Chapter I: Front Matter

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LIQUID DROPS AND GLOBULES

_BY THE SAME AUTHOR._

--------------------------------

*PYROMETRY*

A Practical Treatise on the Measurement
of High Temperatures.

_With 60 Illustrations_, xii + 200 _pp._
_Crown 8vo, cloth_ (1911).

Price *5/-* net.

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*HEAT FOR ENGINEERS*

A Treatise on Heat, with special regard
to its Practical Applications.

_Second Edition Revised_, with 110 _Illustrations_,
xiv + 430 _pp._ _Demy 8vo, cloth_ (1912).

Price *12/6* net.

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_E. & F. N. SPON, Ltd., 57 Haymarket, London, S.W._

LIQUID DROPS AND
GLOBULES

Their Formation and Movements

THREE LECTURES DELIVERED
TO POPULAR AUDIENCES

BY

CHAS. R. DARLING

ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, IRELAND; FELLOW OF THE
INSTITUTE
OF CHEMISTRY; FELLOW OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY, ETC.; LECTURER
IN PHYSICS AT THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON
TECHNICAL COLLEGE, FINSBURY

WITH 43 ILLUSTRATIONS

_London_
E. & F. N. SPON, LIMITED, 57 HAYMARKET

_NEW YORK_
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET

1914

CONTENTS

PAGE _List of Illustrations_ . . . . . . . vii _Preface_ . . . . . . . . . ix

_Lecture I._
Introduction . . . . . . . . . 1
General Properties of Liquids . . . . . . 2
Properties of the Surface Skin of Water . . . . 3
Elastic Skin of other Liquids-Minimum Thermometer . . . 5
Boundary Surface of two Liquids . . . . . . 6
Area of Stretched Surface . . . . . . . 7
Shape of detached Masses of Liquid . . . . . 8
Production of True Spheres of Liquids . . . . . 10
The Centrifugoscope . . . . . . . . 14
Effect of Temperature on Sphere of Orthotoluidine . . . 15
Other Examples of Equi-Density . . . . . . 17
Aniline Films or Skins . . . . . . . 19
Surface Tension . . . . . . . . 21
The "Diving" Drop . . . . . . . . 22
Formation of Falling Drops of Liquid . . . . . 24
Ascending or Inverted Drops . . . . . . 31

_Lecture II._
Automatic Aniline Drops . . . . . . . 33
Automatic Drops of other Liquids. . . . . . 37
Liquid Jets . . . . . . . . . 38
Liquid Columns . . . . . . . . 40
Communicating Drops . . . . . . . . 44
Combined Vapour and Liquid Drops . . . . . 47
Condensation of Drops from Vapour . . . . . 49
Liquid Clouds in Liquid Media . . . . . . 54
Overheated Drops . . . . . . . . 55
Floating Drops on Hot Surfaces . . . . . . 57

_Lecture III._
Spreading of Oil on the Surface of Water . . . . 60
Movements due to Solubility . . . . . . 63
Movements of Aniline Globules on a Water Surface . . . 63
Movements of Orthotoluidine and Xylidine 1-3-4 on a Water Surface 66
Production of Globules from Films . . . . . 68
Network formed from a Film . . . . . . 70
Quinoline Rings . . . . . . . . 71
Expanding Globules . . . . . . . . 71
Attraction between Floating Globules . . . . . 73
Analogies of Surface Tension Phenomena with Life . . . 75

_Conclusion_ . . . . . . . . . 76

_Appendix_
Apparatus and Materials required for Experiments on Drops
and Globules . . . . . . . . 78

_Index_ . . . . . . . . . . 81

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE 1. Silver sheet floating on water . . . . . 4 2. Column and index of minimum thermometer . . . 6 3. Thread of golden syrup rising and forming a drop . . 8 4. Drops of different sizes resting on flat plate . . 10 5. Formation of a sphere of orthotoluidine . . . 12 6. Detached sphere floating under water . . . . 13 7. The centrifugoscope . . . . . . . 14 8. Aniline drops falling through cold water and ascending through hot water . . . . . . 17 9. Aniline skins enveloping water . . . . . 20 10, 11, 12. The "diving" drop. Three stages . . . . 23 13. Apparatus for forming ascending or descending drops of liquids 27 14-20. Formation of a drop of orthotoluidine, showing the droplet. Seven stages . . . . . 29-31 21, 22. Automatically formed aniline drops, showing the formation of droplets from the neck . . . 34, 35 23-25. Jets of orthotoluidine discharged under water . . 39 26. Water stretched between a tube and a plate . . . 40 27-30. A liquid column stretched upwards by addition of water until broken. Four stages . . . 43 31. A column of aceto-acetic ether in water . . . 44 32. Apparatus for communicating drops . . . . 45 33. Combined vapour and liquid drops . . . . 49 34. Spheroid of water on a hot plate . . . . 58 35. Forces acting on a floating globule . . . . 61 36. Aniline globules on a water surface . . . . 64 37. Orthotoluidine globules on a water surface . . . 66 38. Resolution of a floating skin into globules . . . 68 39. Network formed from a film of tar-oil . . . . 70 40. Quinoline rings and perforated plates . . . . 71 41. The expanding globule . . . . . . 72 42. The "devouring" globule. Five stages . . . 74 43. Photograph of one globule absorbing another . . . 75