Chapter M: L. Moles

In April, 1916, Dr. W. A. Hilton collected some small whip-scorpions in the Pomona College Park at Claremont. These creatures were without eyes and yet they seemed to avoid forceps. They were able to run backwards or forwards with equal ease. On examination it was found that there were long hairs on the legs such as shown in the figure. Other specimens were afterwards found in one of the nearby canyons, and two specimens in the college collection were marked "C. Metz, in the mountains near Claremont."

Upon looking through the literature the species was determined to be _Trithyreus pentapeltis_ Cook. In 1899 Dr. Hubbard collected some at Palm Springs under stones in the canyon near the stream. Those which we have found this year were under the dried oak leaves some distance from water. Cook gave the generic name _Hubbardia_ which has not been sustained.

The following are the measurements of two types of the twenty or more specimens found.

_Measurements_--supposed Male:
Length of whole body, 7.5 mm.
Length of cephalothorax, 2 mm.
Length of abdomen, 3 mm.
Length of tail, 2.5 mm.
Length of first leg, 8 mm.
Length of maxillæ, 1.5 mm.
Width of abdomen, 1 mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 8 mm.

_Measurements_--Supposed Female and Juvenile, Fig. 1:
Length of whole body, 4.5 mm.
Length of cephalothorax, 1.5 mm.
Length of abdomen, 2 mm.
Length of tail, 1 mm.
Length of first leg, 5.5 mm.
Length of maxillæ, 2 mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 6 mm.
Width of abdomen, 1 mm.

_Color of supposed Male_--Cephalothorax and maxillæ, dark reddish brown. Abdomen and legs light yellow brown.

_Color of supposed Female and Juvenile_--All parts bright yellow brown.

Cephalothorax suboval, upper margin strongly concave at the sides and tapering to a point at the median line. Sides convex at upper edge; lower margin strongly convex. The cephalothorax is strongly chitinized, showing two small oval spots. The small suboval area between the chitinized cephalothorax and the abdomen is soft with five chitinized plates.

On the dorsal surface of each abdominal segment are two muscle depressions, while on the ventral surface the fourth, fifth and sixth segments have dark colored plates near the segmental divisions which are used for muscle attachments; besides the two muscle depressions.

The book-lungs openings are found on the ventral surface of the first abdominal segment, as is also the epigynum.

The caudal appendage of the juvenile and female is made up of three small joints tapering to a blunt end. It is held in an upright position above the abdomen. Cook in his description supposed this form to be a female or juvenile; Krayselin considers it a different species, but upon close study of the rest of the organs of this form it was finally decided that it was a juvenile and probably a female, the supposition being held that the juvenile took the form of the female, as is often the case, until the last few molts. The epigynum of this form was extremely undeveloped, having only a small epigastric furrow with depressions at either end.

The caudal appendage of the supposed male is made up of two stout joints to which is attached a heart-shaped body tapering to a blunt apex. This body has deep pits both on the dorsal and ventral sides near the base.

On the tibia of the first pair of legs are two long special sensory hairs set in little pits. On the second, third and fourth legs one hair was found, also on the tibia. These hairs are three-fourths as long as the leg.

The mouth parts consist of a pair of strong mandibles and labium. The labium is placed between the two coxæ of the maxillæ. The long process of the coxa clothed with its long simple hairs seems to have some performance in the work of the mouth parts. The labium is suboval, clothed thickly with simple short hairs, the upper margin having a single row of long heavy straight hairs with many long single curved hairs covering them.

The mandibles are provided with three distinct kinds of hairs or spines. The large subquadrate proximal joint was clothed with long barbed spines, the movable finger having on its median surface a row of fifteen back curved barbed spines. In the space between the movable and stationary finger were long hairs, enlarged in the center and tapering off to a fine point, the tapered portion being barbed. The mandibles are set well down in the sephalothorax.

The sexual openings were found in the usual place; the ventral surface of the first abdominal segment, this being enlarged so as to do away with the second abdominal segment. The epigynum consists of a long epigastric furrow with a large lip-like opening near its median line. Just above this opening and on either side were small longitudinal creases.

Prof. Dr. Friedrich Dahl places the external sexual organs of this family on the legs and in the Thelyphonidæ which is closely related. They are found in the second joint of the tarsus of the first legs. Careful study failed to find any trace of secondary sexual organs in _Trithyreus pentapeltis_.

_Krayselin, Karl_ 1899
Das Tierreich. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi.

_Cook, O. F._ 1899
Hubbardia, a new genus of Pedipalpi, Entomological Society
Proceedings, vol. 3.

_Comstock, John Henry_ 1911
The Spider Book, pp. 17-18.

_Banks, Nathan_ 1900
Synopsis of North American Invertebrates. Am. Nat. Vol. 34.

_Dahl, Dr. Friedrich_ 1913
Vergleichende Physiologie and Morphologie Der Spinnentiere.
Jena, Verlang N. G. Fischer.

(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College._)

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Drawing of the upper side of a young Trithyreus pentapeltis
Cook ×10.

Fig. 2. Lower or ventral view of T. pentapeltis ×10.

Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Various views of the caudal end of an adult T.
pentapeltis. Much enlarged.

Fig. 6. Labium. Much enlarged.

Fig. 7. Maxilla. Much enlarged.

Fig. 8. Mandible of Trithyreus. Much enlarged.

Fig. 9. One jaw of mandible. Much enlarged.

Notes on Chalcid Flies, Chiefly From California

A. A. GIRAULT

The following descriptions are chiefly from specimens sent by the Department of Zoology of Pomona College.

_Eusandalum californicum_ n. sp.

_Female_: Similar in every respect to _coquillettii_ Ashmead except as follows: The hyaline cross-stripe between the fuscous cross-stripes of the forewing is distinctly narrower than either fuscous cross-stripe (broader than either in the other); the stylus of the abdomen is a little shorter than the ovipositor valves (their extruded portion), both equal in length in _coquillettii_. Otherwise the same. Antennæ 11-jointed, tapering, the club single and no longer than the pedicel, funicle 1 quadrate, 2 longest, elongate, somewhat compressed, over thrice the length of the pedicel. Types compared.

A female from Claremont (C. F. Baker).

_Types_: Catalogue No. 20357, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag, a fore wing antenna and hind leg on a slide.

In the U. S. National Museum a female from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, part of the type of _coquillettii_ (now a single female from Los Angeles).

_Eusandalum obscurum_ n. sp.

The type is one female from Easton, Washington (Kincaid). Catalogue No. 20358, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag. See table.

_Eusandalum alpinum_ n. sp.

The type is a part of the type of _coquillettii_ from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California; Catalogue No. 20359, U. S. National Museum, the specimen on a tag. See table.

_Eusandalum georgia_ n. sp.

One female, pinned, Georgia, Catalogue No. 20369, U. S. National Museum. A second female from Washington, D. C. See table.

_Eusandalum arizona_ n. sp.

A female, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Schwarz), May 27. Catalogue No. 20361, U. S. National Museum, tag. See table.

Synopsis of the North American Species of _Eusandalum_. Females. (From the types.)

1. Wings bifasciate, the distal fuscous band at apex. Legs red
except the coxae, the antennae wholly concolorous. Ovipositor
extruded for over half the length of the abdomen. Scutellum
longitudinally lined.

Hyaline band of fore wing distinctly narrower than either fuscous
band (one on each side of it); stylus a little shorter than the
ovipositor. _californicum_ Girault

Hyaline band of fore wing somewhat broader than either fuscous
stripe; stylus and ovipositor equal. _coquillettii_ Ashmead

2. Wings unifasciate or wholly embrowned or with a large unbroken,
fuscous area. Wings wholly infuscated. Scutellum densely
punctate like the scutum (in the first species). Propodeum with
a lateral sulcus.

Ovipositor much extruded.

Legs reddish except the coxae and the first and third femora
_ventrad_; more slender than usual, the ovipositor about as in
_californicum_ but the abdomen is longer, hence the ovipositor
is so. Fore wing with a longitudinal white streak caudad of
middle. _acmaeoderae_ Rohwer

Ovipositor extruded for less than a fourth the length of the abdomen,
the stylus subobsolete.

Fore wings indefinitely slightly stained; legs reddish except the
coxae; scutellum long-lineolated. _obscurum_ Girault

Wings infuscated from the bend of the submarginal vein to apex or
nearly. Antennæ concolorous (compare _obscurum_).

As in _californicum_ but the scutellum finely punctate differs
from _acmaeoderae_ in being more robust, the first and third
femora are not metallic ventrad, the costal cell is broader, the
tip of the fore wing is hyaline for a short distance.
_alpinum_ Girault

Legs wholly concolorous except the knees and tips of tibiae narrowly
and the tarsi; as in the preceding but stylus and ovipositor
subequal. _cyaneum_ Ashmead

3. Wings hyaline or subhyaline. Antennæ concolorous except at
extreme base.

Ovipositor extruded for about half the length of the abdomen, the
stylus slightly short.

Middle legs except coxae, all knees narrowly, tips of tibiae and the
tarsi reddish brown. Postmarginal vein subequal to the stigmal.
_hubbardii_ Ashmead

Ovipositor extruded for less (or not more) than a third the length of
the abdomen, the stylus subequal.

Postmarginal vein subequal to the stigmal.

Legs reddish except the coxae and cephalic femora and tibiae.

Scutellum somewhat more distinctly lineolated longitudinally,
punctate. Ovipositor short. _hyalinipenne_ Ashmead

Postmarginal vein distinctly longer than the stigmal. Legs
concolorous except knees, tips of tibiae and the tarsi. Stylus
somewhat shorter than the ovipositor which is a third the length
of the abdomen. _georgia_ Girault

4. Wings subhyaline. Antennæ with the basal fourth of the cape
honey yellow.

Postmarginal vein distinctly much longer than the stigmal, twice
longer. Ovipositor extruded for nearly half the length of the
abdomen, the stylus a little shorter. Legs honey yellow except
fore and hind coxae. _arizona_ Girault

All the species have the postmarginal vein shorter than the stigmal
or no longer, save where noted; the parapsidal furrows are
distinct, but very short, joining before the middle of the
scutum from cephalad. The club is usually single, the antennae
11-jointed, tapering-filiform.

_Dialinus begini_ Crawford

One female, Santa Clara County (C. F. Baker).

_Elachistus coxalis_ Howard

One pair, San Mateo County, California, the male; and Laguna Beach, Southern California, the female (C. F. Baker).

The following species is an _Eudecatoma_ (there being no distinct substigmal spot but only a very minute one) but for the present I include this segregate within the older one.

_Decatoma subimmaculata_ n. sp.

_Female_: Length, 2.00 mm. Of the usual habitus and sculpture, the punctation not coarse.

Honey yellow, the wings hyaline, the following black markings: Ocellar dots obscurely, upper margin of occiput (a crescent), median channel nearly to apex and cephalic margin of the propodeum (except laterad); abdominal petiole and the median line of abdomen dorsad narrowly, from just before apex of segment 2 nearly to the apex of segment 4. Abdomen compressed, segments 2, 4 and 5 subequal, longest, the abdomen glabrous, its petiole about twice longer than wide. Propodeum openly rugoso-punctate, the median channel single, distinct, no median basin. Pedicel black above, nearly twice longer than wide, a little longer than funicle 1, the other four funicle joints subequal, subquadrate. Club 2-jointed, the first joint shortest.

One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker); on oak.

_Type_: Catalogue No. 20400, U. S. National Museum, the female on a tag, the antennae and a caudal leg on a slide.

Differs from _catesbaei_ Ashmead (types compared), in being larger, the median channel of the propodeum is distinct for its whole length and does not consist principally of two large foreae, the cross-carina passing _profimad_ of it has an area on each side of the meson which runs at first nearly parallel to the channel (the forking) but in the Florida species, this carina continues more or less parallel with the cephalic margin of the propodeum.

_Scutellista cyanea_ Mots

One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

_Cleonymus californicus_ n. sp.

_Female_: Length, 4.00 mm.

Dark metallic green, the tegulae, antennae (except the club and pedicel) and the legs (except the concolorous coxae, the apex of caudal femar lateral and the last two pairs of tibiae dorsad more or less), reddish brown, the venation fuscous, the fore wings bifasciate, the first stripe from the base of the marginal vein and broken distad of the middle, the second from the postmarginal vein, obovate in shape, twice the width of the first. The (triangular) head, the thorax and abdomen, scaly punctate, the propodeum and abdomen 2 subglabrous, the distal margins of the abdominal segments glabrous. Propodeum foreolate along the cephatic and caudal margins, and along the median carina on each side, the lateral carina represented by a distinct, curved, foreate sulcus, the spiracle large, subreniform. Scutellum simple. Antennæ inserted near the clypeus, a little below the eyes, 11-jointed, the club pointed ovate, acuminate at apex, embraced by the long projection from one side of the apex of the distal funicle joint which reaches to distal three-fourths of the club. Funicles 1 and 2 narrowest, grading into 3, all subquadrate, 4 longest, a little longer than wide and subequal to the pedicel; 8 wider than long. Postmarginal vein a little longer than the slender, curved stigmal, about a third the length of the marginal. Stigmal vein parallel, in general trend, with the costal margin.

Two females, mountains near Claremont (C. F. Baker).

_Types_: Catalogue No. 20348, U. S. National Museum, the females on tags, a fore wing and an antennae on a slide.

The abdomen is subpetiolate; it was distinctly, quadrately petiolate in a male specimen of _cleonymus depressus_ in the U. S. National Museum.

_Entedon occidentalis_ Girault

Several specimens, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

_Isosoma grande_ Riley

One winged female, mountains near Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

_Metapleura spectabilis_ Westwood

One female, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker).

The Rose Flea-Beetle

(_Haltica probata_ Fall)

G. F. MOZNETTE,

ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CORVALLIS, OREGON