Chapter III: Introduction

From a careful perusal of the literature it is apparent that scarcely anything but the original description of _Haltica probata_ Fall appears in print. As this species has at various times been reported on several of our cultivated plants, and as there is some possibility of its becoming destructive to our cultivated roses, observations have been made from time to time and this paper brings together, so far as possible, the recorded facts concerning the species.

HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES

The species was first described by Dr. H. C. Fall in 1910.[A] Mr. Arthur Gibson[B] mentions it as attacking leaves of strawberry plants at Nelson, British Columbia. The species is referred to as _Haltica evicta_ Lec., but after a comparison with specimens in the writer's collection and later in Dr. Fall's collection at Pasadena, California, I am led to believe that the species reported by Mr. Gibson as _evicta_ is not _evicta_ but _probata_. It has been reported from Spokane, Washington, on strawberries, and at various times has been reported feeding on cultivated crops in Oregon.

The species is distributed along the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to California. It has been reported from Nelson in British Columbia; Everett and Spokane in Washington; from Corvallis, Pamelia Lake, Mary's Peak, the Three Sisters, and Josephine County in Oregon; and from Santa Rosa, Belmont, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties in California.

[Footnote A: Transactions of the American Entomological Society of America, Vol. 36, pp.]

[Footnote B: Canadian Entomological Circular No. 2. 152-159.]

SEASONAL LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE SPECIES

With the approach of warm weather in the spring, when the buds of the wild rose are showing their green, the little bronze beetles (Pl. I, Fig. 2) come from their winter quarters, about the middle of April or earlier depending on the spring weather conditions, and commence feeding on the tender small leaves of the expanding buds. The beetles possess a very brilliant lustre and when approached manifest a saltatorial habit, and may leap for a considerable distance. The insect passes the winter in the adult stage and during that time may be found concealed in convenient places. The writer has taken numerous individuals from beneath the moss of the scrub oak, which grows abundantly along the creeks in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The first individuals were taken on April 11, 1913, feeding on a species of wild rose, _Rosa nukatana_ Presl. near Corvallis, Oregon. The adults were at the time resting in the sun on the dried fruits of the rose and also on the moss which covered the oaks. In 1915, the first beetles were out on March 19 or somewhat earlier. Sometimes the March weather is too severe so that the beetles do not appear until later, and the inclement weather frequently puts a stop to the activity of the beetles and retards oviposition.

After emerging from their hibernating quarters, the beetles jump or fly to the nearest rose bush and soon begin to satisfy their appetite after the long winter's fast. At this time the tender bursting rose buds seem to be the favorite food, and the beetles engorge themselves with bites from the prospective crop of leaves, then locked up in the buds. The beetles seem to be most active during the warmer sunshiny portions of the day, when they may be seen jumping and flying about the rose bushes. When touched or jarred, they at once drop quickly to the ground, where they feign death for a short time, later returning to the foliage. Their shining bronze color renders it easy to discover and watch them at their destructive work. They begin gnawing an unsightly hole into either the side or top of the bursting leaf bud, often boring into the bud so far as to be almost hidden from view. It usually takes the beetles a few days to satisfy their vigorous spring appetites; then they turn their attention to the propagation of their kind. The later emerging adults feed voraciously on the foliage (Pl. I, Fig. 5) eating out irregular places in the leaves.

Many individuals were found in copulo on April 12, 1913, and on April 14, 1915. Eggs were laid in great numbers April 15, 1913, but not until the first of May in 1915, due to a long stretch of cold wet weather. By May 18 many eggs were to be found but usually no larvae. The eggs are laid in masses (Pl. I, Fig. 3) of from two to fifteen in a cluster with an average of between seven and nine. They are deposited usually on the lower surface of the leaf. No eggs are deposited until the foliage is well along usually, as this is the food of the larvae. The writer observed a female during oviposition. She thrusts out the egg and by a mucilagenous substance causes the egg to adhere fast to the leaf. She decorates the egg, as it were, with a fluid which later turns black and appears as a streak across the ova. The adults do not live long after egg deposition, usually about a week and a half. A number of females were observed to lay from forty to fifty eggs each.

The length of the egg stage was found to vary considerably even in the insectary, due no doubt largely to the weather conditions. In indoor observations it ranged from seven to fifteen days, with an average of twelve. In the open, eggs under screen cloth were deposited on May 24, 1913, and hatched June 10, 1913, a duration of seventeen days. By June, 1913, practically all of the egg masses had hatched and scarcely an adult could be found anywhere. The larvae are at first yellow, changing over to a black after a short period of time (Pl. I, Fig. 7). The eggs split at the side when the young emerge and the larvae remain quiet for some time apparently feeding first on the remaining egg juices. After a while they begin to move about for convenient feeding spots. The larvae moult three times, and after each moulting appear yellow, soon changing to a black. Several of the grubs usually work on the same leaf, continuing to eat small irregular holes, through, or nearly through, the leaf until it appears skeletonized (Pl. I, Fig. 7), when they seek new pastures.

When full grown the larvae drop to the soil and after burrowing to a depth of about an inch or less, they construct soil cells of earth (Pl. I, Fig. 6), not unlike the cell of the common cherry and pear slug, in which they pupate. By July 3, 1913, many larvae were falling to the soil. The length of the larval stage varies from fifteen to twenty-five days with an average of twenty days. By July 10 many pupae (Pl. I, Fig. 4) were found in the soil. The writer neglected to ascertain the exact length of the pupal stage, but from the meager observations made up to this time ventures the opinion that it is about eighteen days. By the first of August many adults could be found. They are a beautiful metallic color when just emerged. The writer bred from the adults a species of Diptera a _Tachinid_ but has not been able to ascertain the species. Subsequent observation revealed no eggs, so undoubtedly the species is single brooded. The life-cycle is calculated to last about fifty-five days from eggs to adults, but this is greatly influenced by the weather conditions. The length of the adult stage is about ten months, depending, of course, upon the time the warm days approach in the spring and upon the cold stretches which intervene, conditions which influence emergence from their hibernating quarters.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS STAGES

The Eggs (Pl. I, Fig. 3) are of an orange color, oblong oval or bean-shaped. The egg has a delicate covering by which it is attached to the leaf. Nearly every egg has a sort of spine-shape structure attached, although it is not exactly a spine but a part of the egg covering, which, when it has dried, gives it a black streaked appearance at that point. The egg measures 1 mm. in length by .25 mm. in width.

The Larvae (Pl. I, Fig. 7) when full grown have the body wider at the anterior end, tapering gradually to the anal segment and covered with many hairs. They are covered with an oily substance in which they often collect their excrement as they feed and travel. The entire larva is black and the segments of the body possess numerous tubercles bearing setae. Each segment of the abdomen has a group of tubercles on a side above the spiracles. When full grown the larvae measure from 6 to 8 mm. in length.

The Pupa (Pl. I, Fig. 4) is yellow, 4 to 6 mm. in length, with the wing pads and legs of a paler yellow to nearly white. Two setae are located on the vertex and two on the occupit of head. The prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax bear spines varying in number. The abdomen possesses three rows of setae on each side above the spiracles.

The Adult (Pl. I, Fig. 1) is green bronze, entire upper surface polished and strongly shining sculpture throughout, nearly as in _Haltica ignita_. Antennæ piceous, slightly more than half the length of the body, joints 2-3-4 gradually increasing in length, the fourth very nearly three times as long as wide. Eyes rather small and not very prominent, their width as seen from the front distinctly less than half the interocular distance. Prothorax two-thirds wider than long, sides parallel in basal half, convergent anteriorly. Elytra fully two-thirds as wide as long, and nearly three-fourths wider than the prothorax. Body beneath piceous; abdomen alutaceous, rather coarsely punctate and transversely rugulose. Length 3.7 mm. to 4 mm.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Figure 1. The adult beetle (greatly enlarged).

Figure 2. The adult beetle (natural size).

Figure 3. Eggs in situ on leaf greatly enlarged.

Figure 4. Pupa greatly enlarged.

Figure 5. Rose leaves showing work of adult beetles.

Figure 6. Pupal soil cell.

Figure 7. Larvae at work skeletonizing leaf.

Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach and Vicinity for 1916

H. H. NININGER

In addition to the work done by Mr. Leon Gardener and others on the distribution of birds in the vicinity of Laguna Beach I noted the following species in the summer of 1916:

70. _Sturna hirundo_ (Common Tern)

This species was found occasionally about the muddy flats at Balboa.

74. _Sturna antillarum_ (Least Tern)

The Least Tern is much more common than the former. They were often seen in small flocks diving for fish along the coast from Laguna to Balboa. They probably nest along the sandy shores; but none of their nests were taken by the writer.

95. _Puffinis griseus_ (Dark Bodied Shearwater)

These birds were found ten to twelve miles from shore, in flocks feeding over schools of fish. They are called by the fishermen "Barracuda Birds."

210. _Rollus obsoletus_ (Calif. Clapper Rail)

Found in the swampy tracts about Balboa.

214. _Porzana carolina_ (Sora Rail)

A specimen of this Rail was taken at one of the lakes in Laguna Canyon in the latter part of July.

421. _Chordeiles acutipennis_ (Texas Night Hawk)

Either at dusk or at dawn these birds could be found abundantly, in certain localities, feeding over fields, pools and streams to which they came at dusk, from the hills where they spent the daylight hours. Mr. C. C. White found a pair of young almost ready for flight on one of the hills bordering on Laguna Canyon, July 7, 1916.

425. _Aeronautes melanoleucus_ (White-throated Swift)

Mr. Charles A. Keeler in "Bird Notes Afield" (1889) records this species from Capistrano. To one accustomed to meeting with this bird only among the high and almost inaccessible cliffs of the mountains it is no little surprise to find it in a district so nearly level as the region about this old mission settlement. But surely it is there. A visit to the place in the latter part of July revealed the fact that they are, seventeen years since Mr. Keeler's writings, still using the same broken walls as a retreat. I think they are nesting at the time we visited the place, for upon the entrance of an adult into one of the crevices there came cries of young birds which seemed to be coming from birds that were being fed.

530a. _Astragalinus P. hesperophilus_ (Green-backed Goldfinch)

Common around Laguna and the neighboring hills. Nests with eggs were found, probably the second brood for the season.

634. _Vireo vicinior_ (Gray Vireo)

Found along the streams near Capistrano.

685a. _Wilsonia pusilla pileolata_ (Pileolated Warbler)

Fairly common in trees along streams near Capistrano.

364. _Pandion haliaetus carolinensis_ (American Osprey)

One of these magnificent birds was found on the rocky cliffs bordering the shore between Laguna and Balboa. It was seen several times and was reasonably tame.

BREEDING NOTES

In addition to the nests of the more common birds the following were noted:

Several Raven nests on the cliffs bordering the shore and are in Boat Canyon about a mile from the sea were found deserted, but feathers of their owners and the remains of their food betrayed their identity.

A brood of Ruddy Ducks was seen on one of the lakes in Laguna Canyon several times.

Coots were found breeding about the lakes in abundance.

(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)

Solpugids From the Claremont-Laguna Region

J. NISBET

The following list of solpugids represents a collection obtained by students and others during the past four or five years. Drawings are given of one large specimen and top and side views of the head region of several others. The determinations are by Dr. N. Banks.

_Eremobates formicaria_ Koch

This species has been taken from our region although such large specimens have been reported only from dryer regions. This specimen, a male is from Brawley, Cal. (Figs. 1 and 2). Figs. 3 and 4 were taken from a young specimen collected at Claremont.

The movable finger of the cheliceræ of the male has two large teeth. Anterior margin of rephalothorix straight. Hind tarsi one segment.

_Eremobates californica_ Sim.

The drawings are from a specimen taken at Laguna Beach (Figs. 5 and 6). Specimens were also taken at Claremont. Movable finger of the cheliceræ with a large tooth. This is not so marked in the female. Hind tarsi one segment.

_Hemerotrecha californica_ Banks

Specimens were obtained at Claremont. Upper finger of cheliceræ without teeth or many small teeth. Male has an elongated flayellow of two parts on the upper finger of chalicera. Hind tarsi with three joints. Specimens obtained were about evenly divided between this and the previous species (Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10).

(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. _Eremobates formicaria_ Koch. ×2.

Figure 2. _Eremobates formicaria_ Koch, side view of cheliceræ. ×2.

Figures 3-4. Cheliceræ from young _E. formicaria_. ×2.

Figures 5-6. Cheliceræ from _E. californica_ Sim. ×2.

Figures 7-8. Cheliceræ from _Hemerotrecha californica_ Banks, views of
the cheliceræ. ×2.

Figures 9-10. _H. californica_ views of cheliceræ, another specimen. ×2.

Record of Two Pseudoscorpions From Claremont-Laguna Region

WINIFRED T. MOORE

_Garypus Californicus_ Banks

Description: Fig. 1. Length 5 mm.

Color: Cephalothorax and pedipalps dark brown, abdomen and legs light yellow; each abdominal scutae with a dark central spot; anterior ventral scutae also with dark spots. Cephalothorax emarginate; four eyes; femur of pedipalps longer than cephalothorax, tibia hardly convex on inner side, hand about as long as tibia, fingers longer than hand; legs long and slender.

Habitat: Specimen found under rocks near ocean at Laguna Beach, collected by Walter Sturgis.

_Chelanops pallipes_ Banks

Description: Fig. 2. Length 2 mm. including mandibles.

Color: Cephalothorax light reddish brown, pedipalps darker, abdomen and legs pale yellow.

Similar to C. dorsalis, but fingers a little longer than hand; no eye spots, clavate hairs found on all parts of two types, on legs and pedipalps more clavate on one side (Fig. 3) on body evening clavate (Fig. 4). Simple hairs found on under surface of tarsus. All parts covered with small chiton plates.

Habitat: Specimens taken from under stones in wash near Claremont.

(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. _Garypus Californicus._ ×20.

Figure 2. _Chelanops pallipes._ ×20.

Figure 3. Hair from legs and pedipalps of _C. pallipes_ much enlarged.

Figure 4. Hair from body of _C. pallipes_ much enlarged.

The Central Nervous System of a Sipunculid

WILLIAM A. HILTON

A number of specimens of the genus Phascolosoma were obtained at Laguna Beach. These were preserved in various fluids. Flemming's fluid and mercuric chloride, were especially valuable for study. The nerve cords were dissected out and mounted after staining. Some were imbedded, sectioned and stained. The stain which brought out the cells with greatest clearness was copper haematoxylin.

The general character of the nervous system of sipunculids is well known, and the specimens examined at this time were typical as to the form of the brain and cord. The brain is imbedded in the proboscis just below the tentacles. It has a similar appearance in section to the photographs of Spengel, 1912. The brain is small. Two main branches supply nearby tentacles and muscles. There is a pair of small branches from the connectives. Extending from the epithelium of the tentacular region is a pair of tubes leading into the brain, the cerebral organs. These epithelial tubes lead to a pigmented area on each side, and these pigmented areas in section look like simple eyes. A few irregular spots of pigment were found near the larger masses. The epithelium at the outer end of the tube was also deeply pigmented.

Throughout the body the ventral nerve cord kept about the same width, although the muscle bands at the sides increased somewhat. The strands connecting the muscles and nerves to the animal's body were more or less regularly arranged. In specimens with the proboscis drawn in, the nerve cord is of course doubled back on itself. In the specimen drawn at the junction of the two parts, that of the proboscis and that of the ventral body-wall, there is a lack of lateral branches, as shown in the upper portion of the second line of the drawing. Towards the caudal end the lateral branches come off more irregularly.

When the animal is contracted the nerve cord seems to be segmented, but sections show that this appearance is due to the slight folding of the nerve cord within the muscle bands; the nerve tissue does not seem to be elastic.

Very little has been written on the histological structure of sipunculids. Haller, 1889, discusses a number of points, especially in _sipunculus nudus_, relating to the ventral cord only. I find a number of differences in this form. I did not find any very clear evidence of special neuroglia cells, such as described and figured by Haller, such elements may be present, but at least they are not evident, not so evident as in many other invertebrates which I have examined. Nerve cells may anastomose with each other as shown in Haller's figure, but of this I can not be sure. If fibres do not unite they are in very intimate contact.

In the ventral cord no small fibrils were seen only rather small fibers which may have been fibrils. The lack of connective material in part at least, perhaps because the nervous system is often extended and folded, shows the cell processes with great distinctness. This may be why a clearer picture than usual is presented of the relationship of cells.

Cells are abundant on the ventral side of the cord, especially in the middle line. The more dorsal fibrous region is practically without cells of any kind. No very marked tracts of fibers are evident, the fibers are about equally distributed in all directions and may be subdivided as follows:

1. Fibers which enter the fibrous mass from cells and run short distances up and down.

2. Fibers which pass from cells to other cells near by in the cellular area.

3. Fibers which leave the ganglion laterally from ventral cells.

4. Fibers which enter from the lateral nerves to end in the fiber area or in among the cells.

There are no indications of long fibers, either ascending or descending. After the examination of the cord of this animal one is impressed with the suggestion that many cells of similar sort act alike, that is groups of cells, not individuals are involved in the simplest transmissions of impulses. This general suggestion which, of course, is not new, comes to mind with great clearness after the study of thin sections of the cord of this animal. Whether the cells actually anastomose or not is a question hard to decide, but in the numerous contacts of naked fibers there is, I believe, ample opportunity for the transmission of complex changes from cell to cell, to all parts of the nervous system. In this form there is no particular localization of definite centers.

The brain differs in structure from the cord, the central fibrous mass is more dense, the cells are very much smaller and more numerous. Some cells of the brain send their fibers out directly without the common pathway of a distinct nerve trunk. No special features of the brain were determined except the cerebral organs already described.

_Andreae_ 1882
Beitrag zur Anatomie und Histologie des Sipunculus nudus.
Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. t. xxxvi.

_Andrews, E. A._ 1887
Notes on the anatomy of Sipunculus gouldii Pourt. Studies Biol.
Lab. J. H. univ. vol. iv.

_Delage et Herouard_ 1897
Traite de zoologique concrete. Les vermidiens. vol. v. Paris.

_Haller, B._ 1889
Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Textur des Central nervensystem
Hoherer Wurmer. Arb. des Zoolog. Inst. Wien Tom. viii.
Heft 2.

_Marcel, A. Herubel_ 1907
Recherches sur Sipunculides. Chap. iv. Le system nerveux.
Mem. soc. d. France. t. xx.

_Melalnikoff, S._ 1900
Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. lxviii.

_Herubel, A._ 1902
Sur le cerveux du Phascolosome. Ac. d. Paris, cxxiv.

_Spengel, J. W._ 1912
Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gephyren. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd.
xxxiv.

_Ward, H. B._ 1891
Some points on the anatomy and history of Sipunculus nudus.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College.

(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Central nervous system of Phascolosoma ×15. The cord is shown
in three separate pieces. The lower end of the first or left-hand
drawing should join with the second and so on. The central nerve
band is shown with the lateral branches of muscle and nerve. The
brain is shown attached to the first segment at the left. The
pigment spots, cerebral tubes and chief nerves are shown. The brain
is drawn from reconstructions made from serial sections.

Figure 2. Cross section of the nerve cord. ×75.

Figure 3. Longitudinal section of the nerve cord. ×75.

Figures 4 to 6. Drawings of sections taken through the brain at various
levels, only one-half is shown in each case. ×75.

Littoral Ascidians Collected at Laguna Beach

The specimens reported upon are from a collection made by P. A. Lichti during the summer of 1915, and from a small collection brought in during the summer of 1916. The determinations of all but the fifth were kindly made by Prof. W. E. Ritter.

_Ascidia californica_ Ritter and Forsythe

These simple forms were found quite abundantly under stones and in kelp holdfasts. The form of the body was determined largely by the position the animal took on the stone or seaweed.

_Styela barnharti_ Ritter and Forsythe

The specimens obtained were young, simple, of a redish-brown color and about 4 mm. high. They were found under stones at low tide but not as commonly as some others.

_Styla montereyensis_ Dall

A single specimen of this large, simple species was taken just off shore. It was slender at the base, expanded near the openings and of a redish-brown color.

_Euherdmania claviformis_ Ritter

This slender species was often found in clusters under stones. They were about 2 mm. in diameter and 10-20 mm. long, sometimes free from sand, at other times covered with sand grains.

_Goodsiria dura_ Ritter

Bright red or orange masses of these were often found in bits of seaweed from deeper water. The individuals were 2 to 3 mm. across and often closely massed on the seaweed or other support.

_Eudistoma diaphones_ Ritter and Forsythe

This was the common compound species found closely attached to the lower sides of stones. It was often quite extensive but not thick or colored.

_Eudistoma psamion_ Ritter and Forsythe

Great masses of this tough, pinkish or slightly colored form were found under rock ledges. It resembles one of the sponges in general appearance and is found in among sponges and polyzoans. This was one of the most bulky forms which we found.

_Glossophorum planum_ Ritter and Forsythe

Irregular masses of this species were found under rock ledges and under stones. Our specimens are largely covered with sand grains.

_Distaplia occidentalis_ Ritter and Forsythe

This compound stalked form was found on a rock ledge at low tide near Salt Creek.

W. A. H.

(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)

Summer School at Laguna Beach

The summer school at Laguna Beach during the past season was in many respects the most valuable of the past five or six years. There were more students, more teachers and fully as many visitors. The harvest of specimens was very satisfactory. Many creatures not before gathered here were brought from the nearby waters. Amphioxus was obtained here for the first time, as well as many other interesting and valuable specimens.

Several new courses were offered. A course in Ecology was given by Professor Bean. In this the local distribution of animals was especially studied. A similar course is to be offered this summer to those who have had some zoology. It is believed that this work will bring greater and greater advantages to us here as we come to know the local conditions better. In the nature of the material this will always be to a large extent a field study.

The course in birds given by Professor Nininger was interesting and valuable. A number of new records for this region were obtained during the summer.

For the first time Miss Hills gave a course in drawing in connection with zoological subjects. This much-needed and valuable work will be continued during the coming summer, not only in a special course, but also in an optional way in connection with several of the other courses.

In connection with the ecology especially, more off-shore collecting was done than ever before. A number of longer trips were found interesting and valuable. Laguna at all times offers attractive walks and many short trips were taken by all classes. Some of these were for a few miles along the coast, back in the hills or by water or land for a considerable distance.

The rocks and coves were again explored, yet much remains unknown. Many new specimens to the locality were found, some of these were from deeper water, rare fish, large sea cucumbers, a large number of strange crabs and many other smaller but no less interesting creatures.

As in the past, a number of workers from other institutions used the private laboratories. The eight research rooms were in use most of the time by those doing more advanced work. It is expected that there will be a number of advanced workers from the northern and eastern universities during the coming season. For the first time the laboratory is provided with a satisfactory lighting system. Electricity is now established at Laguna Beach and the laboratory and tent city are well provided with an ample lighting system.

The tent city and dining hall will again offer accommodations at reasonable prices. The cost of tuition is $7.50 general charge and $3.00 an hour per hour taken. By an hour is meant the equivalent of an hour's work in a regular college semester. There are eight private rooms for special investigators.

For further information write to the Director, William A. Hilton, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. (Laguna Beach, Cal., from June 26 to September 20.)

Courses Offered at the Summer School
of the Laguna Beach Biological
Laboratory 1917

To reach Laguna Beach from Los Angeles take the electric or Santa Fe to Santa Ana. From Santa Ana a morning stage leaves at ten, an afternoon stage at four.

Work begins June 27 and regular courses last six weeks, but the laboratory is open all summer.

No one may register for more than six hours. By an hour is included the equivalent of an hour's work during a regular college semester.

The staff of the Laguna Marine Laboratory for the summer will be as follows, several others from eastern institutions may be added later.

William A. Hilton, Pomona College, Director _Zoology_

Dr. R. V. Chamberlin, Harvard University Museum of
Comparative Zoology _Zoology_

E. O. Essig, Department of Entomology University of
California _Entomology_

Anna A. Hills _Scientific Drawing_

1. S. B. 11. Zoology (2 hours). A synopsis of marine invertebrates.
Lectures and class exercises with early morning field
trips. Prerequisite Biology A1, or open to those who are
taking some other biological work. M. to F. at 8.

1a. S. B. 11. Zoology. Marine invertebrates (1 hour if taken
with 1, or 2 hours). Laboratory on typical local forms.
Mornings 9 to 12, except Saturday.

2. S. B. 18. General Entomology (2 to 3 hours). Class laboratory
and field work in the general study of local insects.
Prerequisite Biology A1, or Zoology B11, or may be accompanied
by one of these. Class period M. to F. at 11. Laboratory
and field work at hours to be arranged.

3. S. A1. General Biology (3 hours). A beginning course dealing
with general principles. Open to those who have had no
biological work and who have either entered college or are
about to enter. Class periods M. to F. at 11. Laboratory
and field work afternoons.

4. S. C. 4. Ecology (2 or 3 hours). Class, field and laboratory
work at hours to be arranged. A study of local land and
aquatic societies and the factors governing the distribution
of marine, fresh water and land forms. Prerequisite, a year
of biological work. Class periods M. W. F. at 1.

5. S. C. 5. Nature Study (2 or 3 hours). Methods and
materials for nature study. This will be given in the evening
when a lantern may be used. A general view of the whole
field will be given either for those who are teaching, those
who intend to teach, or those who desire the general not
technical information. This is not a course for college
credit. M. to F. evening at 7:30. Laboratory and field work
to be arranged. This will be given by a number of teachers.

7. S. D. 7. Mammalian Embryology (2 hours). Laboratory
work with serial sections of embryos. Prerequisite two years
of zoological work. A review course for those in the practice
of medicine or preparing for medical work. Hours to
be arranged.

8. S. D. 8. Neurology (2 or 3 hours). Laboratory work with
sections of the human brain and cord. A review course open
only to those who have some knowledge of the central nervous
system of vertebrates. Especially designed for those
who have interest in Neurology, Psychology or Medicine.

In addition to these courses special C. or D. work for 2 or 3 hours may be taken as follows:

_a._ Special field and laboratory work with some group of marine
animals, such as amphipods, isopods, decapods, gastropods,
etc.

_b._ Special field and laboratory work in Entomology, either with
some single order or family, or life history work.

_c._ Special field and laboratory work in the embryology of
invertebrates.

_d._ Special field and laboratory work in Ecology. Hours to be
arranged.

_e._ Special field and laboratory work in marine algæ. Hours to be
arranged.

The following work in art will be offered by Miss Anna A. Hills:

1. S. A1. Art (2 hours) zoological drawing. A beginning
course for students of Biology with marine and land specimens
as material. This course will be an aid to any who
may wish to prepare illustrations for scientific papers or
books. Pen and ink, pencil and colored methods will be
given. Tuition the same as in other courses. Students furnish
their own drawing materials.

2. Outdoor sketch class with either water colors or oils--oils
preferred.

3. Outdoor figure work. Especially arranged for if desired by
those who have done out-of-door work.

Rates for two and three, 75 cents per hour. Each should be taken in three periods of three hours each.

Miss Hills has had the following preparation: Student in Olivet College, Art Institute, Chicago; Graduate of Cooper Union, New York City; special work under Rhoda Holmes Nicholls and Arthur W. Dow, New York. During four years study in Europe worked under Wilhelmina H. de Koning in Holland, Jean Paul Laurens and William Lappara in Julian's Academy, Paris, and in England two years out of doors under J. Noble Barlow.

===================================================================

Supply Department Laguna Marine Laboratory

LAGUNA BEACH, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FOR CLASS AND MUSEUM MARINE AND FRESH WATER FORMS DETERMINED INSECTS FOR SCHOOL COLLECTIONS MICROSCOPIC PREPARATIONS OF ALL SORTS, BOTH WHOLE MOUNTS AND SECTIONS ZOOLOGICAL CHARTS IN COLORS ANATOMICAL MODELS AND DISSECTIONS

All orders for material should be sent in not later than August 1st

ATTENTION GIVEN TO SPECIAL MATERIAL

From September 15th to June 20th, address Department Zoology, Pomona College, Claremont, California.

From June 20th until September 15th, address

Supply Department
LAGUNA MARINE LABORATORY
Laguna Beach, California

===================================================================

Living protozoa, hydroids, planarians, rotifers, frogs, lizards and salamanders may be furnished if time is given. Enough for a class of twelve of any one of the first four, $1.00. Frogs, lizards and salamanders may be furnished at from $1.00 to $3.00 a dozen.

Towings from the ocean, per bottle $ .25
Simple sponges, per dozen .50
Other sponges, per dozen .75
Small hydroids, per vial .75
Large tubularian hydroids, per dozen .75 to 1.00
Fresh water planarians, per dozen .25
Salt water planarians, per dozen .50
Small round worms, per dozen .25
Sipunculid worms, per dozen .75
Marine annelids, per dozen .75 to 1.00
Leeches, per dozen .75
Polyzoa, per bottle .25
Starfish, small to large, per dozen .50 to 1.50
Sea urchins, per dozen .75 to 1.00
Sea cucumbers, large, per dozen 3.00
Synapta, per dozen 1.00
Serpent stars, small to large, per dozen .75 to 2.00
Mussels, medium to large, per dozen .75 to 1.50
Pectens or cockles, per dozen .75 to 1.50
Snails, small, per dozen .50
Sea hares, per dozen 2.00
Salt Water Snails, large, per dozen 1.00
Limpets, large, per dozen .75
Land slugs, per dozen .75
Chitons, medium sized, per dozen .75
Chitons, large, per dozen 1.50
Barnacles, large, per dozen 1.00
Shore crabs, per dozen .75
Rock crabs, large, per dozen 1.50
Small lobster-like forms, per dozen .75 to 1.50
Ascidians, simple or compound .75
Amphioxus, medium to large, each .25 to .50
Small fish, per dozen .50 to 1.50
Devilfish or octopus, each .75 to 3.00

===================================================================

Eggs or young crabs, lobsters, starfish, etc., can be furnished either mounted and stained for microscopic examination or in bottles.

Amphipods, isopods, etc., can be furnished at any time.

The following land animals can be furnished at from 25c to $1.00 a dozen preserved in alcohol or formalin.

Spiders, phalangids, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, dragon and damsel fly larvæ, aquatic beetle larvæ, grasshoppers, crickets, termites, bugs, beetles, etc.

DETERMINED COLLECTIONS OF MARINE SHELLS
A set of fifty species $5.00

DETERMINED MARINE CRUSTACEA
A set of forty species $8.00

DETERMINED MARINE INVERTEBRATES
A set of local starfish, sea urchins, etc. $5.00

DETERMINED AND MOUNTED INSECTS
A set of all the important orders, labeled and in a box or case $6.00
A mounted collection of fifty common beetles, determined and
labeled 6.00
A set of 25 butterflys, mounted and labeled 6.00

Other sets of determined insects may be obtained to order.

ZOOLOGICAL CHARTS

These are made on cloth and may be made to order. The charts may be in colors and cost from $1.00 to $3.00 each, according to the details. Special prices given on Anatomical, Physiological, Zoological or Entomological diagrams in one or several colors.

ZOOLOGICAL OR ANATOMICAL MODELS IN CLAY
OR WAX AND IN COLORS

These also may be made to order, their cost depends upon the complexity. The following are some of the series:

Brains of the chief vertebrate groups, set of six $5.00 to $10.00
Anatomy of clam, earthworm, starfish 10.00
Models of the development of the frog 5.00
Models of the development of the chick, etc.

(OVER)

===================================================================

ZOOLOGICAL OR HISTOLOGICAL MICROSCOPIC SLIDES

Sections of starfish, whole small starfish, young crustacea, etc., sections of organs for classes in Physiology. These slides will be made to order from any animal or any tissue for from 25 cents to 75 cents a slide with reduction in price for sets of twelve or more.

Serial sections of embryos of mammals, reptiles, birds, fish or invertebrate embryos or adults will be made to order at from 25 cents to 75 cents a slide, depending upon the stain and character of the object.

Prices include preservatives and containers in most cases.

===================================================================

The KA Binocular Microscope

Is of great value in all biological work where low and medium powers are employed. In embryology the true stereoscopic image shows the relative position of important details. This feature is of great assistance to the student and makes the instructor's work easy.

_Write for booklet_

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. of California

154 Sutter St., San Francisco, Cal.

===================================================================

_The_ Journal _of_
Zoological Research

_Edited by_
_WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S._
_The Gatty Marine Laboratory_
_The University, St. Andrews, Scotland_

The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological
research--systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by
lithographic plates and text figures.

Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5.

_All subscriptions should be forwarded to_

Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd.
37 Soho Square, London, W., England

---------------------------

GRIFFITH

Incubators

A simple, well constructed bacteriological
incubator

---------------------------

The Journal of
Parasitology

A Quarterly devoted to Medical
Zoology

This journal will be a medium for
the prompt publication of briefer
papers and research notes on animal
parasites. Emphasis laid on the
morphology, life history and biology
of zooparasites and the relations of
animals to disease.

Subscription, $2.00 a volume

Managing Editor,

HENRY B. WARD,

Univ. Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

===================================================================

=GAGE--The Microscope=

An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology

By SIMON H. GAGE.

Twelfth edition in press. Entirely rewritten, and with many new
illustrations. Price $2.00.

This work aims to give help to everyone who uses the microscope, whether he is a beginner or an advanced worker.

=COMSTOCK--A Manual for the Study of Insects=

By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology in Cornell
University, and ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, member of the Society
of American Wood-Engravers. 8vo. cloth, IX. + 701 pages, 797
figures in the text, and six full page plates. Nearly all of the
figures were engraved especially for this work. Postpaid $4.07;
net $3.75.

This handbook is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public schools and of students in high schools and colleges.

=NEEDHAM--General Biology=

A book of outlines and practical studies for the general student

By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Professor of Limnology and General Biology in
Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XIV. + 542 pages; 288 figures,
mostly original. Postpaid $2.00.

This book is expressly designed to help the general student obtain a comprehensive grasp of the principles of biology.

=COMSTOCK--Handbook of Nature-Study=

By ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, Lecturer in Nature-Study in Cornell
University. Cloth 8vo. XVIII. + 938 pages, more than 1,000
illustrations. Prices, postpaid: Bound in one volume, $3.65;
bound in two volumes, $4.50; Volume I., including Animal Life,
$2.25; Volume II., including Plant Life, $2.25. Sample pages
sent on application.

A handbook of Nature-Study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell Nature-Study Leaflets, with much additional material and many new illustrations.

=GAGE--Optic Projection=

By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor Emeritus of Histology and Embryology
in Cornell University, and Henry Phelps Gage, Ph. D.

This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial interest to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals especially with the use of the Projection Microscope for demonstrations and for drawing. It also gives the fundamental principles of all the forms of projection. A 16-page circular will be sent on request. Postpaid, $3.00.

=RILEY--Handbook of Medical Entomology=

By WM. A. RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and
Parasitology in Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. D.,
Professor of Biology in Cornell University.

A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with keys for their determination, and method of control. Bound Library Buckram, medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.

The Comstock Publishing Company
Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y.

===================================================================

Choice Mineral Specimens

It affords this establishment pleasure to state that though we are over fifty years old we are still seeking with youthful energy new finds of choice mineral specimens.

A few of our recent additions will show from what widely distributed areas we draw:

=Japan=: =Chalcopyrite= in groups of sharp crystals, some of them
beautifully iridescent.

=Stibnite=, brilliant crystals, 5 to 8 inches long.

=Hokutolite=, a new radio-active barium-lead silicate.

=Reinite=, in large, sharp crystals.

=Quartz Twins=, fine, large crystals.

=Rhodesia=: =Malachite=, beautiful polished specimens showing
concentric banding.

=Hopeite=, in small groups of excellent crystals.

=Madagascar=: =Betafite=, a new uranium niobate, in good crystals.

=Euxenite=, good crystals.

=Beryl=, in large brown crystals with pyramidal faces.

=California=: =Tourmaline=, polished transverse sections of large
crystals of rich red and green colors.

=Kunzite=, superb gem crystals.

=Benitoite= and =Neptunite= in fine crystals and groups.

=Greenockite= on =Magnetite=, uncommonly good.

=Utah=: =Willemite=, drusy masses of colorless and red crystals.

=Aurichalcite=, singularly beautiful robin's-egg blue,
crystallized coatings.

=Nova Scotia=: =Magnesite= in groups of small distinct hexagonal
crystals.

New lots of fine specimens are constantly arriving. Ask for price-list No. 160.

Cheap minerals are described in No. 158.

Circular No. 170 enumerates all of our many catalogues and price-lists.

Ward's Natural Science Establishment
84-102 College Avenue
Rochester, N. Y.

===================================================================

Entomological News

A forty-eight page illustrated magazine, published monthly except August
and September, devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list
of the titles of the current Entomological Literature, and also
articles by the leading Entomologists in the United
States and Canada. Valuable information
for the beginner, the economic
entomologist and the
systematist.

To new subscribers, $1.90; Renewals, $2.00; payable in advance.
Single copies 25 cents. Address

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

===================================================================
CLASS WORK MATERIAL

CAN BE PROCURED AT ANY TIME OF
THE YEAR FROM