Chapter XXVI: Appendix: A

GHQ Operations Instructions Number 70, 21 September 1944

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA

A. P. O. 500 21 September 1944.

OPERATIONS INSTRUCTION NUMBER 70

1. a. See current Intelligence Summaries and Annex
No. 3--Intelligence.
b. Allied Forces occupy the line:
MARIANAS-ULITHI-PALAU-MOROTAI and control the approaches
to the southern and eastern PHILIPPINES.
c. The THIRD FLEET, Admiral W. F. Halsey commanding, covers
and supports the LEYTE GULF-SURIGAO STRAIT Operations by:

(1) Containing or destroying the Japanese Fleet.
(2) Destruction of hostile air and shipping in
the FORMOSA, LUZON, VISAYAS and MINDANAO areas
during the period A-9 through A-3 and from A
Day through A+30 as necessary to maintain their
continued neutralization.
(3) Destruction of ground defenses and
installations and shipping in the objective and
adjacent enemy supporting areas from A-2 until
the escort carriers assume the mission of direct
support.
(4) Providing direct support of the landing and
subsequent operations by fast carrier aircraft
as required.

d. Coordination of operations of THIRD FLEET and SOUTHWEST
PACIFIC Naval and Air Forces will be published later.
e. I Time (Zone-9) of Z Time will be used during the
operation.

2. a. Forces of the SOUTHWEST PACIFIC, covered and supported
by the THIRD FLEET, will continue the offensive to reoccupy
the PHILIPPINES by seizing and occupying objectives in the
LEYTE and western SAMAR areas, and will establish therein
naval, air and logistic facilities for the support of
subsequent operations.
b. Target Date for A Day: 20 October 1944.
c. Forces

(1) SIXTH US ARMY--Lt General Walter Krueger,
US Army. As constituted, less elements assigned
by subsequent orders to EIGHTH US ARMY.
SIXTH US ARMY reserve:

77th US Infantry Division--GUAM
6th US Infantry Division--CAPE SANSAPOR,
DUTCH NEW GUINEA. Forces allocated for
the operation as designated in Annex
No. 1. Tentative Troop List for the
Operation. The exact composition of the
landing force as designated by Commanding
General SIXTH US ARMY.

(2) FIRST AUSTRALIAN ARMY--Lt General
V. A. H. Sturdee, CBE

As constituted.

(3) EIGHTH US ARMY--Lt General Robert
L. Eichelberger, US Army.

As later specified.

(4) ALLIED NAVAL Forces--Vice Admiral
T. C. Kinkaid, US NAVY.

As reinforced.

(5) ALLIED AIR Forces--Lt General George C. Kenney,
US Army.

As constituted.

(6) USASOS--Maj General J. L. Frink, US Army.

As constituted.

3. a. The SIXTH US ARMY, supported by the ALLIED NAVAL and
AIR Forces, will:

(1) By overwater operations seize and occupy:

(a) Objectives in the TACLOBAN and DULAG
areas in LEYTE and such adjacent areas
as are required to initiate and insure
uninterrupted naval and air operations
therefrom.
(b) Objectives in the HOMONHON and DINAGAT
ISLANDS and such adjacent areas prior to
the main assault in LEYTE as will insure
the uninterrupted access for amphibious
shipping into LEYTE GULF.
(c) Objectives in the PANAON STRAIT area
that will permit passage of naval forces
through the PANAON STRAIT for operations
in the CAMOTES SEA. This objective will be
secured simultaneously with (1) (a) above.

(2) Establish control of SAN JUANICO STRAITS in
order to permit passage of naval forces through
the SAN JUANICO STRAITS for operations in the
SAMAR SEA.
(3) In subsequent operations, establish control
over the remainder of LEYTE ISLAND; occupy and
consolidate the western portion of southern SAMAR
to include the TAFT-WRIGHT Highway and seize
objectives that will permit opening of SURIGAO
STRAITS for naval operations.
(4) Prepare to conduct such operations as may be
later directed by this headquarters to:

(a) Complete the consolidation of SAMAR.
(b) Destroy or contain hostile garrisons
in the VISAYAS.

(5) Occupy and defend sites for radar and air
warning installations as arranged with the
Commanders ALLIED NAVAL and AIR Forces.
(6) Assume control of and direct the operations
of FILIPINO Forces of the 9th Military District
(LEYTE-SAMAR).
(7) Establish facilities for minor naval operations
at the earliest practicable date in the LEYTE-SAMAR
area as arranged with the Commander ALLIED NAVAL
Forces and initiate the establishment of naval,
air and logistic facilities for the support of
subsequent operations to reoccupy the PHILIPPINES
as directed in Annex No 4, Logistics, and Annex
No 6, Engineer, and as later directed by this
headquarters.
(8) Establish air facilities in the LEYTE area
with objectives as follows:

(a) First Objective: 1 fighter gp (P-38)
Immediately following the 1 fighter gp (P-40)
assault and by A+5 for:
1 night fighter sq
(b) Second Objective: 1 tactical reconnaissance sq
Additional by A+15. 1 photo sq
1 medium bomb gp plus
1 sq P. O. A.
3 PBY sqs (tender-based)
1 VMR sq (Marine)
(c) Third Objective: 2 light bomb gps (A-20)
Additional by A+30. 1 air-sea rescue sq
1 tactical reconnaissance sq
1 fighter gp (P-38)
(d) Fourth Objective: 1 fighter gp (P-47)
Additional by A+45. 1 PB4Y sq (Air Ech)
2 heavy bomb gps
1 LAB sq
(e) Fifth Objective: 1 photo sq (F-5)
Additional by A+60. 1 PB4Y sq (Air-Ech)
2 troop carrier gps
1 combat mapping sq (Air Ech)
(f) As later designated.

b. The Commanding General EIGHTH US ARMY, supported by
the ALLIED NAVAL and AIR Forces will:

(1) Relieve the SIXTH US ARMY of missions
in NEW GUINEA, the ADMIRALTIES, NEW BRITAIN,
and the MOROTAI area as later directed by this
headquarters.
(2) Prepare to relieve the SIXTH US ARMY in
the VISAYAN area as later directed by this
headquarters.
(3) Assist the Commanding General SIXTH US ARMY
by training, staging and mounting units of the
SIXTH US ARMY in the EIGHTH US ARMY area of
responsibility as arranged with the Commanding
General SIXTH US ARMY.

c. The FIRST AUSTRALIAN ARMY, supported by the ALLIED
NAVAL and AIR Forces, will continue:

(1) The defense of naval and air installations
within assigned areas of combat responsibility.
(2) The neutralization of Japanese forces within
assigned areas, seizing every opportunity for
the destruction of hostile forces.

d. The Commander ALLIED NAVAL Forces, while continuing
present missions, will:

(1) Transport and establish landing forces ashore
in the LEYTE GULF-SURIGAO STRAIT area as arranged
with the Commanding General SIXTH US ARMY
(2) Support the operations by:

(a) Providing air protection for convoys
and naval task forces and direct air
support for the landing and subsequent
operations, supplemented as arranged
with the Commander THIRD FLEET and the
Commander ALLIED AIR Forces.
(b) Arranging direct air support and cover
with carrier aircraft for minesweeping
and preliminary landings in the LEYTE
GULF area during the period A-2 to the
time escort carriers assume the mission
of direct support on A Day.
(c) Transporting supporting troops and
their supplies as required to the LEYTE
GULF-SURIGAO STRAIT area in naval assault
shipping.
(d) Denying Japanese reinforcement of
the LEYTE area from the SAMAR, western
VISAYAS and northeastern MINDANAO areas.
(e) Clearing the SURIGAO STRAIT area of
hostile naval forces and shipping and
sweeping the SURIGAO STRAIT to open it
for naval operations and shipping in
the CAMOTES SEA and adjacent waters,
in conjunction with operations of the
SIXTH US ARMY.

(3) Provide submarine offensive reconnaissance
along probable routes of hostile naval forces
and of water-borne reinforcements and supplies.
(4) Provide lifeguard services as required.
(5) Transfer to the Commander ALLIED AIR Forces
the mission of direct air support when land-based
fighters and light bombers are established in
the LEYTE area, at a time as arranged with the
Commander ALLIED AIR Forces.
(6) Escort and protect shipping on the lines of
communication into the LEYTE and SAMAR areas.
(7) Establish in VISAYAN waters, naval forces
required to support current and future operations.

e. The Commander ALLIED AIR Forces, while continuing
present missions, will:

(1) Support the operation by:

(a) Providing aerial reconnaissance and
photography as required.
(b) Neutralizing, in coordination
with carrier and land-based aircraft
of the THIRD FLEET, hostile naval and
air forces in areas within range in the
PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO, intensifying the
neutralization in the western VISAYAS
and MINDANAO areas from D-9 to cover the
movement of naval forces, the landing and
subsequent operations. (Cooperation of
air operations of the THIRD FLEET and
SOUTHWEST PACIFIC Air Forces will be
published later.)
(c) Providing protection of convoys and
naval forces and direct support of the
landing and subsequent operations within
capabilities and as requested by Commander
ALLIED NAVAL Forces.
(d) Assuming the mission of direct support
of the operations in the LEYTE-SAMAR area
at the earliest practicable date after
the establishment of fighters and light
bombers in the LEYTE area, as arranged
with the Commander ALLIED NAVAL Forces.

(2) Continuing the destruction of hostile naval
and air forces and shipping in the ARAFURA and
CELEBES SEA areas and by initiating strikes on
northeastern BORNEO and the SULU ARCHIPELAGO at
the earliest practicable date; denying use of naval
facilities in the SULU ARCHIPELAGO to the Japanese
and protecting the western flank of the operation.
(3) Destroying hostile installations and sources of
war materials in Eastern NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES.
(4) Establishing and operating radar and air
warning facilities as required in the LEYTE-SAMAR
area, as arranged with the Commanding General
SIXTH US ARMY.
(5) Establishing air forces in the LEYTE area in
the priority as listed in paragraph 3a (8).

x. (1) For the coordination of planning the Commander
ALLIED NAVAL and AIR Forces will cause their
respective close support commanders to report
to the Commanding General SIXTH US ARMY, who is
charged with the coordination of plans.
(2) A brief of the coordinated plan of operations
will be furnished this headquarters by the
Commanding General SIXTH US ARMY by 5 October 1944.
(3) Commanders ALLIED NAVAL and AIR Forces,
SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA, will submit to this
headquarters by 1 October 1944 their respective
plans for general support to be afforded by their
forces during the period of operations.
(4) During the amphibious movement and landing,
the Commander Naval Attack Forces is in command of
the amphibious operations; his command continues
until the landing forces are established
ashore. Command of the forces ashore is then
passed to the Landing Force Commanders. The exact
time of transfer of command from the Commanders
Landing Forces will be announced by radio. The
controlling considerations for fixing the time
when the landing forces are established ashore
will be as agreed by the Commander ALLIED NAVAL
Forces and the Commanding General SIXTH US ARMY,
and will be announced by them to this headquarters
and appropriate subordinates.
(5) For coordination of land-based and naval
aircraft in support of the operation, see Standing
Operating Procedure Instructions Number 16/1,
this headquarters, dated 10 August 1944.
(6) To coordinate the attack of THIRD FLEET
carrier aircraft, the Commander ALLIED NAVAL
Forces, in concert with the Commander ALLIED AIR
Forces and Commanding General SIXTH US ARMY,
will furnish the Commander THIRD FLEET at the
earliest practicable date the following:

(a) Schedule and tracks of echelons.
(b) Target maps of air and surface bombardment.
(c) Communication plans.
(d) Naval gunfire plans.
(e) Other plans and data necessary for the
support of the operation by the
fastcarrier forces.

(7) Areas of responsibility for naval and air
operations of the THIRD FLEET and SOUTHWEST
PACIFIC Forces will be designated later.
(8) Instructions for long range reconnaissance,
and bombing and attack restrictions will be issued
in subsequent Operations Instructions.
(9) Annex No. 1 indicates the tentative troop
list for the Operation, and Annex 2 indicates
the troop movements for the concentration.

4. See Annex No. 4--Logistics. (to be issued later)

5. a. See Annex No. 5--Communications.
b. Command Posts.

PACIFIC OCEAN AREAS--HAWAII
THIRD FLEET--AFLOAT
GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC
AREA--HOLLANDIA

Rear Echelon--BRISBANE
Advanced Echelon--LEYTE (date and hour
of opening to be announced later)

SIXTH US ARMY--LEYTE (as announced by Commanding
General SIXTH US ARMY)

Rear Echelon--HOLLANDIA

FIRST AUSTRALIAN ARMY--LAE
EIGHTH US ARMY--HOLLANDIA
ALLIED NAVAL FORCES--HOLLANDIA

Rear Echelon--BRISBANE

ALLIED AIR FORCES--HOLLANDIA

Rear Echelon--BRISBANE

UNITED STATES ARMY SERVICES OF SUPPLY--HOLLANDIA

Rear Echelon--BRISBANE

By command of General MacARTHUR:

R. K. SUTHERLAND, Lieutenant General, U. S. Army, Chief of Staff.

OFFICIAL: /s/ S. J. Chamberlin, S. J. CHAMBERLIN, Major General, G.S.C., Asst. Chief of Staff, G-3. ANNEXES: (Omitted)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AA Antiaircraft AAF Army Air Forces Admin O Administrative Order AFPAC U.S. Army Forces, Pacific AGO Adjutant General's Office AGS SWPA Allied Geographic Section, Southwest Pacific Area AGWAR Adjutant General, War Department AIB GHQ SWPA Allied Intelligence Bureau, General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area AKA Cargo Ship, attack Amph Amphibious, amphibian APA Transport, attack APH Transport for wounded Arty Artillery ASCOM Army Service Command ATIS Allied Translator and Interpreter Section BAR Browning automatic rifle Bn Battalion Br Branch Bull Bulletin Cav Cavalry CCS Combined Chiefs of Staff CG Commanding General CINC Commander in Chief CINCPAC Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet CINCPOA Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Area CINCSWPA Commander in Chief, Southwest Pacific Area CM-IN Classified Message, incoming CM-OUT Classified Message, outgoing CO Commanding Officer CofS Chief of Staff Com3dFlt Commander, Third Fleet COMINCH Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet CTF Commander, task force CTG Commander, task group CTU Commander, task unit CVE Aircraft carrier, escort Div Division DNI Division of Naval Intelligence DUKW Amphibian, 2 1/2-ton, 6 × 6 truck, used for short runs from ship to shore Engr Engineer ESB Engineer Special Brigade FA Field Artillery FE Far East FEAF Far East Air Forces FEC Far East Command Flt Fleet FM Field Manual FO Field Order G-2 Intelligence section of divisional or higher staff G-3 Operations section of divisional or higher staff G-4 Supply section of divisional or higher staff GHQ SWPA General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area Gp Group GS General Staff Hist History, historical Hq Headquarters HRS DRB AGO Historical Records Section, Departmental Records Branch, Adjutant General's Office Inf Infantry I&HS Information and Historical Service Instns Instructions Intel Intelligence JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff Jnl Journal LCI Landing craft, infantry LCI (R) Landing craft, infantry (rocket) LCM Landing craft, mechanized LCM (R) Landing craft, mechanized (rocket) Log Logistics LSD Landing ship, dock LSM Landing ship, medium LST Landing ship, tank Ltr Letter LVT Landing vehicle, tracked M29 Weasel MC Medical Corps MI Military Intelligence Mil Military Msg Message Mtg Meeting OCMH Office of the Chief of Military History OCNO Office of the Chief of Naval Operations Off Officer ONI Office of Naval Intelligence OP Observation post OPD Operations Division, War Department General Staff Opns Operations PCE (R) Patrol craft, escort (rescue) POL Petrol oil and lubricants Prcht Parachute QM Quartermaster Rad Radiogram Rcds Records Regt Regiment Rpt Report S-2 Intelligence section of regimental or lower staff S-3 Operations section of regimental or lower staff Sec Section Ser Series Sq Squadron SSUSA Special Staff, U.S. Army Stf Staff SWPA Southwest Pacific Area Tel Conf Teletype Conference USA U.S. Army USASOS U.S. Army Services of Supply USMC U.S. Marine Corps USN U.S. Navy USNR U.S. Naval Reserve USSBS U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey WD War Department WDGS War Department General Staff Wkly Weekly

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Records and studies on the Leyte operation fall into eleven general classes: Joint Chiefs of Staff records, U.S. Army Air Forces records, U.S. Army records, U.S. Marine Corps records, U.S. Navy records, guerrilla records, Japanese studies, interviews, manuscript histories, special studies, and published works.

Joint Chiefs of Staff Records

The official records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as well as those of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, are now in the custody of the Research Analysis Section, Joint Chiefs of Staff. They consist primarily of the formal papers and minutes of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. An almost complete file of these JCS and CCS papers and minutes was kept for the Army during the wartime period by the Operations Division of the War Department General Staff and is now in the possession of the G-3 Division, the successor to the Operations Division. This Army file contains plans for projected operations, the working papers of the Army planning personnel, and correspondence with officers in the Pacific theaters, as well as the copies of the JCS and CCS minutes and papers.

Army Air Forces Records

The archives of the United States Army Air Forces contain manuscript histories of the various units and commands, written during or shortly after the war. The quality of these varies considerably. The following histories are of especial value for a study of the Leyte Campaign: those of the 7th, 8th, and 9th Fighter Squadrons of the 49th Fighter Group, 86th Fighter Wing, V Fighter Command, Fifth Air Force; V Fighter Command; V Bomber Command; XIII Bomber Command; Fifth Air Force; Thirteenth Air Force; and Far East Air Forces. Two studies are also useful: Far East Air Forces Staff Study Operation KING II, 12 July 44; and Fifth Air Force Fighter Cover Plan for Ormoc Bay Operation, file 731.326.

Army Records

The voluminous Army records on the Leyte Campaign vary considerably in quality and content. The documents range from messages between the Chief of Staff and theater commanders to company journals.

The Chief of Staff's Log, 1944, which is in the Staff Communications Office, Office of the Chief of Staff, contains the daily high level radiograms and telephonic communications between Washington and the theaters. These give a concise daily summary of the strategic situation throughout the world, shed considerable light on joint and combined command, and summarize important plans and decisions.

Most of the records of General MacArthur's headquarters are in Japan. Available in the Historical Records Section of the Adjutant General's Office is a nearly complete file of the G-3 journals for the entire war period. The "Top Secret" messages are not included. In addition there is a nearly complete file of Allied Translator Interpreter Section, GHQ SWPA, "Current Translations" and "Enemy Publications." The Allied Geographical Section, GHQ SWPA, made terrain studies of the geographical regions in the Southwest Pacific Area. Although they contain errors three of these were of value--Special Report 55, Airfields, Landing Beaches and Roads, Samar, Leyte and Dinagat Group, 10 July 1944; Terrain Study 84, Leyte Province, 17 August 1944; and Terrain Handbook 34, Tacloban, 25 September 1944. The Military Intelligence Section prepared information bulletins on the guerrillas that were of some use. These are: The Resistance Movement on Leyte Island, 7 October 1944, and The Resistance Movement on Samar Island, 10 October 1944.

The records of the Sixth Army for the campaign are very complete and in excellent condition. In addition to a fine operations report, there are complete G-2, G-3, and G-4 journals. These journals contain the daily messages, reports, and memoranda exchanged between Sixth Army, General Headquarters, responsible naval commanders, and subordinate units of the Sixth Army, as well as planning papers, periodic reports of Sixth Army and subordinate units, field and administrative orders, interrogations, and estimates of the enemy situation. For the period after 26 December 1944 the operations report of the Eighth Army is useful.

The operations report of the X Corps is helpful but too brief. The journals (G-2, G-3, and G-4) of the corps, however, are good. The XXIV Corps prepared an inadequate and incomplete operations report and its journals as a whole are inferior to those of the X Corps. The sections and sub-sections of the headquarters of the XXIV Corps completed "histories." These consist mainly of photographs of individuals and notations of changes in personnel. The "history" of the Sixth Army Service Command is poor and there are few records of ASCOM in the Historical Records Section, Adjutant General's Office.

The records of the 1st Cavalry Division and subordinate units are generally adequate, although those of the two brigades are inferior to those of the division and of the regiments. The narrative of the operations report of the 7th Division is inferior but the appendixes are excellent and very complete; the journals of the division are good. In general the operations reports and journals of the infantry regiments are very helpful. The operations report of the 32d Infantry is excellent and a model for a perfect regimental operations report. In contrast, the operations reports and journals of the 11th Airborne Division and subordinate units are very poor and incomplete. The 24th Infantry Division prepared a superb operations report and kept good journals. The records of the regiments of the division are sparse and incomplete and their operations reports are either inadequate or nonexistent. The records and operations reports of the 32d Division and its regiments are extremely sketchy and inexact. The 38th Division used Leyte as a staging area; when the Japanese parachuted into the Burauen airfields, its 149th Infantry was committed. The operations report of that regiment for the resultant action is far too brief. The 77th Infantry Division and its regiments have very good operations reports but their journals are inadequate. The operations reports and journals of the 96th Division are good. The journals and operations reports of the Americal Division are only fairly good. There are "histories" and operations reports of small independent or attached units, but these are frequently one to three pages in length and very incomplete. Finally, it should be noted that the operations reports of the various artillery units are in the main poor and incomplete and the journals are highly technical.

Marine Records

Special Action Report of Corps Artillery, V Amphibious Corps, 28 December 1944.

Navy Records

The naval records that were consulted include the operation plans and reports by naval commanders. Copies of most of these are among the records of the Historical Records Section, Adjutant General's Office, Department of the Army. All of the documents are in the files of the Office of the Naval Records and Library, Department of the Navy.

Guerrilla Records

There is in the Office of the Chief of Military History a large, completely disorganized collection of heterogeneous materials by and about the guerrillas in the Philippine Islands. These are incomplete, inadequate, and controversial. Some of the guerrilla bands had no records and all that is known of others is from violently prejudiced sources. Some of the American guerrillas published books on their experiences. These are impressionistic, generally replete with derring-do, and consequently possess scant value as sources. The Combat History Division, G-1 Section, AFWESPAC, prepared a four-volume work--"Triumph in the Philippines," the third volume of which, entitled "Guerrillas: Enemy Occupation," is colorful, but poor history.

Japanese Studies

At the cessation of hostilities, General MacArthur ordered the former Japanese War and Navy Ministries to prepare studies on Japanese plans and operations in World War II. The resulting studies, translations and originals, of which those mentioned below deal with the Leyte Campaign, are on file with the Office of the Chief of Military History. Although there are errors in dates, designations of units, and frequently in facts, these are the best sources for information on Japanese plans and operations. An exception is the independent study by General Tomochika, which despite its garish title is very good and contains much human interest. Tomochika, evidently a man of strong prejudices, at times was unduly critical of some of his fellow officers. Japanese Studies used in this volume are:

Tomochika, Maj. Gen. Yoshiharu, The True Facts of the Leyte Operation, typescript of translation, 10th I&HS, Eighth Army, 3 December 1946

Japanese Studies in World War II, 5, 4th Air Army Operations, 1914-45

----, 7, 14th Army Operations on Leyte

----, 11, 35th Army Operations, 1944-45

----, 14, Naval Operations in the Philippine Area, 1942-45

----, 21, History of the Southern Army, 1941-45

----, 72, History of the Army Section, Imperial General Headquarters, 1941-45

----, 102, Philippine Area Naval Operations, October 1944-December 1944, Part II, The Battle of Leyte Gulf

Interviews

The following U.S. Army officers furnished the author valuable information on the Leyte Campaign: Lt. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, Maj. Gen. George H. Decker, Col. W. J. Verbeck, Col. Fred Weber, Col. Sidney F. Mashbir, Col. John M. Finn, Capt. Francis Cronin, Capt. Robert Ross Smith, and 1st Lt. James J. Frangie. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, Lt. Comdr. Henry M. Dater, Lt. Comdr. Russell L. Harris, Lt. Comdr. Philip A. Crowl and Lt. Roger Pineau of the U.S. Navy were very co-operative, helping to clear up moot points that arose. Capt. Samuel E. Morison furnished information on the Pearl Harbor Conference of July 1944.

Manuscript Histories

There are in the files of the Office, Chief of Military History, the following manuscript histories of certain phases of the campaign:

Dean, Captain Tucker--The Liberation of Leyte. A preliminary work based principally upon the earlier study by Capt. Russell A. Gugeler.

Gugeler, Captain Russell A.--The 7th Division on Leyte. A good study although poorly documented.

History of the Engineer Corps in the Southwest Pacific, Chapter VI, Philippine Campaign.

Special Studies

There are available in the Office, Chief of Military History, copies of special studies that bear upon the Leyte Campaign. As a group they are capably done, although, of course, some are better than others.

Air Evaluation Board, POA, Leyte Campaign, 1944. Highly critical of Army close air support.

Committee 16, Officers Advanced Course, The Armored School, Fort Knox, Kentucky, Armor on Leyte, May 1949.

Division of Naval Intelligence, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, O. N. I. No. 93, Field Monograph of the Philippines, 3 parts, III, Visayan Islands, January 1944.

Grigg, Maj. Martin C., The Operations of the 1st Battalion, 149th Infantry ... in the Battle for the Buri Airstrip ... Advanced Infantry Officers Class, 1948-1949, The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.

MacLaughlin, Maj. Charles V., Operation of the XXIV Corps in the Invasion of Leyte Island, Advanced Infantry Officers Class, 1947-1948, The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.

Military Intelligence Division, War Department, "Leyte Field Fortifications," Tactical and Technical Trends, April 1945.

Military Intelligence Service, General Staff, War Department, Survey of the Philippines, 3 volumes, 15 February 1943.

National War College, Analytical Study, Japanese Opposition at Leyte and Okinawa, 1948.

Fellers, Col. Bonner F., Psychological Warfare in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1944-45, 15 March 1946.

Staff Study of Operations of the Japanese 35th Army on Leyte, typescript of translation, 10th I&HS, Eighth Army (not dated), 4 parts.

Staff Study of Operations of the Japanese 102d Division on Leyte and Cebu, typescript of translation, 10th I&HS, Eighth Army (not dated).

United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Employment of Forces Under the Southwest Pacific Command, February 1947.

Williams, Maj. E., Intelligence Activities During the Japanese Occupation (not dated).

Publications

Arnold, General Henry H., Global Mission (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1949).

Cronin, Capt. Francis D., Under the Southern Cross, The Saga of the Americal Division (Washington, Combat Forces Press, 1951).

Davidson, Orlando R., Williams, J. Carl, and Kahl, Joseph A., The Deadeyes: The Story of the 96th Infantry Division (Washington, Infantry Journal Press (now Combat Forces Press), 1947). A divisional history definitely above the average.

Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II: V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1953).

Eichelberger, Robert L., Our Jungle Road to Tokyo (New York, The Viking Press, 1950).

Field, James A., Jr., The Japanese at Leyte Gulf, The Sho Operation (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1947). An excellent study based upon Japanese documents and interrogations. There are many superb photographs, maps, and charts.

Flanagan, Maj. Edward M., Jr., The Angels: A History of the 11th Airborne Division, 1943-1946 (Washington, Infantry Journal Press, 1948). A popular history written for the men of the division.

Halsey, Fleet Admiral William F., and Bryan, Lt. Comdr. J., Admiral Halsey's Story (New York, Whittlesey House, 1947). An interesting and popular account, of value in showing Halsey's strong interest in an early return to the Philippines.

Johansen, Maj. Herbert O., "Banzai at Burauen," Air Force, XXVIII, 3 (March, 1945). A popular account based entirely on American sources.

Kenney, George C., General Kenney Reports (New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1949).

Karig, Capt. Walter, USNR, Harris, Lt. Comdr. Russell L., and Manson, Lt. Comdr. Frank A., Battle Report, Victory in the Pacific (New York and Toronto, Rhinehart and Co., Inc., 1949) (5 vols.), V. A highly readable journalistic salty account based upon documentary sources and interviews. There are many excellent photographs.

Leahy, Fleet Admiral William D., I Was There (New York, Whittlesey House, 1950). Excellent. Based entirely on his diary and notes written at the time.

Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, July 1, 1943, to June 30, 1945, to the Secretary of War (Washington, 1945).

The Medal of Honor (Washington, 1948). A history of the Congressional Medal of Honor and the official citations of the men who had been awarded the medal.

Morton, Louis, "American and Allied Strategy in the Far East," Military Review, XXIX, 12 (December, 1949). An excellent analysis of prewar strategy up to the summer of 1941.

Reel, A. Frank, The Case of General Yamashita (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1949). An able pleading for General Yamashita by one of his defense counsel at his trial as a war criminal.

Sturgis, Brig. Gen. S. D., Jr., "Engineer Operations in the Leyte Campaign," reprint from The Military Engineer, November, December 1947, and January 1948.

United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Pacific, Naval Analysis Division, prepared two studies on the Pacific campaigns which are valuable for the student of the Leyte operation. The Campaigns of the Pacific War (Washington, 1946) is excellent for a study of the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The Interrogations of Japanese Officials (2 vols., n. d.) contains much highly important material but it should be remembered that the interrogated Japanese officers were naturally desirous of making a good case for themselves and at the same time were anxious to give an answer which would please the interrogator.

Valtin, Jan [Richard J. Krebs], Children of Yesterday (New York, The Reader's Press, 1946). An excellent popular account of the activities of the 24th Division.

Verbeck, Col. W. J., A Regiment in Action, (n. p., n. d., privately printed, copy in OCMH). The story of the 21st Infantry Regiment which consists mainly of excerpts from the operations reports and journals of higher echelons.

Woodward, C. Vann, The Battle for Leyte Gulf (New York, The Macmillan Co., 1947). An extremely readable popular account based upon American and Japanese sources and interviews with which Dr. Woodward became acquainted while an officer on duty with the Office of Naval Intelligence during the war. The book is valuable in spite of a few minor errors of fact.

UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II

The multivolume series, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, consists of a number of subseries which are tentatively planned as follows: The War Department, The Army Air Forces, The Army Ground Forces, The Army Service Forces, The Defense of the Western Hemisphere, The War in the Pacific, The European Theater of Operations, The War in the Mediterranean, The Middle East Theater, The China-Burma-India Theater, Civil Affairs, The Technical Services, Special Studies, and Pictorial Record.

The following volumes have been published or are in press: [1226]

The War Department

Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations
Washington Command Post: The Operations Division
Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1941-1942

The Army Ground Forces

The Organization of Ground Combat Troops
The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops

The Army Service Forces

The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces

The War in the Pacific

Okinawa: The Last Battle
Guadalcanal: The First Offensive
The Approach to the Philippines
The Fall of the Philippines
Leyte: The Return to the Philippines

The European Theater of Operations

The Lorraine Campaign
Cross-Channel Attack
Logistical Support of the Armies (Volume I)
The Supreme Command

The Middle East Theater

The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia

The China-Burma-India Theater

Stilwell's Mission to China

The Technical Services

The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and
Operations
The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume I
The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War

Special Studies

Three Battles: Arnaville, Altuzzo, and Schmidt
The Women's Army Corps

Pictorial Record

The War Against Germany and Italy: Mediterranean and Adjacent Areas
The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas
The War Against Japan

NOTES

[1] Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward was succeeded by General Smith on 1 February 1953.

[2] Philippine Municipal Government Reports, Folder 2, App. DD, Guerrilla File 6910.23 (B), Military Intelligence (MI) Library.

[3] Louis Morton, "American and Allied Strategy in the Far East," Military Review, XXIX (December, 1949), 38.

[4] The Joint Chiefs of Staff were General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff, United States Army; Admiral Ernest J. King, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, and Chief of Naval Operations; General Henry H. Arnold, Commanding General, Army Air Forces; and Admiral William D. Leahy, Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief--the President of the United States. The Joint Chiefs were responsible for the conduct of the war in the Pacific, subject to the decisions of the Combined Chiefs of Staff. The latter were representatives of the United States and the United Kingdom. The Joint Chiefs represented the United States.

[5] Memo, Gen Marshall and Admiral King for President, 30 Mar 42, no sub, and two incls, "Directive to the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Ocean Area" and "Directive to Supreme Commander in the Southwest Pacific," OPD ABC 323.31 POA (1-29-42), 1-B.

[6] JCS 287/1, Strategic Plan for the Defeat of Japan, 8 May 43; CCS 417, Over-all Plan for the Defeat of Japan, 2 Dec 43.

[7] United States Strategic Bombing Survey [USSBS], Military Analysis Division, Employment of Forces Under the Southwest Pacific Command (Washington, 1947), p. 32.

[8] JCS to CINCSWPA, CM-IN 5137, 12 Mar 44. CM-IN and CM-OUT numbers used in the footnotes of this volume refer to numbers on copies of those messages in General Marshall's Message Log, on file in the Staff Communications Office, Office of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army.

[9] GHQ SWPA, RENO V, 15 Jun 44.

[10] Ibid.

[11] Rad, JCS to CINCSWPA and CINCPOA, CM-OUT 50007, 13 Jun 44.

[12] Rad, CINCSWPA to CofS, CM-IN 15058, 18 Jun 44.

[13] Rad, CINCPOA to COMINCH, CM-IN 2926, 4 Jul 44.

[14] Rad cited n. 11.

[15] Rad cited n. 12.

[16] Rad cited n. 11.

[17] Rad, CofS to CINCSWPA, CM-OUT 55718, 24 Jun 44.

[18] William F. Halsey, Admiral Halsey's Story (New York, 1947), pp. 194-99.

[19] Ibid., p. 195.

[20] Information was furnished by Capt. Samuel Eliot Morison, USNR, 22 January 1951, who stated that Roosevelt had related the incident to him. Lt. Gen. Robert G. Richardson, who was not present, states that MacArthur told him that the President pointed to Mindanao when he made his remark. Ltr, Gen Richardson to Gen Marshall, 1 Aug 44,