Chapter II: Preface: To the Fourth Edition

This edition is substantially a reprint of the third, which was published in 1910.

J. W. S.

LONDON,
_May 1913_

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
THE SCIENCE OF JURISPRUDENCE
PAGE
§ 1. Jurisprudence as the Science of Law 1
§ 2. Jurisprudence as the Science of Civil Law 3
§ 3. Theoretical Jurisprudence 4
§ 4. English and Foreign Jurisprudence 7

CHAPTER II
CIVIL LAW
§ 5. The Definition of Law 9
§ 6. The Administration of Justice 10
§ 7. Law logically subsequent to the Administration of Justice 12
§ 8. Law and Fact 15
§ 9. The Justification of the Law 19
§ 10. The Defects of the Law 23
§ 11. General and Special Law 28
§ 12. Common Law 32
§ 13. Law and Equity 34

CHAPTER III
OTHER KINDS OF LAW
§ 14. Law in General—A Rule of Action 40
§ 15. Physical or Scientific Law 41
§ 16. Natural or Moral Law 43
§ 17. Imperative Law 47
§ 18. Conventional Law 54
§ 19. Customary Law 55
§ 20. Practical Law 56
§ 21. International Law 56
§ 22. The Law of Nations as Natural Law 59
§ 23. The Law of Nations as Customary Law 60
§ 24. The Law of Nations as Imperative Law 61

CHAPTER IV
THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
§ 25. Necessity of the Administration of Justice 65
§ 26. Origin of the Administration of Justice 67
§ 27. Civil and Criminal Justice 70
§ 28. The Purposes of Criminal Justice: Deterrent Punishment 75
§ 29. Preventive Punishment 75
§ 30. Reformative Punishment 76
§ 31. Retributive Punishment 80
§ 32. Civil Justice: Primary and Sanctioning Rights 84
§ 33. A Table of Legal Remedies 87
§ 34. Penal and Remedial Proceedings 88
§ 35. Secondary Functions of Courts of Law 89

CHAPTER V
THE STATE
§ 36. The Nature and Essential Functions of the State 93
§ 37. Secondary Functions of the State 98
§ 38. The Territory of the State 99
§ 39. The Membership of the State 99
§ 40. The Constitution of the State 105
§ 41. The Government of the State 110
§ 42. Independent and Dependent States 111
§ 43. Unitary and Composite States 114

CHAPTER VI
THE SOURCES OF LAW
§ 44. Formal and Material Sources 117
§ 45. Legal and Historical Sources 117
§ 46. A List of Legal Sources 120
§ 47. The Sources of Law as Constitutive and Abrogative 123
§ 48. Sources of Law and Sources of Rights 124
§ 49. Ultimate Legal Principles 125

CHAPTER VII
LEGISLATION
§ 50. The Nature of Legislation 127
§ 51. Supreme and Subordinate Legislation 129
§ 52. Relation of Legislation to other Sources 132
§ 53. Codification 136
§ 54. The Interpretation of Enacted Law 137

CHAPTER VIII
CUSTOM
§ 55. The Early Importance of Customary Law 143
§ 56. Reasons for the Reception of Customary Law 144
§ 57. The Requisites of a Valid Custom 146
§ 58. Conventional Custom 153
§ 59. Theories of Customary Law 154
§ 60. Custom and Prescription 157

CHAPTER IX
PRECEDENT
§ 61. The Authority of Precedents 159
§ 62. Declaratory and Original Precedents 160
§ 63. Authoritative and Persuasive Precedents 163
§ 64. The Absolute and Conditional Authority of Precedents 164
§ 65. The Disregard of a Precedent 165
§ 66. Precedents Constitutive, not Abrogative 168
§ 67. Grounds of the Authority of Precedents 170
§ 68. The Sources of Judicial Principles 174
§ 69. Respective Functions of Judges and Juries 176

CHAPTER X
LEGAL RIGHTS
§ 70. Wrongs 179
§ 71. Duties 180
§ 72. Rights 181
§ 73. The Elements of a Legal Right 185
§ 74. Legal Rights in a wider sense of the term 190
§ 75. Libertie 190
§ 76. Powers 192
§ 77. Duties, Disabilities, and Liabilities 194

CHAPTER XI
THE KINDS OF LEGAL RIGHTS
§ 78. Perfect and Imperfect Rights 197
§ 79. The Legal Nature of Rights against the State 199
§ 80. Positive and Negative Rights 201
§ 81. Real and Personal Rights 202
§ 82. Proprietary and Personal Rights 207
§ 83. Rights in re propria and Rights in re aliena 212
§ 84. Principal and Accessory Rights 216
§ 85. Legal and Equitable Rights 217

CHAPTER XII
OWNERSHIP
§ 86. The Definition of Ownership 220
§ 87. Corporeal and Incorporeal Ownership 221
§ 88. Corporeal and Incorporeal Things 225
§ 89. Sole Ownership and Co-ownership 226
§ 90. Trust and Beneficial Ownership 227
§ 91. Legal and Equitable Ownership 231
§ 92. Vested and Contingent Ownership 232

CHAPTER XIII
POSSESSION
§ 93. Introduction 236
§ 94. Possession in Fact and in Law 237
§ 95. Corporeal and Incorporeal Possession 239
§ 96. Corporeal Possession 240
§ 97. The Animus Possidendi 242
§ 98. The Corpus of Possession 244
§ 99. Relation of the Possessor to other Persons 244
§ 100. Relation of the Possessor to the Thing Possessed 250

CHAPTER XIV POSSESSION (_continued_) § 101. Immediate and Mediate Possession 252 § 102. Concurrent Possession 256 § 103. The Acquisition of Possession 256 § 104. Possession not essentially the Physical Power of Exclusion 258 § 105. Incorporeal Possession 261 § 106. Relation between Possession and Ownership 264 § 107. Possessory Remedies 267

CHAPTER XV PERSONS § 108. The Nature of Personality 272 § 109. The Legal Status of the Lower Animals 273 § 110. The Legal Status of Dead Men 275 § 111. The Legal Status of Unborn Persons 277 § 112. Double Personality 278 § 113. Legal Persons 279 § 114. Corporations 281 § 115. The Agents, Beneficiaries, and Members of a Corporation 285 § 116. The Acts and Liabilities of a Corporation 287 § 117. The Uses and Purposes of Incorporation 289 § 118. The Creation and Extinction of Corporations 293 § 119. The State as a Corporation 294

CHAPTER XVI TITLES § 120. Vestitive Facts 299 § 121. Acts in the Law 301 § 122. Agreements 305 § 123. The Classes of Agreements 307 § 124. Void and Voidable Agreements 309

CHAPTER XVII LIABILITY § 125. The Nature and Kinds of Liability 319 § 126. The Theory of Remedial Liability 320 § 127. The Theory of Penal Liability 321 § 128. Acts 323 § 129. Two Classes of Wrongful Acts 327 § 130. Damnum sine Injuria 329 § 131. The Place and Time of an Act 330 § 132. Mens Rea 332

CHAPTER XVIII INTENTION AND NEGLIGENCE § 133. The Nature of Intention 335 § 134. Intention and Motive 338 § 135. Malice 340 § 136. Relevance and Irrelevance of Motives 341 § 137. Criminal Attempts 343 § 138. Other Exceptions to the Irrelevance of Motives 346 § 139. Jus necessitatis 347 § 140. Negligence 348 § 141. Objection Considered 352 § 142. The Standard of Care 354 § 143. Degrees of Negligence 358 § 144. Other Theories of Negligence 361

CHAPTER XIX LIABILITY (_continued_) § 145. Wrongs of Absolute Liability 366 § 146. Mistake of Law 368 § 147. Mistake of Fact 369 § 148. Accident 371 § 149. Vicarious Responsibility 374 § 150. The Measure of Criminal Liability 377 § 151. The Measure of Civil Liability 382

CHAPTER XX THE LAW OF PROPERTY § 152. Meanings of the term Property 385 § 153. Kinds of Property 387 § 154. The Ownership of Material Things 387 § 155. Movable and Immovable Property 390 § 156. Real and Personal Property 394 § 157. Rights in re propria in Immaterial Things 395 § 158. Leases 397 § 159. Servitudes 400 § 160. Securities 402 § 161. Modes of Acquisition: Possession 406 § 162. Prescription 408 § 163. Agreement 412 § 164. Inheritance 416

CHAPTER XXI THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS § 165. The Nature of Obligations 422 § 166. Solidary Obligations 424 § 167. The Sources of Obligations 427 § 168. Obligations arising from Contracts 427 § 169. Obligations arising from Torts 428 § 170. Obligations arising from Quasi-Contracts 432 § 171. Innominate Obligations 435

CHAPTER XXII THE LAW OF PROCEDURE § 172. Substantive Law and the Law of Procedure 437 § 173. Evidence 440 § 174. The Valuation of Evidence 444 § 175. The Production of Evidence 449 § 176. Criticism of the Law of Evidence 452

APPENDICES
I. THE NAMES OF THE LAW 457
II. THE THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY 467
III. THE MAXIMS OF THE LAW 474
IV. THE DIVISIONS OF THE LAW 481
V. THE LITERATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE 487

INDEX 497

JURISPRUDENCE.