Chapter M: DCC LXI (5)

The four Pursuivants, who are, Rougecroix, Bluemantle, Rougedragon,
and Portcullis, are also created by the Earl Marshal, when they take
their oath of a Pursuivant, and are invested with a tabart of the
royal arms upon damask. They have a salary of 20_l._ a year, with fees
according to their degree. It is the duty of the Heralds and
Pursuivants, to attend in the public office, one of each class
together, by a monthly rotation.

Besides these particular duties of the several classes, it is the
general duty both of the Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants, to attend
his Majesty at the house of Peers, and, upon certain high festivals,
to the chapel royal; to make proclamations; to marshal the proceedings
at all public processions; to attend the installation of the Knights
of the Garter, &c.

All these officers have apartments in the college, annexed to their
respective offices. They have likewise a public hall, in which is a
court for the Earl Marshal, where courts of chivalry are occasionally
held, and the officers of arms attend in their tabarts, his Lordship
being present. Their public library contains a large and valuable
collection of original records of the pedigrees and arms of families,
funeral certificates of the nobility and gentry, public ceremonials,
and other branches of heraldry and antiquities; and there have been
few works published, relating to the history and antiquities of this
kingdom, in which the authors have not received some assistance from
this library, where attendance is daily given by two officers for the
public emolument. _Instructions communicated by Stephen Martin Leake,
Esq; Garter King of Arms, to Mr. Maitland._

HERBERT’S _grounds_, Bandyleg Walk.†

HERBERT’S _passage_, Beaufort Buildings.†

HERCULES PILLARS _alley_, Fleet street.*

HERCULES _yard_, Turnmill street.*

HERMITAGE _bridge_, Hermitage dock.

HERMITAGE _court_, Red Maid lane, near the Hermitage.

HERMITAGE, Dock side. There were formerly several hermitages on the
ground on which London now stands.

HERMITAGE _stairs_, Wapping.

HERMITAGE _street_, Wapping.

HERMITAGE _yard_, Parish street.

HERON’S _yard_, Marsham street.†

HERTFORD’S _court_, Fenchurch street.†

HESTON, a village in Middlesex, to the north west of Hounslow.

HEWET’S _court_, in the Strand.†

HEWEY _court_, near Halfmoon street, in the Strand.†

HEYDON _court_, Heydon square.†

HEYDON _passage_, Heydon square.†

HEYDON _square_, on the east side of the Minories.†

HEYDON _yard_, Heydon square.†

HICKMAN’S _court_, Mill street.†

HICK’S _court_, Shoreditch.†

HICKS’S HALL, in St. John’s street, facing West Smithfield, is the
county hall in which the justices of Middlesex hold their sessions.
This is a very plain brick edifice with a portico at the entrance. It
was built by Sir Baptist Hicks, Viscount Campden, who was for some
time a mercer in Cheapside, and died in 1629, and from him it received
its name. _Stow._

HICKS’S _yard_, Angel alley, Little Moorfields.†

HIDE PARK, is in a very fine situation to the west of the new buildings
of London, from which it extends to Kensington; it being encompassed
by a wall, and well stocked with deer. There is a place in it called
the _Ring_, which used formerly to be frequented by people of fashion
in their coaches. Mr. Misson, who published an account of his travels
over England, speaking of this _Ring_, which was then in vogue, says,
“The coaches drive round and round, and when they have turned for some
time round one way, they face about and turn t’other: so rolls the
world.” Here is a bason of water, formed to supply the above-mentioned
new buildings, and a fine serpentine river. There are several good
prospects from it. A magazine for gunpowder has been lately built in
this Park near the Ring.

HIDE PARK _corner_, Piccadilly, by the corner of Hide Park.

HIDE PARK _street_, Hide Park.

HIDE _street_, Bloomsbury.

HIDE’S _court_, 1. King street, Golden square.† 2. Noble street.† 3.
Hide’s rents, Chick lane.†

HIGH HOLBORN, that part of Holborn beyond the bars, and out of the
liberties of the city.

HIGH HOLBORN LIBERTY, which consists of that part without the bars, is
one of the two liberties in the county of Middlesex and hundred of
Osulston, belonging to the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn; though by
its separate government, (exclusive of that of the church) it acts in
all respects as if independent. _Maitland._

HIGH _street_, 1. Aldgate. 2. Coverlead’s fields. 3. St. Giles’s.

HIGH TIMBER _street_, Broken Wharf.

HIGHGATE, a large and populous village in Middlesex, a little above four
miles north of London, is so called from its high situation on the top
of a hill, and a gate erected there above 400 years ago, to receive
toll for the Bishop of London; upon an old miry road from Grays Inn
lane to Barnet, being turned through that Bishop’s park. The church,
which is a very old edifice, is a chapel of ease to Pancras and
Hornsey; and where it stands was formerly an hermitage; near which the
Lord Chief Baron Cholmondeley built and endowed a free school in 1562,
which was enlarged in the year 1570, by Edwin Sandys, Bishop of
London, and a chapel added to it. There are also here several
dissenting meeting houses. On the side next London, the fineness of
the prospect over the city, as far as Shooter’s hill, and below
Greenwich, has occasioned several handsome edifices to be built;
particularly a very fine house erected by the late Sir William
Ashurst. It is remarkable that most of the public houses in Highgate
have a large pair of horns placed over the sign; and that when any of
the country people stop for refreshment, a pair of large horns fixed
to the end of a staff, is brought to them, and they are earnestly
pressed to be sworn. If they consent, a kind of burlesque oath is
administered; that they will never eat brown bread when they can get
white; never kiss the maid when they can kiss the mistress; and
abundance of other things of the same kind, which they repeat after
the person who brings the horns, with one hand fixed upon them. This
ridiculous ceremony is altered according to the sex of the person who
is sworn; who is allowed to add to each article, except I like the
other better; the whole being over, he or she must kiss the horns, and
pay a shilling for the oath, to be spent among the company, to which
he or she belongs.

HIGHGATE _road_, Tottenham court.

HILLIARD’S _court_, Old Gravel lane.†

HILLINGTON, or HILLINGDON, the name of two villages in Middlesex,
situated near each other, at a small distance from Uxbridge, and
distinguished by the epithets Great and Little. The church of Great
Hillington is a vicarage, to which the town of Uxbridge is a hamlet,
and here Meinhardt, late Duke of Schomberg had a seat; and Mr.
Chetwynd has one at Little Hillington.

HILL’S _Almshouse_, in Rochester row, Tothill fields, was erected in the
year 1708, pursuant to the will of Emery Hill, Esq; for the use of six
poor men and their wives, and six poor widows. The former are allowed
7_l._ 4_s._ and a chaldron of coals every year; and the latter 5_l._
and a chaldron of coals _per annum_, and a gown every other year.

The same gentleman erected an almshouse in Petty France, Westminster,
in the year 1677, for the reception of three men and their wives; but
left it to be endowed out of the surplusage of the above almshouse;
however it does not appear that there ever was any surplus.
_Maitland._

HILL’S _rents_, Helmet court, Butcher Row, near Temple Bar.†

HILL’S _wharf_, Wapping Wall.†

HILL’S _yard_, Shoreditch.

HIND _court_, 1. Coleman street, Lothbury. 2. Drury lane. 3. Fleet
street.

HIND’S _alley_, Maiden lane.†

HIND’S _rents_, Maze Pond street.†

HINTON’S _Almshouse_, in Plough alley, Barbican, was erected in the year
1732,pursuant to the will of Alice Hinton, of Hackney, widow, who
bequeathed the sum of 2000_l._ for erecting and endowing an almshouse
for twelve poor widows of the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate; but
the building was only erected for six, occasioned, it is said, by the
loss of effects at sea, and 700_l._ by African stock. Each widow has,
however, two neat rooms, and the house is endowed with 22_l._ _per
annum_, arising from ground rent. _Maitland._

HITCHCOCK’S _yard_, Newington Causeway.†

HOAR’S _yard_, Bishopsgate street.†

HOBBIN’S _court_, Long lane, Southwark.†

HOBB’S _rents_, Marigold street.†

HOCKENHUIL’S _court_, Black Eagle street, Spitalfields.†

HOCKLEY _in the Hole_, near Clerkenwell.

HODDESDON, a hamlet situated on the river Lea, in the parish of Amswell
and Brocksbourn in Hertfordshire, nineteen miles from London. Queen
Elizabeth granted a grammar school to be kept here, and an almshouse
was founded in the reign of King Henry VI. by Richard Rich, Sheriff of
London. It is a great thoroughfare on the north road, and has a market
on Thursday, and fair eleven days after St. Peter’s.

HODGE’S _rents_, Nightingale lane.†

HOG _alley_, East Smithfield.*

HOG ISLAND, Liquorpond street.

HOG _land_, 1. St. Giles’s Pound.* 2. Norton Falgate.*

HOG _yard_, 1. East Smithfield.* 2. Flemish church yard.* 3. Kent
street.* 4. Liquorpond street. 5. Tothill street.* 6. White’s yard,
Rosemary lane.*

HOLAND’S _court_, Back alley, Wapping.†

HOLAND’S LEGURE, near Green walk.†

HOLAND’S LEGURE _walk_, Green walk.†

HOLAND _street_, 1. Black Friars. 2. Great Wardour street.

HOLBORN, extends from the bottom of Snow hill to Broad St. Giles’s. This
street was anciently a village called Oldborne, built on the bank of a
brook or borne called Olborne, or Holbourn, that sprung up near Middle
row, and flowed down the hill in a clear current, till it fell into
the river of Wells at Holborn bridge. Along this rivulet the village
gradually extended itself west ward, and communicated its name to this
long and spacious street, afterwards built upon the same spot. This
brook now runs the same course along the common sewer. Holborn was
first paved from the bridge to the bars in the year 1535.

HOLBORN _bars_, near the end of Gray’s Inn lane, where the liberties of
the city end on that side.

HOLBORN _bridge_, a bridge erected over Fleet ditch, at the bottom of
Holborn hill, where the river of Wells, also called Turnmill brook,
fell into it.

HOLBORN _court_, the first court in Gray’s Inn, on passing through the
gate out of Holborn.

HOLBORN _hill_, the descent at the east end of Holborn.

HOLBORN _row_, Lincoln’s Inn fields.

HOLDEN, or _Nonsuch court_, Gracechurch street.†

HOLDING _street_, Rotherhith.

HOLE IN THE WALL, Little Russel street.*

HOLE IN THE WALL _yard_, Goddard’s rents.*

HOLFORD _alley_, Drury lane.†

HOLFORD _court_, Fenchurch street.†

HOLFORD’S _walk_, Fore street, Lambeth.†

HOLIDAY’S _court_, 1. Blue Anchor alley.† 2. Narrow Wall.†

HOLIDAY’S _yard_, Creed lane.†

HOLIWELL, a fine spring, now choaked up with soil and a hill of rubbish
called Holiwell Mount, near Shoreditch. This spring, in the times of
popery, was famed for its miraculous virtues, and thence obtained the
name of _Holy_.

A little to the south of this well, but within its precinct, stood an
ancient priory of Benedictine nuns, which after many repairs, was
rebuilt by Sir Thomas Lovel, Knight of the Garter, in the reigns of
Henry VII. and VIII. who also gave to this priory a considerable
benefaction in land, and was here buried in a chapel which he himself
had erected. In commemoration of this benefactor, the following lines
were curiously painted in most of the glass windows:

_All the nunnes in Holiwell,
Pray for the soul of Thomas Lovel._

This priory, at the general suppression of monasteries, was
surrendered to Henry VIII. in the year 1539, and its ruins are still
to be seen in St. John’s court in Holiwell lane: the populace unjustly
consider these as the remains of St. John’s palace, tho’ it does not
appear that ever any royal mansion was in this neighbourhood.

HOLIWELL _court_, 1. Holiwell lane, Shoreditch. 2. St. Catharine’s.

HOLIWELL _lane_, 1. Shoreditch. 2. St. Catharine’s, Tower hill.

HOLIWELL _mount_, Holiwell lane, Shoreditch.

HOLIWELL _row_, Horseshoe alley, Shoreditch.

HOLIWELL _street_, 1. Shoreditch. 2. In the Strand; so called from its
neighbourhood to St. Clement’s well.

HOLLAND HOUSE, a little beyond Kensington, is a fine old large Gothic
structure built of brick, very pleasantly situated on a rising ground,
and is at present the seat of the right Hon. Henry Fox. The celebrated
Mr. Addison, who married the Countess of Warwick, lived in this house.

HOLLES’S _Almshouse_, in Great St. Helen’s, near Bishopsgate street, was
founded by the Lady Holles, relict of Sir William Holles, Lord Mayor
of London, in the year 1539, for six poor men or women, and endowed
with 10_l._ a year, out of which each person was to receive 7_d._ a
week, and the surplus to be laid out in coals for their use.

As an addition to this foundation, Alice Smith of London, widow,
devised lands to the value of 15_l._ a year; which, with the above
mentioned, being greatly increased in their revenues, the company of
Skinners, who are the trustees, have rebuilt the house in a handsome
manner, and augmented the pensions of the poor. _Maitland._

HOLLIS _street_, 1. Clare market.† 2. Oxford street.†

_The_ HOLLOW, near Brick lane.

HOLLOWAY _court_, Nevil’s court, Rosemary lane.

HOLLYBUSH _court_, St. Clement’s, Temple Bar.*

HOLMAN’S _alley_, Bunhill row.†

HOLYWELL. See HOLIWELL.

HOMERTON, a hamlet belonging to Hackney.

HONESTY’S _square_, Chick lane.

HONESTY’S _yard_, St. James’s court, Chick lane.

HONEY _court yard_, Ailesbury street.

HONEY _lane_, Cheapside.

HONEY _lane market_, behind the north side of Cheapside, facing Bow
church. After the fire of London, Honey lane, and other buildings,
were converted into this market, among which was the parish church of
Allhallows Honey lane. It is the smallest market in the city, being
but 193 feet in length from east to west, and 97 from north to south.
In the middle is a market house, which stands on pillars, has rooms
over it, and is crowned with a bell tower. In this market there are
135 standing stalls for butchers covered over, and also several stalls
for fruiterers; the passages into it are inhabited by fishmongers,
poulterers, &c. It is famous for the goodness of the provisions sold
there, with which it is well supplied on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays,
and Saturdays.

HONEYSUCKLE _court_, Grub street, Fore street.*

HOOKER’S _court_, St. Nicholas lane.*

HOOKE’S HOLE _yard_, Upper Ground street.*

HOOP _alley_, 1. Old street.* 2. Portpool lane.*

HOOP _yard_, 1. Little Swan alley.* 2. New Fish street hill.* 3. In the
Strand.*

HOOPER’S _square_, Goodman’s fields.†

HOOPER’S _yard_, 1. Brick lane, Spitalfields.† 2. Tooley street.†

HOP _garden_, St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross.

HOPKIN’S _rents_, Crown alley, Tooley street.†

HOPKIN’S _row_, near Petty France, Westminster.†

HOPKIN’S _street_, Broad street, Poland street.†

HOPTON’S _Almshouse_, in the parish of Christ Church, Surry, was founded
by Charles Hopton, Esq; for twenty-six poor men, who have been
housekeepers and come to decay, each of whom has an upper and lower
room, with 10_l._ a year paid monthly, and a chaldron of coals. The
building is handsome, neat, and spacious. The founder died in the year
1730, and the poor men were first admitted two years after by the
minister and two churchwardens of that parish, and ten other
gentlemen, who are trustees for the management of this charity.

HOPTON _street_, Berwick street.†

HORN _alley_, 1. Aldersgate street.* 2. Liquorpond street.* 3. Tower
street, Tower hill.*

HORN _court_, 1. Basing lane.* 2. Beer lane, Tower street, near Tower
hill.* 3. Peter street, Westminster.*

HORN TAVERN _court_, St. Margaret’s lane.*

HORN _yard_, Goodman’s fields.*

HORNCHURCH, a town near Rumford in Essex, was formerly called Horn
Monastery from a large pair of leaden horns; which, according to
tradition, were placed there by a certain King, who disliking its
former name Hore Church, so called from its being built by a whore, in
order to attone for her sins, altered its name by setting up the
horns.

HORNERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by King
Charles I. in the year 1638. They are governed by a Master, two
Wardens, and nine Assistants; but have neither livery nor hall.

In the reign of Henry IV. this company was greatly reduced, by the
almost general exportation of horns; when applying to parliament in
the year 1465, it was enacted, that from thenceforward no other horns
should be exported, but such as were refused by the horners of this
city and kingdom, on the penalty of forfeiture: and for the more
effectual execution of this law, the Wardens of the company of Horners
of this city were impowered to search for all such goods and
merchandize, both wrought and unwrought, not only within this city and
20 miles round, but in the fairs of Sturbridge and Ely, and all such
goods as were found bad and unmarketable were to be forfeited.
_Maitland._

HORNSEY, a village in Middlesex, five miles from London. About a mile
nearer this, is a coppice of young trees, called _Hornsey Wood_, at
the entrance of which is a genteel public house, to which great
numbers of persons resort from the city. This house being situated on
the top of a hill, affords a delightful prospect of the neighbouring
country.

HORNS _yard_, 1. Cloth fair, East Smithfield.* 2. Kent street.* 3. Peter
street, Westster. 4. Stony street.* 5. Whitechapel.*

_Master of the_ HORSE. See the article MASTER OF THE HORSE.

HORSE AND GROOM _yard_, Wood street, Westminster.*

HORSE AND TRUMPET _yard_, Poor Jewry lane, Aldgate.

HORSE GUARDS, a noble modern edifice opposite to the Banquetting-house,
Whitehall. It consists of a center and two wings, and has an air of
solidity perfectly agreeable to the nature of the building. It
receives its name from the horse guards, who while the King is at St.
James’s are here on duty, two at a time being constantly mounted and
completely armed, under two handsome slope porches detached from the
building, and erected to shelter them from the weather. This structure
is equally calculated for the use of the foot as well as the horse on
duty.

In the center of this edifice is an arched passage into St. James’s
Park, and the building over this has a pediment, in which are the
King’s arms in bass relief. But this arch, as it is the passage of his
Majesty to and from the house of Peers, should have been more lofty
and noble. At each extreme of this center is a pavilion. But the
cupola, which is not seen in the view represented in the plate of the
Treasury, has but little to recommend it. The middle face of the
cupola presents a dial; and the aperture in the lower part of this,
and on the several stages of the other, are well calculated to break
the plainness, without weakening the building, either in reality or
appearance. The wings are plainer than the center. They each consist
of a fore front, projecting a little, with ornamented windows in the
principal story, and a plain one in the sides. Each has its pediment,
with a circular window in the center: and the whole has a proper air
of strength and plainness.

HORSE _walk_, Windmill hill, Moorfields.

HORSE AND CART _yard_, St. John’s street.

HORSEFERRY _bank_, Millbank, Westminster.

HORSEFERRY _lane_, Fore street, Lambeth.

HORSEFERRY _road_, Tothill fields.

HORSELYDOWN, Tooley street. All the tract called Horselydown, including
the streets, square and lane of the same name, was originally a
grazing ground, whence it was denominated _Horse Down_, which by
corruption was changed to _Horselydown_. _Stow, last edit._

HORSELYDOWN _fair street_, near Free school street.

HORSELYDOWN _Old lane_, Horselydown.

HORSELYDOWN _square_, Shad Thames.

HORSELYDOWN _stairs_, Horselydown.

HORSELYDOWN _street_, St. Olave’s, Southwark.

HORSEMONGER _lane_, near Blackman street.

HORSESHOE _alley_, 1. Anchor street.* 2. Bank side, Southwark.* 3.
Bunhill row.* 4. Fashion street.* 5. Golden lane.* 6. Maiden lane.* 7.
Moorfields.* 8. Petticoat lane. 9. Petty France. 10. Thread-needle
street.* 11. Whitechapel.*

HORSESHOE ALLEY _stairs_, Bank side.*

HORSESHOE _court_, 1. Bridge yard, Tooley street.* 2. Clement’s lane,
near Temple Bar.* 3. Cock lane, West Smithfield.* 4. Fashion street.*
5. Giltspur street, without Newgate.* 6. Old street.* 7. Peter street,
Hicks’s hall.* 8. Seething lane.*

HORSESHOE _passage_, Blowbladder street.*

HORSESHOE _yard_, 1. Brook street.* 2. Old Gravel lane.*

HOSIER _lane_, West Smithfield; so called from its being formerly
inhabited by the hosiers. _Stow._

HOSKIN’S _court_, Hartshorn lane, in the Strand.†

HOSPITAL _passage_, leading from Christ’s hospital into Butcherhall
lane.*

HOSPITAL _walk_, Hoxton.

HOUGHTON _street_, Clare market.†

HOTWATER _alley_, Paris Garden lane.

HOVEL, Hog lane, Norton Falgate.

HOUNDSDITCH, extends from Bishopsgate street without to Aldgate street
within, and runs along the outside of the city wall. Here was formerly
the city moat, which obtained the name of Houndsditch, from the number
of dead dogs flung into it; and this ditch being filled up, the street
built upon it obtained the same name. _Maitland._

HOUNSLOW, a village 12 miles north of London, on the edge of the heath
of the same name, which is equally famous for horse-races and
robberies. There are here a chapel and a charity school. The village
belongs to two parishes, the north side of the street to Hefton, and
the south to Isleworth. In this place was formerly a convent of
mendicant friars, who by their institution were to beg alms for the
ransom of captives taken by the infidels. On its dissolution by King
Henry VIII. that Prince gave it to the Lord Windsor, and it was
afterwards purchased by Mr. Auditor Roan.

HOUSEWIFE _alley_, Old Bethlem.

_Master of the_ HOUSHOLD. See the article MASTER OF THE HOUSHOLD.

HOWARD _street_, Norfolk street. Lord Arundel’s house stood there, and
from thence both Arundel and Norfolk street had their names.

HOWARD’S _alley_, 1. Angel alley.† 2. Back street, Lambeth.† 3.
Clerkenwell close.†

HOWARD’S CAUSEWAY _alley_, Narrow Wall.†

HOWFORD’S _court_, 1. Fenchurch street.† St. Nicholas lane, Lombard
street.†

HOXTON, near Shoreditch. This was for many ages a village, and in the
Conqueror’s Survey is named _Hocheston_: but by the increase of
buildings it has been for some time past joined to this metropolis.

HOXTON _market_, Hoxton.

HOXTON _road_, Hoxton.

HOXTON _square_, Hoxton.

HOYLE’S _court_, Noble street, Foster lane.†

HUBBART’S _rents_, Houndsditch.†

HUBBART’S _yard_, Brown’s lane.†

HUCKER’S _court_, St. Nicholas lane.†

HUDSON’S BAY _Company_. Though the extensive countries to which this
Company trade, were discovered by Sir Sebastian Cabot, in the year
1497, yet this commerce does not seem to have been fully settled till
after the year 1670, at which time King Charles II. by his letters
patent incorporated the adventurers by the title of _The Governor and
Company of the Adventurers of England trading into Hudson’s Bay_, and
granted them and their successors for ever, all the streights, bays,
seas, rivers, lakes, creeks, islands, shores, lands, territories and
places whatsoever, within Hudson’s Streights and Hudson’s Bay.

This Company carry on a considerable trade to the above places by a
joint stock, and have settled several small factories, to which the
natives repair with their rich furs, skins, and other commodities of
the country, which they exchange for those of England.

This corporation is under the direction of a Governor, Deputy
Governor, and seven Assistants, who have a hall which stands backward
in the south side of Fenchurch street. This is a very fine brick
building, adorned with pilasters, architraves, &c. _Maitland._

HUDSON’S _court_, 1. Tower hill.† 2. Vine street, Little Chandos
street.†

HUET’S _court_, in the Strand.†

HUET’S _rents_, Grub street, Fore street.†

HUGGEN _alley_, 1. Wood street, Cheapside. 2. Huggen lane.

HUGGEN _lane_, Thames street.

HUGH’S _court_, Water lane, Black Friars.†

HULBERT’S _Almshouse_, a very handsome building contiguous to St.
Peter’s hospital at Newington Butts. See FISHMONGERS _Almshouse_.

HUMFREY’S _alley_, Shoreditch.†

HUNGERFORD _market_, near the west end of the Strand, and at a small
distance from the Thames. In this place was anciently a large house,
with a garden, the seat of Sir Edward Hungerford, which he converted
into buildings. There is here a good market house, and over it a
French church: but the market house turns to little account,
notwithstanding its convenient situation for the gardeners to land
their greens, &c. at the stairs.

HUNGERFORD _stairs_, Hungerford market.†

HUNGERFORD STAIRS _passage_, Hungerford market.†

HUNGERFORD _street_, in the Strand, leading to the market.†

_Common_ HUNT. See COMMON.

HUNT’S _court_, 1. Castle street, Leicester fields.† 2. Hunt’s street.†
3. St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross.†

HUNT’S _rents_, Goswell street.†

HUNT’S _street_, Spicer’s street.†

HUNT’S _wharf_, near Thames street.†

HURST’S _gardens_, St. George’s fields.†

HUSBAND’S _street_, 1. Near Berwick street.† 2. By Knave’s acre.†

HUSSEY’S _alley_. Wood street.†

HUTCHINSON’S _wharf_, Milford lane.†

HYDON _square_, near the east end of the Minories.†

HYDON _square court_, Hydon square.†

HYDON _yard_, leading from the Minories to Hydon square.†

I J.

JACK ADAMS’S _alley_, Saffron hill.

JACK _alley_, Bow lane.

JACKANAPES _row_, Cheapside.

JACKSON’S _alley_, Bow street, Covent garden.†

JACKSON’S _Almshouse_, in College yard, Deadman’s Place, Southwark, was
founded in the year 1685, by Mr. Henry Jackson, for two poor women,
who have each an allowance of 1_s._ 8_d._ per week.

JACKSON’S _court_, 1. Black Friars.† 2. Gravel lane.† 3. White street.†

JACKSON’S _yard_, Gravel lane.†

JACK STRAW’S CASTLE _yard_, Saltpetre Bank.

JACOB’S _alley_, 1. Barnaby street.† 2. Goswell street.† 3. Turnmill
street.†

JACOB’S _court_, 1. Cow Cross.† 2. Peter street, Turnmill street.†

JACOB’S _street_, Mill street, Rotherhith.†

JACOB’S WELL _alley_, 1. Nightingale lane.* 2. Thames street.*

JACOB’S WELL _yard_, Nightingale lane.*

JAMAICA _street_, Rotherhith.

_St._ JAMES’S _Clerkenwell_, situated on the north side of Clerkenwell
Green, is a part of the church of the ancient priory; and is thus
denominated from its dedication to St. James the Minor, Bishop of
Jerusalem. This priory was founded so early as the year 1100, and the
church belonging to it not only served the nuns but the neighbouring
inhabitants. The priory was dissolved by King Henry VIII. in the year
1539, and the church was immediately made parochial. See CLERKENWELL.

The steeple of this edifice being greatly decayed by age, a part of it
fell down in the year 1623, upon which the parish contracted with a
person to rebuild it; but the builder being desirous of getting as
much as possible by the job, raised the new work upon the old
foundation, and carried it on with the utmost expedition; but before
it was entirely finished, it fell down, and destroyed part of the
church, which were both soon after rebuilt, as they are at present.

This church is a very heavy structure, partly Gothic, which was the
original form, and partly Tuscan. The body, though it has not the
least appearance of elegance, is well enlightened, and the steeple
consists of a low heavy tower crowned with a turret.

The church is a curacy in the gift of the parishioners.

_St._ JAMES’S _Duke’s Place_, near Aldgate, is a very old church, it
having escaped the great conflagration in 1666, that was destructive,
to so many others, and still remains in its original form. The body is
well enlightened, and the tower, which is composed of four stages, is
terminated by a very singular kind of turret in the form of a canopy.

This church is a curacy, the patronage of which being in the Lord
Mayor and Commonalty of London, the parish claims a right of exemption
from the Bishop of London’s jurisdiction, in matters ecclesiastical.
The Incumbent receives about 60_l._ a year by tithes, and 13_l._ a
year from the Chamber of London. _Maitland._

_St._ JAMES’S _Garlickhith_, is situated at the east end of Garlic Hill,
and is thus denominated from its dedication to St. James one of the
apostles, and its vicinity to a garlic market anciently held in this
neighbourhood. This church being destroyed by the fire of London, the
foundation of the present edifice was laid in the year 1676, and the
church was finished in 1682. _Stow._

This church, which, as well as both the former, is built of stone, is
well enlightened, and is seventy-five feet in length, and forty-five
in breadth; the roof is forty feet high, and the steeple ninety-eight
feet. The tower is divided into three stages; in the lowest is a very
elegant door, with coupled columns of the Corinthian order: in the
second stage is a pretty large window, and over it the form of a
circular one not opened: over this, in the third story, is another
window larger than any of the former, and the cornice above this
supports a range of open work in the place of battlements, or a
balustrade. From hence rises the turret, which is composed of four
stages, and decorated with columns, scrolls, and other ornaments. The
parts are all regular, and even elegant, but the whole is too massy.
_English Architecture._

This church is a rectory, the patronage of which is in the Bishop of
London. The Rector receives 100_l._ _per annum_, in lieu of tithes.

_St._ JAMES’S _Westminster_, by St. James’s square, is one of the
churches that owes its rise to the increase of buildings and
inhabitants; for the church of St. Martin’s in the Fields being too
small for the inhabitants, and too remote from those in this quarter,
the Earl of St. Alban’s, with other persons of distinction in that
neighbourhood, erected this edifice at the expence of about 7000_l._
It was built in the reign of King Charles II. and tho’ a large fabric,
was considered as a chapel of ease to St. Martin’s; but being
consecrated in 1684, it was dedicated to St. James, in compliment to
the name of the Duke of York, and the next year, when that Prince had
ascended the throne, the district for which it was built, was by act
of parliament separated from St. Martin’s, and made a distinct parish.

The walls are brick, supported by rustic quoins of stone; and the
windows, which are large, are also cased with stone. The tower at the
east end, rises regularly from the ground to a considerable height,
and is crowned with a neat, well constructed spire.

This church is a rectory, in the patronage of the Bishop of London.
_Maitland._ _Stow._ _English Architecture._

JAMES _court_, 1. Berry street, Piccadilly. 2. James street,
Featherstone street. 3. James street, Theobald’s row.

_St._ JAMES’S _Market_, by Market street, is a place of considerable
extent, with a commodious market house in the middle, filled with
butchers shops, &c. The stalls in the market place are for country
butchers, higlers, &c.

_S^t. James’s Palace, view’d from Pall Mall._
_S. Wale delin._ _J. Green sc. Oxon._
]

_The Same from the Park._
_S. Wale delin._ _J. Green sc. Oxon._
]

_St._ JAMES’S _Palace_. On the place where this edifice stands, was
once an hospital dedicated to St. James, originally founded by the
citizens of London for only fourteen maids afflicted with the leprosy,
who were to live a chaste and devout life; but afterwards new
donations increased the extent of the charity, and eight brethren were
added, to minister divine service. This hospital, which is mentioned
in a manuscript of the Cotton library, so early as in the year 1100,
was at length suppressed by King Henry VIII. who allowed the sisters
pensions during the term of their lives, and taking down the edifice
built a palace in its room, which retained the name of the hospital,
and is still standing. In this edifice our Kings have resided ever
since Whitehall was consumed by fire in 1697, and his Majesty usually
resides here during the winter season: but though it is pleasantly
situated on the north side of the Park, and has very convenient, and
not inelegant apartments, it is an irregular brick building, without
having one single beauty on the outside to recommend it, and is at
once the contempt of foreign nations, and the disgrace of our own. In
the front next St. James’s street, there appears little more than an
old gatehouse; and on passing through the gate we enter a little
square court, with a piazza on the west side of it leading to the
grand stair case; the buildings are low, plain, and mean; and there
are two other courts beyond, which have not much of the air of a
palace. The windows however look into a pleasant garden, and command a
view of St. James’s Park, which seem to be the only advantage this
edifice enjoys, above many others devoted to charity. This palace
claims a print, as it is the dwelling of a British Monarch, having
otherwise not the least beauty to recommend it. The print shews both
sides of it.

In other kingdoms the attention of foreigners is first struck with the
magnificent residence of the Sovereign, on which all the decorations
of architecture are lavished without the least regard to expence. The
outside is grand and noble; and the galleries and apartments are
adorned with all the boasted pieces of art, the finest efforts of
genius, and the most rare and precious productions of nature: for the
magnificence of the palace is intended to give an idea of the power
and riches of the kingdom: but if the power, wealth and strength of
the King of England should be judged from this palace, how great would
be the mistake! We are however in no want of a design for an edifice
suitable to the dignity of the British Crown; the celebrated Inigo
Jones drew a draught of such a structure; but the ideas of that
architect were greater than the spirit of the public, and the expence
of building it has hitherto prevented its being begun: but as a taste
for elegance in building gains ground, and new schemes are continually
laid for building magnificent bridges, streets and squares, it is to
be hoped that the erecting of so necessary a structure will not be
much longer neglected: especially if it be considered, that however
great the expence may be, it will cost the nation nothing, for on
these occasions, what is given by the people is paid to the people.

_St._ JAMES’S PARK, was in the reign of Henry VIII. a wild wet field;
but that Prince, on his building St. James’s palace, inclosed it, laid
it out in walks, and collecting the waters together, gave to the new
inclosed ground, and new raised building, the name of St. James. It
was afterwards much enlarged and improved by King Charles II. who
added to it several fields, planted it with rows of lime trees, laid
out the Mall, which is a vista half a mile in length, and formed the
canal, which is an hundred feet broad, and two thousand eight hundred
feet long, with a decoy, and other ponds for water fowl. Succeeding
Kings allowed the people the privilege of walking in it, and King
William III. in 1699 granted the neighbouring inhabitants a passage
into it out of Spring Garden.

It is certain that the Park enjoys a fine situation, and is laid out
with a very agreeable air of negligence. It affords many pleasant
walks, diversified by new scenes, varied by different rural prospects,
and the view of distant structures on the west side.

_St._ JAMES’S _Place_, St. James’s street.

JAMES’S _rents_, Hermitage dock.†

JAMES’S _rope-walk_, 1. Red Maid lane.† 2. North of Bedford row.

_St._ JAMES’S _square_, is very large and beautiful; the area on the
inside is encompassed with iron rails which form an octagon, and in
the center is a fine circular bason of water. On the north side of the
square is St. James’s church, in a very fine situation with respect to
the prospect, and had it been an elegant structure, would have had a
very noble effect. An ingenious author observes, that though this
square appears extremely grand, yet this grandeur does not arise from
the magnificence of the houses; but only from their regularity, the
neatness of the pavement, and the beauty of the bason in the middle:
and that if the houses were built more in taste, and the four sides
exactly correspondent to each other, the effect would be much more
surprising, and the pleasure arising from it more just.

_St._ JAMES’S _street_, Pall Mall.

JAMES _street_, 1. Brook’s street, New Bond street.† 2. Bunhill fields.†
3. Covent garden.† 4. Golden square.† 5. Hare street.† 6. Hay market.†
7. Hoxton.† 8. Long Acre.† 9, Near Theobald’s row.† 10. Petty France,
Westminster.†

JANE _alley_, Blackman street.

JANE SHORE’S _alley_, Shoreditch. See SHOREDITCH.

JANE SHORE’S _yard_, Shoreditch.

JASPER _street_, Aldermanbury.†

IDLESTRY, a village in Hertfordshire, situated on the very edge of
Middlesex, near Brockley hill, by Stanmore, which affords a delightful
prospect across Middlesex over the Thames into Surry.

IDOL or IDLE _lane_, Tower street.

JEFFERIES’S _Almshouse_, a large and handsome building, situated in
Kingsland road. It consists of a spacious front, with two wings, and a
chapel in the center, which has a plain frontispiece, and is crowned
with a well-proportioned turret. It was erected in the year 1713, by
the Ironmongers company, pursuant to the will of Mr. Robert Jefferies,
some time Lord Mayor of this city, for the reception of as many of his
relations as should apply for this charity; and in case there were
none of these, for fifty-six poor members of the company, who, besides
a convenient room and part of a cellar, have each 6_l._ a year and a
gown. _Maitland._

JEFFREY’S _buildings_, Westminster.†

JEFFREY’S _square_, St. Mary Ax.†

JENKIN’S _buildings_, Carey street.†

JENKIN’S _court_, Ropemakers fields.†

JERICHO _yard_, Jerusalem alley.

JERMAIN _court_, Jermain street.†

JERMAIN _street_, Near Piccadilly. This street and court were thus named
from the Lord Jermine, nephew to the Earl of St. Alban’s.

JERUSALEM _alley_, Gracechurch street.

JERUSALEM _court_, 1. St. John’s street, West Smithfield. See _St._
JOHN’S SQUARE. 2. Shad Thames, Horselydown.

JERUSALEM _passage_, Ailesbury street, St. John’s street.

JERUSALEM _row_, Church street, Hackney.

JESUITS _ground_, Savoy.

JEWEL OFFICE, in the Tower, a dark strong stone room, about twenty yards
to the eastward of the grand storehouse or new armoury, in which the
Crown jewels are deposited. It is not certain whether they were always
kept here, though they have been deposited in the Tower from very
ancient times, and we have sufficient proof of their being in that
fortress so early as the reign of King Henry III.

The jewels at this time shewn to all who chuse to give a shilling for
seeing them, or eighteen pence for a company, are:

I. The imperial crown, with which it is pretended that all the Kings
of England have been crowned since Edward the Confessor, in 1042. It
is of gold, enriched with diamonds, rubies, emeralds, saphires and
pearls: the cap within is of purple velvet, lined with white taffety,
turned up with three rows of ermine. They are however mistaken in
shewing this as the ancient imperial diadem of St. Edward; for that,
with the other most ancient regalia of this kingdom, was kept in the
arched room in the cloisters in Westminster Abbey, till the grand
rebellion; when in 1642, Harry Martin, by order of the parliament,
broke open the iron chest in which it was secured, took it thence, and
sold it, together with the robes, sword, and scepter of St. Edward.
However after the restoration, King Charles II. had one made in
imitation of it, which is that now shewn.

II. The golden orb or globe put into the King’s right hand before he
is crowned; and borne in his left with the scepter in his right, upon
his return into Westminster Hall, after he is crowned. It is about six
inches in diameter, edged with pearl, and enriched with precious
stones. On the top is an amethyst, of a violet colour, near an inch
and a half in height, set with a rich cross of gold, adorned with
diamonds, pearls, and precious stones. The whole height of the ball
and cup is eleven inches.

III. The golden scepter, with its cross set upon a large amethyst of
great value, garnished round with table diamonds. The handle of the
scepter is plain; but the pummel is set round with rubies, emeralds,
and small diamonds. The top rises into a _fleur de lis_ of six leaves,
all enriched with precious stones, from whence issues a mound or ball
made of the amethyst already mentioned. The cross is quite covered
with precious stones.

IV. The scepter with the dove, the emblem of peace, perched on the top
of a small Jerusalem cross, finely ornamented with table diamonds and
jewels of great value. This emblem was first used by Edward the
Confessor, as appears by his seal; but the ancient scepter and dove
was sold with the rest of the regalia, and this now in the Tower was
made after the restoration.

V. St. Edward’s staff, four feet seven inches and a half in length,
and three inches three quarters in circumference, all of beaten gold,
which is carried before the King at his coronation.

VI. The rich crown of state worn by his Majesty in parliament; in
which is a large emerald seven inches round; a pearl esteemed the
finest in the world, and a ruby of inestimable value.

VII. The crown belonging to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales.

These two last crowns, when his Majesty goes in state to the
parliament house, are carried by the keeper of the Jewel Office,
attended by the warders, privately in a hackney coach to Whitehall,
where they are delivered to the officers appointed to receive them,
who with some yeomen of the guard carry them to the robing rooms
adjoining to the house of Lords, where his Majesty and the Prince of
Wales put on their robes. The King wears this crown on his head while
he sits upon the throne; but that of the Prince of Wales is placed
before him, to shew that he is not yet come to it. As soon as the King
is disrobed, the two crowns are carried back to the Tower by the
persons who brought them from thence, and again locked up in the jewel
office.

VIII. The late Queen Mary’s crown, globe and scepter, with the diadem
she wore at her coronation with her consort King William III.

IX. An ivory scepter with a dove on the top, made for the late King
James the second’s Queen, whose garniture is gold, and the dove on the
top gold, enamelled with white.

X. The _curtana_, or sword of mercy, which has a blade thirty two
inches long, and near two broad, is without a point, and is borne
naked before the King at his coronation, between the two swords of
justice, spiritual and temporal.

XI. The golden spurs, and the armillas, which are bracelets for the
wrists. These, tho’ very antique, are worn at the coronation.

XII. The _ampulla_ or eagle of gold, finely engraved, which holds the
holy oil the Kings and Queens of England are anointed with; and the
golden spoon that the Bishop pours the oil into. These are two pieces
of great antiquity. The golden eagle, including the pedestal, is about
nine inches high, and the wings expand about seven inches. The whole
weighs about ten ounces. The head of the eagle screws off about the
middle of the neck, which is made hollow, for holding the holy oil;
and when the King is anointed by the Bishop, the oil is poured into
the spoon out of the bird’s bill.

The following legend is told of this eagle. Thomas Becket being in
disgrace at Sens in France, the holy Virgin appeared to him, and gave
him a stone vessel of oil inclosed in a golden eagle, and bid him give
it to William a monk, to carry to Pictavia, and there hide it under a
great stone, in St. Gregory’s church, where it should be found for the
use of pious and prosperous Kings: accordingly Henry III. when Duke of
Lancaster, received it from a holy man in France; and Richard II.
finding it among other jewels, endeavoured to be anointed with it; but
was supplanted by Archibald Arundel, who afterwards anointed Henry IV.
Such is the fabulous history of the _ampulla_.

XIII. A rich salt-seller of state, in form like the square white
tower, and so exquisitely wrought that the workmanship of modern times
is in no degree equal to it. It is of gold, and used only on the
King’s table at the coronation.

XIV. A noble silver font, double gilt, and elegantly wrought, in which
the royal family are christened.

XV. A large silver fountain, presented to King Charles II. by the town
of Plymouth, very curiously wrought; but much inferior in beauty to
the above.

Besides these, which are commonly shewn, there are in the jewel office
all the crown jewels worn by the Prince and Princesses at coronations,
and a vast variety of curious old plate.

This office is governed by a Master, who has 450_l._ a year patent
fees; two yeomen, who have 106_l._ 15_s._ _per annum_ each; a groom,
who has 105_l._ 8_s._ 4_d._ a year, and a clerk.

JEWIN _street_, Aldersgate street.†

JEWS HARP _court_, Angel alley, Bishopsgate street.*

JEWS _row_, Chelsea.

JEYE’S _yard_, Three Colts street, Limehouse.†

INDEPENDENTS, a set of dissenters from the church of England, received
their name from each congregation being entirely independent with
respect to church government. They are Calvinists, and like the
Baptists receive the sacrament in the afternoon; none are admitted to
communion till after having given in a paper containing an account of
their conversion, religious experiences, &c. Their places of worship
within the bills of mortality, are, 1. Berry street, St. Mary Ax. 2.
Boar’s Head yard, Petticoat lane. 3. Brick Hill lane, Thames street.
4. Broad street, near Old Gravel lane. 5. Coachmakers hall, Noble
street. _Antinomian._ 6. Collier’s rents, White street. 7. Court yard,
Barnaby street, Southwark. 8. Crispin street, Spitalfields. 9.
Deadman’s Place, Southwark. 10. Hare court, Aldersgate street. 11.
Jewin street, Aldersgate street. 12. Lower street, Islington, two
meeting houses. 13. Mare street, Hackney. 14. New Broad street,
Moorfields. 15. New court, Carey street. 16. Old Artillery Ground,
Spitalfields. 17. Orchard, Wapping. 18. Paved alley, Lime street. 19.
Pavement row, Moorfields. 20. Pinner’s hall, Broad street, in the
morning, the only Independent congregation that is not Calvinist. 21.
Queen street, Ratcliff. 22. Queen street, Rotherhith. 23. Redcross
street, Barbican. 24. Ropemakers alley, Little Moorfields. 25. St.
Michael’s lane, Canon street. 26. St. Saviour’s Dockhead, Southwark.
27. Staining lane, Maiden lane. 28. Stepney fields. 29. Turner’s hall,
Philpot lane. 30. White Horn yard, Duke’s Place. 31. Zoar street,
Southwark.

INGATSTONE or ENGERSTONE, a town in Essex, twenty-three miles from
London, from which it is a great thoroughfare to Harwich, has many
good inns, and a considerable market on Wednesdays, for live cattle
brought from Suffolk.

Here is the seat of the ancient family of the Petres; to whose
ancestor Sir William, this manor was granted by Henry VIII. at the
dissolution of Barking Abbey, to which it till then belonged. That
gentleman founded eight fellowships at Oxford, called the Petrean
fellowships, and erected and endowed an almshouse here for twenty poor
people. He lies interred under a stately monument in the church, as do
several others of that family.

INGRAM’S _court_, an open well-built place in Fenchurch street, thus
named from Sir Thomas Ingram, who built this small square on the
ground where his own house before stood.

INNER SCOTLAND _yard_, Whitehall.

INNER TEMPLE. See the article TEMPLE.

INNER TEMPLE _lane_, Fleet street.

INNHOLDERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by Henry
VIII. in the year 1515. They are governed by a Master, three Wardens,
and twenty Assistants, and have a livery of an hundred and thirty-nine
members, whose fine upon admission is 10_l._

They have a handsome and convenient hall in Elbow lane.

INNS OF CHANCERY. The colleges of the professors and students of the
municipal and common law, are stiled Inns, an old English word,
formerly used for the houses of noblemen, bishops, and persons of
distinguished rank, and the eight Inns of chancery were probably thus
denominated from there dwelling in them such clerks, as chiefly
studied the forming of writs, which regularly belonged to the
cursitors, who are officers in chancery. These are Lincoln’s Inn, New
Inn, Clement’s Inn, Clifford’s Inn, Staple’s Inn, Lion’s Inn,
Furnival’s Inn, and Barnard’s Inn. These were formerly considered as
preparatory colleges for younger students, many of whom were entered
here, before they were admitted into the Inns of court; but now they
are for the most part taken up by attorneys, sollicitors and clerks,
who have separate chambers, and their diet at a very easy rate in an
hall together, where they are obliged to appear in grave long robes,
and black round knit caps. See the articles CLEMENT’S INN, CLIFFORD’S
INN, LINCOLN’S INN, LION’S INN, &c.

INNS OF COURT, were so named, either from the students, who live in
them, serving the courts of judicature; or, according to Fortescue,
from these colleges anciently receiving none but the sons of noblemen,
and gentlemen of high rank.

The Inns of court, are only four, viz. the two Temples, Lincoln’s Inn,
and Gray’s Inn. See the articles TEMPLE, LINCOLN’S INN, and GRAY’S
INN.

Though these societies are no corporation, and have no judicial power
over their members, they have certain orders among themselves, which
have by consent the force of laws: for small offences, they are only
excommoned, or not allowed to eat at the common table with the rest;
and for greater offences they lose their chambers, and are expelled
the college, after which they are not to be received by any of the
other three Inns of court.

As these societies are not incorporated, they have no lands or
revenues, nor any thing for defraying the charges of the house but
what is paid at admittance, and other dues for their chambers. The
whole company of gentlemen may be divided into four parts, benchers,
utter-barristers, inner-barristers and students.

The benchers are the seniors, who have the government of the whole
house, and out of these are annually chosen a treasurer, who receives,
disburses and accounts for all the money belonging to the house. See
SERJEANTS INN.

There are at present no mootings, or readings in any of the courts of
Chancery. _Chamberlain’s Present State._

It ought not to be omitted, that gentlemen may take chambers in the
Inns of Court or Chancery, without laying themselves under an
obligation to study the law.

A description of the structures and gardens belonging to these Inns we
have given under their respective heads: but it may not be improper
here to add, that strangers are apt to be disgusted at the nastiness
of the walls, and the dirt and filth observable on all the stairs and
public passages leading to the Inns of Court and Chancery: where every
thing seems neglected, and generally out of repair: but on stepping
into the chambers, one is surprised to see so remarkable a contrast;
to observe the utmost neatness reign there, and the most handsome and
commodious rooms, furnished and adorned with great elegance.

Dr. Blackstone in his discourse on the study of the law, gives us the
following curious account of the changes and revolutions in this
study, and of the origin of the several _Inns of Court and Chancery_.

That ancient collection of unwritten maxims and customs, says he,
which is called the common law, however compounded or from whatever
fountains derived, had subsisted immemorially in this kingdom: and,
though somewhat altered and impaired by the violence of the times, had
in a great measure weathered the rude shock of the Norman conquest.
This had endeared it to the people in general, as well because its
decisions were universally known, as because it was found to be
excellently adapted to the genius of the English nation. In the
knowledge of this law consisted great part of the learning of those
dark ages; it was then taught, says Mr. Selden, in the monasteries, in
the universities, and in the families of the principal nobility. The
clergy in particular, as they then engrossed almost every other branch
of learning, so (like their predecessors the British Druids) they were
peculiarly remarkable for their proficiency in the study of the law.

‘But the common law being not committed to writing, but only
handed down by tradition, use, and experience, was not so
heartily relished by the foreign clergy who came over hither
in shoals during the reign of the Conqueror and his two sons,
and were utter strangers to our constitution as well as our
language. And an accident, which soon after happened, had
nearly completed its ruin.’

A copy of Justinian’s Pandects, being newly discovered at Amalfi,
about A.D. 1130, soon brought the civil law into vogue all over the
rest of Europe. It became in a particular manner the favourite of the
Popish clergy; and Theobald, a Norman Abbot, being elected to the see
of Canterbury, A.D. 1138, and extremely addicted to this new study,
brought over with him in his retinue many learned proficients therein;
and among the rest Roger surnamed Vacarius, whom he placed in the
university of Oxford to teach it. The monkish clergy (devoted to the
will of a foreign Primate) received it with eagerness and zeal; but
the laity, who were more interested to preserve the old constitution,
and had already severely felt the effect of many Norman innovations,
continued wedded to the use of the common law.