits high, it afforded at sunrise a prospect of Arabia, and of the limits of the Hebrew territories as far as the sea; it was octagonal in form.

[Sidenote: Hippicus.]

"Over against this was the tower Hippicus, and near to it two others, all erected by king Herod in the ancient wall, which in magnitude, beauty and strength, exceeded all that the world could produce." V. IV. 3.

[Sidenote: Hippicus' Tower.]

"Hippicus, so called from his friend, was quadrangular, its length and breadth being each twenty-five cubits, and to the height of thirty cubits it was solid throughout. Above this solid part, which was constructed of stones formed into one compact mass, was a reservoir to receive the rain, twenty cubits deep, over which was a house of two stories, twenty-five cubits high, and divided into various apartments. Above this were battlements of two cubits in height, mounted upon parapets of three; so that the entire altitude amounted to eighty cubits.

[Sidenote: Phasaëlus.]

"The second tower, which he named Phasaëlus, from his brother, was of equal length and breadth, forty cubits each, and the same in solid height. Over this, and embracing the whole of the structure, was a gallery, ten cubits high, defended by breast-work and battlements....

[Sidenote: Mariamne.]

"The third tower, Mariamne--for such was the queen's name--was solid to the height of twenty cubits; its breadth, also, being twenty cubits, and its length the same." V. IV. 3.

"Of this the entire elevation was fifty-five cubits." V. IV. 3.

[Sidenote: Site of the three towers.]

"But while such was the actual magnitude of these three towers, their site added much to their apparent dimensions. For the ancient wall in which they stood was itself built on a lofty hill; and higher still rose up in front, to the height of thirty cubits, a kind of crest of the hill; on this the towers rested, and thus acquired a much greater altitude....

"To these towers, which lay northward, was attached on the inner side the royal residence, which exceeded all description....

"The conflagration began at Antonia, passed onward to the palace, and consumed the roofs of the three towers." V. IV. 4.

[Sidenote: The Temple.]

"The temple, as I have said, was seated on a strong hill. Originally, the level space on its summit scarcely sufficed for the sanctuary and the altar, the ground about being abrupt and steep. But king Solomon, who built the sanctuary, having completely walled up the eastern side, a colonnade was built upon the embankment. On the other sides, the sanctuary remained exposed. In process of time, however, as the people were constantly adding to the embankment, the hill became level and broader. They also threw down the northern wall, and enclosed as much ground as the circuit of the temple at large subsequently occupied." V. V. 1.

[Sidenote: Circuit of the Temple six furlongs.]

"The colonnades were thirty cubits broad, and their entire circuit, including the Antonia, measured six furlongs." V. V. 2.

[Sidenote: Dimensions of the Temple.]

"Advancing within, the lower story of the sanctuary received you. This was sixty cubits in height, and the same in length, while its breadth was twenty cubits. These sixty cubits of length were again divided. The first part partitioned off at forty cubits." V. V. 5.

[Sidenote: Dimensions relative to the Temple.]

"The innermost recess of the temple measured twenty cubits, and was separated in like manner from the outer by a veil. In this, nothing whatever was deposited. Unapproachable, inviolable, and to be seen by none, it was called the Holy of the Holy." V. V. 5.

[Sidenote: Position of the Antonia Tower.]

"The Antonia lay at the angle formed by two colonnades, the western and the northern, of the first court of the temple. It was built upon a rock fifty cubits high, and on every side precipitous. It was a work of king Herod, in which he particularly evinced the natural greatness of his mind. For, first, the rock was covered from the base upwards with smooth stone flags, as well for ornament, as that any one who attempted to ascend or descend might slip off. Next, and in front of the edifice itself, there was a wall of three cubits; and within this the entire space occupied by the Antonia rose to an altitude of forty cubits.

[Sidenote: Citadel in the upper town. Bezetha, north of the Temple.]

"... The upper town had its own fortress--Herod's palace. The hill Bezetha was detached, as I have mentioned, from the Antonia. It was the highest of the three, and was joined on to part of the new town forming northward the only obstruction to the view of the temple." V. V. 8.

[Sidenote: Forces of the besieged in Jerusalem.]

"The whole number of fighting men and insurgents in the city was as follows. Attached to Simon were ten thousand men, irrespective of the Idumæans. Over these were fifty officers, Simon himself acting as Commander-in-chief. The Idumæans who joined his ranks, five thousand in number, had ten leaders, of whom James, the son of Sosas, and Simon, the son of Cathlas, were reputed to be the foremost. John, who had seized on the temple, had under his orders six thousand men-at-arms, commanded by twenty officers. The Zealots, also, had now laid aside their differences and gone over to him, to the number of two thousand four hundred, led by Eleazar, their former general, and Simon, son of Ari." V. VI. 1.

[Sidenote: Position occupied by Simon.]

[Sidenote: Position occupied by John.]

"Simon occupied the upper town and the great wall, as far as the Kedron, with as much of the old wall as, bending eastward from Siloam, descended to the palace of Monobazus, king of Adiabene, beyond the Euphrates. He held, likewise, the fountain and the Acra, which was the lower town, with the interval as far as the palace of Helena, the mother of Monobazus. John occupied the temple, and the parts about it to a considerable distance, with Ophla, and the valley called Kedron." V. VI. 1.

[Sidenote: Titus examines the Walls.]

[Sidenote: Monument of the high priest John.]

"While affairs in the city were in this posture, Titus, with a select detachment of horse, rode round the wall, in order to ascertain against what quarter he should direct his attack. Utterly at a loss on what side to assail them, there being no access at any point through the ravines, while on the other side, the first wall appeared too firm for the engines, he determined to make the assault opposite to the monument of John, the high priest, for at this point the outer bulwark was lower, and the second was not connected, the builders having neglected to fortify those places where the new town was thinly inhabited; but there was easy access to the third wall, through which he designed to capture the upper town, and through the Antonia, the temple." V. VI. 2.

[Sidenote: Suburbs.]

"He at once gave the legions permission to lay waste the suburbs, and ordered them to collect the timber together for the construction of mounds." V. VI. 2.

[Sidenote: Taking of the first Wall.]

"... The Romans having mounted where Nico had effected a breach, they all abandoned their posts, and retreated to the second wall; when those who had scaled the ramparts opened the gates, and admitted the entire army. The Romans having thus, on the fifteenth day, which was the seventh of the month Artemisius, become masters of the first wall, laid a great part of it in ruins, as they did the northern quarters of the city, which Cestius had formerly demolished." V. VII. 2.

[Sidenote: Titus occupies the space between the camp of the Assyrians and the Kedron.]

[Sidenote: Gate of the aqueducts.]

"Titus now transferred his camp to a place within the wall, styled the Camp of the Assyrians, occupying the entire interval as far as the Kedron, but keeping at such a distance from the second rampart as to be out of range of the missiles, and immediately commenced the attack. The Jews, dividing their forces, made a vigorous defence from the wall; John and his party fighting from the Antonia, from the north colonnade of the temple, and in front of the monuments of king Alexander; while Simon's band, intercepting the assault near John's monument, manned the intervening space as far as the gate through which the water was introduced to the tower Hippicus." V. VII. 3.

[Sidenote: Titus makes himself master of the second Wall.]

"On the fifth day after the reduction of the first wall Cæsar stormed the second at this point; and as the Jews fled from it, he entered with a thousand men, and the select band which he retained about his person, at that part of the new town where were the wool-marts, the braziers' shops, and the clothes market, and where the streets led obliquely to the ramparts." V. VIII. 1.

[Sidenote: Titus exhibits his troops.]

"The cessation he employed for his own purposes. The stated day for distributing pay among the troops having arrived, he directed the officers to draw out the force, and count out the money to each man in view of the enemy." V. IX. 1.

[Sidenote: The Jews see the review of the troops Titus.]

"And nothing could be more gratifying to the Romans, or more terrifying to the enemy than that spectacle. The whole of the ancient wall and the northern quarter of the temple were crowded with spectators, and the houses were to be seen filled with people on the look-out; nor was there a spot in the city which was not covered with multitudes." V. IX. 1.

[Sidenote: The Idumæans.]

"Those at work beside the monument, the Idumæans, and the troops of Simon, impeded by repeated sallies; while those before the Antonia were obstructed by John and his associates, in conjunction with the Zealots." V. IX. 2.

[Sidenote: Mounds and their positions. Struthios reservoir.]

[Sidenote: Amygdalon.]

"One of those at the Antonia was thrown up by the fifth legion, opposite to the middle of the reservoir, called Struthios; and the other by the twelfth legion at the distance of about twenty cubits. The tenth legion, which was considerably apart from these, was occupied on the northern quarter, and by the reservoir designated Amygdalon, and about thirty cubits from thence the fifteenth legion, at the high-priest's monument." V. XI. 4.

[Sidenote: The assailants make the wall of circumvallation.]

"Commencing at the camp of the Assyrians, where his own tent was pitched, he drew the wall to the lower Cænopolis, and thence through the Kedron to the Mount of Olives. Then bending back towards the south, he encompassed the mount as far as the rock called Peristereon, and the adjoining hill, which overhangs the ravine near Siloam. Thence inclining towards the west, he went down into the valley of the Fountain, beyond which he ascended by the monument of the high-priest Ananus, and, taking in the mount where Pompey encamped, turned to the north, proceeding as far as a hamlet, called 'The house of Erebinths:' passing which, he enclosed Herod's monument, and on the east once more united it to his own camp at the point whence it commenced.

"The wall was in length forty furlongs, wanting one. Attached to it on the outside were thirteen forts, whose united circumferences measured ten furlongs." V. XII. 2.

[Sidenote: Number of the dead.]

"Mannæus, the son of Lazarus, who at this period took refuge with Titus, declared that, from the fourteenth of the month of Xanthicus, the day on which the Romans encamped before the walls, until the new moon of Panemus, there were carried through that one gate which had been entrusted to him, a hundred and fifteen thousand eight hundred and eighty corpses." V. XIII. 7.

[Sidenote: Number of the dead.]

"After him many of the higher ranks escaped; and they brought word that full six hundred thousand of the humbler classes had been thrown out through the gates. Of the others it was impossible to ascertain the number." V. XIII. 7.

[Sidenote: Excavations in Jerusalem.]

"The Jews fled into the temple; the Romans also making their way in through the mine which John had excavated under their mounds." VI. I. 7.

[Sidenote: Titus destroys the Tower Antonia.]

"Titus now ordered his troops to raze the foundations of the Antonia, and prepare an easy ascent for his whole force." VI. II. 1.

[Sidenote: Titus enters the outer court of the Temple.]

"In the meantime, the remainder of the Roman force, having in seven days overturned the foundation of the Antonia, had prepared a wide ascent as far as the temple. The legions now approached the first wall, and commenced their mounds--one opposite the north-west angle of the inner temple, a second at the northern chamber, which was between the two gates, and of the remaining two, one at the western colonnade of the outer court of the temple, the other without, at the northern." VI. II. 7.

[Sidenote: Titus takes the Temple.]

"Titus now withdrew into the Antonia, determined on the following morning about daybreak to attack with his whole force and invest the temple. That edifice God had, indeed, long since destined to the flames; but now in revolving years had arrived the fated day, the tenth of the month Lous, the very day on which the former temple had been burned by the king of Babylon." VI. IV. 5.

[Sidenote: Bridge of Xystus.]

"Titus took his stand on the western side of the outer court of the temple; there being a gate in that quarter beyond the Xystus, and a bridge which connected the upper town with the temple, and which then intervened between the tyrants and Cæsar." VI. VI. 2.

[Sidenote: Titus gives up the city to pillage.]

"Orders were then issued to the troops to plunder and burn the city. On that day, however, nothing was done; but on the following day they set fire to the residence of the magistrates, the Acra, the council chamber, and the place called Ophla, the flames spreading as far as the palace of queen Helena, which was in the centre of the Acra. The streets also were consumed." VI. VI. 3.

[Sidenote: The Romans in the lower town.]

"On the ensuing day the Romans, having driven the brigands from the lower town, burned all, as far as Siloam." VI. VII. 2.

[Sidenote: Titus attacks the upper city.]

"The works of the four legions were raised on the western side of the city, opposite to the royal palace, while the auxiliaries and the rest of the force laboured in the region of the Xystus, the bridge, and the tower which Simon, during his contest with John, had built as a fortress for himself." VI. VIII. 1.

[Sidenote: Destruction of the city.]

"And when, at a later period, he destroyed the remainder of the city, and razed the walls, he allowed these towers to stand as a memorial of the favour of fortune, by whose cooperation he had become master of those strongholds, which could never have been reduced by force of arms." VI. IX. 1.

[Sidenote: Number of Jews killed and taken prisoners.]

"The whole number of prisoners taken during the entire course of the war was calculated at ninety-seven thousand; while those who perished in the siege, from its commencement to its close, amounted to one million one hundred thousand. Of these the greater part were of Jewish blood, though not natives of the place. Having assembled from the whole country for the feast of unleavened bread, they were suddenly hemmed in by the war; so that their confined situation caused at first a pestilential disease, and afterwards famine also, still more rapid in its effects." VI. IX. 3.

[Sidenote: Final destruction of Jerusalem.]

"Cæsar ordered the whole of the city and the sanctuary to be razed to the foundations, leaving the three loftiest towers, Phasaëlus, Hippicus, and Mariamne, and that portion of the wall which enclosed the town on the west; the latter as an encampment for those who should remain there in garrison; the towers, to indicate to future times how splendid and how strong a city had yielded to Roman valour. All the rest of the wall that encompassed the city was so completely levelled with the ground that there was no longer anything to lead those who visited the spot to believe that it had ever been inhabited. So fell Jerusalem, a victim of revolutionary frenzy: a magnificent city, and celebrated throughout the world." VII. I. 1.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: Population of Jerusalem indicated by Hecatæus of Abdera.]

"There are many strong places and villages in the country of Judæa, but one strong city there is, about fifty furlongs in circumference, which is inhabited by a hundred and twenty thousand men or thereabout." (Against Apion, I. 22.)

INDEX.

A.

Abraham, Mount Moriah the scene of his sacrifice, 46, 47.

Abraham, S., Greek Convent of, 111.

Absalom, his tomb examined, 181.

Abyssinians in Jerusalem, their number, 13.

Aceldama, description of, 206;
its curious legend tested, 207.

Acra, the hill of, identified, 17, 18, 20;
levelled under the Maccabees, 52.

Adam, Chapel of, 106, 113.

Adamnanus, his account of the Mosque of Omar, 58.

Adoration of the Cross, Chapel of, in the Church of the
Resurrection, 122.

Ælia Capitolina, Jerusalem so named by Hadrian, 2, 3, 6, 43.

Agony, Chapel of the, 112;
Grotto of, 177, Note X. 309.

Agrippa's Walls, 35, 37, 41.

Altar in Chapel of the Crucifixion, 122.

Altar of burnt-offerings, its position and dimensions, 54;
its site proved to be on the Sacred Rock, 89;
the cisterns beneath it examined, 97.
See Araunah.

Americans, their wanton destruction of monuments, 233.

Amygdalon pool, probably Hezekiah's, 32;
identified from the Bible, 252;
the cisterns filled from it, 259.

Ananus, Monument of, its site, 40.

Angel, Chapel of the, in Holy Sepulchre, 116.

Angels, the Holy, Church of, 156.

Annas, the High Priest, traditionary site of his house, 156.

Ann, S., Church of, its present state, 144;
its history and vicissitudes, 145; Notes II. III. 306.

Ann, S., pretended tomb of, 175.

Antiochus Epiphanes despoils the second temple, 51.

Antonia, tower of, 17, 18, 19, 55, 137;
its supposed site, 32;
its site in the N.W. angle of the Haram, 59, 64.

Antoninus of Piacenza, his account of Justinian's Basilica, 79; Note
XXXIV. 295.

Aqueduct from Etham, its skilful construction, 249;
subsequent history, 250.

Arabs, the number of, in Jerusalem, 11;
their position, 273.

Araunah, threshing-floor of, 24;
its history and description, 47;
cisterns beneath it, 47;
it survives the destruction of Solomon's temple, 50;
Mosque built over it by Omar, 57;
identical with the Sacred Rock, 88;
and the Altar of burnt-offerings, 89;
cisterns beneath it examined, 97; Notes IV. 291, and XVI. 292.

Arch of the Ecce Homo investigated, 60, 140, Note I. 306.

Arch, remarkable fragment of one, in S.W. angle of the Haram, 70.

Arculf, his account of Christ's Tomb, 116;
his description of the Holy places, Note IV. 299.

Armenians, their numbers and position in Jerusalem, 12;
their Convents, 16, 164;
their prospects, 162;
their charitable institutions, 278.

Ascension, the Mount of, its site on the Mount of Olives, 191;
grand panorama from its summit, 193;
its traditionary spots examined, 194;
successive Churches built upon it, _ib._;
the present Mosque, 196;
Tomb of S. Pelagia, 197.

B.

Babylas, S., ruins of Church of, 242.

Baris Castle on Moriah, 52;
restored as Antonia Tower by Herod, 55;
pontifical robes kept in it, Note XI. 292.

Barrack in the Haram, 20;
the rock near it the site of Antonia Tower, 59, 64.

Bathsheba, traditionary pool of, 259.

Bazaar of the Haram gate, 54.

Bazaars of Jerusalem, 78.

Benjamin, high gate of, its doubtful site, 26.

Bethany, its site incontestable, 200;
proofs of this, 201;
Tomb and house of Lazarus there, 202.

Bethesda, pool of, 15, 20, 59;
its history and present state, 65;
its connection with the temple sacrifices, 92;
its masonry examined, 260.

Bethphage, site of, 199.

Bethsura, fortress of, 22.

Betrayal, the, traditionary site of, 179.

Bezetha, position of, 18.

Bible, the Holy, passages from it bearing upon the statements in this
work, 315.

Bird of Solomon, 86;
legend of, Note XXXVII. 296.

Bir Eyub, see Joab, well of.

Birket es-Sultan (Prince's pool), 15;
account of, 96, 209.

Bishops of Jerusalem, list of, Note II. 297.

Bordeaux, Pilgrim of, his description of Jerusalem, Note XI. 287.

Breydenbach, his account of Christ's Tomb, 117.

Bridge between Moriah and Sion, 70;
supposed site of that mentioned by Josephus, 71, 74.

Bridge (invisible), of Mohammed, its position and legend, 76.

Broad wall, its supposed site, 27.

Buildings, modern, in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, 5.

Buildings of Saracenic period in Jerusalem, 153.

Burial-places of Kings of Judah, Note XVI. 310.

C.

Cadytis of Herodotus, possibly Jerusalem, 2.

Caiaphas, site of his house on Sion, 220.

Calvary, Chapel of the, 105.

Calvary, position of, 103;
its site questionable, 105;
its present appearance, 122.

Camp of the Assyrians, its site, 40.

Caverns, the Royal, account of, 226;
method of quarrying them, 227;
danger in exploring them, 228.

Chamber of the Cradle of Jesus, 77.

Chosroes II. destroys the Basilica of Constantine, 108.

Christ, His Tomb described, 116.

Christian quarter of Jerusalem, 9.

Chronological summary of the history of Jerusalem, 311.

Cistern beneath the supposed site of Eudoxia's Church, 169.

Cisterns for water and grain described, 47;
their necessity for the Temple services, 49;
they survive the destruction of Solomon's temple, 50;
examination of those beneath the Haram, 90;
conclusions drawn from this, 100;
their number in Jerusalem, 261.

Climate of Jerusalem, 10.

Coenaculum, traditions connected with it, 216;
the buildings on its site, 217;
its present state, 219; Note XVII. 310.

Coins found in the Kidron, 170.

Column, gate of the, 6.
See Damascus gate.

Columns of proof, 81.

Commerce of Jerusalem, 265.

Constantine the Great destroys the Temple of Jupiter on the site of
the Temple, 57;
his Basilica on the true site of the Holy Sepulchre, 105;
description of, by Eusebius, Note III. 297;
destruction of this by Chosroes II. 108.

Constantine, S., Greek Convent of, 12, 111, 163.

Copts, their numbers in Jerusalem, 13;
their Convent, 126, 165;
their charitable institutions, 269.

Corner-gate, its supposed site, 21.

Cotton Merchants' gate, 74.

Court of the Gentiles in the Temple, 53.

Court of the Israelites, or Priests, 54.

Cradle of Jesus, Chamber containing it, 77.

Crassus plunders the Second Temple, 52.

Crosses on Calvary, their probable position, 106.

Cross, Invention of the, Chapel of, in the Church of the
Resurrection, 121.

Cross, S., Greek Convent of, its history and traditions, 242;
the Church described, 243, Note III. 306.

Crucifixion, Chapel of, in the Church of the Resurrection, 122.

Crusaders, their works at Jerusalem, 43;
they consecrate the Mosque of Omar as a Christian church, 59;
their various positions during the siege of Jerusalem, 241;
the architectural characteristics of their walls, Note V. 286.

Cubit measure, its relative value, Note II. 282.

Cyril, S., on the Tomb of Christ, 118.

Cyrus permits the rebuilding of the Temple, 50.

D.

Damascus Gate, 6, 8, 15, 36;
Cufic inscription on it, 223.

Daughters of Sion, Convent of, excavations beneath it, 60;
discovery of a spring there, 63;
its course traced, 258;
the Convent described, 162.

David, the Castle of, 6;
its present state, 159.

David, the City of, identified from Josephus, 16;
its wall discovered, 23.

David, King, his purchase of the threshing floor of Araunah, 46;
his hydraulic works at Jerusalem, 245;
the architectural characteristics of his walls, Note V. 285;
traditionary site of his judgement-seat, 86, Note XXXVI. 295.

David, Millo of, its site discussed, 23-25.

David, Sepulchres of, their site, 27.

David, street of, 9, 15.

David, street of the Castle of, 16.

David, the Tomb of, the authenticity of its site proved, 210;
the sarcophagus fictitious, 214;
the vault near it the probable Sepulchre of the Jewish Kings, 215.

Dead Sea, where visible from Jerusalem, 35.

Dervishes, various orders of, at Jerusalem, 165.

Dives, Palace of, fictitious site of, 142.

Divisions of Jerusalem, 8.

Dome of the Holy Sepulchre, 114.

Dome of the Rock, its position on Moriah, 45;
date of its erection, 58;
detailed description of, 85;
the cisterns beneath it examined, 97;
see Omar, Mosque of, Rock, the Sacred.

Dragon Well, its supposed site, 27.

Drainage system of Jerusalem, its divisions, Note I. 281.

Dung Gate, the, 7, 15, 27;
false tradition concerning it, 70, Note XXXI. 295.

E.

East Gate, the, its supposed site, 27;
the site of the present Golden Gate, 69.

Ecce Homo, the arch of, 60, 140, Note I. 306.

El-Aksa Mosque, originally Justinian's Basilica, 57;
this proved by history, 59;
gateway beneath it, 69;
its architectural history, 78;
description of it, 80;
monolith in its vaults, 82;
this taken from the royal caverns, 227.

England, Church of, cause of its unpopularity with the Jews, 158;
its mission houses at Jerusalem, 165.

Environs of Jerusalem, account of, 5;
the numerous ancient remains there, Notes III. IV. 284-5.

Ephraim, Gate of, its supposed site, 26;
its exact site, 143;
when so called, 144.

Erebinthi, house of, its site, 41.

Essenes, Gate of, its site unknown, 31.

Etham, the source of the water supply of Jerusalem, 14, 50, 73, 91,
95, 100;
its pools described, 246;
reasons for assigning them to Solomon, 249;
their advantages in supplying Jerusalem, 250;
ruins of the Castle there, 246.

Eudoxia, Empress, supposed site of her Church, 169;
her Church dedicated to S. Stephen, 224.

Evil Counsel, Hill of, 4;
its site identified, 21;
its legend and account of the tombs there, 205;
the ruins on its summit, 208.

Extent of Jerusalem northward examined, 39.

F.

Fish Gate, its supposed site, 26, 27.

Flagellation, the, Chapel of, 139.

Food, the supply of, at Jerusalem, 264.

Fortress of the Jebusites, its probable position, 16, 22.

Fountain Gate, its supposed site, 27.

Fountain of the Virgin, 15, 91;
description of it, 184;
its water system examined, 254;
cause of its intermittent flow, 257.

Franciscan Convent in the Church of the Resurrection, 120, 160,
Notes IV. V. 307;
the Good Friday service there, Note XV. 305.

Fuller's Monument, its supposed site, 39.

Fuller's Pool, 241.

Furnaces, tower of the, supposed site, 27.

G.

Gardens, Gate of, 7;
see Herod, Gate of.

Gareb, Hill of, 18.

Gate between two walls, its probable site, 26.

Gates of Jerusalem at the present time, 6;
before the Captivity, 26;
as rebuilt by Nehemiah, 27;
as described by Josephus, 28;
M. Munk's enumeration of them, Note VII. 286;
Arabic inscriptions above them, Note IV. 281;
regulations for closing them, Note V. _ib._

Gennath Gate, its probable site, 32.

Gethsemane, its site indubitable, 177;
its present state, 178.

Gihon, Mount, 4;
its site identified, 21.

Gihon, Upper Pool of, see Mamillah.

Gihon, Valley of, 4, 17;
examination of it, 208.

Giles, S., supposed Church of, 153.

Golden Gate, the, 7, 27;
its architecture, and present condition, 67;
the view from its top, 76;
Mohammedan tradition concerning it, _ib._;
legends connected with it, Notes XXIX. XXX. 294, XXXIII. 295.

Golgotha, its identity questionable, 107;
its present appearance, 122.

Golgotha, the Cistern of, 260.

Good Friday, Franciscan Service upon, Note XV. 305.

Greeks, their number and position in Jerusalem, 12;
their chapel in the Church of the Resurrection, 120;
their convents in Jerusalem, 163, Note VI. 307;
their nunneries, 164;
their charitable institutions, 278;
the accommodation for their pilgrims, _ib._

Greek Catholics, their Convent at Jerusalem, 162.

Grotto of the Agony, account of, 177, Note X. 309.

H.

Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, 3, 6;
its form and size unaltered, 43;
builds a temple to Jupiter on the site of the Temple, 57.

Hammam-es-Shefa, 15, 91, 257.

Haram es-Sherîf, 18;
its history, 57;
proved to be Mount Moriah, 59;
north side examined, 63;
Antonia Tower in north-west angle, 64;
the east side, 65;
the foundation of the east wall the work of Solomon, 66;
the south wall examined, 69;
the west side, 70;
remarkable arch in south-west angle, _ib._;
its interior described, 75;
its three elevations examined, 88;
its water system and subterranean works investigated, 90;
conclusion arrived at, 100;
regulations and difficulties of admission to it, Notes I. II. 290.

Hebron, Gate of, 8;
see Jaffa Gate.

Helena of Adiabene, her monument, 223.

Helena, S., Tomb of, its probable site, 37;
Chapel of, 111, 121;
throne of, 112;
Abyssinian Church of, 125;
the so-called cistern of, 126, 260;
her traditionary hospital, 150;
her churches on the Mount of Ascension, 194, 197;
her work at the Tomb of the Virgin, 170, Note IV. 308;
at Aceldama, 207;
her church near the Grotto of Jeremiah, 228;
Justinian's Basilica wrongly ascribed to her, Note XV. 292.

Herod Antipas, site of his palace, 141.

Herod, Gate of, 7, 39.

Herod the Great, his splendid additions to Jerusalem, 3;
his monument, 41;
its suggested site, 242;
he builds the third Temple, 52;
description of his masonry, 67;
a portion of his wall described by De Saulcy, 72.

Herodian Walls, their architectural characteristics, Note V. 286.