Chapter III (2)

We can imagine therefore St. Plegmund paying his frequent visits to the neighbouring city, only three or four miles distant, taking up his position at one or other of its gates (for it was surrounded by its Roman walls, and though then “waste” must have had some inhabitants), and instructing out of his laboriously-acquired learning those who were willing to pause and listen to his discourse. The anxious inquirer might return with him to his island home and, after further preparation as a catechumen, receive the grace of Holy Baptism at the well above referred to. His supply of books or manuscripts would be but small. The Bible of course was his constant companion, and it has been suggested with confidence that Boethius’ _De Consolatione Philosophiæ_ would certainly be one of his treasures. This treatise was afterwards translated by King Alfred, a task in which Plegmund may have helped him. There is in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, a copy (the oldest in existence) of the Saxon Chronicle, said to have been translated by Plegmund, for which assertion there is internal evidence of an indirect nature. This, however, was probably done after he left this neighbourhood; but the fact may be taken as showing what his powers were, and what a diligent student he must have been, especially when we consider the scanty materials which would be at his service. He must have acquired some reputation for his learning, and his fame reached the ears of King Alfred, who sent for him to his Court to act as his adult tutor. There he would find Grimbald, Werefrid, Asser, and others, and with them would be associated with the monarch in the promotion of learning and in furthering the best interests of the nation.

We speak of the king as “Alfred the Great,” but then he was known as “England’s Darling.” Alfred came to the crown in 872, and died in 900. How soon after his accession he summoned Plegmund to his side to be his tutor and instructor we cannot say, but that the relations between them were very close and intimate and mutually advantageous, we can have no doubt. In the year 890 the see of Canterbury was vacant, and, having been declined by Grimbald, was offered by the King to Plegmund, a step which was received with general approbation, for the entry in the Saxon Chronicle runs thus: “This year 890 Plegmund was chosen of God and of all the people Archbishop of Canterbury.” Plegmund was consecrated at Rome by Pope Formosus, but as some doubt and discredit was thrown upon the actions of this pontiff, he paid a second visit to Rome, and was re-consecrated by Pope Stephen, thus submitting to a rite of more than questionable propriety. He cordially seconded the King in his endeavours to establish a learned priesthood. Some justification has been alleged for the fact that several sees and posts were for a time kept vacant, in the consideration that men of sufficient learning and education were not to be found for them. At anyrate Plegmund, scholar and theologian as he was, did all that lay in his power to remove the reproach which was fastening upon the Church that it had an ignorant and illiterate clergy.

In conjunction with the King, he published _The Pastoral Care_ of Gregory the Great, a copy of which was sent to every English bishop, with a noteworthy preface from the King himself, in which the sovereign acknowledged what he had “learned of Plegmund my Archbishop, and of Asser my bishop, and of Grimbald my presbyter, and of John my presbyter.” It is interesting to know that the copy addressed to Plegmund is still preserved, as well as those addressed to the Bishops of Worcester and Sherborne. It is reasonable to conclude from this that Alfred would find in _his_ Archbishop a zealous assistant in all his efforts to promote sound and religious learning, and that the two would heartily co-operate in endeavours to secure an educated clergy. Whether he ever visited the scene of his former labours, it is impossible to say; but the late Mr. Thomas Hughes, F.S.A., in a fancied description of the laying of the foundation of St. John’s, Chester, writes thus: “First there were Ethelred and Ethelfleda, the joint founders--near them might stand their Royal Ward, Athelstan, the Etheling, heir to his father’s throne. Prominent among the group would be Plegmund, the Archbishop of Canterbury, a native of Mercia, and but a few years before a modest recluse at the hermitage in that island of Chester.” We cannot give a detailed account of Plegmund’s episcopate, which lasted for twenty-four years; but we are sure that, as he assisted his royal master when at his Court and before he became Archbishop in promoting learning amongst his people, so in the higher position and with the larger opportunities he must have done the like. Himself a student, he knew the advantages of learning, and would be anxious to make them as widespread as possible.

Alfred is looked upon as the founder of the University of Oxford, or of University College, its first hall, and we can understand how in that work, in the conception as well as in the performance of it, the advice and counsel of his own tutor, Plegmund, would be most valuable. During his pontificate the West Saxon Episcopate was sub-divided, and the number of sees thereby increased, a clear indication of his vigorous and strenuous rule. In 909 on the same day no fewer than seven bishops were consecrated by Plegmund, three of them for newly-founded sees, and one of these for the extreme west in Devonshire. This was for Kirton, identified as Crediton, and it is interesting to note that the millenary of the consecration of Eadulf as the first bishop of Crediton has just been celebrated at that place. On that occasion the Bishop of Bristol (Dr. G. F. Browne), who is an eminent historian, gave a most instructive address, referring specially to the work of Plegmund, and to an earlier Saint connected with Crediton, S. Boniface. It was probably owing to that connection that Crediton was chosen as the seat of the Bishops of Devonshire, a position it retained for more than a hundred and fifty years. The Archbishop of Canterbury was also present on the occasion, and expressed the hope that the work they were doing now, the things they were now starting, and the works they were taking in hand, might give as good cause to people a thousand years hence to thank God and take courage, as was given a thousand years ago to them by Plegmund and the seven Bishops of whom they had heard that day. Plegmund died on July 23, 914, and was buried in the Cathedral of Canterbury. No likeness of him has been left, not even on the coins which bear his name. His life in Cheshire must have been singularly quiet, and yet we cannot doubt that he was thereby nerved and braced for the battle of life, and fitted for the arduous duties of the high position to which he was afterwards called.

Allusion has been made to St. Plegmund’s Well. It is interesting to know that whilst it bore this title in very early deeds, it has for generations been designated “the Christening Well,” as the water for the Font for Holy Baptism was drawn from it. Moreover, in the old churchwardens’ accounts of the parish, mention is made of an annual payment made to the clerk for cleaning out this well, and keeping it free from weeds. There was some danger of the well being overlooked, as it is very much overhung by bushes in the hedge at the back of it. The original stone work at the side and bottom had decayed. In the autumn of 1908 a new curb and back were erected at the expense of Mr. Osborne Aldis, and dedicated on November 10th, when a goodly congregation assembled, and after a short service in the church, when the story of St. Plegmund was unfolded, proceeded to the well where the dedicatory prayers were said. On the stone-work the following couplet is carved:--

“Hic fons Plegmundi functus baptismatis usu
Regnante Alfredo tunc hodieque solet.”

This may be freely translated as follows:--

“Here as in days when Alfred erst was king
Baptismal water flows from Plegmund’s spring.”

It is hoped that by this restoration of the well the memory of S. Plegmund may be preserved: and it is not improbable that the ceremony of dressing the well, not uncommon in the adjoining county of Derbyshire, may be adopted as a village festival on July 23rd, the day of St. Plegmund’s death.

_Note._--The preceding chapter embodies the substance of two papers by the same writer, read before Meetings of the Chester and North Wales Archæological and Historic Society.

INDEX

Abbess of Ely, St. Etheldreda, 266
Abbey, Birkenhead, 14, 34, 36
---- Combermere, 14, 34, 35
---- Mobberley, 14, 34
---- Norton, 14, 34
---- Pulton, 14, 35
---- Runcorn, 14
---- Stanlaw, 14, 34
---- St. Werburgh’s, 9-13, 33, 34, 38-48
---- Vale Royal, 14, 34, 35
Abbot’s Well, 260
_Academy of Armoury, The_, 136, 137
_Account of the Rolls of the Honour of Halton, An_, 107
Acton Church, 16
---- Lord, 18
Adlington, 200
---- Hall, 16, 84, 94
Aganippe’s Well, 260
Alderley Edge, Celtic legend, 252
---- ---- farmhouse, 94
Aldford Castle, 51, 52
Alfred the Great, 272
Almshouses in Commonhall Lane, Chester, 86, 87
Alvanley, fire-worship at, 261
Ancient poaching, 108
---- timber houses at--Adlington, 200;
Baguley, 200;
Bramhall, 200;
Little Moreton, 200
Anselm, St., 8, 269
_Anti-Christ_, a Mystery Play, 163
Archbishop of Canterbury, St. Plegmund, 273
---- of York, Thomas Savage, 14
Architecture of Cheshire, half-timbered, 80-99
Arley Hall, 198
Arneway, author of Mystery Plays, 148
“Articles of Surrender,” Chester, 186
Ashley Hall, 197
_Assumption, The_, a Mystery Play, 160, 163
Aston, Sir Arthur, 119
---- Sir Thomas, 119
Audley and the Welsh raids, James, Lord, 10
---- James, Lord, 115
---- Lord, 13
Author of Mystery Plays--Arneway, 148;
Ralf Higden, 147

Bebington Cross, 211
Baddiley Church, 67
Baguley, or Baggily Hall, 85-89, 200
Bakers’ Charter, Chester, 147
Ballads, 259
“Banes” or “Banns” of Mystery Plays, 153, 154-160
Bangor Monachorum, 220
---- Monastery of, 4
Baptistery, Italian font in St. Werburgh’s, 45
Barlow, T. Worthington, 131
Barnston, Roger, 226
---- William, 225
Barons of Cheshire, 8, 22
---- wars, 11
Barron, Dr. John, 122
Barthomley Church, 16
---- ---- alabaster effigy in, 116
Battle of Chester, 12, 220
---- of Rowton Heath, 74, 184, 190, 191
---- at Nantwich, 9
“Bear and Billet, The,” Chester, 97
Bell, Congleton, 254
---- custom, Nantwich, 254
---- Frodsham Church, 254
---- “Pancake,” 254
Bells, some Cheshire, 254
Bellin, George, parish clerk, 150
Beeston Castle, 16, 51, 55, 182, 186, 194
---- Sir George, 117
Bidston Court, 99
“Billy Hobby’s Well,” 260
Bird sayings, 255
Birkenhead Abbey, 14, 34-36
---- Henry, 124
---- Sir John, 123
Birket House, 16
Bishop Edward Stanley, 122
---- Heber, 121
---- of Bangor and Chester, Dr. Hugh Bellot, 121
---- of Chester, John Bridgeman, 101
---- Lloyd’s Palace, 75, 97
---- Rider, 121
---- Wilson, 121
Bishops, Cheshire, 121-122
Bishopric of Chester, 14
Blackfriars, Chester, 48
“Blessing of the Brine,” 261
Blore Heath, 13
Blundeville, Earl Randle, 23
Bohun, Earl Ranulph, 11
Bonewaldesthorne’s Tower, 73
Booth, Colonel, 186
---- family of Dunham Massey, 116
---- Henry, Earl of Warrington and Baron Delamere, 120
---- of Twamlowe, John, 129
---- Sir George, 119
---- Sir John, 197
---- Sir Robert, 116
---- Sir Thomas, 119
Boundary Crosses, 208
Bow Stones Cross, 212
Bradshaw, Henry, regicide, 129
---- ---- Monk of St. Werburgh’s, 264
Bramall Hall, 84, 89, 90
Bramhall, 200
Bravery of Cheshire men, 13
Brereton, 200
---- legend, 253
---- Lord, 118, 128
---- Sir William, 117, 181, 183, 186
Brerewood, Edward, 127
Bridge, Farndon, 221
---- Gate, Chester, 72
Bridgewater, Duke of, 204
Bromborough Cross, 210, 212
Bromhal family, 91
Brooke family, 198
---- of Mere, family of, 63
Broome, Dr., the poet, 124, 204
Broughton Ford, 184, 186
Brownswerd, John, 123
Broxton Old Hall, 95, 96
Bruera Church, 68
Building, Elizabethan, 88
Bunbury, 16
---- alabaster tomb, 116
Burghall, Rev. Edward, 131
Burney on miracle plays, Miss Fanny, 144
Byron, Lord, 182, 186
---- Sir Nicholas, 181

Caer-Leon, 4
Calveley, Sir Hugh, 116
Camden’s description of Cheshire, 32
Canterbury, St. Plegmund, Archbishop of, 273
Carden Hall, 16, 95
Castle Aldford, 51-52
---- Beeston, 16, 51, 55, 182, 186, 194
---- Chester, 57, 60
---- Doddington, 16
---- Dodleston, 51-52
---- Dunham Massey, 51, 53
---- Frodsham, 51, 53
---- Halton, 9, 51, 54, 106
---- Hawarden, 182
---- Holt, 222
---- Maiden, 51, 52
---- Malpas, 9, 51, 52
---- Nantwich, 51, 52
---- Newhall, 51, 52
---- Northwich, 51, 53
---- Oldcastle, 51, 52
---- Peckforton, 196
---- Pulford, 51, 52
---- Rhuddlan, 24
---- Rocksavage, 51, 54
---- Runcorn, 51, 53
---- Shocklach, 9, 51, 52
---- Thelwall, 51
Capesthorn legend, 253
Cathedral, chapter-house of, 43
---- _Misereres_ in, 41
Celtic legend, 252
---- place-names, 7
Cenred, St. Werburgh’s brother, 267
Chadkirk Chapel, 67
Chains, hanging in, 110
Chaloner of Chester, Thomas, 133
Chamberlain of Chester, 30
Chancellors, Cheshire judges and, 124-127
Chapel, High Leigh, 67
Chapter-house of Cathedral, 43
Charles I. at Chester, 181
Charm for warts, rushes a, 239
Cheshire a land of saints, 4
---- Prince Maurice and Prince Rupert in, 184
---- “Rounds,” 257
---- Saints, two, 264-276
---- Sanctuaries, 220
---- Saxons in, 5
Chesshyre, Sir John, 203
Chester, almshouses in Commonhall Lane, 86, 87
---- “Articles of Surrender,” 186
---- Battle of, 12, 220
---- Bishopric of, 14
---- Castle, 57-60
---- Chamberlain of, 30
---- Chief-Justiceship of, 29
---- City plate melted down, 182
---- Duke of Monmouth at, 17
---- Earldom of, 8
---- Ethelfrid attacks, 5
---- Ethelred, founder of monastery at, 266
---- Gateways of, 71
---- Bridge Gate, 72
---- East Gate, 72
---- Kale Yard Gate, 72
---- New Gate, 72
---- North Gate, 72, 73
---- Ship Gate, 72
---- Water Gate, 72
---- Handel at, 259
---- High Cross, 188, 208, 209
---- James II. at, 17
---- John Bridgeman, Bishop of, 101
---- King Edgar at, 7
---- King Egbert at, 5
---- King John at, 9
---- martyr, George Marsh, 15
---- Musical Festivals, 260
---- Phœnix Tower, 74, 184
---- Prince Maurice at, 183
---- Races, 74
---- Records of, 31
---- Roman, 70, 77
---- Roman legions at, 3
---- Roman wall of, 4
---- Roman work, 71
---- St. Bridget’s Church, 69
---- St. Martin’s ” 68
---- St. Michael’s ” 69
---- St. Olave’s ” 69
---- St. Peter’s ” 68
---- seventeenth century house in Whitefriars, 99
---- Siege of, 180-193
---- Sir Nicholas Byron, Governor of, 181
---- the key to Wales, 21
---- Trade Guilds at, 151
Chestnut, a “coppity-co,” 256
“Chief of men,” 2, 32, 203
Chief-Justiceship of Chester, 29
Cholmondeley, 195
---- family, 202, 262
---- Hall, 16
---- Lady Mary, 199
Christleton, 183
---- Rush-bearing, 239
Church, alabaster effigy in Barthomley, 116
---- bell, Frodsham, 254
---- Bunbury, 116, 117
---- Farndon, 223
---- of St. John, Chester, 14
---- of St. Oswald, 41
Churches, music in, 259
---- timber-framed, 61-69
Churchyard crosses, 208, 210, 211
Circuits, judicial, 27
Civil war in Cheshire, 16
Clarke, Dr. Samuel, 122
Clulow Cross, 212
Combermere Abbey, 14, 34, 35
---- Field-Marshal, 203
---- legend, 253
Commonhall Lane, Chester, almshouses in, 86, 87
Congleton bell, 254
Constable de Lacy, 24
Copyhold tenure, Manor of Halton, 113
Cornage, 244-246
Corpus Christi, feast of, 147
---- procession, 161
Corvysors’ Playe, The, 164, 165
Costume of players, 145
“Counting-out” rhymes, 257
County Flint, 25
---- Hall, Chester, 30
---- Palatine of Chester, 1, 19-32
Court, Bidston, 99
---- Leet, Halton, 106-113
---- of Exchequer, Chester, 31
---- Old Consistory, 100
_Creation and Fall_, a Mystery Play, 145
Crewe, 195, 200
---- Hall, 16
---- Randolph, 124
---- Thomas, 124
Crewes, 204
Cross at St. John the Baptist, Chester, 210
---- at St. Mary’s-on-the-Hill, Chester, 209, 212
---- Bebington, 211
---- Bow Stones, 212
---- Bromborough, 210, 212
---- Clulow, 212
---- Disley, 210
---- Eaton, 213
---- High, Chester, 208, 209
---- Lymm, 213
---- Macclesfield market, 213
---- Neston, 210
---- Over Peover, 212
---- Shocklach, 211
---- Wallasey, 211
---- West Kirby, 210
Crosses, boundary, 208
---- churchyard, 208, 210, 211
---- destroyed, 209
---- “High,” 208
---- Ludworth, 212
---- Macclesfield Public Park, 212
---- Market, 208, 212, 213
---- preaching, 207, 210
---- Sandbach, 213-217
---- weeping, 208
Croughton Hall, 16
_Crucifixion, The_, a Mystery Play, 166
“Crypt, ye Olde,” 78
“Curfew,” 254
_Curse, Old Mab’s_, 262
Customs, some Cheshire, 230-263

Dance, morris, 258
Danes, 6
Danish place-names, 6
Danyer, Sir Thomas, 114
Davenport family, 91
---- of Davenport, family of, 246
---- Sir Humphrey, 126
---- Sir John, 63
Davenports, 204
Delamere, 69
---- Baron, 197
---- Forest, 74, 82, 245
---- _Horn, The_, 245
---- House, 199
---- Lord, 18, 199
---- of Dunham Massey, Baron, 119
Delves at Poictiers, Sir John, 115
---- Sir John, 13
Dernhall, 14
Description of Cheshire, Camden’s, 32
Diary, Slingsby’s, 192
Dieulacres, 14
Disley Cross, 210
Dissolution of monasteries, 14, 33
Doddington, 95, 115, 200
---- Castle, 16
Dodleston Castle, 51, 52
Dog-whipper and sluggard-waker, 256
Done of Utkinton, family of, 245
---- Sir John, 13, 199
Dorfold, 200
---- Hall, 16
“Dot,” a children’s game, 256
Downes of Sutton Downes and Taxal, family of, 246
Dragon legend, 252
Drayton’s Lamentation, 13
Dukinfield of Dukinfield, Colonel Robert, 118
Dunham Hall, or Dunham Massey, 196
---- Massey Castle, 51, 53
Dutton of Dutton, 24, 115
---- Sir Thomas, 13

“Eagle and Child” Inn, 94
Earldom of Chester, 8
Earl of Chester, Prince Edward, 25
Earnshaw, Lawrence, 128
East Gate, Chester, 72
---- Hall, High Leigh, 197
Eaton, 195
---- Cross, 213
Eccleston Church, 68
Edgar at Chester, King, 7, 74
Eddisbury, 7
Edward I., 10
---- the Elder, died at Farndon, 220
Effigies at Farndon, 224
Effigy of Sir Robert Foulshurst, alabaster, 116
Egbert at Chester, King, 5
Egerton family, 202
---- Lord, 197
---- Sir John, 13
---- Sir Philip, geologist, 204
Egerton-Warburton, Rowland Eyles, 205, 206
Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor, 125
Elizabethan building, 88
England, Sword-bearer of, 21
---- the Vale Royal of, 130
Ætheldred, Ealdorman, 7
Etheldreda, St., Abbess of Ely, 266
Ethelfleda, 7, 71
---- rebuilt Chester Castle, 59
Ethelfrid attacks Chester, 5
Ethelred, founder of monastery at Chester, 266, 267
Exchequer, Court of, Chester, 31

“Falcon,” the, Chester, 97
Falconer, Dr. William, 129
Families, Cheshire, 194-206
Family, Bromhal, 91
---- Brooke, 198
---- Cholmondeley, 202, 262
---- Davenport, 91
---- Egerton, 202
---- Grosvenor, 202
---- Hyde, 205
---- Legh, 197
---- Mainwaring, 199, 202
---- Marbury, 198
---- Massey, 196
---- of Brooke of Mere, 63
---- of Davenport of Davenport, 246
---- of Done of Utkinton, 245
---- of Downes of Sutton Downes and Taxal, 246
---- of Dunham Massey, Booth, 116
---- of Holmes, 133
---- of Shakerleys of Hulme, 63
---- Warburton, 198
---- Wilbraham, 199
Farndon Bridge, 221
---- Church, 223
---- Edward the Elder died at, 220
---- effigies at, 224
---- parish books, 224
---- _Rush-bearing Sunday at_, 225, 238
---- stained glass at, 223
Farnworth Leet, Widnes or, 112
Feast of Corpus Christi, 147
Festivals, Chester Musical, 260
Fire-worship at Alvanley, 261
Fitton, Sir Edward, 126
Flint, county, 25
Folk-lore, Cheshire, 230-263
Font at Warburton, 66
---- Marton, 65
---- of Italian origin in baptistery, Chester, 45
Football at Chester, 74
Forest, Delamere, 74, 82, 245
---- of Macclesfield, 82, 246
---- of Wirral, 82, 246
Forests of Cheshire, 69, 82
Foulshurst of Crewe, Sir Robert, 13, 115, 116
Freeman quoted, Professor, 21, 27
“Free-Masons,” 139
Frodsham, 51, 53
---- Church bell, 254
---- “Synagogue Well,” 260

Games, children’s, 256-257
---- unlawful, 107
Gamul of Buerton, Sir Francis, 119, 184, 190
Gateways of Chester, 71
Gawsworth Hall, 94
Gayton, wishing well at, 260
Gerard, Lord, 191
Gerarde, John, 127
“Glorious Sixth of May,” song, 260
“God’s Providence House,” 75, 97
“Golden Phœnix,” 135
Goostrey Church, 68
Governor of Chester, 181
Grammar Schools, Cheshire, 123
Great Broughton burnt down, 183
---- Budworth, 61
---- Meols, 3
Greyfriars, Chester, 48
Grosvenor family, 202
---- Roger, ancestor of the Dukes of Westminster, 119

Half-timbered architecture of Cheshire, 80-99
Hall, Adlington, 16, 84, 94
---- Arley, 198
---- Ashley, 197
---- Baguley or Baggily, 85-89, 200
---- Bramall, 84, 89, 90
---- Broxton Old, 95, 96
---- Carden, 16, 95
---- Cholmondeley, 16
---- County, 30
---- Crewe, 16
---- Croughton, 16
---- Dorfold, 16
---- Dunham, or Dunham Massey, 196
---- East, High Leigh, 197
---- Gawsworth, 94
---- Handforth, 94
---- Hooton, 95
---- Huxley, 16
---- Little Moreton, 84, 91, 92, 93
---- Marbury, 198
---- Mere, 198
---- Peover, 199
---- Rostherne, 197
---- Tabley, 198
---- Tatton, 197
---- Toft, 199
---- Utkinton, 199
---- West, High Leigh, 197
_Halton, An Account of the Rolls of the Honour of_, 107
Halton Castle, 9, 51, 54, 106
Handbridge, 182
Handel at Chester, 259
Handforth Hall, 94
Hanging at Halton, 109
---- in chains, 110
Harden, moated house at, 200
Harvest Home, 243
Hawarden Castle, 182
Hawkeston of Wrine Hall, 115
Hawkstone, Sir John, 13
Heralds’ College, 137
Hiding holes, Moreton Hall, 92
Higden, Ralf, author of Mystery Plays, 46, 147
High Cross, Chester, 188, 208, 209
“High Crosses,” 208
High Leigh, 197
---- ---- Chapel, 67
Hill, Peckforton, 194, 195
Historians, Cheshire, 129, 132
_Histories of Lot and Abraham_, a Mystery Play, 163
Holme, family of, 133
---- of Chester, William, 133
---- Randle (I.), 134, 187
---- ---- (II.), 134, 135
---- ---- (III.), 136, 139
---- ---- (IV.), 140, 141
Holt Castle, 222
---- Roman remains at, 218
Hooton Hall, 95
_Horn, The Delamere_, 245
---- _The Wirral_, 244
Horse hodening at Northwich, 235
---- ---- at Tarporley, 235
Hospital of St. John, Chester, 36, 73
House, Birket, 16
---- Delamere, 199
“House, God’s Providence,” 75, 97
Hoylake, 18
Hulse, Dr. John, 122
Hunting parson, a, 108
Huxley Hall, 16, 200
Hyde family, 205

Ince Grange, 46
Incursions of the Welsh, 9
Italian font in baptistery, 45

Jacobites of Cheshire, 197
Jacob’s Well, 260
James II. at Chester, 17
John at Chester, King, 9
Judges and Chancellors, Cheshire, 124-127
Judicial circuits, 27
---- seals, 28

Kale Yard Gate, Chester, 72
Kenyon, Lord, 126
King, Daniel, 130
_King Robert of Sicily_, a Mystery Play, 163
Kingdom, Mercian, 5
Knowles, Sir Robert, 116
“Knowles’s Mitres,” 116
Knutsford, 196
---- May Queen, 242
---- morris dance at, 258

Lacy, Constable de, 24
“Lamb, The,” 138, 139
Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 184
Leet, Halton Court, 106-113
---- Widnes or Farnworth, 112
Legend, Brereton, 253
---- Capesthorn, 253
---- Celtic, 252
---- Combermere, 253
---- dragon, 252
---- Rostherne Mere, 253
Legh family, 12, 197, 204
---- of Booths, Sir John, 13
---- of Macclesfield, Sir Piers, 13, 115
---- Sir Uryan, 117
Leighs of Lyme, 13
Legions at Chester, Roman, 3
Leycester, Ralph, 199
---- Sir Peter, 130, 198
Lifting, 242-243
Little Moreton Hall, 84, 91, 92, 93, 200
Llewellyn, Prince, 10
Lord of the Manor of Halton, the King, 106
Ludworth crosses, 212
Lupus, Hugh, 8, 21, 106, 202, 269
Lyme, 200
Lymm Cross, 213

Macclesfield Forest, 82, 246
---- Market Cross, 213
---- Public Park crosses, 212
“Magpie” architecture, 80
Maiden Castle, 51, 52
Mainwaring family, 199, 202
Malpas, 16
---- Castle, 9, 51, 52
Manners of Cheshire people, 20
Marbury family, 198
---- Hall, 198
Market crosses, 208, 212, 213
Marling, 237-238
Marton church, 63
---- font, 65
Martyr, George Marsh, Chester, 15
Massey, Colonel Edward, 118
---- family, 196
Masseys, 204
---- of Coddington, 118, 197
Maying, 241-242
Maynwaring of Over Peover, Sir Thomas, 130
May Queen, Knutsford, 242
Mercian Kingdom, 5
Mere Hall, 198
Middlewich, 182
Milton, 124
Miracle Plays, Chester, 74, 77
_Misereres_ in Cathedral, 41
Moated houses at Harden, 200
---- ---- at Huxley, 200
---- ---- at Moreton, 200
Mobberley Abbey, 14, 34
Molineux, Sir Richard, 13
Molyneux, Lord, 18
---- Samuel, 127
Monasteries, dissolution of, 14, 33
Monastery at Chester, Ethelred founder of, 266
---- of Bangor, 4
Monk of St. Werburgh’s, Henry Bradshaw, 264
Monmouth at Chester, Duke of, 17
Moreton, moated house at, 200
Morgan’s Mount, Chester, 73
Morris dance, Knutsford, 258
Mostyn of Mostyn, Sir Roger, 120
Mottram-in-Longdendale, 128
Mumming play, 240
Music, 257-258
Music in churches, 259
Musical Festivals, Chester, 260
Mynshal, Elizabeth, 124
Mystery Plays, Chester, 142-179

Nantwich, 16, 183, 261
---- battle at, 9
---- bell custom, 254
---- Castle, 51, 52
Neild, James, philanthropist, 204
Neston Cross, 210
Nether-Legh, 16
Nether or Lower Peover Church, 61
New Gate, Chester, 72
Newhall Castle, 51, 52
Nixon, Robert, Cheshire prophet, 261
_Noah’s Ark_, a Mystery Play, 144, 164, 166
“Nogging-work,” 99
“No Popery” riot, 17
Norman Earls of Chester, 22
North Gate, Chester, 72, 73
Northwich, 51, 53
---- horse hodening at, 235
---- Winnington Bridge, near, 17
Norton Abbey, 14, 34
Nunnery, Chester, St. Mary’s, 34, 36

Oldcastle Castle, 51, 52
Old Consistory Court, 100
“Old King’s Head,” 134
_Old Mab’s Curse_, 262
Origin of Mystery Plays, 146
Oulton, 200
Over Peover Cross, 212

Pace-Egging, 239-240
“Pageant carriages,” 151
“Palace, Bishop Lloyd’s,” 75, 97
Palace, Stanley, 97
“Pancake” bell, 254
Parish books at Farndon, 224
Parson, a hunting, 108
_Passion, The_, a Mystery Play, 165
Peckforton Castle, 196
---- Hill, 194, 195
Pemberton’s Parlour, Chester, 73, 181
Pentice, the, 208
People, manners of Cheshire, 20
Peover Hall, 199
Phœnix Tower, Chester, 74, 184
Place in history of County Palatine of Chester, 19-32
Place-names, Celtic, 7
Place-names, Danish, 6
Plate melted down, Chester City, 182
“Players’ victory,” the, 24
Plays, Miracle, 74, 77
Plemstall (Plegmundstall), 271
Poaching, ancient, 108
Poets, Cheshire, 123, 124
_Polychronicon_, 46, 147
“Post and panel” work, 80, 84
Powdered alabaster as a cure for sheep, 262
Preaching crosses, 207, 210
Prestbury, 65
---- priest’s house at, 94
Prince Maurice at Chester, 183
---- ---- and Prince Rupert in Cheshire, 184
_Princeps Cestriæ_, 1, 12
Principality, Cheshire a, 1
Priory, Birkenhead, 14, 34, 36
---- Norton, 14, 34
---- Runcorn, 14
Procession, Corpus Christi, 161
_Prophecies_, a Mystery Play, 163
Prothonotary, the, 30
Proverbs, some Cheshire, 246-252
Pulford Castle, 51-52
Pulton Abbey, 14, 35

Races, Chester, 74
Ranulph III., Earl of Chester, 11
Records of Chester, 31
_Resurrection_, a Mystery Play, 150, 167
Reverence shown in old plays, 143
Rhuddlan, Castle of, 24
“Rhudland, Statute of,” 26
Rhymes, “counting-out,” 257
Richard II., Cheshire men bodyguard of, 12
Ridley, 117
Riot, “No Popery,” 17
Rocksavage, 51, 54
Rode, Wilbrahams of, 203
Roman Chester, 70-77
---- legions at Chester, 3
---- remains, 3
---- ---- at Holt, 218
---- wall of Chester, 4
---- work, Chester, 71
Roodeye, Chester, 74
Rostherne Hall, 197
---- Mere legend, 253
“Rounds, Cheshire,” 257
Rows of Chester, 75-79
Rowton Heath, 16
---- ---- battle of, 74, 119, 184, 190, 191
Runcorn, 7
---- Abbey, 14
---- Castle, 51, 53
Rush-bearing, 238-239
---- at Christleton, 239
---- Sunday at Farndon, 225, 238
Rushes a charm for warts, 239

_Sacrifice of Isaac_, a Mystery Play, 148
Saighton Grange, 46
St. Bridget’s Church, Chester, 69
St. Ethelreda, 266
St. Giles’ Well, 260
St. John, Chester, Hospital of, 36, 73
---- the Baptist, Chester, Cross at, 210
St. Martin’s Church, Chester, 68
St. Mary’s Nunnery, Chester, 34, 36
St. Mary’s-on-the-Hill, Chester, Cross at, 209, 212
St. Michael’s Church, Chester, 69
St. Olave’s Church, Chester, 69
St. Oswald, Church of, 41
St. Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, 273
St. Plegmund’s Well, 260, 275
St. Peter’s Church, Chester, 68
St. Werburgh, remains of, 38
---- shrine of, 42
St. Werburgh’s Abbey, 9-13, 33, 34, 38-48
---- Henry Bradshaw, monk of, 264
Saints, Cheshire a land of, 4
Saltney Marsh, 9
Salmon story, a, 263
Sanctuary, Cheshire, 220
Sandbach Crosses, 213-217
Savage, Archbishop of York, Thomas, 14
---- Sir Edmund, 13
Saxons in Cheshire, 5
Schomberg, Duke, 18
Scientists, Cheshire, 127-129
Seals, judicial, 28
“Sewer,” an office, 136
Shakerley, Colonel, 190
---- Sir Geoffrey, 120
Shakerleys of Hulme, family of, 63
_Shepherd’s Play, The_, a Mystery Play, 149
Ship Gate, Chester, 72
Shire Hall at Chester Castle, 60
Shocklach Castle, 9, 51, 52
---- Cross, 211
Siddington Church, 65
Slingsby’s Diary, 192
Sluggard-waker and dog-whipper, 256
Soldiers of Cheshire, 114-120
Souling, 230-237
Speed, John, 1, 138, 226
Stained glass at Farndon, 223
Stanley, Dean, 204
---- Palace, 97
---- Sir William, 117
Stanlaw Abbey, 14, 34
“Statute of Rhudland,” 26
Stockport, 16
Stocks, punishment of the, 112
Sutton Grange, 46
---- Sir Richard, 131
Sword-bearer of England, 21
“Synagogue Well,” Frodsham, 260

Tabley Hall, 198
---- Lord de, poet, 204
Taft Hall, 199
Tarporley, horse hodening at, 235
Tarvin, 16
Tatton Hall, 197
Taxal, 69
Thelwall Castle, 51
Thingwall, 7
_Three Kings, The_, a pageant, 149, 170-178
Timber-framed churches, 61-69
Tower, Bonewaldesthorne’s, 73
---- Phœnix, Chester, 74, 184
Trade Gilds at Chester, 151
“Trades and Mysteries,” 24
Tranmere, 133
Troutbeck, Sir William, 13

Unlawful games, 107
Utkinton Hall, 199

Vale Royal, 199
---- ---- Abbey, 14, 34, 35
---- ---- _of England, The_, 130
Venables, Sir Hugh, 13
Victory, “The Players’,” 24

Wales, Chester the key to, 21
Wallasey Cross, 211
---- Leasowes, 18
Wall of Chester, Roman, 4
Walls and Rows, Chester, 70-77
Warburton Church, 66, 270
---- family, 198
---- font, 66
War in Cheshire, Civil, 16
Warts, rushes a charm for, 239
Water Gate, Chester, 72
“Wattle and daub,” 83
Weeping Crosses, 208
“Well, Billy Hobby’s,” 260
Well-dressing, 261
“Well, Synagogue,” 260
Wells, Wishing, 260
Welsh, incursion of the, 9
---- raids, James, Lord Audley, and the, 10
Werden, General, 120
West Hall, High Leigh, 197
---- Kirby Cross, 210
Whiltenshaw, 118
Whipping-post, Widnes, 112
Whitefriars, Chester, 48
---- seventeenth century house in Chester, 99
Whitehurst, John, clockmaker, 128
Whitney, Geoffrey, 123
---- George, 205
Widnes or Farnworth Leet, 112
Wilbraham family, 199
---- George, 204
Wilbrahams of Rode, 203
Williams, Chief Justice, 126
Williamson, Dr., 226
Winnington Bridge, near Northwich, 17
Wirral, 94, 95
---- forest, 82
---- _Horn, The_, 244
Wishing Wells, 260
Woman fighting, a, 108
Woodchurch, 69
Work, “post and panel,” 80
Worthies, Cheshire, 114-132
Wulfhere, King of Mercia, 264

“Ye Olde Crypt,” 78
York, Thomas Savage, Archbishop of, 14

THE END

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Transcriber's Notes

Some illustrations and footnotes have been moved closer to relevant text.

Except where noted below, anomalous, archaic and vernacular spellings have been retained as printed.

The following changes have been made to the text as printed.

1. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

2. Errors in use of quote marks and other punctuation have been
corrected.

3. Where a word is used repeatedly in the same way, hyphenation has
been made consistent, preferring the form most often used in the
printed work, or failing that the more usual form in general use at
the time of publication.

4. The subheadings within the chapter on "Cheshire Customs, Proverbs,
and Folk-lore" have been made consistent as to typography.

5. The spelling "Bramhall" has been changed to "Bramall" where the
Hall, not the village, is meant (Pages xii, 90, 117).

6. Page 7: "Æthelflœd" has been changed to "Æthelflæd".

7. Page 13: "Sir Robert Foulhurst" has been changed to
"... Foulshurst".

8. Page 27: "the counties of Denbigh and Mongomery" has been changed to
"... Montgomery".

9. Page 29: "regretted that was abolished" has been changed to "...
that it was abolished".

10. Pages 46 and 284: "Polychromicon" has been changed to
"Polychronicon".

11. Pages 51 and 53: "Dunham Massy" has been changed to "Dunham Massey".

12. Pages 195 and 196: "Peckforten" has been changed to "Peckforton".

13. Page 197: "Wythenshaw" has been changed to "Wythenshawe".

14. Page 268: "Ethelfreda" has been changed to "Ethelfleda".

15. The following changes have been made in the Index:
Page 277: "Fordsham Church" to "Frodsham Church".
Page 278: "Catesthorn" to "Capesthorn".
Page 280: "Edisbury" to "Eddisbury".
Page 281: "Goosetrey" to "Goostrey".
Page 285: "Leaseowes" to "Leasowes".