Chapter XXVII: Book 21: , OPD Exec 9 (1)

[21] Interv with Admiral Leahy, 5 Oct 50, OCMH.

[22] Memo, COMINCH for CofS, 9 Aug 44, OPD ABC 384 Pacific (1-17-43).

[23] Interv with Admiral Leahy, 5 Oct 50, OCMH. See also, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York, 1950), pp. 247-52. In answer to an inquiry about the conference made to the director of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, the author was informed that "a careful search of the papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt in this Library has not revealed any materials that would be pertinent to the subject...." Ltr, Herman Kahn to author, 20 Oct 50, OCMH.

[24] GHQ SWPA, MUSKETEER Plan, 10 Jul 44.

[25] Rad, JPS to Staff Planners of CINCPOA and CINCSWPA, CM-OUT 71483, 27 Jul 44.

[26] Tel conf, Washington and Brisbane, 7 Aug 44, WD-TC 797.

[27] Tel conf, Washington and Brisbane, 10 Aug 44, WD-TC 809.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Rad, CINCSWPA to CofS, CM-IN 24770, 27 Aug 44.

[30] Min, JCS 171st Mtg, 1 Sep 44.

[31] Rad, JCS to CINCSWPA and CINCPOA, CM-OUT 27648, 8 Sep 44.

[32] Rad, Com3dFlt to CINCPOA, CM-IN 13120, 14 Sep 44.

[33] Rad, Com3dFlt to CINCPOA, CINCSWPA, and COMINCH, CM-IN 12893, 13 Sep 44.

[34] Rad, Com3dFlt to CINCPOA, CM-IN 12893, 14 Sep 44.

[35] Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, July 1, 1943, to June 30, 1945, to the Secretary of War (Washington, 1945), p. 71.

[36] Rad, CINCSWPA to JCS, CINCPOA, and Com3dFlt, CM-IN 12636, 14 Sep 44.

[37] Rad, JCS to CINCSWPA, CINCPOA, and Com3dFlt, 15 Sep 44, OCTAGON 31-A, CofS CM-OUT Log, 15 Sep 44; Biennial Report, p. 71, cited n. 34; General of the Air Force Henry H. Arnold, Global Mission (New York, 1949), pp. 529-30.

[38] Rad, CINCSWPA to JCS, CM-IN 17744, 15 Sep 44.

[39] Rad, JCS to CINCSWPA et al., CM-OUT 40792, 3 Oct 44.

[40] MI Sec, WDGS, Survey of the Philippines, 3 vols., 15 Feb 43; Div of Naval Intel, Office, Chief of Naval Opns, ONI 93, Field Monograph of the Philippines, Jan 44; Allied Geographical Sec, GHQ SWPA, Terrain Study 84, Leyte Province, 17 Aug 44; ASF Manual M365-1, Civil Affairs Handbook, Philippine Islands, 25 Apr 44.

[41] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 5. Unless otherwise stated the material on terrain is based upon this report, pages 5-7.

[42] S. D. Sturgis, Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Army Air Engineer, USAF, Engineer Operations in the Leyte Campaign, reprinted from The Military Engineer, November and December, 1947, and January, 1948, p. 4.

[43] Allied Geographical Sec, GHQ SWPA, Terrain Study 84, Leyte Province, 17 Aug 44, p. 43.

[44] Unless otherwise stated, material on the guerrillas is based upon the Guerrilla Papers, a collection of disorganized, miscellaneous records by and about the guerrillas in the Philippine Islands. It is located in the Documents Files Section, G-2, Department of the Army.

The records of the Leyte guerrillas are incomplete, inadequate, and controversial. Some of the guerrilla bands had no records, and all that is known of others is from violently prejudiced sources. Consequently, the full story of the guerrillas can probably never be told.

[45] 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[46] Miranda's rank is obscure. At various times he is referred to as lieutenant, major, colonel, and brigadier general.

[47] MI Sec, GHQ AFPAC, Intelligence Series, Vol. II, Intelligence Activities in the Philippines. During the Japanese Occupation (hereafter cited as Intelligence Activities in the Philippines), App. 7.

[48] Intelligence Activities in the Philippines, p. 56.

[49] Ibid., pp. 16-18.

[50] Memo, Col Kangleon for K-50-OCTOPUS (probably for MacArthur), 23 May 43, Guerrilla Papers.

[51] The estimates on the number of deaths vary considerably. In a letter to President Manuel Quezon by Senator Carlos Garcia, dated 16 October 1943, the deaths are mentioned as "several"; a manuscript by Mrs. Charlotte Martin, who was on Leyte, says "many lives were lost"; and 1st Lt. Jack Hawkins, USMC, a guerrilla, stated in December 1943 that "over three hundred casualties were suffered by the contesting sides." Guerrilla Papers.

[52] GHQ FEC, MI Sec, GS, Messages in the Guerrilla Resistance Movement in the Philippines, Kangleon 201 File, DRB AGO.

[53] Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Br, Rpt, Guerrilla Resistance in the Philippines, 21 Jul 44, Guerrilla Papers.

[54] ATIS, GHQ SWPA, Current Translations, 148, 6 Feb 45.

[55] ATIS, SWPA, Enemy Publications 359, Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines, 2 parts, 28 Apr 45, passim, DRB AGO. Any resemblance between the Japanese figures and those in Kangleon's reports is purely coincidental.

[56] MI Sec, GHQ SWPA, G-2 Info Bull, The Resistance Movement on Leyte Island, 7 Oct 44, Doc Files Sec, G-2, Dept of Army.

[57] Intelligence Activities in the Philippines, p. 5.

[58] Lt. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton considered Villamor "the most daring of the Filipino pilots." Lewis H. Brereton, The Brereton Diaries (New York, 1946), p. 58.

[59] Interv with Maj Villamor, 12 Oct 50.

[60] The party consisted of Major Villamor, 1st Lt. R. C. Ignacio, 2d Lt. D. C. Yuhico, 2d Lt. E. F. Quinto, Sgt. P. Jorge, and Sgt. D. Malie.

[61] AIB, GHQ SWPA, Instructions to Maj Villamor, 27 Dec 42, Guerrilla Papers.

[62] Villamor Rpt on Intel Net in Philippines, Guerrilla Papers.

[63] Intelligence Activities in the Philippines, p. 77.

[64] Ibid., App. 2. The number of men and the amount and kinds of supplies are not given.

[65] Ibid., App. 1.

[66] Ibid., passim.

[67] GHQ FEC, MI Sec, GS, A Brief History of the G-2 Section, GHQ SWPA, and Affiliated Units, Plate 10, facing p. 32, copy in OCMH.

[68] Office, Chief of Naval Opns, Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines, 14 Sep 44, file OP-16 FE.

[69] Unless otherwise stated this section is based upon a report by Col H. V. White, G-2 Sixth Army, sub: G-2 Est of Enemy Sit, 20 Sep 44, Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 167-70.

[70] GHQ SWPA Philippine Monthly Combined Sitrep, 15 Jun 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 15 Jun 44.

[71] GHQ SWPA Philippine Islands, G-2 Est of Enemy Sit 4, 11-17 Jun 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 17 Jun 44; GHQ SWPA Philippine Islands, G-2 Est of Enemy Sit 5, 18-24 Jun 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 24 Jun 44; AAF SWPA Intel Sum, Ser 216, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 13 Jun 44; GHQ SWPA Philippine Islands, G-2 Est of Enemy Sit 6, 25 Jun-1 Jul 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 1 Jul 44; GHQ SWPA Philippine Islands, G-2 Est of Enemy Sit 7, 2-8 Jul 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 8 Jul 44; AAF SWPA Intel Sum, Ser 225, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 14 Jul 44.

[72] AAF SWPA Intel Sum, Ser 228, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 25 Jul 44.

[73] Notes, WIDEAWAKE Conference, 20 Jul 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 24 Jul 44.

[74] Sixth Army G-2 Est of Enemy Sit, 20 Sep 44, Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 170.

[75] GHQ SWPA Warning Instns 5, 31 Aug 44.

[76] GHQ SWPA Warning Instns 5/1, 15 Sep 44.

[77] GHQ SWPA Stf Study, King II, 4th ed., 20 Sep 44. This study was not a directive but a basis for planning the operation.

[78] CINCPAC-CINCPOA Opn Plan 8-44, quoted in Annex A, CINCPAC-CINCPOA Opns in POA, Oct 44, pp. 56-57, A-16-3/FF12, Ser 00397, 31 May 45.

[79] Sixth Army FO 25, 23 Sep 44, Annexes 6a-6f.

[80] Hist Div, Dept of the Army, Combat Chronicle, An Outline History of U.S. Army Divisions, passim, OCMH.

[81] CTF 77 Opns Plan, Ser 00022A, 26 Sep 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 6 Oct 44; CINCPAC-CINCPOA Opn Plan 8-44, cited n. 10, above.

[82] GHQ SWPA Opns Instns 70, 21 Sep 44.

[83] Ibid.

[84] AAF SWPA Opns Instns 71, 24 Sep 44.

[85] FEAF, History of Far East Air Forces, I, 117, AAF Hist Archives.

[86] CANF SWPA Opns Plan 13-44, 26 Sep 44.

[87] Ibid., Apps. 1 and 2 to Annex C.

[88] Ibid., App. 3 to Annex E.

[89] Ibid., App. 1 to Annex E.

[90] CINCPAC-CINCPOA Opn Plan 8-44, cited n. 10, above.

[91] GHQ SWPA Opns Instns 70, 21 Sep 44.

[92] CANF SWPA Opns Plan 13-44, 26 Sep 44.

[93] Memo, Rear Adm Forrest P. Sherman, Plans Off POA, and Maj Gen Stephen J. Chamberlin, ACofS G-3 SWPA, for CINCSWPA and CINCPOA, 21 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 21 Sep 44.

[94] Ibid.

[95] Sixth Army FO 25, 23 Sep 44.

[96] Ibid.; Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 23.

[97] X Corps FO 1, 30 Sep 44; 1st Cav Div FO 1, 2 Oct 44; 24th Inf Div FO 1, 1 Oct 44.

[98] XXIV Corps FO 3, 28 Sep 44; 96th Div FO 2, 10 Oct 44; 7th Div FO 9,1 Oct 44.

[99] Sixth Army FO 25, 23 Sep 44.

[100] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 23.

[101] Ibid.

[102] Ibid.

[103] Ibid., p. 20.

[104] Ibid., p. 24.

[105] Ibid., p. 19.

[106] Sixth Army FO 25, 23 Sep 44.

[107] Memo, Col Ely, Exec Off, Sixth Army Engineer, for Col Samuel D. Sturgis, Jr., Sixth Army Engineer; Air Evaluation Board SWPA, The Leyte Campaign, pp. 400-403.

[108] Interv with Maj Gen George H. Decker, formerly CofS Sixth Army, 7 Sep 51.

[109] MI, GS, GHQ FEC, History of the United States Army Forces in the Far East 1943-1945, p. 69.

[110] Sixth Army Admin O 14, 30 Sep 44.

[111] Sixth Army Admin O 14, Annex 4, 30 Sep 44.

[112] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 24.

[113] XXIV Corps Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 35.

[114] Ibid.

[115] Sixth Army Admin O 14, 30 Sep 44.

[116] GHQ SWPA Opns Instns 70, Annex 4, 21 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 21 Sep 44.

[117] Ibid., p. 18.

[118] Rad, CINCPOA to CINCSWPA, 16119, 19 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 19 Sep 44; Info Rad, CINCSWPA to CINCPOA, CX 18072, 20 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 21 Sep 44.

[119] Memo, Adm Sherman, Plans Off POA, and Gen Chamberlin, ACofS G-3 SWPA, for CINCSWPA and CINCPOA, 21 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 22 Sep 44.

[120] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 19.

[121] GHQ SWPA Opns Instns 70, Annex 4, 21 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 21 Sep 44.

[122] Ltr, GHQ SWPA to Comdr Allied Naval Forces, 23 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 26 Sep 44.

[123] Ltr, Lt Col James W. Hill, Asst AG Sixth Army to CINCSWPA and CG USASOS, 25 Sep 44, sub: Heavy Shipping Requirements for King II Operation, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 25 Sep 44.

[124] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, Rpt of Transportation Off, p. 270.

[125] CTF 77 Attack Plan A304-44, 2 Oct 44.

[126] Rads, CG Sixth Army to CG X Corps, CG XXIV Corps, CG ASCOM, CO 21st Inf Regt, and CO 6th Ranger Inf Bn, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 8 Oct 44.

[127] Rad, CG Sixth Army to GHQ SWPA, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 10 Oct 44.

[128] Opns Rpt CTF 78 to COMINCH, Ser 00911, 10 Nov 44.

[129] Rpt, Capt Ray Tarbuck, USN, 3 Nov 44, GHQ SWPA G-3 Jnl, 30 Oct 44. (Hereafter cited as Tarbuck Rpt.)

[130] Opns Rpt CTF 78 to COMINCH, Ser 00911, 10 Nov 44.

[131] 96th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 20.

[132] 7th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 2.

[133] XXIV Corps Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[134] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 25.

[135] XXIV Corps Hist Rpt for 1944, Sec Histories, History of the Adjutant Generals Section from 8 April to 31 December 1944, pp. 10-11.

[136] Tarbuck Rpt.

[137] Ibid.

[138] CTF 77 Opns Rpt, Ser 00302-C, 31 Jan 45.

[139] CINCPAC and CINCPOA Rpt Opns in POA in Oct 44, Ser 002397, 31 May 45.

[140] USSBS, Employment of Forces Under the Southwest Pacific Command, p. 40.

[141] Japanese Studies in World War II, 14, Naval Air Operations in the Philippine Area, 1942-45, p. 18. (Monograph numbers cited in this volume are file designations used by OCMH.)

[142] GHQ SWPA Sum of Enemy Sit 894, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 2 Sep 44.

[143] Ibid.

[144] GHQ SWPA, Philippine Islands, G-2 Est of Enemy Sit 16, 3-9 Sep 44; 905, 13-14 Sep 44; 914, 22-23 Sep 44; 916, 24-25 Sep 44; and 907, 15-16 Sep 44; GHQ G-3 Jnl, 9-25 Sep 44.

[145] CINCPAC and CINCPOA Rpt on Opns in POA in Oct 44, Ser 002397, 31 May 45.

[146] Japanese Studies in WW II, 102, Philippine Area Naval Operations, Oct-Dec 44, Part II, The Battle of Leyte Gulf, pp. 4-11. (Hereafter cited as Philippine Naval Opns.)

[147] USSBS, Naval Analysis Div, The Campaigns of the Pacific War (Washington, 1946), p. 283.

[148] Philippine Naval Opns, pp. 5, 85-86.

[149] AAF SWPA Intel Sum, Ser 247, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 29 Oct 44.

[150] AAF SWPA Intel Sum, Ser 246, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[151] Rad, Com3rdFlt to CINCPAC-CINCSWPA, 170352 Oct 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 17 Oct 44.

[152] Rad, Com3rdFlt to CINCPAC and var., H 2692, 0321,15 Oct 44, AAF Hist Archives.

[153] Air Evaluation Bd SWPA Rpt, Leyte Campaign--Philippines, 1944, p. 16.

[154] Hist of FEAF, pp. 261-63, AAF Hist Archives.

[155] Air Evaluation Bd SWPA Rpt, p. 16.

[156] Rad, Com3rd Flt to CTG 38.1, 160216, 16 Oct 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 17 Oct 44.

[157] Tarbuck Rpt.

[158] CTG 77.4 Opns Rpt, Ser 00120, 15 Nov 44.

[159] Japanese Studies in WW II, 72, Hist of Army Section, Imperial General Headquarters, 1941-45, p. 131. (Hereafter cited as Hist of Army Sec, Imperial GHQ.)

[160] Ibid., pp. 131-32.

[161] Japanese Studies in WW II, 6, 14th Area Army Plans, 1944. (Hereafter cited as 14th Area Army Plans.)

[162] The organization of Japanese forces is discussed in detail in Hist of Army Sec, Imperial GHQ.

[163] Hist of Army Sec, Imperial GHQ, pp. 140-41.

[164] Interv, 2d Lt Stanley L. Falk with General Kuroda, at Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, 13 Jun 47, copy in OCMH.

[165] Ibid.

[166] Hist of Army Sec, Imperial GHQ, pp. 132-33, 135, 140, and errata sheet to above.

[167] Maj Gen Yoshiharu Tomochika, The True Facts of the Leyte Operation, p. 8, typescript of translation in OCMH.

[168] Ibid.

[169] Ibid., p. 9.

[170] Ibid., p. 8.

[171] Ibid.

[172] Statement of Lt Col Seiichi Yoshie, Circumstances Leading to the Relief of General Kuroda, 1 Oct 51, copy in OCMH.

[173] United States vs Tomoyuki Yamashita, Testimony of Yamashita, XXVIII, 3518-19, DRB AGO.

[174] Ibid., XXVIII, 3519-20.

[175] Ibid., Testimony of Muto, XXII, 2998.

[176] A. Frank Reel, The Case of General Yamashita (Chicago, 1949), pp. 18-19.

[177] USSBS Interrog 418, Interrog of Maj Gen Toshio Nishimura, 19-22 Nov 45, MS, OCMH.

[178] Tomochika, True Facts of Leyte Opn, p. 6.

[179] Ibid.

[180] Ibid.

[181] Japanese Studies in WW II, 11, 35th Army Operations 1944-45, pp. 14-20. (Hereafter cited as 35th Army Opns.)

[182] Tomochika, True Facts of Leyte Opn, p. 6.

[183] 16th Division Order 821, Tacloban, 17 October 1944, translation in App. C to Annex Y, 7th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, DRB AGO.

[184] Japanese Studies in WW II, 7, 14th Area Army Operations on Leyte, p. 4 (Hereafter cited as 14th Area Army Opns Leyte.)

[185] USSBS Interrog 506, Interrog of Maj. Gen. Yoshiharu Tomochika, Oct-Dec 44, p. 2, typescript copy in OCMH.

[186] Japanese Studies in WW II, 5, 4th Air Army Operations, 1944-45, pp. 1-50. (Hereafter cited as 4th Air Army Opns.)

[187] USSBS, Interrogations, I, 160.

[188] James A. Field, Jr., The Japanese at Leyte Gulf: The SHO Operation (Princeton, N. J., 1947), p. 8.

[189] USSBS, Interrogations, I, 219; II, 500-504.

[190] Unless otherwise noted the account of the activities of the 6th Ranger Infantry Battalion is taken from the 6th Ranger Infantry Battalion Operations Report Leyte.

[191] Rad, CTG 77.2 to CTF 78, 17 Oct 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 17 Oct 44.

[192] Co D, 6th Ranger Inf Bn, Opns Rpt Leyte.

[193] Msg, CTG 78.4 to Tancier, 18 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 18 Oct 44.

[194] Rad, GHQ to CofS, 17 Oct 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 18 Oct 44.

[195] Co B, 6th Ranger Inf Bn, Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 1.

[196] Ibid.

[197] Rad, CTG 78.5 to CTF 77, 19 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 19 Oct 44.

[198] Rad, Parsons to CTF 77, 78, and 79, 14 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 14 Oct 44.

[199] CTF 77 to COMINCH, Opns Rpt Leyte, Ser 00302-C, 31 Jan 45, p. 8.

[200] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 31.

[201] Rad, CTG 77.5 to CTF 77, 19 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 19 Oct 44.

[202] Rpt, COMINCH, Amph Opns--Invasion of the Philippines, COMINCH P-008, pp. 1-3.

[203] CTG 77.2 to CTF 77, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 19 Oct 44.

[204] Rpt, CTF 77 to COMINCH, Amph Opn P-008, pp. 1-3.

[205] CTG 79.1 Movement Order, A173-44, 9 Oct 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 16 Oct 44.

[206] Opns Rpt CTG 79.1 to CTF 79, Ser 00454, 26 Oct 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 15 Nov 44.

[207] Msg, CTF 77 to CINCSWPA, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 18 Oct 44.

[208] Msg, CINCSWPA to CTF 77, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 18 Oct 44.

[209] Tarbuck Rpt.

[210] Opns Rpt CTF 79 to Com7thFlt, Ser 00323, 13 Nov 44, p. 71.

[211] Japanese Studies 11, 35th Army Opns, p. 24.

[212] CTF 79 Opns Rpt, Ser 00323, 13 Nov 44. (All naval records cited are in the Office of Naval Records and Library.)

[213] COMBATDIV4 Opns Rpt, Ser 0322, 28 Dec 44.

[214] Tarbuck Rpt.

[215] COMBATDIV 4 Opns Rpt, Ser 0322, 28 Dec 44.

[216] COMINCH P-008, pp. 2-8.

[217] Com3dAmph Force Opns Rpt, Ser 00317, 11 Nov 44.

[218] CTG 77.4 (Com Escort Carrier Group), Opns Rpt, COMINCH P-008, 30 Apr 45, Part 2, pp. 9, 10.

[219] CTF 78 Opns Rpt, Ser 00911, 10 Nov 44.

[220] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4. Unless otherwise stated all records of tactical units are in DRB AGO.

[221] Tarbuck Rpt.

[222] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[223] GHQ SWPA Opns Instns 70, 21 Sep 44.

[224] Sixth Army FO 25, 23 Sep 44.

[225] CTF 77 Opns Rpt, Ser 00911, 10 Nov 44.

[226] CTF 78 Opns Plan 101-44, 3 Oct 44.

[227] 1st Cav Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 17.

[228] 1st Cav Div FO 1, 2 Oct 44.

[229] Unless otherwise stated the material on the 1st Cavalry Division is taken from 1st Cav Div G-3 Jnl, 20 Oct 44, and 1st Cav Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 2-4.

[230] 7th Cav Regt Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 2-4.

[231] Ibid.

[232] 1st Cav Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 17.

[233] 1st Cav Brig Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 2.

[234] 12th Cav Regt Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 1-2.

[235] 5th Cav S-3 Periodic Rpt 1, 20 Oct 44.

[236] 8th Cav Regt Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 5.

[237] 1st Cav Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 19.

[238] 1st Cav Div Arty Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 3, 1st Cav Div Arty Unit Jnl, 20 Oct 44.

[239] 1st Cav Div Msgs to X Corps, 20 Oct 44.

[240] Unless otherwise stated information in this subsection is taken from 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 2-10, and 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 20 Oct 44.

[241] X Corps FO 1, 30 Sep 44.

[242] Ibid.

[243] Ibid.

[244] 19th Inf Regt Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 1.

[245] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 7.

[246] 34th Inf Unit Rpt 1, 20 Oct 44.

[247] Private Robinson was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.

[248] 19th Inf Unit Rpt 1, 20 Oct 44.

[249] 35th Army Opns, p. 27.

[250] CTF 79 Opns Rpt, Ser 00323, Encl A, 13 Nov 44.

[251] 383d Inf Regt FO 6A, App. A, 30 Sep 44.

[252] CTG 79.2 Opns Rpt, Ser 0032, 4 Nov 44.

[253] 383d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 1.

[254] Ibid.

[255] 382d Inf Unit Jnl, 20 Oct 44.

[256] 382d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 2.

[257] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 33-37.

[258] Unless otherwise stated, the part of this subsection dealing with the 7th Infantry Division is taken from the following: 7th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 3-5; 7th Inf Div G-3 Jnl, 20 Oct 44; and 7th Inf Div FO 9, 1 Oct 44.

[259] 776th Amph Tank Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[260] 32d Inf Unit Jnl, 20 Oct 44.

[261] 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[262] 184th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 2.

[263] 184th Inf Jnl, 20 Oct 44.

[264] Rad, GHQ SWPA to CG Sixth Army, Sixth Army G-3 Rear Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[265] Extracted Report of Landing on Leyte in the Philippine Islands by an Australian Officer Attached to the Northern Assault Force Landing at Red Beach. Copy in OCMH.

[266] 2d ESB Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 1.

[267] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, Engr Rpt, p. 232.

[268] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, G-4 Rpt, p. 218.

[269] Ltr, CG 2d ESB to CG Sixth Army, 22 Oct 44, 2d ESB Jnl and Jnl File.

[270] CTU 78.1.7 Opns Rpt, COMINCH P-008, Part 5, p. 2.

[271] Ltr, CG 2d ESB to CG Sixth Army, 22 Oct 44, 2d ESB Jnl and Jnl File.

[272] CTU 78.2.1 and 78.2.3 Opns Rpt, COMINCH P-008, Part 5, p. 3.

[273] Lts, CG 2d ESB to CG Sixth Army, 22 Oct 44, 2d ESB Jnl and Jnl File.

[274] Maj F. W. Doyle to Brig Gen L. J. Whitlock, Rpt of Observations, KING II Opn, 4 Nov 44, GHQ G-4 Jnl, AGO KCRC.

[275] 2d ESB Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 6.

[276] Maj Doyle to Gen Whitlock, Rpt of Observations, KING II Opn, 4 Nov 44, GHQ G-4 Jnl.

[277] 7th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, Supplementary Annex, p. 3.

[278] 96th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 73.

[279] Rpt of Sup Off to CO Funston, 23 Oct 44, in CO USS Frederick Funston Opns Rpt, Ser 0101, 31 Oct 44. The boat crews and beach parties had been fortified with a lunch consisting of turkey salad, ham and cheese, hot steak sandwiches, ice cream, and cold fruit juices. The Army assault troops carried K rations.

[280] Com3dAmph Force Opns Rpt, Ser 00317, 11 Nov 44.

[281] 96th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 73-75.

[282] CTG 79.1 Opns Rpt, COMINCH P-008, Part 5, p. 15.

[283] 7th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, G-4 Rpt.

[284] CTG 71.1 Opns Rpt, COMINCH P-008, Part 5, p. 15.

[285] 7th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, G-4 Rpt.

[286] 1140th Engr Const Gp Shore Party Opns Rpt Leyte.

[287] The New York Times, October 20, 1944.

[288] Japanese Studies in WW II, 21, Hist of Southern Army, 1941-45, OCMH.

[289] Hist of Army Sec, Imperial GHQ, p. 139.

[290] 4th Air Army Opns, pp. 38-43.

[291] Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 24 Oct 44.

[292] Sixth Army G-2 Jnl, 24 Oct 44.

[293] Hist of V Bomber Command, Ch. 4, Jul-Dec 44, p. 73, AAF Hist Archives.

[294] Ibid., pp. 73-75.

[295] Hist of 7th Fighter Sq, 49th Fighter Gp, 86th Fighter Wing, V Fighter Comd, Fifth Air Force, Nov 44, p. 1, AAF Hist Archives.

[296] USBSS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 285.

[297] Ibid.

[298] Ibid.

[299] Ibid., App. 87, p. 292.

[300] Ibid., App. 88, p. 294.

[301] USSBS, Interrogations, II, 317.

[302] USBSS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 281.

[303] Ibid., p. 284.

[304] It is not within the scope of this history to deal with the ensuing battle between the Japanese and American Navies. A full discussion of the "greatest naval battle of the Second World War and the largest engagement ever fought on the high seas" would require a volume. Such a study is being prepared by Samuel Eliot Morison in his series of studies on the U.S. Navy's part in the war. Two excellent accounts--James Field's The Japanese at Leyte Gulf, and C. Vann Woodward's The Battle for Leyte Gulf (New York, 1947)--have already appeared. The present volume attempts to present only those facts needed to understand the effect of the battle on land operations. (Quotation is from Woodward, Battle for Leyte Gulf, p. 1.)

[305] USSBS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 284.

[306] Admiral Frederick C. Sherman, Combat Command: The American Aircraft Carriers in the Pacific War (New York, 1950), p. 286.

[307] Field, Japanese at Leyte Gulf, pp, 81-82.

[308] USBSS, Campaigns of the Pacific War, p. 285.

[309] Ibid.

[310] Ibid.

[311] Ibid.

[312] Ltr, Gen Krueger to Maj Gen Orlando Ward, 12 Sep 51, OCMH.

[313] Ibid.

[314] USBSS, Interrogations, I, 44.

[315] CTU 77.4.3 Opns Rpt, Ser 00100, 29 Oct 44, Incl B, p. 2.

[316] Woodward, Battle for Leyte Gulf, p. 229.

[317] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 43.

[318] Ltr, Adm Halsey to Gen Ward, 6 Jul 51, OCMH.

[319] Hist of V Fighter Comd, Ch. 4, Jul-Dec 44, p. 73, AAF Hist Archives.

[320] Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[321] Opns Rpt, CSA Seventh Flt to Comdr Seventh Flt, no ser, 2 Nov 44.

[322] AAF Evaluation Bd POA Rpt 3, The Occupation of Leyte, Philippine Islands, pp. 27 and 15. This report was prepared by Brig. Gen. Martin F. Scanlon, who accompanied the XXIV Corps to Leyte as an air observer for the Army Air Forces in the Central Pacific. By close support is meant operating to the immediate front of the first-line troops.

[323] AAF Bd POA Rpt 3, p. 15.

[324] Opns Rpt, CSA Seventh Flt to Comdr Seventh Flt, no serial, 2 Nov 44.

[325] USSBS Interrog 418, Interrog of Maj Gen Toshio Nishimura, 19-22 Nov 45, p. 6, OCMH.

[326] 14th Area Army Opns Leyte, pp. 2-3.

[327] Ibid., p. 6.

[328] 10th I&HS, Eighth Army, Stf Study of the Japanese 35th Army on Leyte, Part I, pp. 3-4, copy in OCMH.

[329] Tomochika, True Facts of Leyte Opn, p. 13.

[330] 14th Area Army Opns Leyte, pp. 17-18, 37, 52, 59, 93, 94, and 99.

[331] FM 100-20, 21 Jul 43, Command and Employment of Air Power, p. 16.

[332] AAF Evaluation Bd, SWPA Rpt, Leyte Campaign, p. 32, AAF Hist Archives.

[333] Hist of XIII Bomber Comd, Oct 44, p. 5, AAF Hist Archives.

[334] Ibid.

[335] Jane's Fighting Ships, 1947-48 (New York), pp. 473-78; Hist of XIII Bomber Comd, Oct 44, p. 4, AAF Hist Archives.

[336] Rad, GHQ to CG Sixth Army et al., Sixth Army G-3 Rear Jnl, 28 Oct 44.

[337] Rad, CG Allied Air Forces to CG Fifth Air Force, 27 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 1 Nov 44.

[338] Hist of 308th Bombardment Wing, Ch. 3, p. 4, AAF Hist Archives.

[339] Hist of 9th Fighter Sq, Oct 44, AAF Hist Archives.

[340] Hist of 7th Fighter Sq, Oct 44, pp., 5-6, AAF Hist Archives.

[341] Ibid., pp. 6-7.

[342] Ibid., p. 7.

[343] Hist of Fifth Air Force, Ch. V, pp. 42-43, AAF Hist Archives; Rad, Sixth Army to GHQ, 3 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 3 Nov 44.

[344] Ibid.

[345] Hist of V Fighter Comd, Jul-Dec 44, Ch. 4, p. 64, AAF Hist Archives.

[346] Rad, COMAF5 to Sixth Army, 4 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 5 Nov 44.

[347] Msg, 308th Bomb Wing to G-2 Sixth Army, 3 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 3 Nov 44.

[348] Hist of Fifth Air Force, Ch. 5, pp. 42-45, AAF Hist Archives.

[349] OPD 319.1, Sec VII, Case 248, DRB AGO.

[350] Activities of the Japanese Navy During the Leyte Operation, p. 94, A715 SWPA, Doc 2543.

[351] Trans of Data on Reinforcement and Support of the Leyte Island Campaign, ATIS Doc 16946.

[352] USSBS Interrog 506, Interrog of Maj. Gen. Yoshiharu Tomochica et al., MS, OCMH.

[353] 14th Area Army Opns Leyte, Appended Table 1.

[354] 35th Army Opns, p. 30. Unless otherwise indicated, the following is based upon this study, pp. 30-34.

[355] Allied Geographical Sec, GHQ SWPA Terrain Handbook 34, Tacloban, 25 Sep 44, p. 10.

[356] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 88.

[357] 10th I&HS Eighth Army, Stf Study of Opns of Japanese 35th Army on Leyte, pp. 2-3.

[358] 35th Army Opns, pp. 22-23.

[359] 96th Div FO 2, 10 Oct 44.

[360] 383d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 3.

[361] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 1, 20 Oct 44.

[362] 361st FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte.

[363] 96th Div Arty Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 5.

[364] 382d Inf Unit Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[365] 96th Div G-3 Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[366] 383d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 9.

[367] 921st FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 6.

[368] 383d Inf Unit Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[369] 921st FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 3.

[370] 383d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 10.

[371] Ibid., p. 9.

[372] 382d Inf FO 2, 21 Oct 44.

[373] 382d Inf Unit Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[374] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 2, 21 Oct 44.

[375] 382d Inf Unit Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[376] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 38.

[377] 96th Div G-3 Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[378] A carabao is a domesticated native water buffalo that is used extensively in the Philippines as a beast of burden.

[379] 383d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[380] 382d Inf Unit Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[381] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 3, 22 Oct 44.

[382] This unit consisted of the 9th Infantry Regiment (less the 2d Battalion) and two batteries of the 22d Field Artillery Regiment.

[383] 96th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, Annex C, Part III, Trans, KAKI Operational Order A-387, 22 Oct 44.

[384] Orlando R. Davidson, J. Carl Willems, and Joseph A. Kahl, The Deadeyes, The Story of the 96th Infantry Division (Washington, 1947), p. 23.

[385] 383d Inf Unit Rpt 4, 23 Oct 44.

[386] 96th Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 3, 24 Oct 44.

[387] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 41.

[388] 382d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 2.

[389] 96th Div G-3 Jnl, 24 Oct 44.

[390] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 5, 24 Oct 44.

[391] 763d Tank Bn Unit Rpt 1, 25 Oct 44.

[392] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 6, 25 Oct 44.

[393] 96th Div G-l Daily Strength Rpts, 20-25 Oct 44.

[394] 96th Div G-2 Periodic Rpt 5, 25 Oct 44.

[395] Unless otherwise stated the account of the patrol to Tabontabon is taken from 383d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, Patrol to Tabontabon, 25 Oct 44, Incl 1.

[396] 35th Army Opns, p. 28.

[397] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 7, 26 Oct 44.

[398] Davidson et al., The Deadeyes, p. 37.

[399] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 8, 27 Oct 44.

[400] Davidson et al., The Deadeyes, p. 38.

[401] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 9, 28 Oct 44.

[402] Ibid.

[403] 383d Inf Opns Rpt, p. 5.

[404] The operations report of the 383d Infantry for the Leyte Campaign has an "Account of Eyewitnesses Made Immediately Following the Action," which is Inclosure 2 to the report. Unless otherwise stated these statements are the basis for this account of the action on San Vicente Hill.

[405] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 45. Unless otherwise stated the section dealing with the capture of Catmon Hill is based on 381st Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 3-3c.

[406] 381st Inf Unit Rpt 4, 28 Oct 44; 381st Inf Unit Jnl, 29 Oct 44.

[407] 35th Army Opns, p. 34.

[408] The reinforcements consisted of a platoon from the Cannon Company, 381st Infantry; one platoon from Company A, 321st Engineers; Company A, 763d Tank Battalion; one platoon from Company A, 321st Medical Battalion; and Battery C, 361st Field Artillery Battalion.

[409] 763d Tank Bn S-3 Periodic Rpt 3, 27 Oct 44.

[410] 381st Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 3-3a.

[411] Ibid.

[412] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 9, 28 Oct 44.

[413] 382d Inf Unit Rpt 10, 29 Oct 44.

[414] Davidson et al., The Deadeyes, p. 41.

[415] 96th Div G-2 Periodic Rpt 13, 2 Nov 44.

[416] Compiled from 96th Div G-1 Daily Strength Rpts, 26 Oct-2 Nov 44.

[417] 7th Inf Div G-2 Periodic Rpt 2, 21 Oct 44, and Rpt 4, 23 Oct 44.

[418] 35th Army Opns, p. 27.

[419] Fifth Air Force Opns Instns 6, Engr Annex, 28 Sep 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 30 Sep 44.

[420] XXIV Corps Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 6.

[421] 7th Inf Div FO 9, 1 Oct 44.

[422] 32d Inf Regt Jnl, 20 Oct 44.

[423] 184th Inf S-3 Periodic Rpt 1, 20 Oct 44.

[424] 17th Inf Unit Jnl, 20 Oct 44.

[425] Lt Russell A. Gugeler, Battle for Dagami, pp. 10-11, MS in OCMH. The author, a combat historian attached to the 7th Division after the operation, knew many of the participants and has been able to give details that do not appear in the official records. Much of the material in this chapter is based on his manuscript.

[426] 184th Inf Unit Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[427] 32d Inf Regt Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[428] 7th Div, Detailed Division Narrative, King II, p. 4, DRB AGO.

[429] 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 5.

[430] Ibid.

[431] Ibid.

[432] 184th Inf Regt Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[433] 7th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, App. C to Annex 2.

[434] 13th Engr Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 6.

[435] 7th Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 3, 22 Oct 44.

[436] Ibid.

[437] 96th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, Annex C, Part III, Trans, KAKI Operational Order A-837, 22 Oct 44.

[438] 7th Div FO 11, 22 Oct 44.

[439] 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 6.

[440] 7th Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 4, 23 Oct 44.

[441] 35th Army Opns, p. 28.

[442] 17th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, The Battle for Dagami, Annex A, p. 1.

[443] 7th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 7.

[444] 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 7.

[445] Ibid., pp. 7-8.

[446] Attachment to 7th Div G-2 Periodic Rpt 5, 24 Oct 44.

[447] 49th FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[448] 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 8.

[449] 32d Inf FO 6, 25 Oct 44.

[450] 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 9.

[451] 32d Inf FO 7, 27 Oct 44.

[452] 32d Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 9.

[453] Unless otherwise stated the material on the drive to Dagami is based on 17th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, Annex A, The Battle for Dagami, pp. 1-9.

[454] 17th Inf FO 3, 25 Oct 44.

[455] 17th Inf FO 4, 26 Oct 44.

[456] 7th Inf Div G-2 Periodic Rpt 9, 28 Oct 44. Unless otherwise stated the entrance into Dagami is based upon 17th Inf Opns Rpt Leyte, Annex A, The Battle for Dagami, pp. 1-9.

[457] 7th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 9.

[458] Central Area Unit Opns Order 2, 27 Oct 44, trans in App. C to Annex 2, 7th Div Opns Rpt Leyte.

[459] 17th Inf FO 5, 27 Oct 44.

[460] These were the Cannon Company, a platoon of the Antitank Company, a platoon of the 13th Engineer Battalion, 767th Tank Battalion, and the 91st Chemical Company minus the 1st and 3d Platoons.

[461] During the day's action, Pfc. Leonard C. Brostrom of Company F and Pfc. John F. Thorson of Company G so distinguished themselves that they were awarded the Medal of Honor. Private Brostrom singlehandedly destroyed a pillbox and killed six Japanese before collapsing from his wounds. Private Thorson sacrificed his life to save his comrades by throwing himself upon an enemy grenade that landed in his platoon's defensive position.

[462] 17th Inf Opns Rpt, Battle for Dagami, App., p. 9.

[463] 7th Div G-3 Periodic Rpts 10-14, 29 Oct-2 Nov 44.

[464] 7th Div G-2 Periodic Rpt 13, 2 Nov 44.

[465] 7th Div G-1 Weekly Rpt 2, 31 Oct 44, Incl 2, Part 2, 1 Nov 44; 7th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, G-1 Rpt.

[466] 7th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, Part II, Annex 2, Terrain Study of Operational Areas, pp. 1-3.

[467] 1st Cav Div Arty Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 2.

[468] Ibid., p. 3.

[469] 1st Cav Div Msgs to X Corps, 21 Oct 44.

[470] 1st Cav Div FO 1, 2 Oct 44.

[471] 7th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[472] 35th Army Opns, p. 28.

[473] 1st Cav Div Arty Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 3.

[474] 1st Cav Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 19-20.

[475] 7th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 4.

[476] He was awarded the Silver Star.

[477] X Corps Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 18.

[478] 2d Cav Brig Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 3-4.

[479] 8th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 6-7.

[480] At 0500 on 21 October Colonel Drake, the commanding officer of the 5th Cavalry, was killed while inspecting the regimental perimeter defenses in the vicinity of Caibaan. 5th Cavalry Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 2.

[481] 1st Cav Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 2, 21 Oct 44.

[482] 5th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 2-3.

[483] 1st Cav Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 4, 25 Oct 44.

[484] 5th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 3.

[485] Rpt, Capt Ray Tarbuck, USN, Observers Rpt of King II Opn, 3 Nov 44, GHQ G-3 Jnl, 30 Oct 44.

[486] Ibid.

[487] As already indicated the maps of the Leyte area are often inaccurate. Map 2 is no exception.

[488] 2d Cav Brig FO, 22 Oct 44.

[489] 8th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 7.

[490] 2d Cav Brig FO 3, 23 Oct 44.

[491] 7th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 6-7.

[492] 1st Cav Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 24-25.

[493] Rad, CG Sixth Army to G-2 Sixth Army, Sixth Army G-2 Jnl, 24 Oct 44.

[494] 8th Cav Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 7-9.

[495] Ibid.

[496] 1st Cav Div G-1 Daily Strength Rpts, 20-27 Oct 44; 8th Army Opns Rpt, p. 14.

[497] 1st Cav Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 8, 27 Oct 44.

[498] Unless otherwise stated the subsection is based upon the 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 1-39.

[499] 34th Inf Unit Rpt 1, 21 Oct 44, 34th Inf Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[500] 34th Inf Unit Rpt 2, 34th Inf Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[501] 35th Army Opns, p. 28.

[502] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 12. Private Moon was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

[503] 63d FA Bn Unit Rpt 1, 21 Oct 44, 63d FA Bn Opns Rpt Leyte.

[504] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 13. This casualty figure from the 24th Division Operations Report seems excessive.

[505] 34th Inf FO 4, 21 Oct 44, 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[506] 63d FA Bn Unit Rpt 2, 22 Oct 44.

[507] 24th Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 3, 22 Oct 44.

[508] 19th Inf Unit Rpt 2, 21 Oct 44.

[509] Ibid.

[510] 85th Chemical Mortar Bn Hist 1943-44, p. 28.

[511] Allied Geographical Sec, Terrain Study 84, Leyte Province, 17 Aug 44.

[512] 35th Army Opns, p. 28.

[513] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 16.

[514] Ibid.; 19th Inf Unit Rpt 2, 21 Oct 44.

[515] 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 21 Oct 44.

[516] 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[517] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 18.

[518] 19th Inf Unit Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[519] Ibid.

[520] Ibid.

[521] Ibid.

[522] 19th Inf Unit Rpt 3, 22 Oct 44.

[523] 35th Army Opns, p. 28.

[524] GHQ Observer to G-2 Sixth Army, Sixth Army G-2 Jnl, 24 Oct 44.

[525] 1st Cav Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 3, 24 Oct 44.

[526] 34th Inf FO 5, 22 Oct 44, 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 23 Oct 44.

[527] Fragmentary FO, 34th Inf Jnl, 25 Oct 44.

[528] 19th Inf Unit Jnl, 22 Oct 44.

[529] Ibid.

[530] 19th Inf Unit Rpt 4, 19th Inf Unit Jnl, 23 Oct 44.

[531] 1st Cav Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 3, 24 Oct 44.

[532] 19th Inf Unit Jnl, 24 Oct 44.

[533] 24th Div Arty Unit Rpt 3, 26 Oct 44.

[534] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 27.

[535] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 38.

[536] 14th Area Army Opns Leyte, pp. 2-3.

[537] 35th Army Opns, p. 35.

[538] 10th I&HS, Eighth Army, Staff Study Opns of Japanese 35th Army on Leyte, Interrog of Maj Gen Yoshiharu Tomochika, CofS 35th Army, Pt. I, p. 2.

[539] 24th Div FO 3, 0700, 25 Oct 44.

[540] 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 26 Oct 44.

[541] 1st Bn, 34th Inf, Unit Jnl, 27 Oct 44.

[542] There is an interesting anecdote about the town: "Sergeant [Charles W.] Capps and Pvt. [Harold O.] Mottlet of G-3 got some help from a Jap sniper when they were hunting for Alangalang on a situation map. There was a 'ping' and they hit the dirt. When they resumed work they found a bullet puncture practically through Alangalang on the map." 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 78.

[543] Tomochika, True Facts of Leyte Opn, p. 15.

[544] 1st Bn, 34th Inf, Unit Jnl, 28 Oct 44.

[545] 19th Inf Unit Rpt 6, 25 Oct 44, 19th Inf Unit Jnl, 25 Oct 44.

[546] 19th Inf Unit Jnl, 25 Oct 44.

[547] 11th FA Bn Unit Rpt 6, 28 Oct 44. There was no report for 27 October.

[548] Ibid.

[549] 13th FA Bn Unit Rpt 7, 27 Oct 44.

[550] 35th Army Opns, p. 43.

[551] 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 28 Oct 44.

[552] The battalion journal laconically notes that Company L "meets slight resistance--kill appx. 50 Japs and continues." 3d Bn, 34th Inf, Unit Jnl, 29 Oct 44.

[553] X Corps FO 3, 28 Oct 44.

[554] 1st Cav Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 8, 28 Oct 44.

[555] 2d Cav Brig FO 6, 28 Oct 44.

[556] 2d Cav Brig Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 6.

[557] The 5th Cavalry Regiment had moved behind the 34th Infantry on its advance along Highway 2 to the Mainit River bridge. When the 34th Infantry moved south to Jaro the 5th Cavalry took over the Cavite area and, during the Carigara attack, the regiment (less its 2d Squadron) was responsible for the protection of the line of communication from Cavite to Barugo. 5th Cav Opns Rpt, p. 5; 1st Cav Div FO 6, 1 Nov 44.

[558] 10th I&HS Eighth Army, Stf Study of Opns of Japanese 35th Army on Leyte, Part I, p. 5; Part IV, p. 3, OCMH.

[559] 10th I&HS, Eighth Army Stf Study of Japanese 102d Division on Leyte and Cebu, passim, OCMH.

[560] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 33.

[561] Ibid., p. 34.

[562] Colonel Newman was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.

[563] 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 30 Oct 44.

[564] 24th Div Arty Unit Rpt 8, 31 Oct 44.

[565] 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 31 Oct 44.

[566] 19th Inf Unit Jnl, 31 Oct 44.

[567] 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 31 Oct 44.

[568] 34th Inf Unit Rpt 13, 34th Inf Jnl, 1 Nov 44.

[569] One guerrilla unit estimated the number of Japanese as high as 5,000.

[570] X Corps G-2 Periodic Rpt 10, 31 Oct 44.

[571] X Corps FO 5, 1 Nov 44.

[572] 1st Cav Div FO 6, 1 Nov 44.

[573] 34th Inf FO 7, 2 Nov 44.

[574] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 38.

[575] 7th Cav Unit Jnl, 2 Nov 44.

[576] 34th Inf Unit Jnl, 2 Nov 44.

[577] Ltr, CG Sixth Army to CG X Corps et al., 25 Nov 44, p. 24.

[578] Hist of Fifth Air Force, Ch. 5, pp. 34-35, AAF Archives.

[579] Sturgis, Engineer Operations in the Leyte Campaign, p. 6. Unless otherwise cited, the material on construction is taken from this study.

[580] Draft of Memo, 30 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 30 Oct 44.

[581] ASCOM Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 8-9.

[582] RAD, CTF 78 to CG Sixth Army, MC 1280, 22 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-3 Wasatch Jnl, 23 Oct 44.

[583] Hist 8th Fighter Squadron, October 1944, p. 7, AAF Archives.

[584] Hist 7th Fighter Squadron, October 1944, pp. 4-5, AAF Archives.

[585] Opns Rpt, Comdr Support Aircraft to Comdr Seventh Fleet, no serial, 2 Nov 44.

[586] Hist 8th Fighter Squadron, 49th Fighter Group, 86th Wing, V Fighter Command, Fifth Air Force, October 1944, p. 7, AAF Archives.

[587] Rad, Col Quinn to the 6, 8, and 9 Air Liaison Parties, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 31 Oct 44.

[588] Ltr, Maj Gen Hugh J. Casey, CG ASCOM, to Gen Krueger, CG Sixth Army, 31 Oct 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 7 Nov 44.

[589] Ibid.

[590] Hist Fifth Air Force, Ch. 5, p. 33, AAF Archives.

[591] Hist of Engineer Corps in the Pacific, Ch. VI, Philippine Campaign, pp. 327-29. Copy in OCMH.

[592] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 69.

[593] Ltr, Gen Krueger to Gen Ward, 13 Aug 51, OCMH.

[594] Army Service Comd Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 6, 9.

[595] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 69.

[596] 5201st Engr Const Brig Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 5.

[597] Sturgis, Engineer Opns in Leyte Campaign, p. 15.

[598] Army Service Comd Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 9; Memo, G-4 Sixth Army for DG ASCOM, 11 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 11 Nov 44.

[599] Sturgis, Engineer Opns in Leyte Campaign, p. 5.

[600] Ibid., p. 6.

[601] Ltr, Gen Decker, formerly CS Sixth Army, to Gen Ward, 9 Jul 51, copy in OCMH.

[602] Memo, G-4 Sixth Army for Transportation Sec Sixth Army, 8 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 8 Nov 44.

[603] Rpt of Conference on Establishment of Priorities, 9 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 30 Nov 44.

[604] Rpt of Conference on 27 Nov for the Establishment of Unloading Priorities, 28 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 30 Nov 44.

[605] Ltr, CG Sixth Army to CG ASCOM, 30 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 1 Dec 44.

[606] Memo, Asst G-4 Sixth Army to QM et al. Sixth Army, 2 Dec 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 2 Dec 44.

[607] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 218.

[608] Memo, G-4 Sixth Army to Transportation Off, 27 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-4 Jnl, 27 Nov 44.

[609] Rpt of Surgeon, Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 262.

[610] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 95.

[611] Rpt of Surgeon, Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 262.

[612] X Corps Rpt of Medical Service Leyte Campaign, pp. 3-4.

[613] XXIV Corps Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 38.

[614] Rpt of Surgeon, Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 263.

[615] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 95-96.

[616] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 197.

[617] 96th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 96.

[618] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 134.

[619] Ibid.

[620] Ibid.

[621] 7th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, Medical Rpt, App. C to G-4 Rpt, p. 5.

[622] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 263.

[623] Army Service Forces Monthly Rpt, Sec 7, Health, Jun 45, p. 10.

[624] 7th Div Medical Rpt, App. C to G-4 Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 3.

[625] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 135-36.

[626] Ibid., p. 136.

[627] History of Civil Affairs Div, WD Special Staff, Philippines, pp. 1-17, typescript in OCMH.

[628] Memo, Gen Fellers for CINCSWPA, 23 Jul 44, U. S. Army Forces, Pacific, Report on Civil Affairs (2 vols), II, 1.

[629] GHQ SWPA Staff Memo 35, 30 Aug 44; Rpt cited n. 52, pp. 6-9.

[630] GHQ SWPA Staff Memo 40; Ibid., 28 Sep 44, pp. 12-15.

[631] GHQ SWPA, Standing Operating Procedure Instns 26, 9 Oct 44; Ibid., pp. 22-42.

[632] Sixth Army Admin O 14, Annex 8, Civil affairs Plan, 30 Sep 44.

[633] Tarbuck Report.

[634] The material on refugees in the Palo area is taken from 24th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, Annex 13, pp. 146-48.

[635] Material on refugees in the Dulag area is based on the Report of Naval Civil Affairs Unit, 7 Dec 44, 7th Inf Div Opns Rpt Leyte, Incl 1, App. G to Annex 1.

[636] Civil Affairs, Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 279.

[637] Ibid., p. 279.

[638] 1st Cav Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 22-23.

[639] Ltr, CG Sixth Army to CG X Corps and others, 25 Nov 44.

[640] Sixth Army FO 28, 3 Nov 44.

[641] X Corps FO 6, 3 Nov 44.

[642] Sixth Army FO 27, 30 Oct 44.

[643] 24th Div FO 5, 2 Nov 44.

[644] 1st Bn, 34th Inf, Unit Jnl, 3 Nov 44.

[645] 1st Bn, 34th Inf, Unit Jnl, 3 Nov 44.

[646] 1st Bn, 34th Inf, Unit Jnl, 3 Nov 44.

[647] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, pp. 39-40.

[648] Ibid., p. 40.

[649] Tomochika, True Facts of Leyte Opn, p. 18.

[650] 10th I&HS, Eighth Army, Stf Study of Opns of Japanese 35th Army on Leyte, Part I, p. 5.

[651] Ibid., Part I, pp. 5-6.

[652] Ibid., Part IV, p. 2, interrog of Col Junkichi Okabayashi, CofS 1st Div. Colonel Okabayashi makes the following statement about Japanese planning: "It is not the ordinary practice in the Japanese Army for higher headquarters to provide unit commanders with alternate plans. When conferences are held between unit commanders and the staff of higher headquarters, all possible alternatives are, of course, discussed. At any rate, unit commanders are invariably oriented with the general plan of higher headquarters. In the event an original order cannot be carried out because of the changing battle situation, the responsibility for making changes in plans devolves upon the commander of the unit concerned."

[653] Rpt of Sixth Army G-3 Liaison Sec, 3 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 3 Nov 44.

[654] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 38.

[655] Memo, Maj Reppert for Col Clyde D. Eddleman, Rpt of Conf with Rear Adm William M. Fechteler, 5 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 5 Nov 44.

[656] Ltr of Instns, CG Sixth Army to CG X Corps, 4 Nov 44, Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 199.

[657] Ltr, CG X Corps to CG's 24th Div and 1st Cav Div, 4 Nov 44; X Corps G-3 Jnl, 5 Nov 44.

[658] 1st Cav Div FO 7, 4 Nov 44.

[659] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 103.

[660] X Corps Opn Plan, 5 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 5 Nov 44.

[661] 24th Div Opns Sum, 5 Nov 44, X Corps G-3 Jnl, 5 Nov 44.

[662] Msg, G-2 X Corps to G-3 Sixth Army, 5 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 6 Nov 44.

[663] Sixth Army FO 29, Nov 44.

[664] X Corps Amendment to FO 6, 5 Nov 44.

[665] 24th Div FO 7, 5 Nov 44.

[666] Col William J. Verbeck, A Regiment in Action (n. p., n. d., copy in OCMH), p. 16; 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 42.

[667] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 42.

[668] 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 5 Nov 44.

[669] 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 6 Nov 44.

[670] Rad, Maj Clark, X Corps, to G-2 Sixth Army, BA 669, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 6 Nov 44.

[671] Msg, S-2 21st Inf to CG 24th Div, 6 Nov 44, 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 6 Nov 44.

[672] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 42.

[673] Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 7 Nov 44.

[674] Msg, S-2 21st Inf to G-2 24th Div, 7 Nov 44, 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 7 Nov 44.

[675] 21st Inf FO 19, 7 Nov 44, 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 8 Nov 44.

[676] Msg, 308th Bombardment Wing to Sixth Army, 7 Nov 44, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 7 Nov 44.

[677] Msg, CO 21st Inf to CG 24th Div, 7 Nov 44, 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 7 Nov 44; 35th Army Opns, p. 57.

[678] Msg, S-3 21st Inf to CG 24th Div, 7 Nov 44, 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 7 Nov 44.

[679] Interv with Col Verbeck, 26 Sep 51. Colonel Verbeck stated that for the remainder of the campaign Colonel Weber was an excellent and loyal executive officer.

[680] Msg, S-3 21st Inf to G-3 24th Div, 7 Nov 44, 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 7 Nov 44; 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 43.

[681] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 43.

[682] 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 7 Nov 44.

[683] Jan Valtin [Richard J. Krebs], Children of Yesterday (New York, The Readers Press, Inc., 1946), p. 187.

[684] 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 8 Nov 44.

[685] 24th Div G-2 Periodic Rpt 20, 8 Nov 44.

[686] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 45.

[687] Msg, CO 21st Inf to CofS 24th Div, 8 Nov 44, 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 8 Nov 44.

[688] Msg, G-3 24th Div to G-2 24th Div, 9 Nov 44, 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 9 Nov 44.

[689] 24th Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 21, 9 Nov 44.

[690] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 47.

[691] Ibid., p. 48.

[692] 35th Army Opns, p. 59.

[693] Ibid.; Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 50; Sixth Army G-3 Jnl, 9 Nov 44.

[694] Sixth Army FO 30, 11 Nov 44.

[695] X Corps FO 12, 12 Nov 44.

[696] XXIV Corps FO 23, 10 Nov 44.

[697] Sixth Army Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 57.

[698] 24th Div FO 8, 9 Nov 44.

[699] 24th Div G-3 Periodic Rpt 22, 10 Nov 44.

[700] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 49.

[701] 24th Div G-2 Jnl, 10 Nov 44.

[702] Ibid., pp. 53, 61.

[703] 35th Army Opns, p. 60.

[704] 24th Div Opns Rpt Leyte, p. 49.

[705] 24th Div G-3 Jnl, 11 Nov 44.