Chapter XVI: Conclusion (3)

[416] Ludovico à Paramo, p. 269.

[417] They were also, of course, a warning. ‘The punishment of one is the fear of many,’ remarks Simancas sententiously, Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 179. But the main object is repentance and conversion. _Ibid._, p. 181.

[418] Bernard Gui, _Practica_, p. 38.

[419] _Ibid._, pp. 94-8.

[420] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, p. 181.

[421] Bernard Gui, _Practica_, p. 95; _Liber Sententiarum_ in Limborch, _Historia Inquisitionis_, pp. 218, 347. For an instance of this sort of sentence, see Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 116-17. ‘Injunctum fuit Ullixi in penitentia per inquisitores pro perjurio, quia non resumpsit cruces sicut juraverat, quod dominica post instantem dominicam in lxxͣ veniat Carcassonam visitaturus omnes ecclesias Burgi Carcassonensis nudis pedibus in camesis et braceis, cum virgis in manu, eundo de una ecclesia ad aliam; et idem faciet in prima dominica mensium singulorum quousque transeat ultra mare. Et hoc fuit ei injunctum in virtute praestiti juramenti.’

[422] Lea, vol. i, p. 464; De Cauzons, vol. ii, p. 303.

[423] Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 271, § iv. Bernard Gui’s sentences are full of the infliction of this penance. Cf. _Liber Sententiarum_, pp. 40-5, 100-17, 185-91, 218-28.

[424] Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 693. ‘Cum peccatores sint ad poenitentiam invitandi juxta Dominicam vocem, gaudere oportet si poenitentiam impositam libenter suscipiunt et supportant. Quocirca statuimus, & in virtute sancti Spiritus inhibemus, ne poenitentibus, quibus cruces pro crimine haeresis imponuntur, irrisio ulla fiat, nec a locis propriis seu communibus commerciis excludantur, ne retardetur conversio peccatorum, & ne conversi propter scandalum abjecta poenitentia relabantur. Et si moniti desistere noluerint, per censuram ecclesiasticam compellantur.’ _Cf._ Bernard Gui, _Practica_, pp. 101-2.

[425] Eymeric, _Directorium_, pp. 702-4; Molinier, _op. cit._, pp. 23, 390.

[426] _Practica_, pp. 165, 169.

[427] Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 213, 237.

[428] ‘Filios haereticorum, etiam natos ante crimen commissum, sub poenis, & prohibitionibus canonicis comprehendi.’ J. à Royas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 231.

[429] See Lea, vol. i, pp. 471-81.

[430] While in France the Inquisition took no official record of confiscation—it was automatically carried out by the State—in Italy the tribunal gave a formal declaratory sentence of confiscation. Zanchino, _Tractatus de Haereticis_, chs. xxiii, xxv, xxvi.

[431] See Lea, vol. i, pp. 520-1.

[432] Mansi, vol. xxiii, pp. 574-5.

[433] See Lea, vol. iii, p. 525. On whole question of confiscation, see also Tanon, _op. cit._, pp. 523-38.

[434] Lea, vol. i, p. 529. Lea was the first historian to go into the financial aspect of the Inquisition at all thoroughly. He devotes a whole chapter, book i, ch. xiii, to the subject of confiscation. ‘It was this,’ in his view, ‘which supplied the fuel which kept up the fires of zeal, and when it was lacking, the business of defending the faith languished lamentably.’

[435] _Cf._ Langlois, _op. cit._, p. 74.

[436] See De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. i, pp. 48-53. P. 53. ‘Ce n’est pas ambition ni cupidité: c’est instinct de préservation.’ But see Vacandard, _op. cit._, pp. 202-3. ‘But would the ecclesiastical and lay princes, who, in varying proportion, shared with the Holy Office in these confiscations, and who in some countries appropriated them all, have accorded to the Inquisition that continual good-will and help, which was the condition of its prosperity without what Lea calls “the stimulant of pillage”? We may well doubt it.’

[437] _Directorium_, pp. 709-22.

[438] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 6, 7, 15, 18, 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 34; Tanon, _op. cit._, p. 482; Vacandard, _op. cit._, p. 193. Eymeric imposed this penance on the _violently_ suspect, _Directorium_, pp. 530-1.

[439] See Lea, vol. i, p. 487.

[440] See _supra_, p. 161; Molinier, _op. cit._, p. 449.

[441] See Lea, vol. i, p. 492.

[442] See provisions of the decrees of the Council of Toulouse (1229), in Mansi, vol. xxiii, p. 196; and of the Council of Albi (1244), _ibid._, p. 840.

[443] See Tanon, _op. cit._, p. 544.

[444] Tanon, p. 519; Simancas, _op. cit._, p. 133. For form of sentence, _Practica_, p. 59. ‘.... Dirui ac moliri funditus ita quod de cetero in loco seu solo ejus nulla humana habitatio seu reedificatio aut clausio ibi fiat, seu locus inhabitabilis et incultus et inclausus semper existat, et sicut fuit receptaculum perfidorum, sic deinceps ex nunc perpetuo sordium locus fiat.’

[445] _Ibid._

[446] Lea, vol. i, p. 483.

[447] Tanon, _op. cit._, pp. 404-7.

[448] Bernard Gui, _Practica_, pp. 129, 144; _Liber Sententiarum_, pp. 93, 208; Douais, _L’Inquisition_, pp. 297, 298, 324.

[449] _Directorium_, pp. 514-16.

[450] _Practica_, pp. 124, 127. ‘Cum ecclesia ultra non habet quod faciat pro suis demeritis contra ipsum, idcirco eundem relinquimus brachio et judicio curie secularis.’

[451] Lea, vol. i, pp. 544-6.

[452] The formula ran, ‘Eundem N. tanquam haereticum relinquimus brachio et judicio curie saecularis, eandem affectuose rogantes prout canonice sanctiones, quatenus citra mortem et membrorum ejus mutilationem circa judicium et suam sententiam moderetur.’ _Practica_, p. 127. Cf. _Directorium_, pp. 554, 559.

[453] Douais, _L’Inquisition_, pp. 264-8; Maillet, _op. cit._, ch. iv.

[454] _Supra_, pp. 152-6.

[455] Admitted candidly by Peña. See _Directorium_, p. 131, comm. 20.

[456] See Simancas, p. 147. See Vacandard, _op. cit._, on the Church’s use of secular aid, pp. 27-8. ‘Nor were they content with merely accepting it. They declared that the State had not only the right to help the Church in suppressing heresy, but that she was in duty bound to do so.’

[457] ‘A legal fiction,’ is Vacandard’s way of putting it; a ‘hypocrisy,’ Lea’s. Langlois calls it ‘a miserable equivocation.’ See Vacandard, _op. cit._, pp. 178-9. ‘We regret to state, however, that the civil judges were not supposed to take these words literally. If they were at all inclined to do so, they would have been quickly called to a sense of their duty by being excommunicated. The clause inserted by the canonists was a mere legal fiction, which did not change matters a particle.’

[458] J. à Royas in Zilettus, vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 231.

[459] Simancas, _ibid._, p. 181.

[460] Ludovico à Paramo, bk. i, p. 47.

[461] For description of _Sermo generalis_, see _Directorium_, pp. 437-42, 548-59; _Practica_, pp. 83-6.

[462] In 897 Pope Stephen VII had dug up the body of his predecessor, Formosus, solemnly tried and condemned it, had it mutilated and thrown into the Tiber. There is a case in 1022 of the body of a Manichæan of Orleans, who had died three years before, being exhumed.

[463] See Lea, vol. i, pp. 231-2, 553; De Cauzons, vol. ii, pp. 354-61.

[464] For sentences against the dead, see _Practica_, pp. 58, 122-6; _Liber Sententiarum_, pp. 32-4, 162-7, 333.

[465] _Ibid._, pp. 43, 48.

[466] _Ibid._, p. 54.

[467] _Liber Sententiarum_, pp. 50, 53.

[468] Douais, _Documents_, vol. ii, pp. 128-36 (_passim_), 151-2.

[469] There is the case also of a man, condemned to life imprisonment, being permitted to stay with his invalid father as long as the latter survived. The father may have been seriously ill and his remaining days likely to be few. The case is, however, interesting. Douais, _L’Inquisition_, p. 232.

[470] In the bull, _Fraternitatem tuam_. See Frédéricq, _Corpus_, vol. i, No. 57.

[471] _Directorium_, p. 491. See De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 397.

[472] Ludovico à Paramo, _op. cit._, p. 124. See Tanon, _op. cit._, p. 437.

[473] As for example the Sire de Parthenay, see Lea, vol. i, p. 451; and the towns of Albi and Carcassonne, see Tanon, pp. 439-40. It is worth noticing that the notary, who drew up the appeal of the latter city against Nicholas d’Abbeville, was prosecuted for heresy and imprisoned.

[474] See Douais, _Documents_, vol. i, p. ccv., where the sentences are classified.

[475] _Ibid._, vol. ii, pp. 1-87.

[476] Tanon, p. 479.

[477] Taylor, _op. cit._, pp. 283-4 n. ‘The philosophic ideas of such seem gathered from the flotsam and jetsam of the later antique world; their stock was not of the best, and bore little interesting fruit for later times.’

[478] Mandell Creighton, _Persecution and Tolerance_ (1895), p. 55. ‘Leo X was tolerant of the philosophic doubts of Pomponazzo concerning the immortality of the soul, because such speculations were not likely to affect the position of the Papacy; but could not allow Luther to discuss the dubious and complicated question of indulgences because it might have disastrous effects upon the system of papal finance.’

[479] See Acton, _History of Freedom of Thought_, pp. 569-71.

[480] E. S. P. Haynes, _Religious Persecution_ (1904), p. 40. ‘A Liberal has recently been defined as one who would never have taken the chance of imposing silence on the deceivers of mankind. If we hold by this definition, very few Liberals have ever existed, or do exist now.’

[481] D. G. Ritchie, _Natural Rights_ (1903), p. 160.

[482] _The Catholic Encyclopædia_ (1907-14), on Heresy, vol. vii, p. 261.

[483] Creighton, _Persecution and Tolerance_, pp. 9-10.

[484] Ludovico à Paramo, _op. cit._, pp. 281-2.

[485] _Ibid._, pp. 288-9.

[486] _Ibid._, pp. 333-4.

[487] Joseph de Maistre, _Considérations sur la France suivies ... des lettres à un gentilhomme russe sur l’inquisition espagnole_ (Brussels, 1844), pp. 281 _et seq._ Cf. _Catholic Encyclopædia_, vol. vii, p. 261. ‘Toleration came in when faith went out.’

[488] De Cauzons, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 9.

[489] Pollock, _Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics_ (1882), on _The Theory of Persecution_, pp. 144-5. ‘However eager the clergy might be to stimulate and direct the anger of the faithful against heretics, their efforts would have been in vain if the bulk of the laity had not been predisposed to persecute heretics when duly pointed out. So far from persecution being merely the creature of priestcraft, it would be as near the truth to say that priestcraft was invented in order to organize persecution.’

[490] Haynes, _op. cit._, pp. 52-9.

[491] _Ibid._, p. 3. ‘And the heretic—often lacking in tact and a sense of proportion—is as offensive to the believer as one who should rudely tell him that his doctor was a quack and his solicitor a swindler.’ _Cf._ p. 55.

[492] Mill, _On Liberty_; Lecky’s _Rationalism_, esp., chs. iv and v.

[493] _Op. cit._, pp. 5, 113-15.

[494] Pollock, _op. cit._, p. 175.

[495] J. B. Bury, _A History of Freedom of Thought_ (Home Univ. Lib.), p. 14. ‘A long time was needed to arrive at the conclusion that coercion of opinion is a mistake, and only a part of the world is yet convinced. That conclusion, so far as I can judge, is the most important ever reached by man. It was the issue of a continuous struggle between reason and authority....’

[496] _Cf._ Langlois, _op. cit._, pp. 21-47.

[497] For the trial of the Templars, see H. Finke, _Papstum und Untergang des Templerordens_ (Münster, 1907); M. Lavocat, _Procès des Frères et de l’ordre du Temple_ (Paris, 1888); _Collection de Documents inédits sur l’histoire de France—Procès des Templiers_, J. Michelet (Paris, 1841); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 238-334. Lea’s treatment of this complicated subject is masterly, and is conclusive against Philip IV and Clement V. For the trial of Jeanne d’Arc, see J. Quicherat, _Procès de Condamnation et de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc_ (Paris, 1841-9); H. S. Denifle and E. Chatelain, _Le procès de J. d’Arc et l’Université de Paris_ (Paris, 1897); A. France, _Vie de Jeanne d’Arc_ (Paris, 1908); A. Lang, _The Maid of France_ (1908); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 338-78, etc. For trial of Savonarola, see P. Villart, _Life and Times of Savonarola_ (Eng. trans.), 1899; Lea, vol. iii, pp. 209-37. For papal use of the Inquisition for political purposes, see Lea, vol. iii, ch. iv, generally.

INDEX

Abano, Peter of, as Averrhoïst, 69
as sorcerer, 109

Abelard, Peter, as rationalist, 7-8, 15, 57-8, 91, 233

Abubacer, Arabian philosopher, 60

_Accusatio_, system of, 141, 143-4

Achellini, Paduan Averrhoïst, 70

Advocates, use of, in Inquisition, 198-9, 240

Aegidius Romanus, vindicates Aristotle against Averrhoïsts, 67

_Affirmative_ heretics, 185

Albertus Magnus of Cologne, 39, 64-7, 75

Albi, Catharan stronghold, 136

Albigensian Crusade, 5, 77, 137-8, 159, 162, 231

Alexander III, Pope, 18, 132, 141, 211

Alexander IV, Pope, 41, 42, 64, 107, 109, 156, 167, 202, 218

Alexander VI, Pope, and witchcraft, 118 _n._

Alexander of Hales, 39, 56

Alfarabi, Arabian philosopher, 59

Alfonso II, King of Aragon, his edict against heretics, 132, 157, 172,
217

Amaury de Bène, his heresies condemned, 49, 53, 63, 165, 225

Amaury of Rheims, Rector of University of Paris, 67

Ambrose, Saint, on Priscillianism, 128

Anjou, Charles of, 168-9

Annibaldi, Senator in Rome, 154

Anselm of Bec, 7-8, 57

Antinomianism, Catharan, 31
of Amaury de Bène, 49

Antisacerdotalism in mediæval heresy, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 32-3, 53,
77, 80, 90, 136, 229-30, 234-5

Aphrodistias, Alexander of, 70

Apostolic Brethren, in Brittany, 15, 17
The followers of Segarelli, 47

Appeals from Inquisition, 226

Aquinas, St. Thomas, and Aristotelianism, 64
and Averrhoïsm, 64-5
and Realism, 91
on nature of heresy, 157-8, 183
otherwise mentioned, 39, 85, 223, 232

Aquitaine, Catharism in, 22
Spiritual Franciscans in, 43

Aragon, Inquisition in, 159, 172-3

Arc, Joan of, 109, 164, 241

Arianism, 125-6, 217

Aristotle and Arabian philosophy, 58-62, 232
and Scholasticism, 63, 66-7, 74

Arnaldo da Villanova, 41

Arnaud of Citeaux, Archbishop of Narbonne and papal legate, 137-8, 144,
146

Arnaud, Guillem, inquisitor, 159

Arnold of Brescia, 15, 18

Arnoldists, followers of Arnold of Brescia, 16, 230

Arras, witches of, 121, 203

Arzevedo, Diego de, Bishop of Osma, his work among Cathari, 137

Asceticism and profligacy, 3-5

Astrology, 108

Athanasius, Saint, on persecution, 126

Aubryot, _prévôt_ of Paris, 163

_Aucassin et Nicolette_, 5-7

Augustine, Saint, on persecution, 55, 96, 127

Augustinianism, in scholastic philosophy, 56, 66-7, 75, 232

_Auto-da-fé_, 163, 180, 223

Auxerre, Hugh, Bishop of, 133

Avempace, Arabian philosopher, 60

Averrhoës, or Ibn-Roschd, his career, 60 _n._
his philosophy, 58, 60-2
attitude to religion, 61-2
and _The Three Impostors_, 72
views of Gerson concerning, 72
views of Petrarch concerning, 71-2

Avicenna, Arabian philosopher, 59-60

Avignon, ‘Babylonish captivity’ of, 11, 71, 80, 86, 103

Bacon, Roger, 39, 53, 74, 107

Baghdad, Aristotelian philosophers in caliphate of, 59-60

Banishment, penalty for heresy, 217, 221

Basel, Council of, 12, 234

Beatific Vision, dogma of, 84-5, 233

Beghards or Beguines, 48, 50-1, 75, 165-6, 214

_Believers_, Catharan adherents, 29-31

Benedict XI, Pope, 162

Benedict XII, Pope, 175

Benedict XIV, Pope, 50-1

Berengar of Tours, 7, 57, 130, 140 _n._, 229

Bergamo, Dolcino’s crusade in, 47

Bernard de Caux, inquisitor in Languedoc, 148, 202, 215, 227

Bernard, Saint, and Abelard, 8, 57
and Henry of Lausanne, 17
otherwise mentioned, 3, 38, 85

Béziers, Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
fall of, in Albigensian Crusade, 138

Bishops, failure of their courts to deal with heresy, 141-5
their part in Inquisition, 182-3

Black Death, its influence on Flagellant mania, 51

Boccaccio, his tale of _The Three Rings_, 72-3

Boëthius of Dacia, Parisian Averrhoïst, 58, 66-9

Bogomiles, Manichæan sect, 22, 24, 26

Bohemia, Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51
Husitism in, 94-8 (_passim_), 175
Inquisition in, 159, 174-5

Bois, Peter du, 78

Bologna, University of, 6, 70, 95

Bonaventura, Saint, 39, 41, 53, 56

Boniface VIII, Pope, 42, 77-80, 107, 160, 174

Boniface IX, 50

Bosnia, Catharism in, 174

Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, 103, 164

Brescia, Dolcino in, 47

‘Brethren of the Free Spirit,’ 49, 51, 165-6, 175

British Isles, their immunity from Inquisition, 176-7

Brittany, _see_ Apostolic Brethren

Bruno of Cologne, founder of Carthusian order, 38

Bruys, Pierre de, 17

Bulgaria, Catharism in, 23 _n._, 174

Bulls, papal:
_Ad abolendam_ (Lucius III), 133
_Ad extirpanda_ (Innocent IV), 155-7, 167, 201, 213, 221
_Clericis laïcos_ (Boniface VIII), 77, 79
_Cum adversus haereticam pravitatem_ (Innocent IV), 154, 220
_Cum inter nonnullos_ (John XXII), 45
_Etsi de statu_ (Boniface VIII), 79
_Excommunicamus_ (Gregory IX), 153-4
_Exiit qui seminat_ (Nicholas III), 42, 44
_Licet Heli_ (Innocent III), 190
_Pastoralis Praeeminentiae_ (Clement V), 176
_Quod super nonnullis_ (Alexander IV), 107
_Quorundam_ (John XXII), 43-4
_Unam sanctam_ (Boniface VIII), 77

Burgundy, Inquisition in, 159
Robert le Bugre in, 163

Calabria, Joachim of Flora in, 34

Calomar, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia, 174

Cambrai, burning of heretics at, _anno_ 1076, 129-30
Robert le Bugre in, 162

Canon law, and clerical abuses, 12
and witchcraft, 112-13
and torture, 177, 201
and death-penalty, 131, 134, 143, 193, 222, 238

Carcassonne, Catharism in, 148
Spiritual Franciscans in, 43

Castelnau, Pierre de, papal legate in Languedoc, 137, 144-6

Cathari, 12, 22-34, 38, 46, 77, 84, 95, 128-38, 151, 159, 160, 170,
211, 214-18, 229, 236, 242

Celestine III, Pope, 34

Cesena, Michael de, 79, 81, 85

Châlons, Apostolic Brethren in diocese of, 15

_Chambre ardente_ in _Parlement de Paris_, 165

Champagne, Catharism in, 22
Robert le Bugre in, 162

Charles IV, Emperor, 165

Chrysostom, Saint, on treatment of heretics, 113, 126-7

Citations, inquisitorial, 188, 192

Civil courts, influence of Inquisition on, 177, 205 _n._, 242

_Civitas Dei_, conception of, 1, 12, 32, 77

_Clarendon, Assize of_, 132, 177, 217-18

Clement V, Pope, 42, 44, 48, 156, 161-2, 176-7, 202

Clement VI, Pope, 52

Clement VII, Pope, 85

‘Clementines,’ the, decrees of Clement V, 161-2, 165

Cologne, mob and heretics in, _anno_ 1143, 180

Commutation of penalties in Inquisition, 225-6

_Compagnia della Fede_, in Milan, 167

Conciliar movement, 12-13, 96, 103

Confiscation of property, inquisitorial penalty, 211-14, 216-17, 227

Conrad of Marburg, 146, 147 _n._, 165

_Consolamentum_, Catharan rite, 28-31

Constance, Council of, 51, 98-102, 234

Constantine, Emperor, 125, 151

Contumacious heretics, treatment of, 219, 221, 227

Conventuals, _see_ Franciscans

Cordova, Aristotelian philosophers in caliphate of, 59

Council, General, principle of, 11-12, 81-3
views of Michael of Cesena concerning, 81
views of Ockham, 81
views of Marsiglio, 82
views of Gerson, D’Ailly, Niem, etc., 11, 96-7

Councils, decrees of ecclesiastical:
Albi (1254), 199
Avignon (1209), 143
Béziers (1233), 209
Béziers (1246), 209-10, 215, 220
Lateran (1179), second, 132
Lateran (1215), fourth, 141-3, 155, 201, 222
Montpellier (1119), 136, 143
Narbonne (1227), 143, 208, 215
Rheims (1049), 131
Rheims (1157), 131, 141, 217
Tarragona (1242), 173, 197, 205, 220
Toulouse (1119), 131
Tours (1163), 131
Valence (1248), 148, 209
Verona (1184), 19, 133, 141-2, 155, 217
Vienne (1311-12), 43-4, 70, 161, 180, 183

Counsellors, inquisitorial, or _periti_, 182

Creighton, Bishop, on religious tolerance, 238

Cremona, Peter Martyr in, 167

_Crocesegnati_, the, 167

Crosses, wearing of, as inquisitorial penance, 208-9, 225, 227-8

Crusade, _see_ Albigensian

Crusades and Islamism, 62, 70-3

Czech nationalism and Husite movement, 95, 103

D’Ailly, Cardinal Peter, a moderate reformer, 11, 234
his defence of Conciliar movement, 86, 97
at Council of Constance, 98, 100, 102
and astrology, 108

Dalmatia, Inquisition in, 174

Damiani, Peter, 38

Dancing mania, the, 5, 53, 105, 166

Dante, and Joachim of Flora, 34
and Dolcino, 47
and Siger of Brabant, 69
his _De Monarchia_, 80-1

Defence, difficulties of, in Inquisition, 192-205 (_passim_), 240-2

_Defensor Pacis_, Marsiglio’s, 45, 82-3

Delation, inquisitorial encouragement of, 141-4, 180-1

Delays, inquisitorial, 200-1, 228

Delegates, inquisitors as papal, 144-9 (_passim_), 179
assistants to inquisitors, 180

Délicieux, Bernard, 160, 162, 194

_De aeternitate mundi_, work by Siger, 66

_De anima intellectiva_, work by Siger, 66

_De haeretico comburendo_, statute of, 94, 177

_De modis uniendi et reformandi ecclesiam_, tract attributed to Niem, 97

_De unitate intellectus contra Averroëm_, of Albertus Magnus, 64

_De unitate intellectus contra Averroïstas_, of Aquinas, 66

_Denuntiatio_, judicial system of, 141, 144

_Diffamatio_, judicial system of, 143, 190-3

Disabilities, civil, of heretics, 217

Dolcino, Fra, 12, 47-8, 214, 231

Dominic, Saint, 38-9, 137, 145, 208-9

Dominicans, in University of Paris, 56, 64
rivalry with Franciscans, 65, 232
use by Gregory IX against heretics, 140
areas allotted to, for prosecution of heresy, 159

Donatists, 14, 125, 127, 229

Duns Scotus, 91

Eccelin da Romano, 168

Eckhart, Master, 49, 53

Edward I and Boniface VIII, 79

Edward II and Templars, 176-7

Elias of Cortona, 39

Empire and Papacy, their relations, 1-3, 13, 42, 45, 72, 79, 84, 152

Endura, Catharan suicide, 27, 29

England and Inquisition, _see_ British Isles

Eon de l’Etoile, 12, 15, 17, 231

Episcopal Courts, _see_ Bishops

Erasmus, 72, 166

Eriugena, John Scotus, 57, 229, 233

Eugenius IV, Pope, 51, 103, 118

Evidence, rules of, in Inquisition, 195-8

Excommunication, of heretics, 217, 224
for secular rulers neglecting their duties against heretics, 156-7

Extortion, inquisitorial, 210-14

Eymeric, Nicholas, inquisitor of Aragon, on authorship of
_The Everlasting Gospel_, 36
relations with Raymond Lully, 71
complaints of poverty of Aragonese Inquisition, 173
his ideals as inquisitor, 179
on use of advocates, 198-9
on use of torture, 203-4
on fines in Inquisition, 210, 214
on eleventh hour repentances, 219
his _Directorium Inquisitorum_, 244-5

Fabiano, inquisitor, 174

Fabri, citizen of Carcassonne, prosecuted posthumously, 160

Familiars, inquisitorial officials, 180-1

Fautors of heretics, treatment of, 187

Ferdinand the Catholic, of Aragon, 172

Ferrer, inquisitor in Languedoc, 159

Fines, exaction of, by Inquisition, 210-11

Fiore, _see_ Joachim of Flora

Fitzralph, Archbishop of Armagh, on doctrine of poverty, 84

Flagellants, why considered heretics, 5, 231
spread of the mania, 51-3, 105, 166, 242

Flagellation, inquisitorial penance, 208-9

Flanders, Tanchelm in, 14
Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51, 53
Robert le Bugre in, 162-3

Florence, Peter Martyr in, 167

France, northern, Inquisition in, 151, 159, 162-5

Francis of Assisi, Saint, 8, 38-48 (_passim_), 53

Franciscans, influence of their founder, 38
of Elias of Cortona, 39
the Conventuals, 39, 41, 43, 79
the Spirituals, 41-4, 48-53 (_passim_), 77-84 (_passim_), 231
rivalry with Dominicans, 56, 65, 146-8, 159, 232
used by Gregory IX against heretics, 146-8
areas allotted to them for prosecution of heresy, 159

Fraticelli, in Languedoc, 45, 214
in Germany, 48-9

Frederick I, Barbarossa, Emperor, relations of Church and State
under, 2
his treatment of heretics, 133, 150, 157

Frederick II, Emperor, and Averrhoïsts, 62
and _The Three Impostors,_ 72
his _Constitutions_ against heresy, 149-56, 166, 169, 220
question of his responsibility for the stake, 151-2
orders destruction of heretics’ houses, 218

Gaunt, John of, 93

Geoffrey d’Ablis, inquisitor in Languedoc, 202

Gerard of Abbeville, opponent of Mendicants in University of Paris, 65

Germany, Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51-3
Illuminism in, 47
Inquisition in, 50, 151, 157, 165-166, 218

Gerson, Jean, moderate reformer, 11, 234
on Averrhoës, 72
on General Councils, 96-8, 102

Ghazali, or Algazel, opponent of Arabian Aristotelianism, 60

Gherardo da Borgo San Donnino, reputed author of
_The Everlasting Gospel_, 36

Ghibellines and heresy, 168

Goslar, execution of heretics at, 129

Grace, time of, in inquisitorial practice, 191

Gratian, on witchcraft, 112
on death penalty for heretics, 131
on torture, 201

Greece, infected by Catharism, 22

Gregory VII, Pope, and heretics of Cambrai, 130

Gregory IX, Pope, on teachings of Aristotle, 63
and Frederick II, 72
and the Mendicant orders, 39, 145-9
and Conrad of Marburg, 146
attitude of, to episcopal jurisdiction over heresy, 130, 148-9
question of his responsibility for the stake, 152-5, 220
otherwise mentioned, 162, 166, 169, 173

Gregory XI, Pope, 50, 109, 118 _n._, 166, 170

Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, 8, 9, 35, 63

Guala, Bishop of Brescia, 153

Guglielma, 46, 105

Gui, Bernard, inquisitor in Languedoc, 184, 202
his resentment against the _Clementines_, 161
on the ideal inquisitor, 179
classification of his sentences, 227
his _Practica_, 245
his _Sententiæ_, 245

Harding, Stephen, 38

Henry II of England, and Cathari, 132
and Assize of Clarendon, 132, 157

Henry III, Emperor, and Cathari, 129

Henry VI, Emperor, 132-3, 218

Henry of Lausanne, 17

Heretic, definition of, 123, 183-5
compared to coiner, 157-8
compared to traitor, 211, 214, 223

Hohenstaufen, fall of the house of, 77, 79, 168

Holland, Flagellants in, 51

Holy Ghost, predicted advent of, 37, 40
supposed incarnations of, 66, 232

Holy Roman Empire, conceptions of, 1-3, 78

Honorius III, Pope, 8, 35, 150, 169 _n._

Houses, destruction of heretics’, 218

Hugo of Saint Victor, 57

Hungary, Catharism in, 22
Flagellants in, 51
Inquisition in, 174

Hus, John, expounds doctrines of Wycliffe, 94-6
summoned to Bologna, 95
his doctrine of Predestination, 96
at Constance, 98-103
otherwise mentioned, 11, 12, 175, 234, 243, 244

Illuminism, 49, 51

Immaculate Conception, dogma of the, 86, 233

_Impenitent_ heretic, treatment of the, 219-21, 224

_Imperfect_ heretic, treatment of the, 185

_Impostors, The Three_, 72

Imprisonment, inquisitorial penance, 212, 214, 225, 227-8
perpetual, 131, 215-16, 220-1, 227

Innocent III, Pope, and Albigensian Crusade, 135-7
and system of _inquisitio_, 144-5
and demolition of heretics’ houses, 218

Innocent IV, Pope, his bull _Cum adversus haereticam pravitatem_, 154-5
his bull _Ad extirpanda_, 155, 167, 201, 213
his regulations regarding torture, 156, 201-2
on exaction of fines, 210
on demolition of heretics’ houses, 218
his attitude towards persecution, 220
otherwise mentioned, 9, 42, 146, 148

Innocent VIII and witchcraft, 118

_Inquisitio generalis_, 191-2

_Inquisitio specialis_, 191-2

_Inquisitio_, judicial system of, 177, 190, 242

Intellect, the active and passive, Averrhoïst doctrine of, 60-1, 66-7

Interrogatory, inquisitorial, 192-205 (_passim_)

Intolerance, religious, its causes, 235-6, 238

Italy, Manichæism in, 22
Arnaldo da Villanova in, 41
Spiritual Franciscans in, 43-5,47, 60
Flagellants in, 51
Siger of Brabant in, 69
Averrhoïsm in, 70
Inquisition in, 44, 151, 153, 157, 166-71, 213, 217

Isabella, Queen of Castile, 172

Islam, philosophy of, 59-61
Lully’s crusade against, 70-1

Ivo of Chartres, 112, 141, 225

Janow, Matthias of, 94

Jehovah, Catharan views concerning, 23

Jerome of Prague, at Council of Constance, 98, 102
Poggio and his death, 102
otherwise mentioned, 95, 126, 175, 243

Joachim of Flora, 34-8, 40-7

John the Baptist, Catharan views on, 25

John of Parma, _see_ Parma

John XXI, Pope, 68

John XXII, Pope, his attitude towards doctrine of poverty, 43-5, 77
relations with Lewis of Bavaria, 45, 79, 84
attacked by Michael of Cesena, Ockham, etc., 79, 81
attitude towards doctrine of Beatific Vision, 85
attitude towards sorcery, 109
otherwise mentioned, 162

Julian, Emperor, on persecution among Christians, 106, 125

Kerlinger, German inquisitor, 166

Koran, orthodox faith of, 59, 70

Kremsier, John Militz, 94

Lactantius, on persecution, 124

Landun, John of, Averrhoïst, 69, 70

Languedoc, Saracen influence in, 16, 62, 231
Henricians in, 17
Catharism in, 41, 138
Joachitism in, 41, 43
Averrhoïsm in, 62
Inquisition in, 159-62, 215-17, 218
otherwise mentioned, 136, 137, 139, 230

Lawyers in Inquisition, 182

Lecky, W. E. H., on religious persecution, 238

Leo I, Pope, 128

Leo X, Pope, as patron of Aristotelianism, 70

Leo the Isaurian, 22

Lessines, Gilles de, in correspondence with Albertus Magnus, 65-6

Lessing, his _Nathan der Weise_, 73

Lewis the Bavarian, his conflict with John XXII, 45, 79

Liège, mob and heretics in, _anno_ 1145, 130

Locke, on religious toleration, 235

Lollards, extent of their influence, 93-4, 103

Lombard, Peter, 57, 85

Lombardy, Dolcino in, 48
Inquisition in, 150, 153, 167-8

Lorraine, Inquisition in, 159

Louis the Great of Hungary, 174

Louis IX, King of France, 151, 163

Luciferans, _see_ Brethren of the Free Spirit

Lucius III, Pope, 133, 211-12, 226

Lully, Raymond, his crusade against Islam, 70
in conflict with Eymeric, 71

Luther, his indebtedness to Hus, 103, 234
otherwise mentioned, 89, 92, 106, 166

Lutheranism, soil prepared for, in Germany, 49, 51

Magdeburg, Albert, Archbishop of, 153

Maifreda, devotee of Guglielma, 46

Mainz, Pragmatic Sanction of, 103

Maistre, Joseph de, on tolerance, 237
defends Spanish Inquisition, 240

_Malleus Maleficarum_, by Sprenger, 113

Manichæism, revival of ancient, 22, 32
its different forms, 24, 27
in Roman empire, 126-7
otherwise, _see_ Catharism

Marca, Giacomo della, his crusade in Slavonia, 174

Marguerite la Porète, her execution, 163

Marriage, Catharan views concerning, 27
views of Conrad Schmidt concerning, 52-3

Marsh, Adam, 35

Marsiglio of Padua, arguments of his _Defensor Pacis_, 45, 53, 73,
82-4, 86-7, 97

Martin V, Pope, 103

Martin of Tours and Priscillian, 128

Martyr, Peter, as inquisitor in Italy, 167

Mary, the Virgin, Catharan views concerning, 14, 25
_See_ also Immaculate Conception

Maximus, Emperor, and Priscillian, 127-8

Melfi, Constitutions of, 150-1

Mendicant orders, _see_ under Dominicans, Franciscans

Metempsychosis, Catharan belief in, 26

Milan, Guglielmites in, 46
Dolcino in, 47
Peter Martyr in, 167

Mill, John Stuart, his views on religious toleration, 238

Minorites, _see_ Franciscans

Missionary character of inquisitors, 188-90, 219, 239-40

Mithraism, 123

Moneta, on Waldensianism, 19

Montfort, Simon de, in Albigensian Crusade, 138

Montségur, fall of, 160

Moors, _see_ Saracens

Moral offences, when triable by Inquisition, 187-8

Naples, Inquisition in, 168

Narbonne, Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
Arabian philosophy in, 62

Nationality, force of, in religious matters, 2-3, 78-80, 94-5, 103, 177

Navarre, Inquisition in, 159

_Negative_ heretic, treatment of, 185

Neoplatonism, 55-6, 59, 123

Nicaea, Council of, 125

Nicholas d’Abbeville, inquisitor in Languedoc, 160, 226 _n._

Nicholas III, Pope, 42, 44

Nicholas V, Pope, 164, 169

Niem, Dietrich, and Conciliar movement, 11, 97-8

Nifo, Augustino, Paduan Averrhoïst, 70

Nominalism, its tendencies towards Tritheism or Unitarianism, 7, 234
and doctrine of Transubstantiation, 91, 92, 95

Norbert, Saint, Archbishop of Magdeburg, 14, 38

Ockham, William of, in controversy against John XXII, 45, 53, 79
his arguments in favour of General Councils, 81-2, 97
otherwise mentioned, 91

Olivi, Pierre Jean, 41

Orcagna, his delineation of Averrhoës, 72

Ordeal, used for trial of heresy, 141

Ortlieb of Strassburg, 49

Orvieto, death of Siger of Brabant at, 69

Oxford, University of, 6

Padua, centre of Italian Averrhoïsm, 69-70

Pallavicino, Uberto da, 168

Pantheism, and Realism, 7, 91, 234
in Germany, 49

Paramo, Ludovico à, on origin of Inquisition, 188
on death penalty for heresy, 223
on nature of heresy, 237

Paris, University of, Averrhoïsm in, 56, 63
controversies in, 64, 69
its part in Conciliar movement, 96-7
otherwise mentioned, 6, 35, 50, 85, 164-5

Parlement de Paris, its jurisdiction over heresy, 164-5

Parma, Segarelli in, 47
Inquisition in, 168

Parma, John of, and Spiritual Franciscans, 36, 40-1, 53

Partenay, Sire de, 163 _n._

Paul, Saint, on ‘false prophets,’ 124
otherwise mentioned, 194

Paulicians, _see_ Cathari

Peckham, John, Archbishop, his controversy with the Dominicans, 56, 65

Pedro II, King of Aragon, his edict against heretics, 132, 134, 137,
157, 172, 217

Peñaforte, Raymond of, his influence on Gregory IX regarding heresy,
153
his activity in Aragon, 172-3
his definition of a heretic, 183

Penances, inquisitorial penalties regarded as, 188-90
their nature, 206-15, 219, 221, 227, 239

_Perfected_ heretic, treatment of, 185

_Perfected_, the, among Cathari, 28-31

Peter Lombard, _see_ Lombard

Peter Martyr, _see_ Martyr

Peter the Venerable, 17

Petrarch, his opinion of Averrhoïsts, 71-2

Petrobrusians, 17, 230

Philip Augustus, King of France, his treatment of heretics, 130
and Albigensian Crusade, 137-8

Philip IV, the fair, his quarrel with Boniface VIII, 78, 80, 160
and inquisitorial abuses in Languedoc, 160-1, 202
maintains supremacy of crown over Inquisition in France, 161-4
his attack on Templars, 164

Philosophy, _see_ Scholastic, _also_ Aristotle, Averrhoës, Siger, etc.

Picardy, Catharism in, 22

Piedmont, Waldensianism in, 170

Pilgrimages, inquisitorial penance of, 205-8, 211, 227

Pisa, Council of, 97

Pius II, Pope, 103

Pleadings, possible, for defence before Inquisition, 197-200

Poggio and Jerome of Prague, 102

Poland, Inquisition in, 174-5

Pollock, Sir F., on religious intolerance, 238-9

Polycarp, on heretics, 124

Pomponazzi, as Aristotelian, 70

Ponzinibio and witchcraft, 113

Poor Men of Lyons, _see_ Waldo

Portugal, Inquisition in, 172

Poverty, Franciscan doctrine of, 40-6, 79, 81, 230-1

_Praemunire_, statute of, 79

Prague, University of, 94, 105

Prato, Edict of, 218

Priscillian, Spanish heretic, 127

Prisons, inquisitorial, 215-16

Privileges of inquisitors, 179

Protestants and persecution, 239

Provence, _see_ Languedoc

_Provisors_, Statute of, 79

Pulci, his _Morgante Maggiore_, 73

_Purgatio Canonica_, system of, 142, 191-2

Rainerio Saccone, _see_ Saccone

Rais, Maréchal Gilles de, 109-11

Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, 136

Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, 136-7

Realism, philosophy of, its tendency to Pantheism, 7, 234
of Aquinas, 91
of Wycliffe, 91, 95, 233

Reformation, the Protestant, 1, 12, 94, 98, 103-4

Registers, inquisitorial, 181

_Relapsed_ heretic, treatment of, 181, 219-21, 224

Relaxation to secular arm, formula of, 220, 227-8
responsibility of Church for, 220
responsibility of State regarding, 149-50 (_passim_), 221-2, 237-8

Religion, Averrhoïst views regarding, 61, 67-9, 72-6

Renaissance, of twelfth century, 112, 232, 234
Italian, 1, 76, 103, 234

Reuchlin, 104, 166

Richard of Cluny, 19

Robert II, King of France, and Cathari, 128

Robert le Bugre, 162-3

Rome, Annibaldi in, 154

Roscellinus, his heresy, 7, 12, 57, 129, 229

Sabbat, the witches’, 110-16, 121

Saccone, Rainerio, of Vicenza, 167-8

Sachsenhausen, Protest of, 45

Sacraments, Donatist views concerning, 17
Petrobrusian views concerning, 17
Henrician rejection of, 17
Catharan attitude to, 28
Sacraments, Conrad Schmidt’s views concerning, 53
Flagellants’ views concerning, 5, 52

Saint-George, Fulk de, inquisitor in Languedoc, 160

Salimbene, and his Chronicle, 36

Salvation, Exclusive, influence of doctrine on religious intolerance,
238

Saracens, their influence in Languedoc, 16, 62
influence in Spain, 59, 73
on Frederick II, 62
otherwise mentioned, 132, 138

Satan, Catharan views regarding, 24
witches, supposed compact with, 105, 124 (_passim_)

Savonarola, 241

Savoy, Waldenses in, 170

Scandinavia, Inquisition in, 176

Scepticism and religious toleration, 238

Schism, the papal, 11, 12, 71, 80, 86, 96-8, 103, 164, 166, 171

Schmidt, Conrad, 52

Scholastic philosophy, 6-8, 54, 56, 62-76 (_passim_), 81-104,
(_passim_), 232-5

Scot, Michael, 62

Secular arm, _see_ Relaxation

Segarelli, Gherardo, 46-7, 105, 231

Sens, Council of ecclesiastical province of, 63

_Sermo generalis_, see _auto-da-fé_.

Sicily, Inquisition in, 150, 167

Siger of Brabant, leader of Paris Averrhoïsts, 12, 66-9, 244

Sigismund, King of the Romans, at Council of Constance, 99, 101
otherwise mentioned, 174

_Socii_, their functions in Inquisition, 180

Sorcery, 105-11

Spain, Inquisition in, 44, 171-3
Arabian philosophy in, 59-62, 73

Spina, Bartholomew de, on witchcraft, 113, 115

Spiritual Franciscans, _see_ Franciscans

Sprenger, on witchcraft, 113-20 (_passim_)

Stake, the, death of Hus at, 102
of Jerome of Prague at, 102
of de Rais at, 111
of witches at, 118-19
of Cathari at, _anno_ 1022, 128
of heretics of Cambrai at, _anno_ 1076, 129
edict of Pedro II enjoining, 132-3
attitude of mob to, 129-35 (_passim_)
attitude of Church to, 130, 149-58, 219-24
Constitutions of Frederick II relating to, 149-56
responsibility of Gregory IX for, 149-54, 220
justification of, by Aquinas, 157-8
penalty for impenitent and relapsed, 219-20
prescribed by _De Haeretico Comburendo_, 94, 177
ceremony of, at _autos_, 223
frequency of the penalty of, 227-8

Strassburg, mob and heretics at, _anno_ 1114, 130

_Suspects_ of heresy, treatment of, 185-7

Synodal witnesses, _see Testes Synodales_

Tanchelm, 14, 15, 229, 231

Tempier, Etienne, Bishop of Paris, 66-8

Templars, suppression of the, 164, 176-7, 241

Tertullian, on heretics, 124-5

_Testes synodales_, 143, 190-1

Theocracy, mediæval, 1-3, 238, 239-40

Theodosius II, his laws against heretics, 126

Theoduin, Bishop of Liège, his advice regarding treatment of heretics,
130

Toleration, principle of religious, 73, 83, 124-5, 222, 235-9

Tors, Conrad, 165

Torture, of reputed witches, 119-22
used by Constantine against Donatists, 125
in days of Julian, 125-6
used against Templars, 176-7
Edward II prevailed upon to sanction use of, in England, 176-7
of delay, 200-1, 228
as used in Inquisition, 201-5, 240, 242
rules of _Ad extirpanda_ concerning, 201
frequency of, 201-3
repetition or continuation of, 203-4
otherwise mentioned, 227

Transubstantiation, views of Berengar concerning, 7
views of Wycliffe concerning, 90-2, 233

Treason, analogy of heresy to, 211, 214, 223

Treviso, Inquisition in, 169

Trinity, tendencies of Realism and Nominalism regarding doctrine of, 7,
85, 100

Tritheism, of Roscellinus, 7

_Trivium_, the, 56

Troubadours, their antisacerdotalism, 136, 230

Tuscany, Honorius III and heretics in, 169 _n._

Uberto da Pallavicino, _see_ Pallavicino

Urban IV, Pope, 63, 202

Urban V, Pope, 165, 174

Valentinian II, his laws against heretics, 126

Val, Simon du, French inquisitor, 68

Vaudois, _see_ (i) Waldensianism, (ii) Witchcraft in Arras

Vegetarianism, Catharan, 26

Venice, legislation against sorcery in, 107
Inquisition in, 169-70

Vercelli, Dolcino in, 47

Vincent of Beauvais, 57

Waldensianism, 10, 12, 16, 19-22, 32, 75, 77, 95, 132, 165, 170-1, 175,
193, 229, 231

Waldhäuser, Conrad, 94

Waldo, Peter, 18-20, 140 _n._, 230

Wazon, Bishop of Liège, on toleration, 130

Wenzel, King of Bohemia, and University of Prague, 95

Wessel, Johann, 166

William of Auxerre, 63

William of Moerbeke, 64

William of Saint-Amour, 41, 65

Witchcraft, causes of the craze, 111
Canonist ruling regarding, 107, 112-13
circumstantial stories of, 114-16
psychology of, 117-18
trials before Inquisition, 118-22
in Arras, 121, 203

Witnesses, treatment of false, by Inquisition, 196, 209
withholding of names of, in Inquisition, 195-6, 200, 240

Wycliffe, John, on clerical abuses, 11, 86
his doctrine of Lordship, 86-90
his denial of Transubstantiation, 90-2
his translation of the Bible, 89, 92-3
otherwise mentioned, 12, 94, 95, 96, 98-100, 103, 233, 234, 244

Yolande, of Savoy, 170

Zabarella, Cardinal, 96

Zimara, Italian Averrhoïst, 70

Zimiskes, John, tolerates Manichæans in the Balkans, 22

* * * * *

_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_

THE HOUSE OF LORDS IN THE REIGN OF WILLIAM III

(_Oxford Historical and Literary Studies Volume III_)

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THE MAKING OF BLAISE

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