Chapter VIII: First Mission to China. Canton (2)

_March 16th._--We are at anchor off Chinhae at the mouth of the river
which leads to Ningpo. We have just returned from a walk on shore. We
passed through a small walled town, and climbed up a hill to a temple
on the summit, from which we had a magnificent prospect. On the east
and north, the sea studded with the islands of the Chusan group; on
the west, a rich plain, through which the river meanders on its way
from Ningpo; on the north, a succession of mountain ranges. We were
accompanied by some curious but good-natured Chinamen, who seemed
anxious to give us information. A very dirty lad, without a tail,
proved to be the priest. After looking about us for some time, we
entered the building; which contained a sort of central shrine, in
which were some gilt figures of large size, besides rows of smaller
gilt figures round the walls. I observed a number of slips of paper
with Chinese characters upon them; and being told that they were used
for divination purposes, I asked how it was done: upon which one of
the Chinamen took from before the shrine a thing like a match-holder,
full of bits of stick like matches, and kneeling down on a hassock,
began to shake this case till one of the bits of stick fell out. He
picked it up, and finding a single notch upon it, selected from the
slips of paper which I had noticed the one which had a corresponding
mark. We carried it away, and I intend to get Mr. Wade to translate it
that I may send it to you. The other Chinamen present seemed very much
amused at what was going on. They do not appear to have a particle of
reverence for their religion, and yet they spend a good deal of money
on their temples.

Wade's teacher (so the Chinaman who aids him in the work of
interpretation is styled) has told him that the lot which fell to me
at the Buddhist temple is the No. 1 lot, the most fortunate of all.
Their system of divination is rather complicated, but, as I understand
it, it appears to be that Noah, or some one who lived about his time,
discovered eight symbols on the back of a tortoise. These, multiplied
into themselves, make sixty-four, which constituted the Book of Fate.
It appears that my lot is the first of the eight, and therefore the
best that can be got!

[Sidenote: Ningpo.]

_Ningpo.--March 18th._--We arrived here yesterday, and I have been
walking both days about the town with Mr. Meadows, the author, who is
vice-consul here. I am disappointed with the city, of which I had
heard a great deal. But the people are even more amiable than at any
other place I have visited. Oliphant has rejoined us in high spirits,
after his visit to Soochow. I cross-examined a Church of England
clergyman about his converts. When pressed, he could only name one who
seemed to be conscious of the want which we believe to be supplied by
the Atonement. About 100, however, including children, attend churches
in Ningpo, of whom thirty have been baptized.

Ningpo was one of the places which had been treated with more than ordinary severity in the last war. It was also one of the places in which the natives showed the most friendly disposition towards foreigners. To the resident traders the inference was obvious: the severity was the cause of the friendly disposition, and it had only to be applied elsewhere to produce the like results. With evident satisfaction Lord Elgin sets himself, in an official despatch, to refute this reasoning. After observing that the natives showed rather an exaggeration than a defect of the desire to live peaceably with foreigners, he proceeds:--

The state of Ningpo in this respect furnishes their favourite and,
perhaps, most plausible argument, to that class of persons who
advocate what is styled a vigorous policy in China; in other words, a
policy which consists in resorting to the most violent measures of
coercion and repression on the slenderest provocations. They say,
'Remember what happened at Ningpo during the last war, and observe the
consideration and respect which is evinced towards you there. Treat
other towns in China likewise, and the result will be the same.' I
question the soundness of this inference. Ningpo is situated on the
south-eastern verge of the mighty valley of the Yang-tze-kiang, which
is inhabited by a population the most inoffensive, perhaps, both by
disposition and habit, of any on the surface of the earth. Their
amenity towards the foreigner is due, I apprehend, to temperament, as
much, at least, as to the recollection of the violence which they may
have sustained at his hands.

I have made it a point, whenever I have met missionaries or others who
have penetrated into the interior from Ningpo and Shanghae, to ask
them what treatment they experienced on those expeditions, and the
answer has almost invariably been that, at points remote from those to
which foreigners have access, there was no diminution, but on the
contrary rather an enhancement, of the courtesy exhibited towards them
by the natives.

[Sidenote: Missionary schools.]

_H.M.S. 'Furious.'--March 20th._--Yesterday, I called on a clergyman
to see Miss Aldersey,--a remarkable lady, who came out here
immediately after the last war, and has been devoting herself and her
fortune to the education and Christianisation of the Chinese at
Ningpo. She seems a nice person, but I could not get as much
conversation with her as I wished, because the Bishop, &c., were
present all the time. She has to pay the girls a trifle, as an
equivalent for what their labour is worth, for coming to her school,
or to board them and keep them, as it is not at all in the ideas of
the Chinese that women should be educated. She does not seem to have
got the _entrée_ into Chinese houses of the richer class. Mrs. Russell
(wife of the English clergyman), who speaks the language, has obtained
it a little. I cannot make out that, when she visits them, they ever
talk of anything except where she got her dress, &c.; but on great
occasions, when they assemble for ceremonies in the temples, they seem
very devout. In private they treat these matters with great
indifference. I had some of the missionaries to dinner. They put the
converts at a larger number than I understood Mr. Russell to do, but
otherwise their report did not differ materially from his.

[Sidenote: Chusan.] [Sidenote: French missionary.]

_Chusan.--March 21st._--This is a most charming island. How any
people, in their senses, could have preferred Hong-Kong to it, seems
incredible. The people too, that is to say, the lower orders, seem
really to like us. We walked through the town of Tinghae, and asked at
the shop of a seller of perfumed sticks for the 'Mosquito tobacco,'
but in vain. We then passed through the further gate of the city into
the country beyond, and seeing something like a chapel, made towards
it. A man, dressed as a Chinaman, came out to meet us. He addressed us
in French, and proved to be a Roman Catholic priest. He was very
civil, and asked us into his house, where he gave us some tea, grown
on his own farm. He has been here two years quite alone, and he was
ten years before in the province of Kiangsù. He says that he has some
200 converts. Some twenty boys, deserted children, he brings up, and
works on his farm. I saw them, and I must say I never beheld a more
happy and well-conditioned set of boys. In the town was an
establishment for younger children, chiefly girls, under the charge of
a Chinese female convert. After he had given us tea, the missionary
accompanied us in our walk. He first took us to a sort of cottage-
villa, belonging to one of the rich inhabitants, consisting of about a
couple of acres of ground, covered by kiosks and grottos and dwarf-
trees, and ups and downs and zigzags,--all in the most approved
Chinese fashion. From thence we clambered up a mountain of, I should
think, some 1,200 feet in height, from which we had a very extensive
view, and beheld ranges of hills, separated by cosy valleys, on one
side; on the other, the walled city of Tinghae, surrounded by rice-
fields; beyond, the sea studded with islands of the Chusan group. It
was a beautiful view, and we returned to the ship very much pleased
with our scramble.

[Sidenote: Scenery.]

_March 22nd._--I have just returned from a walk to the top of a hill,
on the opposite side of the flat on which the town is situated from
that which we mounted yesterday. The day is charming, clear, with a
fanning, bracing air. We had a finer view almost than yesterday. The
same character of scenery all round the island. Spacious flats on the
sea-board under irrigation; about one-half of the fields covered (now)
with water, and the other half in crop, chiefly beans, wheat, and
rape, which, with its yellow flower, gives warmth to the colouring of
the landscape; these flats, fringed by hills of a goodly height--say
from 600 to 1,200 feet,--which cluster together as they recede from
the sea-board, compressing the flats into narrow valleys, and finally
extinguishing them altogether. The hills themselves barren, with
patches here and there of Chinese cultivation and fir plantations, the
first I have seen in China. Turn your eyes to the sea, and you have
before you innumerable islands dotting its surface, the same in
character, though smaller in size, than that on which you are
standing. I have seldom seen a more delightful spot. In going on our
walk, we passed by the burying-ground of the British who died while we
occupied the island, and we did something to put order among their
neglected graves. On our return, we passed by a cottage where an old
lady was seated at her spinning-wheel. I entered. She received us most
courteously, placed chairs for us, and immediately set to work to
prepare tea. When she found that one of the party was a doctor, a son
(grown up) was produced who was suffering from ague. We brought him on
board, and gave him some quinine. He showed us the medicine he was
taking. It appeared to be a sort of mash of bits of bamboo and all
sorts of vegetable ingredients. The doctor who tried it said it had no
taste. I should mention that at the landing-place we met some of the
French, missionary's boys, who brought me a present of eggs and fowls
and salad from the farm, in return for a dollar which I gave them
yesterday to buy cakes withal.

[Sidenote: Potou.] [Sidenote: Bonzes.]

_March 23rd._--We set off this morning to visit Potou.[4] After
lauding on the beach, we proceeded along a spacious paved path to a
monastery, in a very picturesque spot under the grey granite hills. We
entered the buildings, which were like all other Buddhistic temples
--the same images, &c.--and were soon surrounded by crowds of the most
filthy and miserable-looking bonzes, some clad in grey and some in
yellow. All were very civil, however, and on the invitation of the
superior--who had a much more intelligent look than the rest--we went
into an apartment at the side of the temple and had some tea. After a
short rest we proceeded on our way, and mounted a hill about 1,500
feet in height, passing by some more temples on the way. I never saw
human beings apparently in a lower condition than these bonzes, though
some of the temples were under repair, and on the whole tolerably
cared for. The view from the top of the hill was magnificent, and
there was glorious music here and there, from the sea rolling in upon
the sandy beach. We met some women (not young ones) going up the hill
in chairs to worship at the temples, and found, in some, individuals
at their devotions. In one there was a monk, hidden behind a great
drum, repeating in a plaintive tone, over and over again, the name of
Buddha, 'ameta fo,' or something like that sound. I observed some with
lumps on the forehead, evidently produced by knocking it against the
ground. The utter want of respect of these people for their temples,
coupled with this asceticism and apparent self-sacrifice in their
religion, is a combination which I cannot at present understand. It
has one bad effect, that in the plundering expeditions which we
Christians dignify with the name of war in these countries, idols are
ripped up in the hope of finding treasure in them, temple ornaments
seized, and in short no sort of consideration is shown for the
religious feelings of the natives.

The following notice of the same sacred island occurs in one of his despatches:--

I trust that I may be permitted to offer one remark in reference to
Potou, an islet adjoining Chusan, which I touched at on my way from
the latter place to Chapoo. Little information, of course, was to be
gathered there on questions directly affecting trade or politics, for
it is a holy spot, exclusively appropriated to temples in tinsel and
bonzes in rags; but it was impossible to wander over it as I did,
visiting with entire impunity its most sacred recesses, without being
forcibly reminded of the fact that one, at least, of the obstacles to
intercourse between nations, which operates most powerfully in many
parts, especially of the East, can hardly be said to exist in China.
The Buddhistic faith does not seem to excite in the popular mind any
bigoted antipathy to the professors of other creeds. The owner of the
humblest dwelling almost invariably offers to the foreigner who enters
it the hospitable tea-cup, without any apparent apprehension that his
guest, by using, will defile it; and priests and worshippers attach no
idea of profanation to the presence of the stranger in the joss-house.
This is a fact, as I humbly conceive, not without its significance,
when we come to consider what prospect there may be of our being able
to extend and multiply relations of commerce and amity with this
industrious portion of the human race.

The private journal proceeds:--

_March 24th._--We are gliding through a perfectly smooth sea, with
islands on both sides of us, on a beautifully calm and clear day,
warmer than of late, but still tart enough to feel healthy. We passed
a fleet of some hundreds of junks, proceeding northward under convoy
of some lorchas of the 'Arrow' class, carrying flags which they
probably have no right to. These lorchas exact a sort of black mail
from the junks, and plunder them whenever it is more profitable to do
so than to protect them. They often have Europeans on board. Poor Yeh
has suffered severely for our sins in respect to this description of
craft. We are on our way to Chapoo now, a port not opened to trade,
but one which I am ordered by the Government to induce the Chinese to
open. As it is very little out of the way to Shanghae, I wish to look
at it in passing.

[Sidenote: Chapoo.]

_March 25th._--We reached Chapoo at about 5 P.M. I did not land, but
some of the party did, and mounted a hill from whence they looked down
upon a walled town of no great size, and a plain, perfectly flat,
stretching for any number of miles beyond it. The people, as usual,
were civil, and made no difficulties, although we have no right to
land there. The bay in which we anchored is open, and not in any
particular way interesting. At about three this morning we started,
and have been favoured with as good a day as yesterday. We have had
nothing of the bold coasts of previous days, and passed occasionally
islands flatter than those seen before. We are now in the mouth of the
Yang-tze-kiang, with a perfectly flat and low shore on one side, and
an equally flat one just discoverable with the aid of the telescope on
the other. A good many junks are sailing about us, their dark sails
filled with a lively breeze. Before us is a large man-of-war, which I
am just told is the American 'Minnesota.' So our cruise is coming to
an end, which I regret, as it has been a very pleasant break, and at
least for the time has kept me out of reach of the bothers of my
mission. We have reason too to be most thankful for the weather with
which we have been favoured, and if Mr. Reed is before me he cannot
complain, as I am here on the very day on which I said I should reach
Shanghae. This is a very strange coast. The sea seems to be filling up
with the deposits of the rivers. We have an island (inhabited) beside
us, which did not exist a few years ago. We have not during all
yesterday and to-day had ever more than eight fathoms of water.

[Sidenote: Shanghae.]

Shanghae had been named as the rendezvous for the Allied Powers. There, as he had written to the Emperor's Prime Minister, 'the Plenipotentiaries of England and France would be prepared to enter into negotiations for the settlement of all differences existing between their respective Governments and that of China with any Plenipotentiary, duly accredited by the Emperor, who might present himself at that port before the end of the month of March.' There he still fondly hoped to find his Hercules' Pillar. 'If I can only conclude a treaty at Shanghae,' so he wrote when starting from Canton, 'and hasten home afterwards!'

The place was well chosen for the purpose; not only as the most northerly of the Treaty ports, and therefore nearest to the capital, but also as the most flourishing stronghold of European influence and civilisation then existing in China. 'I was struck,' wrote Lord Elgin in one of his despatches, 'by the thoroughly European appearance of the place; the foreign settlement, with its goodly array of foreign vessels, occupying the foreground of the picture; the junks and native town lying up the river, and dimly perceptible among the shadows of the background; spacious houses, always well, and often sumptuously, furnished; Europeans, ladies and gentlemen, strolling along the quays; English policemen habited as the London police; and a climate very much resembling that which I had experienced in London exactly twelve months before, created illusions which were of course very promptly dissipated.'

[Sidenote: Message from Pekin.]

Dissipated too was the hope in which he had indulged, of a speedy termination to his labours; for he was met by a _message_ from the Prime Minister, that 'no Imperial Commissioner ever conducted business at Shanghae; that a new Commissioner had been sent to Canton to replace Yeh; and that it behoved the English Minister to wait in Canton, and there make his arrangements.' This, of course, was not to be thought of; and nothing remained but to move onwards towards Pekin, and apply some more direct pressure to the Emperor and his capital.

_March 29th.--Shanghae._--Here I am in the Consul's house, a very
spacious mansion. The climate, character of the rooms, &c., all make
me feel in Europe again. I reached this harbour on the 26th, but only
landed to-day. Mr. Reed and Count Putiatine arrived before me, but
Baron Gros has not yet made his appearance. The Prime Minister of the
Emperor says that he cannot write to me himself, but sends me a
message through the Governor-General of the province to say that a
Commissioner has been sent to Canton by the Emperor to replace Yeh,
and that I must go there and settle matters with him. This will never
do, so I must move on to the mouth of the Peiho. I am only waiting for
Gros and the Admiral before I start. The Shanghae merchants presented
an address to me to-day, and as I was obliged to say something in
reply, I thought that I might as well take advantage of the
opportunity to let the Chinese (who are sure to get a translation of
my answer) know, that there is no chance of my going back to Canton. I
also endeavoured to give the British manufacturers a hint that they
must exert themselves and not trust to cannon if they intend to get a
market in China.

The views to which he here refers were expressed in his reply in the following forcible language:--

[Sidenote: Reply to merchants' address.]

In my communication with the functionaries of the Chinese Government,
I have been guided by two simple rules of action: I have never
preferred a demand which I did not believe to be both moderate and
just, and from a demand so preferred I have never receded. These
principles dictated the policy which resulted in the capture and
occupation of Canton. The same principles will be followed by me, with
the same determination, to their results, if it should be necessary to
repeat the experiment in the vicinity of the capital of the Emperor of
China.

The expectations held out to British manufacturers at the close of the
last war between Great Britain and China, when they were told 'that a
new world was opened to their trade so 'vast that all the mills in
Lancashire could not make stocking-stuff sufficient for one of its
provinces,' have not been realised; and I am of opinion that when
force and diplomacy shall have done all that they can legitimately
effect, the work which has to be accomplished in China will be but at
its commencement.

When the barriers which prevent free access to the interior of the
country shall have been removed, the Christian civilisation of the
West will find itself face to face, not with barbarism, but with an
ancient civilisation in many respects effete and imperfect, but in
others not without claims on our sympathy and respect. In the rivalry
which will then ensue, Christian civilisation will have to win its way
among a sceptical and ingenious people, by making it manifest that a
faith which reaches to Heaven furnishes better guarantees for public
and private morality than one which does not rise above the earth.

At the same time the machina-facturing West will be in presence of a
population the most universally and laboriously manufacturing of any
on the earth. It can achieve victories in the contest in which it will
have to engage only by proving that physical knowledge and mechanical
skill, applied to the arts of production, are more than a match for
the most persevering efforts of unscientific industry.

The journal proceeds as follows, under date of the 29th of March:--

I shall be a little curious to see my next letters. The truth is, that
the whole world just now are raving mad with a passion for killing and
slaying, and it is difficult for a person in his sober senses like
myself to keep his own among them. However I shall be glad to see what
Parliament says about Canton.

[Sidenote: Baths for the million.] [Sidenote: Malevolence towards Chinese.]

_March 30th._--Baron Gros arrived to-day. I forgot to mention that I
visited the town of Shanghae yesterday, and among other things went
into a bathing establishment, where coolies were getting steamed
rather than bathed at rather less than a penny a head, which penny
includes, moreover, a cup of tea. So that these despised Chinamen have
bathing-houses for the million. With us they are a recent invention:
they have had them, I believe, for centuries. I am told that they are
much used by the labouring class. I was struck by an instance of the
malevolence towards the Chinese, which I met with to-day. Baron Gros
told me that a boat with some unarmed French officers and seamen got
adrift at a place called the Cape of Good Hope, as he was coming up
from Hong-Kong. They found themselves off an island, on the shore of
which a crowd of armed Chinese collected. Their situation was
disagreeable enough. Next day, however, the body of the Chinese
dispersed, and a few who remained came forward in the kindest manner
offering them food, &c. They stated that they came down in arms to
defend themselves, fearing that they were pirates, but that as they
were peaceful people they were glad to serve them. I have heard the
first part of this story from two other quarters, _but the latter part
was in both cases omitted._

[Sidenote: Burial practices.]

_April 3rd._--I took another walk yesterday into the country, and saw
a kind of tower where dead children, whom the parents are too poor to
bury, are deposited. It is a kind of pigeonhouse about twenty feet
high, and the babies are dropped through the pigeon-holes. After that
I walked into a spacious building where coffins containing dead bodies
are stored, awaiting a lucky day for the burial, or for some other
reason. The coffins are so substantial and the place so well
ventilated that there was nothing at all disagreeable in it. There is
something touching in the familiarity with which the Chinese treat the
dead.

[Sidenote: Roman Catholic mission.]

_Shanghae.--Easter Sunday._--I have been at church.... In the
afternoon I walked to the Roman Catholic cathedral, which is about
three miles from the Consulate. I found a really handsome, or at any
rate spacious, building, well decorated. The priests were very civil.
They count 80,000 converts (a considerable portion, I take it,
descendants of the Christian converts made by the missionaries ages
ago) in this province. It is impossible to help contrasting their
proceedings with those of the Protestants. They come out here to pass
the whole of their lives in evangelising the heathen, never think of
home, live on the same fare and dress in the same attire as the
natives. The Protestants (generally) hardly leave the ports, where
they have excellent houses, wives, families, go home whenever self or
wife is unwell, &c. I passed an American missionary's house yesterday.
It was a great square building, situated in a garden, and at the
entrance gate there was a modest barn-like edifice, large enough to
hold about twenty sitters, which on inquiry I found to be the church.
These people have excellent situations, good salaries, so much for
every child, allowances for sickness, &c. They make hardly any
converts, but then they console themselves by saying, that the Roman
Catholics who make all these sacrifices do it from a bad motive, teach
idolatry, &c. I cannot say, but I must admit that the priests whom I
met to-day talked like very sensible men, and that the appearance of
the young Chinamen (_séminaristes_) whom I saw was most satisfactory.
They had an intelligent, cheerful look, greatly superior to that of
the Roman Catholic seminarists generally in Europe. The priests bear
testimony to their aptitude in learning, their docility and good
conduct. They have an organ in the cathedral, the pipes of which are
all made of bamboo. It seems to have an excellent tone.

[Sidenote: and college.]

_April 7th._--I went on Monday to visit a college which the priests
have about six miles off, with about seventy scholars. It appeared to
be in good order. I walked back with a priest who had been in Canada
in our time. He was talkative, and gave me a good deal of information
about the Jesuits. It came on to rain very hard as we returned, but we
found our letters from home to reward us on our arrival.... No doubt,
as you say, one cannot help sometimes regretting that one is mixed up
with so bad a business as this in China, but then in some respects it
is a great opportunity for doing good, or at least for mitigating
evil.

[Sidenote: American missionary.]

I had a visit to-day from Dr. B., who is, I believe, the most eminent
of the American missionaries in China. He began by expressing his
gratitude to me for the merciful way in which matters had been
conducted at Canton, adding that they were _bad_ people, that they
insulted foreigners. He had lived among them fifteen years, and had
never been insulted when alone. He always went about without even a
stick, and they knew that he did not wish to injure them, &c. I then
asked him whether there was not some inconsistency in what he had said
about their treatment of himself and the epithet 'bad' which he had
applied to them. He said that perhaps the word was too strong, that he
was much attached to the Chinese, but that certain classes at Canton
were no doubt very hostile to foreigners, and that the chastisement
they had received was quite necessary. I really believe that what Dr.
B. said is pretty nearly the truth of the case, and it is satisfactory
to me that the fact that I laboured to spare the people should be
known, known not only by those who approve, but by those who abhor
clemency.

From the foregoing and similar extracts, it will be seen how much interest he took in the labours of the missionaries, and at the same time with what breadth and calmness of view he handled a subject peculiarly liable to exaggeration on one side or the other. During his stay at Shanghae, it was brought before him officially in the shape of an address from the Protestant missionaries of the port, praying him, in the first place, to obtain a separate decree of toleration in favour of Protestantism, distinct from that which the French had already obtained for the 'Religion of the Lord of Heaven;' and, in the second place, to procure for them greater liberty of travelling and preaching in all parts of China. His reply contained words of grave warning, which have a special interest when read by the light of recent events. After saying that 'it certainly appeared to him to be reasonable and proper that the professors of different Christian denominations should be placed in China on a footing of equality,' he proceeded as follows:--

[Sidenote: Reply to address of Protestant missionaries.]

I should be wanting in candour, however, if I were not to state that,
in my opinion, the demands which you prefer involve, in some of their
details and consequences, questions of considerable nicety.

Christian nations claim for their subjects or citizens, who sojourn in
the East under heathen Governments, privileges of exterritoriality.
They are bound, therefore, when they seek to extend their rights of
residence and occupation, to take care that those exceptional
privileges be not abused, to the prejudice of the countries conceding
them.

I cannot say that I think that the Christian nations who have
established a footing in China, under the sanction of treaty
stipulations obtained by others, or in virtue of agreements made
directly by the Chinese Governments with themselves, have in all cases
duly recognised this obligation.

Unless I am greatly misinformed, many vile and reckless men, protected
by the privileges to which I have referred, and still more by the
terror which British prowess has inspired, are now infesting the
coasts of China. It may be that for the moment they are able, in too
many cases, to perpetrate the worst crimes with impunity; but they
bring discredit on the Christian name; inspire hatred of the foreigner
where no such hatred exists; and, as some recent instances prove,
teach occasionally to the natives a lesson of vengeance, which, when
once learnt, may not always be applied with discrimination.

But if the extension of the privileges of foreigners in China involves
considerations of nicety, still more delicate are the questions which
arise when it is proposed to confer by treaty on foreign Powers the
right to interfere on behalf of natives who embrace their religion. It
is most right and fitting that Chinamen espousing Christianity should
not be persecuted. It is most wrong and most prejudicial to the real
interests of the Faith that they should be tempted to put on a
hypocritical profession in order to secure thereby the advantages of
abnormal protection.

[1] Mr. Oliphant's 'Narrative' contains an interesting account of
the places which he visited in the execution of this mission.

[2] Bruce, Robert, and Frederick, his three sons.

[3] See his 'Narrative,' vol. i. c. xi.

[4] A sacred island, in the 'sea of water-lilies.'