Chapter XIX: Appendix: I (3)

BOURLIER, Comte (1731-1821). He studied theology at Saint Sulpice,
was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1802 and entrusted by Napoleon
I. with several confidential missions to the Pope. He was made
peer of France by Louis XVIII. in 1814.

BOURLON DE SARTY, Paul de. He was Prefect of Marne and had married
Mlle. Adrienne de Vandœuvre.

BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de* (1800-1869). French
diplomatist.

BRESSON, Comte Charles* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.

BRETZENHEIM VON REGÉCZ (the Princess of). Born in 1806, Caroline,
daughter of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg, married Prince
Ferdinand of Bretzenheim, Chamberlain to the Austrian Court.

BRÉZÉ, Marquis de Dreux--(1793-1846). An officer who shared in the
last campaigns of the Empire. As aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult
at the Restoration, he followed the king to Ghent; in 1827 he
retired and became peer of France after his father's death in
1829. In the Upper Chamber he was one of the most ardent leaders
of the Legitimist party against the government of
Louis-Philippe.

BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre* (1778-1862). A doctor at Tours.

BRIGNOLE, Marchesa of. _Née_ Anna Pieri, of a noble family of
Sienna. She was the mother of the Marquis of Brignole, for a
long time Sardinian Ambassador at Paris and of the Duchess of
Dalberg. She died in 1815 during the Congress, at Vienna,
whither she had accompanied the Empress Marie Louise.

BRIGODE, Baron de (1775-1854). He entered the Council of State as
auditor in 1803 and was deputy in the legislative body in 1805.
In 1837 he was appointed peer of France. After the Revolution of
1848 he retired to private life.

BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). French Statesman.

BROGLIE, Duchesse de* (1797-1840). _Née_ Albertine de Staël.

BROGLIE (Mlle. Louise de). Born in 1818; married in 1836 the Comte
d'Haussonville.

BROSSES, Charles de (1709-1777). A Frenchman and a learned man of
letters; the author of a work on Italy which was very
successful.

BROUGHAM, Lord* (1778-1868). English statesman.

BÜLOW, Baron Heinrich von* (1790-1846). Prussian Diplomatist.

BÜLOW, Frau von (1802-1889). Daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt and
wife of Baron Heinrich von Bülow, with whom she resided in
London from 1830 to 1834.

BULWER, Sir Henry (1804-1872). English diplomatist. First attached
to the legations of Berlin, Vienna and the Hague and constantly
resident in Paris. From 1843 to 1848 he was Minister
Plenipotentiary in Spain. After marrying the youngest of the
daughters of Lord Cowley he represented his country in the
United States, in Tuscany and at Constantinople in 1858.

BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count (1797-1865). Austrian diplomatist at
Florence in 1816, at Paris in 1822, at London in 1824; then
Minister at Carlsruhe, at Darmstadt in 1831, at Stuttgart in
1838, at Turin in 1848, and finally at St. Petersburg. He became
Privy Councillor and accompanied in 1851 the Prince of
Schwarzenberg to the conference of Dresden. In 1852 he was
appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1859.

BUOL, Countess (1809-1862). Princess Caroline of Isenburg married
in 1829 Count Buol. From her mother, _née_ Baroness of Herding,
she inherited an enormous fortune.

BURGUNDY, the Duchess of (1685-1712). Marie Adelaide, daughter of
Victor Amadaus, first King of Sardinia, a great favourite at the
Court of France. This princess died in the flower of her youth,
six days before her husband and, like him, of the measles. She
had several children, one of whom survived and became Louis XV.

BUSSIÈRE, Jules Edmond de (1804-1888). Diplomatist, _Chargé
d'affaires_ at Darmstadt and then at Dresden. Louis-Philippe
raised him to the peerage in 1841. In 1848 he retired to private
life.

BYRON, George Gordon, Lord* (1788-1824). Famous English romantic
poet.

C

CALATRAVA, Don José Maria (1781-1846). Spanish statesman and
defender of the liberty of his country. Deported in 1814, he
was unable to return to Spain until the Constitution was
re-established in 1820. As Minister of Justice in 1823 he was
obliged to take ship for England during the period of the
French occupation. In 1830 he joined the Junta in power at
Bayonne. In opposition to Martinez de la Rosa, he joined the
National Guard of Madrid in 1835. When the Queen had taken the
oath to observe the Constitution, the chief power returned to
his hands, and after many proofs of his incapacity he was made
a Senator.

CAMPAN, Mme.* (1752-1822). Famous in the history of French
Education.

CANOVA, Antonio* (1757-1822). Celebrated Italian sculptor.

CAPUA, Prince of (1811-1862). Charles Ferdinand, brother of King
Ferdinand of Naples. He had been suspected of participation in
intrigues against the dynasty and was exiled. He contracted a
morganatic marriage in England with Miss Penelope Smith by whom
he had two children who were not recognised by the Royal Family
of Naples. After 1860 he obtained from Victor Emanuel an
appanage which was afterwards confirmed to his widow and her
children during their life.

CAPRARA, Cardinal J. B. (1733-1810). Bishop of Iesi; he performed
several diplomatic missions with success and was appointed by
Pope Pius VII. as legate _a latere_ to the French Government,
and while occupying this position he concluded the concordat of
1801. He was appointed Archbishop of Milan and in this town
crowned Napoleon as King of Italy.

CARADOC, Sir John Hobart (1799-1873). Afterwards Lord Howden.
Colonel in the English Army and English Minister at Rio de
Janeiro and at Madrid.

CARAMAN, Marquise de. Césarine Gallard de Béarn married the
Marquis Victor de Caraman and was left a widow in 1836.

CARIGNAN, Prince Eugène de (1816-1888). Son of the Baron of
Villefranche and of Mlle. de la Vauguyon. The King of Sardinia,
Charles Albert, recognised him as a prince of the blood. He was
an Admiral in the Sardinian Navy and Regent of the kingdom
during the wars of 1859 and 1866. By a morganatic marriage he
had several children to whom King Humbert gave the title of
Counts of Villefranche Soissons, though he recognised no kind of
tie with the house of Savoy.

CARIGNAN, Philiberte de (1814-1874). Daughter of the Prince de
Villefranche of the House of Carignan, by his marriage with
Mlle. de la Vauguyon.

CARLOTTA, The Infanta* (1804-1844). Sister of Queen Christina of
Spain.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Heinrich von (1783-1864). Cavalry general
in the Prussian army and chief huntsman to the Court. His first
wife was a Countess Pappenheim, by whom he had two daughters,
and his second wife was his cousin, the Countess Firks, by whom
he had no children.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide (1797-1849). Daughter of the
Count of Pappenheim, Lieutenant-General of Bavaria. She married
in 1817 Prince Heinrich Carolath.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Lucia. Born in 1822. Eldest daughter of
Prince Heinrich Carolath. She married the Count of Haugwitz and
became a widow in 1888.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide. Born in 1823. Youngest
daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath.

CAROLATH-SAABOR, Prince Friedrich von (1790-1859). Major in the
Prussian army and Councillor at Grünberg, Silesia. He had
married the daughter of Prince Heinrich XLIV. Reuss.

CAROLINE, Maria (1752-1814). Queen of Naples. Daughter of the
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This Princess married
Ferdinand IV., King of Naples in 1768. Her influence induced him
to declare war upon the French Republic, and she brought down
upon him the vengeance of Napoleon I. Driven from her States,
Queen Caroline withdrew to Austria and died at Schönbrunn. She
was the mother of Queen Marie Amélie.

CAROLINE, the Empress (1803-1884). Princess Caroline of Savoy,
daughter of Victor Emanuel I. and twin sister of the Duchess of
Lucca. She married in 1831 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria.

CARRACI, Annibale* (1560-1609). Famous Italian painter.

CARREL, Armand* (1800-1836). French publicist.

CASANOVA DE SEINGALT (1725-1803). Famous adventurer of the
eighteenth century and the son of actors. He was by turn a
journalist, a preacher, and, in particular, a lady-killer. He
was intimate with Rousseau, Voltaire, Souvaroff, Frederick the
Great, and Catherine II. In distress and pecuniary want he
followed Count Waldstein-Dux to Bohemia to become his librarian.
At Dux he composed his memoirs, an unrepentant confession of his
life, and a more lively than moral picture of society.

CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). Cordélia Greffulhe.
Married in 1813 to the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal
of France.

CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de (1814-1847). Eldest son of the
Marshal de Castellane; auditor to the Council of State, and
Councillor-General of Cantal. He was appointed Deputy in 1844.
In 1839 he married Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, grand-niece of the
Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the Duchesse de Dino,
author of these memoirs.

CÆSAR, Julius (101-40 B.C.). A famous Roman General, celebrated
for his conquest of Gaul.

CHABOT, Philippe de (1815-1875). Ph. de Chabot, Comte de Jarnac
followed a diplomatic career and retained throughout his life a
profound attachment for the House of Orléans. He had been
appointed French Ambassador at London in 1874, but died shortly
after of pleurisy.

CHABROL DE CROUSOL, Comte de (1771-1831). Member of the Council of
State under Napoleon I.; President of the Imperial Court of
Orleans and Prefect of the Rhone in 1814; Director of
registration and State lands in 1822; Naval Minister in 1823 and
Finance Minister in 1829.

CHALAIS, the Prince de (1809-1883). Elie Louis Roger, eldest son
of the Duc de Périgord. He married Elodie de Beauvilliers de
Saint-Aignan, and was left a widower in 1835.

CHAMPCHEVRIER, Madame de. A highly respected lady who occupied the
mansion of Champchevrier near Cinq-Mars in Touraine about 1840,
when she was well advanced in years.

CHARLES THEODORE (1724-1799). Elector of Bavaria. He did not care
for Munich and settled at Mannheim. A statue was erected to him
at Heidelberg.

CHARLES IV (1316-1378). Emperor of Germany. Son of John of
Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. He succeeded his father in 1346, and
was elected Emperor in 1347. In 1356 he published the famous
"Golden Bull," which laid down the Constitution of the Empire
and remained authoritative until 1806. He was the first Prince
of Germany who sold titles of nobility. He founded the
Universities of Prague and Vienna.

CHARLES X.* (1757-1836). King of France from 1824 to 1830.

CHARLOTTE, Queen (1744-1818). Princess Charlotte of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Married in 1761 King George III. of
England, by whom she had a very large number of children.

CHASTELLUX, Madame de, _née_ Zéphyrine de Damas. She married as
her first husband M. de Vogüé.

CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). French man of letters.

CHOISEUL PRASLIN, The Comtesse de. Born in 1782. Second wife of
the Comte René de Choiseul Praslin, daughter of François de
Rougé, Comte du Plessis Bellière.

CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). A French doctor, and the first to
establish a proper clinical school at the Hospital of Charity. A
pupil of Corvisard, Chomel became the doctor of King
Louis-Philippe.

CHREPTOWICZ, Countess. Died in 1878. Helena, daughter of the Comte
de Nesselrode. Married Count Michael Chreptowicz, who served
for a long time in the Russian diplomatic service and was made
Court High Chamberlain during the last years of the reign of
Alexander II.

CLAM GALLAS, Count Edward of (1805-1891). Austrian cavalry
general, who played an important part in the wars in which
Austria was involved after 1848. He resigned in 1868 in anger at
the attacks made upon his conduct of the campaign of 1866
against Prussia in Bohemia, although a court-martial had
entirely exonerated him.

CLANRICARDE, Lord* (1802-1874). English politician.

CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died in 1876. Daughter of the famous Canning.

CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Charles (1777-1831). He married the
Countess Louise Chotek.

CLAUSEL, Comte Bertrand (1772-1842). Enlisted as a volunteer in
1791. He was rapidly promoted. In 1805 he became general of
division and served in Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and won much
reputation during the war in Spain. After the Hundred Days when
he joined Napoleon, he withdrew to the United States and did not
return until the armistice of 1820. In 1827 he was a deputy and
a member of the Liberal opposition, and after 1830 he was
appointed Governor of Algiers, but was a failure at the Siege of
Constantine and was superseded. He then retired.

CLÉMENT DE RIS, Mlle. Married Admiral la Roncière le Noury. She
was a daughter of a senator of the Empire, and occupied the
château of Beauvais near Valençay.

CLÉMENTINE, Princess (1817-1907). Princesse Clémentine d'Orléans,
daughter of King Louis-Phillipe. Married in 1843 Prince Augustus
of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony.

CLERMONT TONERRE, Prince Jules de (1813-1849). Second son of the
Duc Aimé de Clermont Tonnerre, sometime Minister of War, and
Peer of France. Prince J. de Clermont Tonnerre married Mlle. de
Crillon.

COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of* (1816-1888). Husband of Doña Maria da
Gloria, Queen of Portugal.

COBURG, Duke Ernest I. of Saxe- (1784-1844). This Prince succeeded
his father, Duke Francis, in 1806. His first wife was Princess
Louise of Saxe-Coburg Altenburg, who died in 1831. In 1832 he
married Princess Antoinette of Würtemberg.

COEUR, The Abbé (1805-1860). Born of a merchant's family, who
were traditionally supposed to have descended from the famous
banker of Charles VII., the Abbé Cœur was professor of
philosophy in the seminary of Lyons. After 1827 he came to Paris
and attentively followed the lectures of MM. Guizot, Villemain
and Cousin, and then devoted himself to preaching. In 1840 he
preached a course of Lenten sermons at Saint Roch, after which
King Louis-Philippe gave him the cross of the Legion of Honour.
In 1848 he was appointed to the Archbishopric of Troyes. He
delivered the funeral oration over Mgr. Affre.

COGNY, Dr. Doctor of Valençay.

COIGNY, the Duc de (1788-1865). He entered the army as a volunteer
in 1805; lost his arm at the battle of Smolensk, was appointed
cavalry colonel after the return of the Bourbons, in 1814 was
appointed aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, and then entered the
service of the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1821 he took the place of his
grandfather, Marshal de Coigny in the Chamber of Peers. After
vain efforts to secure from Charles X. in 1830 the revocation of
the Ordinances, M. de Coigny swore fidelity to the July
monarchy. In 1837 he was knight of honour to the Duchesse
d'Orléans, and in 1843 was promoted to field-marshal.

COIGNY, the Duchesse de. She was an English woman by birth, and
daughter of Sir H. J. Dalrymple Hamilton. She married the Duc de
Coigny in 1822.

COLLARD, Madame Hermine. Brought up by Madame de Genlis; the
circumstances of her birth were entirely obscure.

COMBALOT, the Abbé Théodore (1798-1873). A French preacher. He was
ordained at a very early age and became a zealous partisan of
Lamennais, though at a later date he disavowed his doctrines.
His sermons attracted keen attention, owing to their political
character.

CONDÉ, Louis II., Prince de (1621-1686). Called the Great Condé,
first Prince of the blood and first known as the Duc d'Enghien.
He was famous for his victories at Rocroi, Friburg, Nordlingen,
and Lens. After taking an unfortunate share in the troubles of
the Fronde, the Prince de Condé was restored to his command at
the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees and performed admirable
service during the wars in Flanders and in the Franche Comté.

CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of* (1797-1882). English
politician.

CORMENIN, Vicomte de (1788-1868). Publicist, Councillor of State,
deputy, and famous as a pamphleteer under the pseudonym of
Timon.

CORNELIUS, Peter von (1787-1867). Famous German painter of the
School of Düsseldorf. He studied for several years at
Frankfort-on-Maine and at Rome. His composition was magnificent
and his power of drawing remarkable.

COSSÉ BRISSAC, the Duc de (1775-1848). A member of the
administration under the Empire, he joined the Restoration and
entered the Chamber of Peers in 1814. He then became a supporter
of the July Monarchy.

COURLANDE, Duchesse de (1761-1821). _Née_ Comtesse de Medem, she
married the Duc Pierre de Courlande, by whom she had four
daughters. The youngest was the Duchesse de Dino, author of
these memoirs.

COUSIN, Victor* (1792-1867). French philosopher.

COWPER, Lady* (1787-1869). Afterwards Lady Palmerston.

CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). Lawyer and French politician. A
member of the National Defence in 1870.

CRESCENTINI, Girolamo (1769-1846). Famous soprano singer, known as
the Italian Orpheus. He went on the stage in 1788, and was heard
at Rome, Verona, Padua, Vienna, and Lisbon. Napoleon kept him at
Paris from 1806 to 1812. He afterwards became a professor in the
Conservatory at Naples.

CRUVEILHIER, Dr. Jean (1791-1874). Doctor and famous French
anatomist. He was born at Limoges and studied at Paris, where he
had a large and select practice.

CUBIÈRES, General de (1786-1853). In 1804 he left the military
school of Fontainebleau and distinguished himself at Austerlitz
and at Auerstadt. He obtained the cross of honour at Eylau, the
rank of captain at Essling, and became major of cavalry during
the campaign of 1813, colonel in 1815, and covered himself with
glory at Waterloo. When he was retired by the Second Restoration
he obtained the post of receiver-general of the Meuse, and in
1832 was given the command of the expeditionary force of Ancona.
He was appointed general and was twice Minister of War in 1839
and 1840. In 1847 he was involved in a deplorable affair and
accused of bribing the Minister Teste to secure the concession
of the salt-mines of Gouhénans. He was then tried before the
Court of Peers, condemned to civil degradation, and fined ten
thousand francs. In 1852 he was exonerated by the Court of
Appeal of Rouen.

CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of* (1771-1851). Youngest son of
George III., King of England.

CUMBERLAND, Duchess of.* _Née_ Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

CUNEGONDE, Saint. Died in 1040. Empress of Germany and wife of
Henry II. of Bavaria. Her festival is March 3.

CUVIER, Rodolphe. Protestant pastor to the Duchesse d'Orléans. He
belonged to another branch of the family of the famous
naturalist who bears that name.

CUVILLIER FLEURY, Alfred Auguste (1802-1887). French man of
letters on the staff of the _Journal des Débats_, and appointed
by King Louis-Philippe to attend upon his fourth son, the Duc
d'Aumale, whose tutor he became, and afterwards his secretary of
instructions. He was elected member of the French Academy in
1866.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Formerly Minister of
Foreign Affairs to the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1804-1880). Son of Prince Constantin
Czartoryski and of Princess Angelica Radziwill. He first married
in 1832 his cousin-german, Princess Wanda Radziwill, and as his
second wife in 1848, Countess Dzialynska.

CZARTORYSKI, Princess Wanda (1813-1846). Daughter of Prince Antony
Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia. She married in 1832
Prince Adam Czartoryski.

D

DALBERG, the Duc de* (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and
Archchancellor of the same name.

DARMÈS. Attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe on October
15, 1840.

DARMSTADT, Princess Marie of. Born in 1824, she married the
hereditary Grand Duke of Russia in 1841.

DECAZES, Elie, Duc* (1780-1846). French politician.

DELAVIGNE, Casimir (1793-1843). Lyric and dramatic poet. He
entered the Academy in 1825. His Liberal ideas had brought him
into disgrace under the Restoration; King Louis-Philippe, then
Duc d'Orléans, extricated him from his troubles by making him
Librarian of the Palais Royal.

DEMERSON, the Abbé (1795-1872). A French priest who took orders in
1819 and was the incumbent of Saint Séverin, then of Saint
Germain l'Auxerrois from 1838 to 1850, when he was appointed to
Notre Dame de Paris.

DEMIDOFF, Count Anatole (1813-1870). Count Demidoff, Prince of San
Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilde, daughter of King
Jerome of Westphalia. She was called Princess Mathilde de
Montfort.

DENIS BARBIER. One of the servants of Pouch Lafarge. He forged
some notes of hand for his master, when the latter, who was an
incompetent man of business, came to Paris, and he remained his
agent.

DENMARK, King Frederick III. of (1768-1839). He succeeded his
father in 1815 and married the daughter of the landgrave of
Hesse Cassel.

DENMARK, Prince Christian of (1786-1848). This Prince married as
his first wife a Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, from whom he
was divorced. His second wife was Princess Caroline of
Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg. By his first marriage he had a
son, Frederick, who succeeded him as Frederick VII.

DENMARK, Princess Christian of (1796-1881). The second wife of
Prince Christian, _née_ Princess of Schleswig-Holstein
Augustenburg.

DESJARDINS, the Abbé (1756-1833). Ordained in 1775, he was
Vicar-General of Bayeux, went into exile in England and
afterwards in America during the revolution and did not return
to France till 1802. He became superintendent of foreign
missions at Paris, when the Emperor Napoleon arrested him on
suspicion, imprisoned him at Vincennes and then exiled him to
Verceil. When he returned to France at the Restoration, he
refused the Bishopric of Blois in 1823 and that of Châlons in
1824, but was appointed Vicar-General at Paris.

DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1794-1847). Famous Prussian oculist
who discovered the operation for curing squint. He died suddenly
in the operating room of the Charity Hospital at Berlin, of
which he was director from 1840.

DIESKAU, Mlle. Sidonie de. Died at a very advanced age. She lived
at Gera in Saxony, near Altenburg, and was a near neighbour of
the castle of Löbichau.

DINO, the Duc de (1813-1894). Known first under the name of Comte
Alexandre de Périgord,* he assumed this title in 1838 when his
father became Duc de Talleyrand.

DOHNA, Countess Marie (1805-1893). _Née_ Fräulein von Steinach,
she married in 1829 Count Dohna who for long years was landrat
at Sagan and held the estate of Kunzendorf in that
neighbourhood.

DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen
Marie Amélie.

DON CARLOS OF BOURBON* (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV. and
brother of Ferdinand VII., kings of Spain. After his brother's
death in 1833, he stirred up civil war in an attempt to seize
the throne.

DON FRANCISCO* (1794-1865). The Infanta of Spain. Married the
Infanta Carlotta.

DOSNE, M. First clerk in a banking house at Paris, he became a
stockbroker in 1816. After the July revolution he resigned and
became Receiver-General for Finistère, and four years later
Receiver-General for the North. He became Governor of the Bank
of France and one of the chief shareholders in the mines of
Anzin, and largely increased his fortune.

DOSNE, Mme. Wife of the stockbroker and mother of Mme. Thiers.

DOSNE, Mlle. Félicie. Sister of Mme. Thiers. A very religious
woman, she devoted her whole life to her sister and
brother-in-law and published in memory of M. Thiers in 1903,
some of his posthumous papers, under the title of "The
Occupation and Liberation of the Territory" (1871-1875). She
died soon afterwards at a very advanced age.

DOUDAN, Ximénès (1800-1872). At first tutor in the house of the
Duc de Broglie, he became chief of the political Cabinet of the
Duc, who held him in great esteem, and afterwards retained his
services as private secretary.

DUBOIS, M. Deputy of the Loire Inférieure and member of the Royal
Council of Education and director of the normal school.

DUCHÂTEL, Charles, Comte* (1803-1867). French politician.

DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881). Lawyer and French
statesman. Appointed deputy in 1834, he joined the Liberal
Constitutional party; was Councillor of State in 1836 and
Minister of Public Works in 1839. He supported the Republic in
1848 and became Minister of the Interior, but held aloof from
politics under the Second Empire. In 1871 he became Minister of
Justice. He afterwards obtained a seat in the Senate and secured
the passing of the law of Guarantees.

DUPANLOUP, Félix Philibert (1802-1878). A most distinguished
priest, his early reputation was due to his famous catechisms.
After 1835 he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris and
Superior of the little seminary of Saint Nicholas. He then took
an active part in the discussions concerning the freedom of
education. In 1849 he was appointed Bishop of Orléans, was a
member of the Academy in 1854 and became famous for his defence
of the Papal Chair at the time of the Italian expedition. In
1869 he was present at the Council of Rome and returned to
Orleans, remaining with his flock during the war. After the
conclusion of peace he was appointed a member of the assembly by
his grateful people.

DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). French lawyer and magistrate.

DUPREZ, Gilbert Louis (1806-1879). Famous French singer attached
to the Paris Opera for ten years. He had an incomparable tenor
voice.

DÜRER, Albert (1471-1528). Famous German painter and engraver with
a rich sense of colour and a clever and realistic touch. He
excelled in portraiture and the art of engraving was largely
improved by him.

DURHAM, Lord Lambton, Earl of* (1792-1840). English statesman.

DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper (1798-1887). A French politician.
One of the leaders of the dynastic opposition under the July
monarchy and one of the organisers of the banquets in 1848. He
was a member of the anti-Napoleonic minority, and was imprisoned
and exiled after the _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1851, but was
able to return to France in 1862. He then abandoned active
politics and wrote a history of parliamentary government in
France, which secured his admission to the Academy in 1870, in
place of the Duc de Broglie.

E

EDOUARD. The famous lady's hairdresser at Paris under
Louis-Philippe.

ELIZABETH OF PRUSSIA, Queen (1801-1873). Daughter of King
Maximilian of Bavaria, she married in 1823 the Crown Prince of
Prussia, who ascended the throne in 1840 as Frederick William
IV. Queen Elizabeth became a widow in 1861 and afterwards lived
in retirement.

ELLICE, Mr. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician, son-in-law of
Lord Grey.

ELSSLER, Theresa (1806-1878). Famous German dancer. Made Baroness
of Barnim by King Frederick William IV. in 1850 on the occasion
of her marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia.

ELSSLER, Fanny (1810-1886). Sister of the foregoing and, like her,
a famous dancer. She appeared in every theatre in Europe and
America, and retired in 1845 to her fine estate near Hamburg.
She had acquired a large fortune.

EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, known as Ironhead (1528-1580). Duke of Savoy.
This prince entered the service of his uncle the Emperor Charles
Quint. He distinguished himself at the siege of Metz in 1552,
received command of the imperial army in 1553, and gained the
battle of Saint Quentin in 1557 for Philippe II. He recovered
his duchy of which Francis I. had deprived his father, in 1559
by the treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, and married Margaret of
France, sister of Henry II. His statue, the work of the sculptor
Marochetti, stands in the centre of the square of San Carlo at
Turin.

ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours. He
married a Princess Santa Croce, ward of the Prince de
Talleyrand.

ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'.* Born in 1787. Brother of the prefect, and
owner of the château of la Moustière, near Valençay.

EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles (1728-1810). Famous for the doubt
concerning his sex, as he appeared sometimes as the knight and
sometimes as the lady of Eon. He won distinction early in the
diplomatic career, and was for fourteen years the secret agent
of Louis XV. The revolution deprived him of his pension and
reduced him to giving fencing-lessons; and only through the help
of some friends did he escape poverty.

ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). Enlisted in 1808, and
had a brilliant military career. He joined in the expedition to
Peru in 1825, and came back with a handsome fortune. On the
death of Ferdinand VII., he supported the Queen Regent, Maria
Christina. His success against the Carlists secured his
nomination in 1836 as commander-in-chief of the army of the
North and as Viceroy of Navarre. In 1840, when the Queen-Regent
had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the regency to Espartero,
but he was defeated in 1842, and retired to England till 1847.
In 1854 and 1868, he recovered his power for a short space of
time. In 1870, the Cortes offered him the crown, which he
refused in view of his great age and the want of an heir.

ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian Diplomatist.

EXELMANS, Isidore, Comte* (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant
generals of the Empire, who was made a peer of France and a
marshal under the July monarchy.

F

FAGEL, General Robert* (1772-1856). Dutch diplomatist.

FALK, Anton Reinhard* (1776-1843). Dutch diplomatist.

FÉNELON, François de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715). Archbishop
of Cambrai and tutor to the Duc de Bourgogne. He adopted the
doctrines of the Quietists, and was vigorously opposed by
Bossuet. He was as great a writer as he was a preacher.

FERDINAND VII.* (1784-1833). Eldest son of King Charles IV. of
Spain and his successor. He was dethroned by Napoleon I. in
favour of his brother Joseph, but reascended the throne in 1814.

FERRUS, Guillaume Marie André (1784-1861). A French doctor. He
introduced some valuable reforms into the asylum at Bicêtre, of
which he was chief doctor. In 1830 he was appointed consulting
doctor to the King, and soon became a member of the Academy of
Medicine and a commander of the Legion of Honour.

FESCH, Cardinal Joseph (1763-1839). Brother of Mme. Laetitia
Bonaparte, he was appointed Archbishop of Lyons in 1802 by his
nephew Napoleon I. He was French Ambassador at Rome, then chief
almoner and senator. He returned to Rome at the Restoration and
died there.

FIESCHI, Joseph* (1790-1835). The would-be assassin of King
Louis-Philippe, July 28, 1835.

FIQUELMONT, the Comte Charles Louis de (1777-1857). Born in
Lorraine, he entered the Austrian army in 1793, and shared in
the campaigns from 1805 to 1809. In 1815 he was sent as minister
to Stockholm, and in 1820 in the same capacity to Florence. He
was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg, where he lived for
several years, and did not return to Austria until 1840. He then
became Minister of State, and for a short time Minister of
Foreign Affairs in 1848. His only daughter had married Prince
Edmond Clary.

FITZ-JAMES, Jacques, Duc de (1799-1846). He married, in 1825,
Mlle. de Marmier.

FLAHAUT, the General, Comte de* (1785-1870). Peer of France under
Louis-Philippe, senator and Ambassador under Napoleon III.

FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de,* died in 1867. Daughter of the English
admiral, Lord Keith.

FLAHAUT, Clémentine de (1819-1835). Daughter of the Comte and
Comtesse de Flahaut.

FONTANES, Louis de (1757-1821). A poet and graceful orator and a
great favourite of Napoleon I. A member of the legislative body
in 1804, he became president in 1805. In 1808 the Emperor
appointed him High Master of the University; in 1810 he was
called to the Senate and afterwards supported the Restoration.

FOULD, Bénédict (1791-1858). Son of a Jewish banker who had
founded the important firm of Fould, Oppenheim & Co. He was
deputy from 1834 to 1842 and Knight of the Legion of Honour from
1843.

FOULQUES III., Nerra or the Black (987-1039). Count of Anjou. He
made war upon Conan, first Duke of Brittany, whom he defeated
and killed, and upon Eudes II., Count of Blois, by whom he was
defeated. Foulques made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land in
expiation of his violent life. His niece Constance married King
Robert.

FOY, Comte Fernand (1815-1871). Son of General Foy; he was
appointed Peer of France by King Louis Philippe, and though
constantly loyal to the constitutional monarchy, he showed a
strong leaning to liberalism. He was devoted to charitable works
from an early age.

FRANÇOIS I.* (1494-1547). King of France and adversary of Charles
V.

FREDERICK II., known as the Great* (1712-1786). King of Prussia
and founder of the Prussian military power.

FREDERICK VII. (1808-1863). King of Denmark. He was the only son
of Prince Christian of Denmark and of his first wife, Princess
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Twice divorced, he was exiled
for some years to Jutland and did not ascend the throne until
1848.

FREDERICK WILLIAM, known as the Great Elector of Brandenburg
(1620-1688). He ascended the throne in 1640 and organised the
Prussian Army.

FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1770-1840). King of Prussia. He succeeded
his father Frederick William II. in 1797. He had married a
Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, known as Queen Louise. She
died in 1810 and in 1824 he contracted a morganatic marriage
with the Countess Augusta of Harrach, to whom he gave the title
of Princess of Liegnitz.

FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia. He ascended
the throne in 1840 on the death of his father. He had married in
1823 Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria by whom he had no children.

FRIAS, Duke of* (1783-1851). Spanish ambassador, statesman and man
of letters.

FRONSAC, Duc de. Died in 1791. Son of Marshal Richelieu whom he
only survived three years.

G

GAGE, Sir William Hall (1777-1865). An English Admiral who took
an active part in the operations against Napoleon I. He was
appointed Lord of the Admiralty in 1841. In 1860 he received
the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

GARIBALDI, Mgr. Antoine (1797-1853). Archbishop of Myra in 1844;
Nuncio at Paris in 1850 in succession to Cardinal Tonari, he was
himself succeeded by Mgr. Sacconi.

GARNIER-PAGÈS (1801-1841). At first a lawyer, he shared in the
Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leaders of the
Republican party. He was then prosecuted several times after the
insurrection of 1832 and acquired great popularity.

GENLIS, Mme. de (1746-1830). Félicité Ducrest de Saint Aubin
married the Comte de Genlis at the age of fifteen. Her aunt,
Mme. de Montesson, introduced her to the household of the Duc
d'Orléans who soon selected her as the governess of his
children. Mme. de Genlis became an exile in 1792, returned to
France after the 18th of Brumaire and became the correspondent
of Napoleon I., whom she provided with information about the
customs and etiquette of the old Court. She lived in retirement
after 1814. She was the author of a large number of works, of
which her books on education are the most remarkable.

GÉRARD, François Pascal Simon (1770-1837). Famous French painter
who studied under David at the same time as Drouais, Girodet and
Gros. He devoted himself to portrait painting in which he showed
remarkable talent. He was made Baron by Louis XVIII.

GÉRARD, Etienne Maurice, Comte* (1773-1852). Marshal of France.

GERSDORFF, Baron Ernest Christian Augustus of (1781-1852). He took
part in the Congress of Vienna as the representative of Saxony.
He was Minister at London and at the Hague, and resigned in
1848. He had married a Countess of Freudenstein.

GERSDORFF, Baron Adolphus of (1800-1855). Officer in the Prussian
Army. He resigned and married Fräulein Marianne von Schindel. In
1827 he became land agent of Princess Pauline of Hohenzollern
and of her sister the Duchess of Acerenza.

GIRARDIN, the Comte Emile de (1806-1881). A son of General
Alexandre de Girardin and husband of Delphine Gay. He was a
famous publicist and the founder of halfpenny newspapers. He was
a deputy from 1877 to 1881. When his wife died in 1855 he
married the widow of Prince Frederick of Nassau, from whom he
was judicially separated in 1872.

GIRAUD, Augustin (1796-1875). A landowner at Angers where he was
mayor under Louis-Philippe. As a member of the Legislative
Assembly of 1849, he belonged to the Left. He was a Knight of
the Legion of Honour.

GIROLET, the Abbé* (1765-1836). A Benedictine of the congregation
of Saint-Maur and an intimate friend of the Talleyrand family.

GIVRÉ, Baron de (1794-1854). He entered the diplomatic career at
an early age and was attached to the Embassies of London and
Rome; when the Polignac ministry came to power he resigned and
became a contributor to the _Journal des Débats_. In 1837 he was
appointed deputy and voted with the Orléanist majority.

GLOUCESTER, Duchess of* (1776-1857). Fourth daughter of King
George III. of England.

GÖCKING, Herr Leopold von (1748-1828). Prussian poet and State
Councillor who elaborated several projects for customs reform.

GOETHE, Wolfgang (1749-1832). The most famous German poet, author
of Faust, Werther, &c. He was a Councillor and then a Minister
of State under the Grand Duke Charles Augustus of Weimar.

GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de* (1773-1858). Governess of the Children
of France whom she followed into exile in 1830.

GONTAUT-BIRON, Vicomte Elie de (1817-1890). Elected as a Deputy to
the National Assembly in 1871, he was Ambassador of the Republic
at Berlin. He restored the relations that had been broken by the
war and remained for six years in this difficult post.

GOUIN, Alexandre Henri (1792-1872). Studied at the Polytechnic
School, became a deputy in 1831, and was asked to take the
portfolio of Agriculture and Commerce in 1840 under the Thiers
Ministry.

GOURGAUD, General (1783-1852). He entered the service in 1801,
distinguished himself at Austerlitz where he was wounded, at
Jena, at Friedland, at Essling, and above all at Wagram. He took
a glorious part in the Russian and French campaigns; he
accompanied the Emperor to St. Helena, but misunderstandings
with one of his companions in exile forced him to separate from
them. In 1818 he published a book called "The Campaign of 1815,"
and in consequence his name was struck off the army list of
Louis XVIII., but he returned to the service under
Louis-Philippe, who appointed him general of division and chose
him as his aide-de-camp. In 1840 he accompanied the Prince de
Joinville to St. Helena, brought back with him the ashes of
Napoleon and was then raised to the Peerage.

GRAMONT, Madame de. Aunt of the Duc de Gramont of the branch of
Aster, a member of the fraternity of the Sacré Cœur, and Mother
Superior of the Paris house.

GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist. For a long time
Ambassador at Paris.

GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of
Devonshire.

GRANVILLE, Lady Charlotte Georgina. Died in 1855. Second daughter
of Lord Granville. She married Alexander George Fullerton in
1833. Throughout her life she was very intimate with the
Marquise de Castellane. Her novels brought her some literary
fame.

GREGORY VII., Hildebrand (1015-1085). Elected Pope in 1073, he was
one of the greatest Roman pontiffs, and has been ever famous for
his struggles with the Emperor of Germany.

GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English statesman.

GREY, Lady* (1775-1861). _Née_ Ponsonby.

GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). An Italian singer of great talent and
beauty.

GRIVEL, the Abbé Louis Jean Joseph (1800-1866). From 1825 he was a
preacher at Paris. In 1829 he was commissioned by the court to
deliver the panegyric upon Saint Louis before the French
Academy. He became almoner to the Chamber of Peers in 1834, and
was appointed Canon of Saint Denis three years later.

GROS, Antoine Jean (1771-1835). Famous historical painter. His
father was a miniature painter and his first master. He then
entered the studio of David. Forced to enter the army he
acquired a special talent for battle pictures in the course of
the military operations. From Charles X. he afterwards received
the title of baron.

GUERNON-RANVILLE, Comte de (1787-1866). French magistrate and
statesman. In 1820 he was President of the Civil Court of
Bayeux, where he was distinguished for his zeal and capacity. In
1829 the Prince de Polignac requested him to take the portfolio
of education and public worship in his ministry. In the Council
of Ministers he declared against the ordinances of July 1830,
but signed them none the less. When tried with his colleagues by
the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned to disfranchisement and
perpetual confinement. The amnesty of 1836 restored him to
liberty.

GUICHE, the Duc de (1819-1880). Known later under the name of the
Duc de Gramont. He was a diplomatist and French Ambassador at
Turin, Rome, and Vienna, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs
when war with Prussia was declared in 1870. In 1848 he had
married an English woman, daughter of a Member of Parliament.

WILLIAM I. (1772-1843). King of the Low Countries. Son of the
Stathouder William V. of Nassau. Under his reign Belgium was
separated from his throne after the revolution of 1830, and
became an independent state. He had married Princess Frederica
of Prussia, after her death he contracted a morganatic marriage
with a Belgian, the Comtesse d'Oultremont. He abdicated in 1840.

GUIZOT, François Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman
and historian.

H

HAINGUERLOT, M. Died in 1842. He had married Mlle. Stéphanie
Oudinot, daughter of Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio.

HAMILTON, John Church (1792-1882). Son of Major-General Hamilton,
a friend of M. de Talleyrand. For a long time he was the
aide-de-camp of Major-General Hamilton, who afterwards became
President of the United States. Hamilton then became a lawyer
and devoted his life to the perpetuation of his father's memory,
whose life he wrote and whose works he published.

HAMILTON, Duchess of (1817-1887). Maria Amelia, last daughter of
the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden and of the Grand
Duchess, née Stéphanie de Beauharnais.

HANOVER, the King of (1771-1851). Ernest Augustus, Duke of
Cumberland; ascended the throne of Hanover in 1837, after the
death of his brother King William IV. of England.

HANOVER, Prince George of (1819-1878). Afterwards George V. King
of Hanover.

HARCOURT, Lady Elizabeth (1793-1838).

HARRISON, Miss. Governess of the three Princesses of Courlande,
who afterwards became the Countess of Lazareff, the Countess of
Hohenthal and Madame de Boyen. She lived until her death with
Countess Lazareff at Dyrnfurth.

HAUSSONVILLE, Comte Joseph Bernard d' (1809-1884). French
politician and writer. He was a deputy under the July monarchy,
and a member of the National Assembly in 1871. He was a member
of the French Academy.

HÉLIAUD, Comte de (1768-1858). He lived a somewhat solitary life
in Touraine and died in the same year as his son who was an
official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

HÉLIE. Footman to the Prince de Talleyrand for many years.

HENEAGE, Mr. English diplomatist, attached to the Paris Embassy in
1840.

HENNENBERG, Herr. Died in 1836. Councillor of Justice in the
Courts of Berlin.

HESSE, Prince George of (1793-1881). This Prince was in the
Prussian service.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Grand Duke Louis II. of* (1777-1848). He had
married a Princess of Baden.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Elizabeth of (1815-1885). Daughter of
Prince William of Prussia and brother of King Frederick William
III. and elder sister of Queen Maria of Bavaria.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Maria of (1824-1880). Daughter of Louis
II., Grand Duke of Hesse. In 1841 she married the Hereditary
Grand Duke of Russia, who succeeded his father, the Emperor
Nicholas I., in 1855.

HOHENLOHE-ÖRINGEN, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1812. A major of
cavalry in the service of Würtemberg.

HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of. Born in 1806. Chamberlain to the King
of Saxony. He married Princess Louise of Biron Courlande.

HOHENTHAL, Countess Louise of (1808-1845). _Née_ Princess of Biron
Courlande.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Frederick of (1776-1838). In 1800
he married Princess Pauline of Courlande, sister of the Duchesse
de Talleyrand.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess of (1782-1845). Pauline, Princess
of Courlande, daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of (1800-1859). Son of
Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and of the Princess
of Courlande. By a convention signed in 1849 Prince Constantine
abdicated the government of the principality of Hohenzollern, in
favour of the King of Prussia, and in 1850 received the title of
Royal Highness. He first married the Princess of Leuchtenberg,
by whom he had no children, and then contracted a morganatic
marriage with the daughter of the Baron of Schenk, by whom he
had two children, who bore the name of Rothenburg.

HOLLAND, Lord* (1772-1840). English statesman. Nephew of the
famous Fox.

HOLLAND, Lady,* died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by her first
marriage.

HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Conrad (1764-1841). Of Swiss origin, M.
Hottinger founded an important commercial firm at Paris. In 1810
he was made a baron of the Empire, and in 1815 elected to the
Chamber of the Hundred Days. Afterwards he became president of
the Chamber of Commerce, judge in the commercial court, and
governor of the Bank of France.

HOWARD OF WALDEN, Charles Augustus Ellis, Lord. Born in 1799.
English diplomatist; under Secretary of State to the Foreign
Office in 1824; minister at Stockholm in 1832, at Lisbon in
1834, and at Brussels in 1846.

HÜBNER, Count of (1811-1892). In 1833 he entered the chancery of
Prince Metternich, who recognised his capacity. He then became
secretary to the Embassy at Lisbon, chief consul at Leipzig, and
political adviser to Marshal Radetzky in Italy. He was made a
prisoner in 1848, and was not set at liberty until after the
conclusion of peace with King Charles Albert. In 1849 he was
first Minister and then Ambassador at Paris until 1859. In 1867
he was appointed Ambassador at Rome. He then left the diplomatic
service, and spent his time in travel and literary work.

HUGEL, Ernest Eugene von (1774-1849). General in the Austrian
service and for some time Minister of War. He had also been
Austrian Minister at Paris.

HUMANN, Mlle. Louise, born about 1757. Her piety outrivalled that
of the Christians of the Primitive Church. At Strasburg, where
she lived, she became the patroness of the Abbés Bautain, Gratry
and Ratisbonne. She was a sister of the Bishop of Mayence and of
the Finance Minister of King Louis-Philippe.

HUMANN, Jean George* (1780-1842). French statesman and financier.
Born of an old Alsatian family.

HUMBOLDT, Baron William of (1767-1835). Statesman and Prussian
philologist. In 1802 he was Minister at Rome and then became
Councillor of State at Berlin and chief of the department of
education and public worship. In 1808 he was appointed
Plenipotentiary Minister at Vienna; in 1810 he took part in the
Conference at Prague, and in 1815 in the Congress of Vienna. He
was extraordinary envoy at London in 1816, then Minister of
State and a member of the Commission entrusted with the
preparation of the Prussian Constitution in 1818. In 1819 he
resigned his posts and devoted his attention to literary work.

HUMBOLDT, Alexander of (1769-1858). Great German naturalist and
man of science, well known for his scientific travels in the New
World, and by the genius which his numerous narratives of them
display. He was a brother of the foregoing.

HUMBOLDT, Frau Wilhelm von (1771-1829). Daughter of Frederick of
Dachröden. She had married Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1791.

HUMBOLDT, Caroline von (1792-1837). Eldest daughter of Wilhelm von
Humboldt.

HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Baron Jean Guillaume (1776-1857). French
politician. Deeply attached to the royalty. Implicated in a
conspiracy against Napoleon I., he fled to the United States,
and did not return to France until after the fall of the Empire.
In 1815 he was a deputy; in 1816 he was Minister to the United
States, and afterwards to Portugal. In 1828 he held the
portfolio of Naval Affairs in the Martignac Ministry, but
resigned when Polignac's Cabinet came into power. After 1830 he
supported the desperate cause of the Duc de Bordeaux, and
afterwards lived in retirement.

I

IBRAHIM PASHA (1772-1848). Son of the Viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet
Ali, whom he supported in the task of Egyptian re-organisation.
He invaded Syria in 1832 at his father's orders, and was
marching upon Constantinople when he was stopped at Kutayeh by
the intervention of the European Powers. Some years afterwards,
when war broke out again, Ibrahim won a decisive victory over
the Turks at Nezib in 1839, but the treaty of London of July
15, 1840, and the bombardment of the Syrian ports by the
English fleet obliged him to abandon the conquest of Syria for
a second time. He then devoted his time to the domestic
administration of Egypt.

ISABELLA II.* (1830-1904). Queen of Spain.

ISTURITZ, Xavier d', born in 1790. He was a Spanish statesman who
held a seat from 1812 in the Cortes, and attracted attention by
his revolutionary patriotism. While president of the Chamber of
the Procuradores in 1835, his Liberal ideas brought him into
trouble and he was obliged to take refuge in London. Afterwards
he accomplished several missions to the different courts of
Europe, and was even Ambassador at Paris from 1863 to 1864.

J

JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845). American General and seventh
President of the United States in 1829. In 1834 he claimed from
France in very haughty terms an indemnity of twenty-five
millions for the ships taken from the United States under the
Empire. After holding the Presidency twice in succession, he
retired into private life.

JAUBERT, Chevalier (1779-1847). An Orientalist who accompanied
Bonaparte to Egypt as interpreter. He was secretary and
interpreter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Master of
Requests, and then Chargé d'affaires at Constantinople. In 1819
he was Secretary and Interpreter to Louis XVIII.; he became a
Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature in 1830,
and was made a Peer of France by Louis-Philippe.

JAUBERT, Comte Hippolyte François (1798-1874). A French politician
and man of learning. He was a Deputy in 1831, and Minister of
Public Works in 1840. He was appointed Peer of France in 1844,
when the fall of Louis-Philippe induced him to retire into
private life.

JAUCOURT, Marquise de* (1762-1848). _Née_ Mlle. Charlotte de
Bontemps.

JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Her drawing-room was one of the
most famous in London.

JOINVILLE, François d'Orléans, Prince de (1818-1900). Third son of
King Louis-Philippe. He served in the navy and brought the
remains of Napoleon back to France in 1840. In 1843 he married
Princess Francisca of Braganza, daughter of the Emperor of
Brazil.

JUMILHAC, Odet de Chapelle de (1804-1880). Duc de Richelieu. A
nephew by his mother of the Duc de Richelieu who died in 1822,
M. de Jumilhac assumed his uncle's title and thus became a
member of the Chamber of Peers. He was a Knight of the Legion of
Honour.

K

KAROLYI, Countess Ferdinand (1805-1844). Daughter of Prince
Ludwig of Kaunitz Rietberg. She married Count Louis Karolyi in
1823.

KENT, Duchess of* (1786-1861). Sister-in-law of King William IV.
of England and mother of Queen Victoria.

KRÜDENER, Baroness of (1764-1824). Julia of Vietinghoff, daughter
of the Governor of Riga; at the age of fourteen she married the
Baron of Krüdener, Russian Minister at Berlin, by whom she had
two children. Her husband divorced her in 1791. After a series
of adventures she became intimate with Queen Louise of Prussia,
and then became a religious fanatic. In 1814 she was at Paris
when the allies entered the town, and obtained great influence
over the Emperor Alexander I. Expelled from Germany and from
Switzerland she took refuge at her estates near Riga, and began
a connection with the Moravian Brothers. She started for the
Crimea in 1822 with the intention of founding an asylum for
criminals and sinners.

KRÜDENER, Baroness Amelia of (1808-1888). Daughter-in-law of the
foregoing. She was a natural daughter of the Princesse de la
Tour et Taxis, _née_ Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen
Louise of Prussia and of Count Maximilian of Lerchenfeld, who
brought her up at his house and whose wife adopted her. In 1825
she married Herr von Krüdener, and her second husband in 1850
was Count Nicholas Adlerberg, aide-de-camp to the Emperor
Nicholas I. of Russia.

KRÜGER, Francis (1797-1857). A famous portrait-painter at Berlin.

KUHNEIM, Countess (1770-1854). By birth a During she was friend of
Princess Charles of Prussia.

L

LA BESNARDIÈRE, J. B. Gouey de (1765-1843). Privy Councillor who
lived for a long time in Touraine after his retirement in 1819.

LABORDE, Comte Léon de (1807-1869). Archæologist and traveller,
and for a short time diplomatist. In 1840 he was appointed a
deputy, and was director of the Museum of Antiquities in the
Louvre from 1845 to 1848. He received a seat in the Senate in
1868.

LABOUCHERE, Henry* (1798-1869). Member of the English Parliament.

LA BRICHE, Comtesse de. Her salon became famous at Paris as she
gathered distinguished men and famous writers about her. She
possessed the château of Marais near Paris, where she often gave
dramatic performances. Her daughter had married M. Molé.

LA BRUYERE, Jean de* (1645-1696). Author of the Characters.

LACAVE LAPLAGNE, Jean Pierre Joseph (1795-1849). He was a pupil of
the Polytechnic School; he took part in the last campaigns of
the Empire and resigned when the Bourbons were restored. He then
devoted himself to the study of law, was called to the Bar at
Toulouse and entered the magistracy. He was deputy for the
department of Gers, and several times held the portfolio of
finance. King Louis-Philippe entrusted to him the administration
of the property of the Duc d'Aumale.

LACORDAIRE, Henri (1802-1861). Famous French preacher, a Dominican
of the Order of the Preaching Friars. He entered the French
Academy in 1860 in place of M. de Tocqueville.

LADVOCAT, M. King's attorney under the monarchy of 1830. As he was
the bearer of nominations, Fieschi had applied to him upon his
arrival at Paris to secure a post; after his attempted
assassination Fieschi, who had taken a false name, was
recognised by M. Ladvocat.

LAFARGE, Mme. The mother of M. Lafarge. She was not able to avoid
all suspicion in the course of the famous trial. She had broken
the seals of her daughter-in-law's will to learn her
dispositions.

LAFARGE, M. A widower at the age of twenty-eight, Pouch Lafarge,
who owned an iron works at Glandier (Corrèze); he was an
incompetent man of business, always reduced to extremities. He
married Marie Capelle who gained a gloomy notoriety by poisoning
him.

LAFARGE, Mme. (1816-1852). Marie Capelle, an orphan, married M.
Lafarge in 1839. As the result of the famous trial, she was
condemned to perpetual imprisonment.

LA FAYETTE, the Marquis de* (1767-1834). A deputy to the States
General in 1789, he played a part in the revolutionary events of
his time.

LAFFITTE, Jacques (1767-1844). A French financier who played an
important part in the July revolution, and was a Minister under
King Louis-Philippe.

LAMARTINE, Alphonse de (1790-1869). French poet and politician. He
entered the Academy in 1830, and the Chamber of Deputies in
1834, and acquired a wide popularity which faded soon after
1848.

LAMB, Frederick* (1782-1852). English diplomatist. Brother of Lord
Melbourne and heir to his title.

LAMBRUSCHINI, Cardinal (1776-1854). He was Bishop of Sabine,
Archbishop of Genoa, and papal nuncio at Paris under Charles X.
He received his Cardinal's hat in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI.
appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Secretary of
Briefs, and Prefect of the Congregation of Studies. After the
events of 1848 he followed Pius IX. to Gaeta.