Chapter XVI: Part II: , Essays I. and III

Footnote 19:

_Political Justice_, Book VIII. ch. ix. pp. 515–19 (3rd ed.).

Footnote 20:

Cf. Rich. Jones, _Pol. Econ._ (1859), p. 596.

Footnote 21:

Quoted, _Political Justice_, Book VIII. ch. viii. pp. 503, 520, on the
authority of Price.

Footnote 22:

_l. c._, Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 528.

Footnote 23:

_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 14.

Footnote 24:

1st ed., pp. 20, 173, &c., 7th ed., Book III. ch. ii.

Footnote 25:

1st ed., p. 128; cf. p. 210.

Footnote 26:

_Ibid._ p. 211.

Footnote 27:

_Ibid._ p. 215.

Footnote 28:

_Ibid._ p. 215.

Footnote 29:

1st ed., p. 17; cf. pp. 47–8.

Footnote 30:

Even Comte, who reproves economists for saying that difficulties right
themselves in the “long run,” thinks that this particular difficulty
will only occur _there_. (_Pos. Phil._, ii. 128 (tr.); cf. p. 54.)

Footnote 31:

1st ed., pp. 15, 16.

Footnote 32:

_Ibid._ pp. 19, 62–66.

Footnote 33:

_Pol. Just._, VIII. iii 466.

Footnote 34:

_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 175–6, 193; 7th ed., pp. 272, 277. Cf. Gibbon,
ch. L., quoted in _Essay_, 2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65: “The
measure of population is regulated by the means of subsistence.”

Footnote 35:

_Pol. Just._, Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 520 n. (3rd ed.).

Footnote 36:

_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 240–1.

Footnote 37:

Due to Coleridge. See Godwin’s _Life_, i. 357.

Footnote 38:

_Ibid._ i. 25.

Footnote 39:

_Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain_ (3rd
ed., 1797), pp. 384 _seq._

Footnote 40:

_Political Justice_, VIII. ix. 520 n.

Footnote 41:

_Essay_, 1st ed., p. 227.

Footnote 42:

_Esquisse_, pp. 362 _seq._

Footnote 43:

_Essay_, 1st ed., pp. 146, 150.

Footnote 44:

_Ibid._ p. 154; Condorcet, _Esquisse_, pp. 364–373.

Footnote 45:

The _locus classicus_ in Malthus is _Essay_, Append, (of 1817), p.
512; cf. III. iii. 286, IV. xiii. 474. The pages are those of the 7th
edition (Reeves and Turner), a reprint of the 6th.

Footnote 46:

Malthus sometimes uses the word in the earlier sense, and Adam Smith
seldom in the later.

Footnote 47:

Lecky, _Hist. of Eighteenth Century_, vol ii. p. 638.

Footnote 48:

Cf. Godwin, pref. to _Pol. Just._

Footnote 49:

Hansard, _Parl. Hist._, vol. xxxiii, pp. 703 _seq._, Feb 12, 1796; cf.
vol. xxxii. pp. 687 _seq._ The “Speenhamland Act of Parliament” was
really an act of the Berkshire magistrates (1795), but had been widely
imitated, and had certainly prepared the way for Pitt’s bill.

Footnote 50:

Cf. _Essay_, 7th ed., I. vii. p. 65; 1st ed., pp. 94, 95, &c.

Footnote 51:

Godwin, _Pol. Just._, VIII. viii. 508 (3rd ed.).

Footnote 52:

Preface to _Essay_, 2nd ed.

Footnote 53:

By implication. See below, Book I. ch. vii. p. 175.

Footnote 54:

_Moral and Political Essays_, Vol. I., Essay XI., Of the Populousness
of Ancient Nations (ed. 1768), written in 1752.

Footnote 55:

So even Sir James Steuart, Vol. I. _Pol. Econ._, ch. iii. p. 22 (ed.
1805), might have helped him. Steuart wrote in 1767.

Footnote 56:

_Essay_, Book II. ch. vi.; 7th ed., p. 184.

Footnote 57:

Buckle would include Voltaire. See _Civil. in Europe_, ii. 304 n.

Footnote 58:

_Wealth of Nations_, I. viii. 36, 2 (MacCulloch’s ed.). These passages
are said to have suggested to Malthus the idea of his essay. The
article on Population in _Edin. Review_, Aug. 1810, possibly written
by Malthus himself, bears out this view.

Footnote 59:

Compare _Essay_, Appendix (to 3rd ed., 1807), 7th ed., p. 507.

Footnote 60:

_Records of Creation_, 1816.

Footnote 61:

1st ed., p. 395.

Footnote 62:

_Ibid._ p. 353. This and much else were probably suggested by Tucker,
_Light of Nature_, Theology, ch. xix. (especially § 20). Cf. below,