Chapter I: Front Matter

LIGHTHOUSES

AND

LIGHTSHIPS.

LIGHTHOUSES
AND
LIGHTSHIPS:

A DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THEIR MODE
OF CONSTRUCTION AND ORGANIZATION.

BY
W. H. DAVENPORT ADAMS,

AUTHOR OF “BURIED CITIES OF CAMPANIA,” “QUEEN OF THE
ADRIATIC,” “EARTH AND SEA,” ETC.

* * * * *

With Illustrations from Photographs and other sources.

* * * * *

NEW YORK:
CHARLES SCRIBNER AND CO.

1870.

Illustrated Library of Wonders.

PUBLISHED BY

Messrs. Charles Scribner & Co.,

654 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

Each one volume 12mo. Price per volume, $1.50.

* * * * *

_Titles of Books._ _No. of Illustrations_

Thunder and Lightning, 39
Wonders of Optics, 70
Wonders of Heat, 90
Intelligence of Animals, 54
Great Hunts, 22
Egypt 3,300 Years Ago, 40
Wonders of Pompeii, 22
The Sun, by A. Guillemin, 58
Sublime in Nature, 50
Wonders of Glass-Making, 63
Wonders of Italian Art, 28
Wonders of the Human Body, 45
Wonders of Architecture, 58
Lighthouses and Lightships, 60
* Bottom of the Ocean, 68
* Wonders of Bodily Strength and Skill, 70
* Wonderful Balloon Ascents, 30
* Acoustics, 114
* Wonders of the Heavens, 48
* The Moon, by A. Guillemin, 60
* Wonders of Sculpture, 61
* Wonders of Engraving, 32
* Wonders of Vegetation, 45
* Wonders of the Invisible World, 97
* Celebrated Escapes, 26
* Water, 77
* Hydraulics, 40
* Electricity, 71
* Subterranean World, 27

* In Press for early Publication.

* * * * *

_The above works sent to any address, post paid, upon receipt of the price by the publishers._

Preface.

The importance of the Lighthouse system which protects our seamen against the numerous dangers and difficulties of the British shores is fully appreciated by every Englishman. But it may reasonably be doubted whether the general public have any correct idea of its completeness, of the administrative principles which regulate its management, or of the steps by which it has attained its present development. They know but little, moreover, of the engineering skill which has been so successfully exercised in the construction of Lighthouses, or of the scientific knowledge which has been brought to bear upon the perfection of their illuminating apparatus. It may safely be said, that for a large number of readers, the alpha of their information, on this subject, is the Eddystone, and their omega the Bell Rock.

If such be the case, it may be presumed that the present volume will be accepted as an honest attempt to supply an admitted deficiency. It is based on the best authorities, and its pages have been revised by competent critics. Its aim is to furnish in a popular and intelligible form a description of the Lighthouse _as it is_ and _as it was_—of the rude Roman pharos or old sea-tower, with its flickering fire of wood or coal, and the modern pharos, shapely and yet substantial, with its powerful illuminating apparatus of lamp and lenses, shining ten, or twelve, or twenty miles across the waves. The gradual improvement of this apparatus is concisely indicated. Sketches are furnished of the most remarkable Lighthouses in Great Britain and France, and a detailed account is given of the mode of life of their keepers, with full particulars of the administrative systems adopted at home and abroad. As auxiliaries in the noble work of guarding the seaman against the perils of rock and shoal, the Lightship, the Buoy, and the Beacon, have also found a place in our pages; and the volume closes with a list of all the Lights existing on the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland at the present time.

In my description of the _French_ Lighthouses I have been much indebted to M. Renard’s book, “Les Phares.” The information given respecting _British_ Lighthouses has been drawn from a variety of sources, the more important of which are duly acknowledged. I have also derived many particulars from personal examination; and some interesting data and corrections have been supplied by Mr. Thomas Stevenson, the Engineer to the Board of Northern Lights, and the worthy member of a family long associated with lighthouse engineering.

The Illustrations are from photographs, unpublished sketches, and other authentic originals. Those of the French Lighthouses are copied, by permission, from M. Renard.

W. H. Davenport Adams.

_May 1870._

Contents.

BOOK I.
ANCIENT HISTORY OF LIGHTHOUSES.

I. The Fire-towers of the Mediterranean, 9 II. The Pharos of Alexandria, 17 III. The “Tour d’Ordre” of Boulogne, 30 IV. The Tower at Dover, 38 V. The Colossus of Rhodes, 43

BOOK II.
THE SCIENCE OF LIGHTHOUSES.

I. How they are Administered, 49 II. Geographical Distribution of Lighthouses, 62 III. The Illuminating Apparatus of Lighthouses, 68 IV. The Interior of a Lighthouse, 95

BOOK III.
LIGHTHOUSES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

I. The Story of the Eddystone: A.D. 1696, 1706, 1759, 108 II. The Smalls Lighthouse, 133 III. The Bell Rock, A.D. 1807-1811, 139 IV. The Skerryvore Lighthouse, 171 V. North Unst, 1854.—Sunderland, 1841, 181 VI. Lighthouses on the English Coast, 180

BOOK IV.
LIGHTHOUSES IN FRANCE.

I. The Tour de Cordouan, 212 II. The Lighthouses of Cape La Hève, 224 III. The Lighthouse of the Héaux of Bréhat, 233 IV. The Grand Barge d’Olonne, A.D. 1861, 245 V. The Lighthouses of Walde, the Enfant Perdu, and New Caledonia, A.D. 1859—1863—1865, 249

BOOK V.
THE AUXILIARIES OF LIGHTHOUSES.

I. Floating Lights: Lightships, 253 II. Landmarks, Beacons, and Buoys, 264

BOOK VI.
LIFE IN THE LIGHTHOUSE.

I. The Lighthouse-keepers, 276

APPENDIX.

I. A List of Lights on the British and Irish Coasts, 289 II. A Night in a Lightship, 312

Index, 315

LIGHTHOUSES

AND

LIGHTSHIPS.