Chapter XX: Appendix: I (4)

LANSDOWNE, Lady.* Died in 1865; she had married the Marquis of
Lansdowne in 1819.

LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette* (1782-1860). Governess of Mlle. Pauline
de Périgord.

LA REDORTE, the Comte Mathieu de* (1804-1886). French diplomatist.

LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. _Née_ Louise Suchet,
daughter of the Marshal d'Albuféra.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Sosthène de. Duc de Doudeauville
(1785-1864). Aide-de-camp to the Comte d'Artois under the
Restoration. He was always an ardent Legitimist, and also had
paid much attention to literature.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Marie de. Died in 1840. She was the daughter of
the Duc de Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld Doudeauville and
granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency.

LA ROVÈRE, the Marquise de (1817-1840). Elizabeth of Stackelberg.
A Russian by birth, she became a Catholic upon her marriage with
the Marquis de la Rovère and died soon after her marriage. Her
tomb of white marble is in the Campo Santo of Turin.

LAS CASES, the Comte Emanuel de (1800-1854). He had followed his
father to St. Helena. The Revolution of 1830 afterwards found a
warm supporter in him. When he was elected deputy he joined the
ranks of the Liberal party and entered the Senate after the
_coup d'état_ of December 2, 1852.

LAVAL, the Prince Adrien de* (1768-1837). Peer of France and
diplomatist.

LAVAL, the Vicomtesse de (1745-1838). Mlle. Tavernier de
Boullongue had married in 1765 the Vicomte de Laval and was the
mother of the Duc Mathieu de Montmorency, who was Minister of
Foreign Affairs. She was a great friend of M. de Talleyrand.

LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). She was born Princess Antoinette
de Biron Courlande.*

LÉAUTAUD, the Comtesse de. Alexandrine Clémentine de Nicolaï
daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, _née_
Lameth. Her name appeared in the Lafarge trial with reference to
a theft of diamonds of which Madame Lafarge was accused, and
which she asserted had been handed to her by Madame de Léautaud.

LEBRUN, Pierre Antoine (1785-1873). Man of letters and member of
the French Academy from 1828. From 1830 to 1848 he was a
director of the Royal printing house; in 1839 he was made a Peer
of France, called to the Senate in 1853 and became grand officer
of the Legion of Honour.

LE HON, Count (1792-1868). Belgian statesman and Minister at Paris
for many years.

LEON, the Prince Charles Louis Jocelyn de (1819-1893). He assumed
the title of Duc de Rohan on the death of his father in 1869. He
had married Mlle. de Boissy in 1843.

LERCHENFELD, Count Maximilian of (1779-1843). A Bavarian statesman
who helped to draw up the Bavarian Constitution. In 1825 he
became Finance Minister and resigned his post to become
Ambassador to the Germanic Diet. He had married the Baroness
Anne of Grosschlag.

LESTOCQ, Frau von (1788-1849). Widow of General Lestocq, Governor
of Breslau, who died in 1818. She was the chief lady at the
Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth Princess of Hesse
Homburg, and sister-in-law to King Frederick William III.

LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Augustus Charles of* (1807-1835). For a short
time he was the husband of Doña Maria, Queen of Portugal.

LEVESON, George (1815-1891). He was secretary to his father, Lord
Granville, English Ambassador at Paris, and then secretary to
the Foreign Minister. In 1846, on his father's death, he
inherited his title and entered the House of Lords. He held
Government offices at different times, and eventually retired in
1886 with Mr. Gladstone.

LEZAY MARNÉSIA, the Comte de* (1772-1857). Prefect and Peer of
France under the Bourbons, and Senator under the Empire in 1852.

LIAUTARD, the Abbé (1774-1842). He studied at the College of
Sainte Barbe at Paris and was then called to the colours by the
decree of August 23, 1793. He was one of the most brilliant
pupils of the Polytechnic School, but renouncing the world, he
entered the seminary of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained priest
in 1804. Afterwards he founded the college which was to become
the College of Stanislas and then became the chief priest of
Fontainebleau after refusing the bishopric of Limoges.

LICHTENSTEIN, the Princess of (1776-1848). By birth she was the
Landgräfin Josephine of Fürstenberg, and had married in 1792
Prince Johann Josef of Lichtenstein.

LIEBERMANN, the Baron Augustus of (1791-1841). Prussian
diplomatist at Madrid in 1836 and at St. Petersburg in 1840.

LIEVEN, the Prince de* (1770-1839). Russian diplomatist, and for
twenty-two years Ambassador at London.

LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). _Née_ Dorothée de
Benkendorff.

LIEGNITZ, the Princess of (1800-1873). The Countess of Harrach
contracted a morganatic marriage in 1824 with King Frederick
William III. of Prussia, who gave her the title of Princess of
Liegnitz.

LINANGE, Prince Charles of (1804-1856). Son of the Duchess of Kent
by her first marriage. He married the Countess of Klebelsberg.

LINDENAU, Baron Bernard Augustus of (1780-1854). Learned German
astronomer and politician. He held several diplomatic posts and
became Home Secretary in Saxony. In 1830 he worked energetically
to form a Constitution for this country. He founded an
astronomical museum at Dresden.

LINGARD, John (1769-1851). An English historian and a Catholic
Priest who had been educated at Douai with the Jesuits.

LISFRANC DE SAINT MARTIN, Jacques (1790-1847). Famous French
surgeon who made a great reputation under the Second
Restoration.

LOBAU, the Comte de (1770-1838). As a volunteer he took an active
part in the campaigns of the Republic and of the Empire. After
Leipzig, when he was involved in the capitulation of Gouvion
Saint-Cyr, he was sent to Hungary as a prisoner where he
remained until the Restoration. During the Hundred Days he
commanded the first military division and the sixth army corps
at Waterloo, where he was captured by the English. From 1815 to
1818 he was exiled and then lived in retirement until 1823, when
he entered the Chamber of Deputies. He was made Peer of France
and Marshal in 1831, and successfully opposed the outbreaks
which took place at Paris in 1831 and 1834.

LOBAU, wife of the foregoing. She was the daughter of Madame
d'Arberg and sister-in-law of General Klein.

LÖWENHIELM, Count Gustavus Charles Frederick of (1771-1856).
Swedish diplomatist; Extraordinary Minister to the Congress of
Vienna in 1815 and Swedish Minister in Austria in 1816. He held
a corresponding post at Paris where he resided for thirty-eight
years. He had a large fortune which he used very nobly.

LÖWENHIELM, the Countess of (1783-1859). Fräulein von
Schönburch-Wechselburg married as her first husband, in 1806,
Count Gustavus of Düben, then the Swedish chargé d'Affaires at
Vienna. In 1812 she was left a widow, and in 1826 married the
Count of Löwenhielm, who had previously been the husband of a
Baroness of Gur.

LÖWE-WEIMAR, the Baron François Adolphe de (1801-1854). He
belonged to a family of German Jews, but was converted to
Christianity and came to Paris, where he made a name for himself
in literature. M. Thiers entrusted him with a diplomatic mission
in Russia. He was appointed Consul-General to Bagdad, where he
distinguished himself in 1847 by his devotion during a cholera
epidemic. Afterwards he was Consul-General at Caracas.

LOGERE, M. de. Attaché to the French legation at Berlin.

LOTTUM, Count Charles Henry of (1767-1841). Infantry General and
Minister of State in Prussia under Frederick William III., and
afterwards Minister of the Exchequer. He married Fräulein
Frederica of Lamprecht.

LOUIS-PHILIPPE I.* (1773-1849). King of the French from 1830-1848.

LOUVEL, Louis Pierre (1783-1820). A working saddler whose
political fanaticism led him, on February 13, 1820, as people
were leaving the opera, to assassinate the Duc de Berry, son of
Charles X., nephew of Louis XVIII., with the object of bringing
the dynasty of the Bourbons to an end. He was condemned by the
Court of Peers and executed.

LOW COUNTRIES, Queen of the (1774-1837). Wilhelmina, daughter of
King William II. of Prussia, and wife of King William I. of the
Low Countries.

LOW COUNTRIES, Princess Frederica of the* (1808-1870). By birth
Princess Louise of Prussia and daughter of Frederick William
III.

LUCCA, the Duchess of (1803-1879). She was a daughter of the King
of Sardinia and twin sister of the Empress Caroline of Austria,
wife of the Emperor Ferdinand II.

LUTTEROTH, Alexander of (1806-1882). Born at Leipzig, he served in
the French diplomatic service during his youth. He married a
Countess Batthyàny.

LYNDHURST, Lord (1772-1864). An English politician of the Tory
party. In three Cabinets he held the Great Seal, and occupied in
succession the highest political posts in his country. His
second wife was a Jewess, Mrs. Norton, for which reason he
vigorously supported the Bill for the admission of Jews into
Parliament.

M

MACDONALD, Marshal Alexander (1765-1840). Born of an Irish
family, he saw service in all the campaigns of the Republic and
the Empire. In 1804 he was dismissed for defending Moreau and
did not return to the service until 1809, when his
distinguished conduct at Wagram gained him the title of the
Duke of Tarentum. After the abdication of Napoleon I. he was
appointed peer of France and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of
Honour, a post which he held until 1831.

MACDONALD, General Alexandre de (1824-1881). Duke of Tarentum.
Only son of Marshal Macdonald and of Mlle. de Bourgoing, cousin
of King Charles X. and of Madame la Dauphine. On the accession
of Napoleon III. he became Chamberlain of the Emperor and Knight
of the Legion of Honour. He was a Deputy in 1852, Senator in
1869, and retired into private life in 1870.

MAGON-LABALLUE DE BOISGARIN, Mlle. (1765-1834). She was born of a
noble family who had become boat-builders, and married in 1779
the Comte de Villefranche, of the house of Carignan. After his
death she lived very quietly at Paris.

MAHMUD II. (1785-1839). Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. He ascended
the throne in 1808. His wars were the ruin of his empire, but
his domestic administration was marked by great reforms; he
introduced Western sciences and institutions, drilled his troops
in European style, and guaranteed religious toleration by a
firman of 1839.

MAILLÉ, the Duc de (1770-1837). Charles François Armand de la
Tour-Landry, Duc de Maillé, was before the Revolution first
Gentleman of the Chamber of Monsieur; he became an _émigré_ with
the Prince and held aloof from politics until the fall of the
Empire. He took a large share in the Royalist movement of 1814,
and resumed his former duties under King Louis XVIII., who made
him a Peer of France. He refused to take the oath to the July
monarchy,

MAINTENON, the Marquise de* (1635-1719). Morganatic wife of King
Louis XIV. and a famous educationist.

MAISON, the Marshal* (1771-1840). Peer of France and French
diplomatist, and member of several Cabinets.

MAISON, wife of the foregoing, Marie Madeleine Françoise Weygold,
was born in Prussia in 1776 and in 1796 married Marshal Maison,
at that time Major.

MALESHERBES, Chrétien Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721-1794). Son of
Chancellor Lamoignon, he was a Minister with Turgot under Louis
XVI.; he defended the King before the Convention, and died
himself upon the scaffold. He was a member of the French
Academy.

MALTZAN, Count Mortimer of (1783-1843), First gentleman at the
Prussian Court. Chamberlain and major and Minister
Plenipotentiary to the Court of Vienna. He married a Countess of
Golz.

MANNAY, the Abbé Charles (1745-1824). He studied at St. Sulpice,
where he distinguished himself. After his ordination as priest
he became chief vicar and then canon of the cathedral of Rheims.
When the Revolution broke out he retired to England and
Scotland, and in 1802 was appointed Bishop of Trèves. He
resigned in 1814 and returned to France, where, in 1817, he was
appointed Bishop of Auxerre, and in 1820 of Rennes. He was a
great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand.

MARBEUF, the Marquise de (1765-1839). She married in 1784 the
Comte, afterwards the Marquis de Marbeuf, gentleman of the
chamber of the Comte de Provence and Field Marshal, afterwards
Governor of Corsica. She was left a widow in 1786, and retired
to the convent of the Sacré Cœur, where she took the veil.

MARBOIS, the Marquis de Barbé* (1745-1837). French diplomatist and
politician, for a long time president of the financial court.

MARCHAND, Louis Joseph Narcisse (1791-1876). First Groom of the
Chamber of the Emperor Napoleon I., whom he followed to St
Helena. To him the Emperor dictated his "Summary of the Wars of
Julius Cæsar," which Marchant published in 1836. On his deathbed
Napoleon gave him the title of Comte, and then entrusted him
with his will. On his return to France Marchand married, in
1823, the daughter of General Brayer, and settled at Strasburg.
In 1840 he was associated with the Prince de Joinville to bring
back the remains of the Emperor from St. Helena, and was made
Knight and afterwards Officer of the Legion of Honour.

MARCHESI, Luigi (1755-1829). A famous Italian singer whose method
became supreme in the musical art. His first appearance was at
Rome in 1774. Every capital in Europe attempted to secure his
presence, but in the theatre of his native town, Milan, he ended
a career which had brought him both honour and riches.

MARESCALCHI, the Comtesse de, died in 1846. She was the daughter
of the Marquis de Pange and of Mlle. de Caraman.

MAREUIL, the Comte Joseph Durand de* (1769-1855). French
diplomatist.

MARIA II., OR DOÑA MARIA DA GLORIA* (1819-1853). Queen of
Portugal.

MARIE AMÉLIE, the Queen* (1782-1866). Wife of Louis-Philippe, King
of the French.

MARIA CHRISTINA, the Queen (1806-1878.) Daughter of Francis I.,
King of the Two Sicilies, she was the third wife of Ferdinand
VII., King of Spain. In 1833 she became a widow and
Queen-Regent, and in 1834 married Ferdinand Muñoz, officer in
the Life Guards, who was made Duke of Rinanzares. After she had
been obliged to leave the country and hand over the regency to
Espartero, Duke of the Victoire, Queen Christina returned to
Spain in 1843, and then governed in the name of her daughter,
Isabella II. She was again exiled in 1854, withdrew to Paris,
and lived there until her death.

MARIE DE MEDICIS* (1573-1642). Wife of the King of France, Henry
IV., and Regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIII.

MARIE D'ORLÉANS, the Princess* (1813-1839). Daughter of King
Louis-Philippe and wife of Prince Alexander of Würtemberg.

MARIE LOUISE, Archduchess (1791-1847). By her marriage with
Napoleon I. she became Empress, and after her husband fell she
secured the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella. After
the Emperor's death she married the Count of Neipperg, by whom
she had three children. Her third husband was the Count de
Bombelles.

MARIA THERESA, the Empress* (1717-1780). Empress of Austria and
Queen of Hungary; wife of Francis of Lorraine.

MARLBOROUGH, the Duchess of (1660-1744). Sarah Jennings married,
about 1680, the famous English general, John Churchill,
afterwards Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess of Marlborough was
the favourite of Queen Anne, over whom she exerted great
influence.

MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles (1805-1867). Born at Turin. His father
adopted the French nationality when he was ten years of age; he
studied at the Lycée Napoleon at Paris. He studied sculpture in
the studio of Bosio, pupil of Canova, and then spent eight years
at Rome. He left a son, who resumed his Italian nationality,
entered the diplomatic career, and was Ambassador at St.
Petersburg.

MARS, Mlle. Famous actress at the Comédie Française.

MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph* (1790-1847).
Magistrate and French politician.

MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, François* (1789-1862). Spanish man of letters
and politician.

MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of Marshal
Macdonald.

MASSIMO, Princess Christine. Died of cholera in 1837. Daughter of
Prince Xavier of Saxony and of Countess Claire of Spinucci.

MATHIEU, M. A French painter who gave lessons in drawing to the
daughters of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

MATUSIEWICZ, Count Andrew Joseph* (1790-1842). Polish diplomatist
in the Russian service.

MAUSSION, the Baron Alfred de. At first, like his brother Adolphe,
he entered the army and became an officer. He was a very
intimate friend of the Montmorency family, being a distant
relation, and was also well known to the Dosne family. He became
the friend of M. Thiers, who appointed him consul at Rostock.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duchess of (1771-1871). Augusta,
Princess of Hesse-Homburg, third wife of the Hereditary Grand
Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whom she married in
1818, and who died before his father in 1819. The Grand Duchess
was also the step-mother of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Princess Helena (1814-1858). She
married, in 1837, the Duc d'Orléans, by whom she had two
children, the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. She became
a widow in 1842. She was the daughter of the second marriage of
the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg, who died in
1819, with a Princess of Saxe-Weimar.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke of (1779-1860). He succeeded
his father, the Grand Duke Charles, in 1816, and married, in
1817, a Princess of Hesse Cassel. He was brother to Queen Louise
of Prussia.

MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist, cousin of
the Duchess de Dino.

MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, known as the Magnificent (1448-1492). A
patron of arts and letters, he honoured with his friendship and
his kindness Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano, and Michael
Angelo, by whom his mausoleum at Florence was designed.

MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He began life as a
merchant, became a soldier and fought against the French in
1799. In 1806 he was able to drive out the Governor of Egypt and
proclaim himself Viceroy. As the Mameluks would not cease their
revolts, he had them massacred throughout Egypt on March 1,
1811. In his two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his
lieutenant was his son Ibrahim, whose victory of Nezib laid the
Sultan at his mercy. A European coalition in which France
declined to take part, deprived him of the fruits of this
victory, but for himself and his descendants he secured the
Governorship of Egypt under the sovereignty of the Porte. He
introduced great reforms into his country.

MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician,
brother of Lady Palmerston.

MÉRODE, the Comte Werner de (1816-1905). He married in 1843 his
cousin Mlle. Thérèse de Mérode.

METTERNICH, Prince* (1773-1859). Austrian diplomatist and
statesman.

METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince
Metternich and daughter of Count Francis of Zichy-Ferraris.

MEUNIER. In 1836 was found guilty of complicity with Lavau, who
had attempted to assassinate Louis-Philippe. He was a saddler
and a benefactor of Lavau.

MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI (1475-1564). Famous Italian painter,
sculptor and architect. The most learned and profound of
draughtsmen, he became architect of the Basilica of St. Peter at
Rome after the death of Bramante, and built the sublime cupola
which is its chief glory.

MIRAFLORES, the Marquis de* (1792-1867). Spanish diplomatist and
man of letters.

MOIRA, Lord (1808-1843). Eldest son of the first Marquis of
Hastings. He was Chamberlain in 1830 to King William IV. of
England.

MOLÉ, the Comte Mathieu* (1788-1855). French politician of an old
parliamentary family.

MOLÉ, the Comtesse.* Died in 1845. _Née_ Mlle. de la Briche.

MOLITOR, Marshal, Comte (1770-1849). He served throughout the wars
of the Revolution and the Empire; was exiled at the Second
Restoration and recalled in 1818 to his duties as
Inspector-General. He commanded the second Army Corps during the
Spanish War in 1823 and was then made Marshal and Peer of
France. Under the July government, he was governor of the
Invalides and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour.

MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie
Amélie.

MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de (1810-1870). French publicist
and politician. One of the most brilliant defenders of Liberal
Catholicism.

MONTALIVET, the Comte de (1801-1880). A pupil of the Polytechnic
School, he afterwards sat in the Chamber of Peers among the
Liberals. Louis-Philippe appointed him Minister of the Interior
in 1830 and afterwards Minister of Education and Public Worship.
As the supervisor of the civil list he founded the museum of
Versailles, increased the museum of the Louvre, and restored the
palaces of Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Trianon and Pau. He
entered the Academy of Fine Arts in 1840. The events of 1848
sent him back to private life.

MONTBRETON, Madame de. Clémence Marie de Nicolaï, daughter of the
Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, whose name appears in
the Lafarge trial.

MONTEBELLO, Napoléon Auguste Lannes de (1801-1874). Son of the
famous marshal. Diplomatist and French Minister; he was made a
Peer of France at the age of fourteen by King Louis XVIII. He
supported the July monarchy and afterwards the Empire.

MONTENON, M. de. A young man of La Creuse who was a constant
visitor at the Castle of Valençay.

MONTESQUIOU, the Comtesse Anatole de, born in 1794. Elodie,
daughter of the Comte Henri de Montesquiou-Fezensac de
Bacquencourt, married her cousin-german in 1809, who was
aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. and afterwards Peer of France. She
was the first lady at the Court of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MONTESSUY, the Comte de. A French diplomatist who acted as French
Minister at Hanover in 1849, at Parma in 1855, at Darmstadt and
at Frankfort from 1855 to 1858. He married a daughter of Prince
Paul of Würtemberg by a morganatic marriage.

MONTFORT, Mlle. de (1820-1904). The Princess Mathilde, daughter of
Jerome, King of Westphalia, and of Catherine, Princess of
Würtemberg. She married in 1841 the Comte Anatole Demidoff,
Prince de San Donato.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). _Née_ Mlle. de
Matignon. She was the mother of Baron Raoul de Montmorency, of
the Princesse de Beauffremont Courtenay, and of the Duchesse de
Valençay.

MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de* (1790-1862). He took the title of
Duc on his father's death in 1846.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de. Died in 1858. Hortense de
Chevreuse-Luynes had married Mathieu de Montmorency-Laval. Her
only daughter was the first wife of the Duc Sosthène de la
Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.

MONTPENSIER, the Duchesse de* (1627-1693). Known under the name of
_la Grande Mademoiselle_; she was the daughter of Duc Gaston
d'Orléans.

MONTROND, the Comte Casimir de.* Friend of M. de Talleyrand and
sometimes entrusted with unimportant diplomatic missions.

MORTEMART, Arthur de. Only son of the Duc de Mortemart who died
from injuries received by a fall from his horse in October 1840.

MOTTEVILLE, Mme. de (1621-1689). Françoise Bertaut married in 1639
Nicolas Langlois, Seigneur de Motteville, who died in 1641. On
the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria called Mme. de
Motteville to her Court, and admitted her to her intimacy. Mme.
de Motteville left very interesting memoirs behind her.

MOUNIER, Baron Claude Philippe Edouard (1784-1843). Auditor to the
Council of State under the Empire, then Governor of Saxe-Weimar
and afterwards of Lower Silesia. In 1809 he received the title
of Baron, and in 1813 the post of Overseer of the Crown
Buildings. Louis XVIII. confirmed him in this position and made
him a Peer in 1819. He retained his seat in the Chamber of Peers
and showed much talent in many discussions.

MUÑOZ, Fernando (1810-1873). Of lowly parentage, he entered the
Spanish Army at an early age and became a Life Guard. Queen
Christina fell violently in love with him and contracted a
morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of
Ferdinand VII. Muñoz showed no ambition and only consented to
become Duke of Rianzares, noble of Spain and knight of the
Golden Fleece.

MUNSTER, Lord (1794-1842). George Fitz-Clarence, natural son of
King William IV. and Mrs. Jordan. He entered the army at a very
early age and became Major-General, member of the Privy Council,
aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria and received the title of Lord
Munster.

MURAT, Mme. (1782-1839). Caroline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I.
She married General Murat in 1800. In 1806 she was Grand Duchess
of Berg and Queen of Naples in 1808. She became a widow in 1815
and then retired to Austria and afterwards to Florence where she
died.

N

NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). A Naval Captain in 1810, he went
through the Portugal Campaign. In 1815 he was placed on the
retired list, but in 1829 he entered the service of Dom Pedro
of Portugal with successful results. On his return to England
he was elected member of the House of Commons in 1834,
appointed Commodore in 1839, Rear-Admiral in 1846, and
Vice-Admiral in 1853. In 1840 he supported the Turkish Fleet
during the Syrian Expedition; but in 1853 he was less fortunate
and failed before Cronstadt.

NAPLES, the King of (1811-1859). Ferdinand II.,* son of King
Francis I. and of Isabella of Spain.

NAPLES, the Queen of (1812-1836). Maria Christina, daughter of the
King of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel I. She married King Ferdinand
II. in 1832.

NAPLES, Prince Charles Ferdinand of (1811-1862). Brother of the
Count of Syracuse and morganatic husband of Miss Penelope Smith,
by whom he had two children. His son bore the title of Count
Mascali.

NAPLES, Prince Leopold of (1813-1860). (_See_ Syracuse, Count of.)

NEALE, the Countess Pauline (1779-1869). Of an Irish family which
had been settled in Prussia for several generations. The
Countess Neale was lady of honour to Princess Louise of Prussia
and married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1795.

NEIGRE, the Baron (1774-1847). He enlisted as a volunteer in 1790,
and had a brilliant career in the wars of the First Empire. In
1813 he was general of division; afterwards he supported the
Bourbons, took part in the siege of Antwerp and held a seat in
the Chamber of Peers until his death.

NEIPPERG, Count Alfred of (1807-1865). Austrian Chamberlain and
Major-General in the army of Würtemberg. He married as his
second wife in 1840 Princess Maria of Würtemberg.

NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1625-1701). Marie d'Orléans, wife of
Henry II., Duc de Savoie-Nemours, her cousin. In 1690 she
obtained the Principality of Neuchâtel. She has left graceful
and lively memoirs of her life.

NEMOURS, the Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of King
Louis-Philippe.

NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards
Imperial Chancellor of Russia.

NESSELRODE, Countess, died in 1849. She was the daughter of Count
Gourieff, who was Russian Financial Minister.

NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist who married the daughter of
the Duke of Beaufort, in England.

NEY, the wife of the Marshal. Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princesse de
la Moskowa. _Née_ Aglaé Louise de Lascans, she had married
Marshal Ney in 1802. Her mother had held a court post under
Queen Marie Antoinette which had brought her daughter into
connection with the Dauphine during their youth.

NICOLAÏ, the Marquise Scipion de, _née_ Lameth. She was the mother
of Madame de Léautaud and Madame de Montbreton, who were
implicated in the charge of diamond-stealing which arose in the
Lafarge trial.

NICOLE, Pierre (1625-1695). Moralist, theologian and
controversialist, one of the most remarkable writers of Port
Royal where he lectured upon literature. With Arnaud and Pascal
he wrote against the Jesuits and was involved in the
prosecutions directed against the Jansenists. He was obliged to
leave France in 1679 and could only return through the
intervention of Mgr. du Harlay, Archbishop of Paris.

NINA LASSAVE. Daughter of Laurence Petit for whom Fieschi had
conceived an ardent passion in his prison at Embrun. Nina, who
was fifteen years of age, had been left to Fieschi by Laurence.

NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). At the age of twenty he
succeeded to the peerage on the death of his great-uncle, the
Duc Jean de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Vicountesse de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the Duc de
Poix, she married her cousin the Vicomte Alfred de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Comte Maurice de. Born in 1808, he married in 1842
his cousin Mlle. Pauline de Noailles, daughter of the Duc de
Noailles.

NORTON, Mrs., born in 1808. Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton was
the granddaughter of Sheridan. Her intimacy with Lord Melbourne
was notorious and her husband began a suit against her for
divorce in 1836, which caused much stir. The jury acquitted Lord
Melbourne, notwithstanding the strong presumption against him.
Mrs. Norton was separated from her husband and acquired a
certain notoriety in English literature by her novels and
newspaper articles.

O

O'CONNELL, Daniel* (1775-1847). Patriot and Irish agitator.

O'CONNELL, Maurice. Died in 1853. Eldest son of Daniel O'Connell,
whose policy he continued in the House of Commons.

OFFALIA, the Comte d' (1777-1843). Spanish statesman. At first he
was secretary to the embassy in Washington in 1800; in 1823 he
became Minister of Justice; Ambassador at Paris in 1828;
Minister of the Interior in 1832; head of the Cabinet and
Foreign Minister in 1837.

OLLIVIER, l'Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born in 1798. Priest of
Saint-Roch at Paris, he was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1841.

OMPTEDA, the Baroness* (1767-1843). _Née_ the Countess of
Schlippenbach.

ORANGE, Prince William of* (1793-1849). He ascended the throne of
Holland in 1840.

ORANGE, Princess of.* By birth Anne Paulowna, daughter of the
Emperor Paul of Russia.

ORIE, Dr. Doctor of Bourgueil in Touraine. He died suddenly on the
road between Benais and Bourgueil. On the spot where he expired
a column has been raised with this inscription: "On this spot
died Dr. Orie, July 14, 1846."

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1741-1793). Louis Philippe Joseph, called
_Philippe Egalité_. He died on the scaffold of the Revolution.

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King
Louis-Philippe and Crown Prince.

ORLOFF, Count (1781-1861). Alexis Fedorowitch, took part in all
the wars against Napoleon I. and entered the Russian diplomatic
service in 1828.

P

PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and
Ambassador at Paris.

PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married
Edward, Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V.
and settled at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of
Anne of Austria through her beauty and her wit. After a life of
pleasure and political intrigue she suffered an overthrow by
the influence of Mazarin and spent her last days in retirement.
On her death Bossuet delivered a funeral oration upon her, one
of the most remarkable that he composed.

PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of
Hohenfeld and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.

PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had
married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a
Portuguese statesman.

PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time
Foreign Minister.

PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.

PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orléans
and Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of
the Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.

PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble
geniuses of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist
and philosopher. A quarrel between the Jansenists and the
Jesuits gave him the opportunity of showing himself the most
powerful writer in Port Royal.

PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France.
Appointed Chancellor in 1837.

PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy
and member of the Institute.

PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.

PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of
several Cabinets.

PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff,
married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in
1827.

PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince
Charles of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her
possession of this title.

PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he
was executed.

PÉRIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert René de
Talleyrand-Périgord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan,
who died in 1854.

PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse
de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.

PÉRIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valençay by
his first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the
title of Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.

PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in
Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of
Frederick William III.

PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Adélaïde, Countess of
Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.

PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to
the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts
under the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King
Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France in 1831.

PETETOT, the Abbé Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of
the Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis
d'Antin and of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the
Order for more than twenty years, resigning in 1884.

PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An _émigré_ during the
Revolution and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the
Restoration and joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice
under M. de Villèle, he supported every retrograde measure. In
1829 he became Minister of the Interior under the Polignac
Ministry and helped to draw up the ordinances which provoked the
July Revolution. He was arrested and tried by the Court of Peers
and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He spent six years at
the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after which he lived in
complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand near Bordeaux.

PIATOLI, the Abbé Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took
orders. Princess Lubomirska, _née_ Czartoryska, who was
travelling in Italy, appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince
Henry Lubomirski. The Abbé came with her to Poland in 1787, and
Count Ignatius Potocki, who was struck with his capacity,
secured him the post of Secretary to King Stanislas Augustus.
The Abbé Piatoli persuaded the King to join the Polish patriotic
party himself and drew up the Constitution of May 3, 1791, after
taking the chief share in discussion upon it. After the second
partition of Poland he left the country and became tutor to the
household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards, through
the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post
in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful
imagination and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the
principles of Voltaire.

PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barbé Chiaramonti, a Benedictine
monk, and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the
bishopric of Imola in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He
reorganised his papal states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon,
and came to Paris to crown him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years
afterwards, having refused to drive out the enemies of France,
he saw his states invaded and his provinces were united to the
French Empire. As he had excommunicated the French Emperor he
was forced to undergo a rigorous confinement at Fontainebleau.
The Congress of Vienna restored his possessions in 1814, and he
returned to them. He was so generous as to grant a refuge in
Rome to several members of the family of the deposed Emperor.

PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rarécourt de la
Vallée Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary
gentleman of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the
Legion of Honour. He married Mlle. de Frénilly in 1819.

PISCATORY, Théobald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under the
Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he was
elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative
majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in
Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he
was made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He
abandoned political life after the coup d'état of 1851.

PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie,
daughter of the Marquis of Barbé Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de
Plaisance. Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France
at an early age for Greece, where she died.

PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the
Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated
the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orléans.

POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X.
He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of
Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.

POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns,
daughter of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the
Marquis de Choiseul and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de
Polignac.

POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de
Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644,
he fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun
in 1662. Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent
to Stockholm as Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him
Minister of Foreign Affairs, and under his administration the
glorious peace of Nimwegen was signed. He again fell into
disfavour and did not return to office until after the death of
Louvois.

PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople
from 1822 to 1827.

PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French
diplomatist under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary
Minister of France in Brazil and then in the United States;
afterwards he was French Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846
he entered the Chamber of Peers.

POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and
privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840
and died at Naples.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a
diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as
Ambassador at Paris.

PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Théobald de (1805-1847). He took
the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour
to the Duchess d'Orléans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of
Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in
1845. In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal Sébastiani.
Both came to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his
wife in a fit of madness and then committed suicide.

PREISSAC, Comte François Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the
Gironde and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de
Francfort, daughter of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry
Regiment.

PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817). He
took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector
of Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the
Archbishop of Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he
became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine,
Sovereign Prince of Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of
Dalberg solemnised at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of
the Princess of Courlande with the Comte Edmond de Périgord,
afterwards Duc de Dino, and after his father's death Duc de
Talleyrand.

PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince
Ludwig of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke
of Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne,
daughter of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in
1804, Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William
III.

PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King
Frederick William III. As his elder brother had no children, he
assumed the title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick
William IV. came to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King
in 1861, and in 1870 became the first Emperor of Germany of the
House of Hohenzollern.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach married, in 1829, Prince William, son of
Frederick William III. She afterwards became the Empress
Augusta.

PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King
Frederick William III. and of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the
Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in
1827.

PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King
Frederick William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of
the Low Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he
contracted a morganatic marriage with Fräulein von Rauch, who
was given the title of Countess of Hohenau.

PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the
King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of
Prussia, the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she
had two children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian
court.

PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of
Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess
of Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian
Navy. He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese
Elssler, who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.

PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing.
In 1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King
in 1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.

PÜCKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in
the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian
service, in which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in
1817 the daughter of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated
in 1826. In 1863 he became a Member of the House of Lords in
Prussia. He travelled a great deal, and was a lover of parks and
gardens.

PÜCKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married
the Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817
she divorced him to marry Prince Hermann Pückler, from whom she
separated in 1826.

PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attaché to the Prussian Legation
at Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess
Lottum.

Q

QUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an
early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art,
and produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy
at Paris to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the
Council of the Five Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in
1815; Professor of Archæology in 1818; and he was a member of
the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy
of Fine Arts.

QUÉLEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de
Talleyrand Périgord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in
1821.

R

RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the
daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth
spent in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first
appearance at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the
Théâtre Français, where she gave an admirable exposition of the
finest parts of Corneille and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a
tour in America and contracted a pulmonary disease, of which
she soon died.

RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the
Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon
and Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing
his salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service
to diplomatists in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy
man, and made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed
to the Crown. He wrote several books upon art; his political
correspondence has also been published. In 1816 he married
Princess Anna Radziwill. He was a member of the House of Lords
and a Privy Councillor.

RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince
Ferdinand of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great.
She married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.

RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the
service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army
corps, and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife,
whom he married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who
died in 1827. In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He
was the eldest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess
Louise of Prussia.

RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of
Prince Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa
Chotek, married Prince William Radziwill in 1832.

RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). Léontine, third daughter
of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw
Radziwill, youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.

RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French
service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served
the Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus
Adolphus, and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of
France.

RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in
the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he
bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish
artillery officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier
Corps and died with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a
great gambler, and led a most adventurous life.

RATISBONNE, the Abbé Marie Théodore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish
banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law
when he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was
known as a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation
of Notre Dame of Sion.

RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Théodore Ratisbonne.
He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the
congregation of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.

RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor.
He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811,
where he was greatly patronised by the Court.

RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.

RAVIGNAN, the Abbé de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his
career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left
the world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the
Jesuit Order. He was distinguished for his lofty morality and
his power as a preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of
Monseigneur de Quélen, Archbishop of Paris.

RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who
received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.

RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.

RÉCAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the
deep friendship which united her with the greatest literary
personalities of her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.

RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess
of Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774,
the Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost
her only daughter in the following year. She travelled a great
deal in Italy and Germany, and was in connection with all the
literary men of her age. She was herself the author of several
works.

REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt
married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William
and Henry.

REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner,
a member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain
at the Court of the Emperor William I.

REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a
Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern.
She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.

REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); _née_ Krusemacht, daughter and
sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the
Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief
lady at the Court of the Crown Princess.

REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at Würtemberg,
he studied at the University of Tübingen and knew Goethe. He
entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was
Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799
replaced the Prince de Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. He was made a Peer of France in 1832, after having been
made Count in 1814. He was a Member of the Academy of
Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Moral and
Political Science.

REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the
Legion of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and
was member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.

RÉMUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and
politician.

RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during
the Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.

REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856). General
and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional
commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.

RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter
of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.

RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of
French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite
of the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His
father had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was
Major-General when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de
Ribeaupierre devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian
Minister at Constantinople and Berlin. He was made a Count in
1856 and married Mlle. Potemkin.

RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a
brilliant figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he
entered the French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On
the female side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal,
godson of Louis XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first
saw service under Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed
dexterity in arranging an agreement between France and Austria.
After some military exploits in Germany during the Seven Years
War, he spent the remainder of his life in intrigue and
pleasures.

RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral.
Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.

RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer
and of the sister of the Abbé Louis, he left the military school
at Fontainebleau in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of
Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830,
he joined the first expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and
though he displayed incontestable bravery during the retreat,
the gravest charges were brought against him by General Clausel.
The Council of War unanimously acquitted him in 1837, but he was
relegated to the command of the subdivision of the Indre until
1848 and placed on the retired list in 1849.

RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny
and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.

RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower,
daughter of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt,
Lord Rivers.

ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed
his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France
and entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of
sub-lieutenant of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of
Prince de Léon, he was present at the battle of Wagram and
became aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In 1814 he was made a
prisoner but was exchanged soon afterwards. Under the
Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, then
first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally Field Marshal
in 1824. After 1830 he retired.

ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de
Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose
third wife she was.

ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de
Richelieu.

ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de
Rosamel. A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in
1823. He went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he
became Naval Minister in the Molé Ministry, and in 1839 entered
the Chamber of Peers.

ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice
Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his
popularity and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded
to his seat in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of
the learned astronomer William Rosse.

ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish
origin, was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre
on her marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure
in aristocratic salons by reason of her intellectual grace and
her dignified conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to
reappear upon the stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went
to America and died of cholera in Mexico.

ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the
second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches
of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.

ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme
Rothschild, settled at Paris.

ROUGÉ, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he
married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uzès.

ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of
a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected.
With Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the
eighteenth century.

ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at
Constantinople from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.

ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie René Savary.
Aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards
commander of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was
ordered to carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc
d'Enghien in 1804, and was then appointed General. After the
battle of Friedland, he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he
succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police. After 1815, the English
refused to send him to St. Helena with Napoleon and the
Restoration condemned him to death, but he escaped and was
afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the army of Algeria,
terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed fine
strategical roads.

ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy
he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable
reforms into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of
Peers under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.

ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher
statesman and Member of the Academy.

RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.

RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the
scientist, Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the
scaffold of the Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a
German physician and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow.
Her drawing-room at Paris was famous.