Chapter C: Barlævs (2)

A good life of Menasseh ben Israel has yet to be written. Short
biographies have been published by Kayserling (English translation in
_Miscellany of Hebrew Literature_, vol. ii.); the Rev. Dr. H. Adler,
Chief Rabbi of the British Empire (_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i.);
and Graetz (_Geschichte der Juden_, vol. x.). None of these is
exhaustive, or based on bedrock material.

Footnote 30:

“Gratulação ao seren. Raynha Henri. Maria, dignissima corsorte ao
august; Carlo, Rey da Grande Britannia, Francia e Hebernia” (Amst.,
1642).

Footnote 31:

Harl. Misc., vol. vii. p. 623; _infra_, p. lxxvii.

Footnote 32:

Thorowgood, “Jews in America” (1660), Postscript to the “Epistle
Dedicatory.”

Footnote 33:

The Declaration of the Unity of God, the fundamental teaching of
Judaism (Deut. vi. 4–9). _Shema_ means “Hear,” and it is the first
word of verse 4: “Hear, O Israel; the Lord our God is one God.”

Footnote 34:

Dury, “Epistolary Discourse to Mr. Thomas Thorowgood” (1649).

Footnote 35:

Thorowgood, “Jews in America” (1650), pp. 129 _et seq._

Footnote 36:

The text of the letter has not been preserved, but its contents are
summarised in Holmes’s reply, printed in an appendix to Felgenhauer’s
_Bonum Nuncium Israeli_.

Footnote 37:

_Vindiciæ Judæorum_, _infra_, pp. 143–144.

Footnote 38:

Dury, “Epistolary Discourse.” For text of the letters, see _infra_, p.
lxxviii.

Footnote 39:

_Bonum Nuncium_, loc. cit.

Footnote 40:

This tract has been the source of a curious misunderstanding.
Kayserling, who apparently never examined more of it than the
title-page, on which the author is described as “E. S. Middlesex,”
ascribed it to “Lord Middlesex,” and regarded it as favourable to
Menasseh (_Misc. Heb. Lit._, ii. p. 33). Had he looked at the Latin
translation at the end he would have found the name of the author
given in full. Moreover, the writer, so far from being philo-Semitic,
expressly states that the object of his pamphlet was the “taking off
the scandall of our too great desire of entertayning the unbeleeving
Nation of the Jewes.” Kayserling’s errors have been adopted without
inquiry by Graetz, Adler, and other writers.

Footnote 41:

“Rights of the Kingdom,” p. 39.

Footnote 42:

“Pisgah-sight of Palestine,” Book V. pp. 194 _et seq._

Footnote 43:

“Good Work,” &c., _loc. cit._

Footnote 44:

Writing to Crawford in 1643, says: “The State, in choosing men to
serve it, takes no notice of their opinions; if they be willing
faithfully to serve it—that satisfies.... Bear with men of different
minds from yourself.” Carlyle, “Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,” i.
p. 148.

Footnote 45:

Gardiner, “History of the Commonwealth,” vol. ii.

Footnote 46:

Carlyle, “Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,” vol. iii. pp. 23, 25, 26.

Footnote 47:

_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. pp. 73–74; vol. ii. pp. 17–18; Wolf,
“Jewish Emancipation in the City” (_Jewish Chronicle_, Nov. 30, 1894);
Graetz, _Geschichte_, vol. x. p. 19.

Footnote 48:

Wolf, “Cromwell’s Jewish Intelligencers” (Lond., 1891).

Footnote 49:

S. R. Gardiner in the _Academy_, March 4, 1882.

Footnote 50:

_Vindiciæ Judæorum_, p. 5; _infra_, p. 111; “Humble Addresses,”
_infra_, p. 77.

Footnote 51:

Cal. State Papers, Dom. (1651), p. 472.

Footnote 52:

Cal. State Papers, Dom. (1651–52), p. 577; (1652–53), p. 38.

Footnote 53:

Thurloe State Papers, vol. i. p. 387; Clarendon State Papers, vol. ii.
p. 233.

Footnote 54:

_Supra_, p. xvii.

Footnote 55:

Wolf, “Resettlement of the Jews in England” (1888), p. 9.

Footnote 56:

For text of these petitions see _Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. iii.
pp. 88–93.

Footnote 57:

State Papers, Dom. Interregnum, i. 75 (1654), pp. 596, 620.

Footnote 58:

Rawl. MSS., A 260, fol. 57. Text of this letter is given in _Trans.
Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 93.

Footnote 59:

_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. ii. pp. 18, 45–46.

Footnote 60:

Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1655, p. 585.

Footnote 61:

_Supra_, p. xvii.

Footnote 62:

_Infra_, p. lxxxvii.

Footnote 63:

_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 90.

Footnote 64:

Wolf, “American Elements in the Resettlement” (_Trans. Jew. Hist.
Soc._, vol. iii. pp. 95–100); Wolf, “Cromwell’s Jewish
Intelligencers,” 1891, pp. 11–12.

Footnote 65:

Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1655, p. 583.

Footnote 66:

“Cromwell’s Jewish Intelligencers,” _loc. cit._

Footnote 67:

_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. iii. pp. 82–86.

Footnote 68:

Jacob Sasportas, who had acted as a “corrector” in Menasseh’s
printing-office in Amsterdam, and was afterwards elected Chief Rabbi
in London, was a member of the mission (Graetz, vol. x. notes, p.
xix). Raguenet states (_Histoire d’Oliver Cromwell_, p. 290) that two
other Rabbis accompanied it, “Rabbi Jacob ben Azahel” and “David ben
Eliezer of Prague.” I have not been able to identify these persons,
but tentatively I am disposed to think that “Azahel” is a corruption
of “Heschel,” and that the person referred to is Rabbi Josua ben Jacob
Heschel of Lublin. Menasseh’s elder son lived for some time in Lublin,
and it is quite possible that Heschel came to London to lay the case
of the persecuted Polish Jews before Cromwell.

Footnote 69:

Wolf, “Menasseh ben Israel’s Study in London,” _Trans. Jew. Hist.
Soc._, vol. iii. pp. 144 _et seq._

Footnote 70:

Felgenhauer, _Bonum Nuncium Israeli_, p. 110.

Footnote 71:

_Infra_, p. 47.

Footnote 72:

_Infra_, p. lxxix.

Footnote 73:

Graetz, _Geschichte_, vol. x. pp. 52–82; _Mercurius Politicus_, Dec.
17, 1655; Thurloe State Papers, vol. iv. p. 333.

Footnote 74:

“Annals of England” (1655), vol. iii. p. 31.

Footnote 75:

The interest of the Embassies in the question is illustrated by the
frequent reference made to it in the despatches of Chanut (Thurloe,
vol. ii. p. 652), Nieupoort (_Ibid._, vol. iv. pp. 333, 338; “New York
Colonial MSS.,” vol. i. pp. 579, 583), Sagredo and Salvetti (_Revue
des Études Juives_, No. 11, pp. 103–104). Nieupoort’s view is shown by
the assurance he extracted from Menasseh that there was no intention
to invite Dutch Jews to England (Thurloe, vol. iv. p. 333).

Footnote 76:

“Memorials,” p. 618.

Footnote 77:

_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. pp. 70–71, 75.

Footnote 78:

_Ibid._, p. 44.

Footnote 79:

_Infra_, p. 118. _London News Letter_, April 2, 1649 (Cartes Letters,
vol. i. p. 275).

Footnote 80:

Jesse, “England under the Stuarts,” vol. ii. p. 297; Tovey, _Anglia
Judaica_, p. 275.

Footnote 81:

Violet, “Petition against the Jews,” p. 2.

Footnote 82:

The violence of such tracts as Prynne’s “Demurrer,” Ross’s “View of
the Jewish Religion,” and the anonymous “Case of the Jews Stated,” has
no parallel in the literature of the time.

Footnote 83:

Paul Isaiah, “The Messias of the Christians and the Jews.”

Footnote 84:

Prynne, “Demurrer,” Part I. p. 73.

Footnote 85:

Copley, “Case of the Jews is Altered,” p. 4.

Footnote 86:

“View of the Jewish Religion.”

Footnote 87:

See especially Prynne’s “Demurrers,” and “Anglo-Judæus,” by W. H. Only
three ungrudging defences of the Jews were published—Copley’s “Case of
the Jews,” D. L.’s “Israel’s Condition and Cause Pleaded” (a very
feeble reply to Prynne), and Collier’s “Brief Answer.”

Footnote 88:

Dury, “A Case of Conscience.” Harl. Misc., vol. vii. p. 256.

Footnote 89:

“Life of Henry Jessey,” pp. 67–68.

Footnote 90:

Philo-Judæus, “The Resurrection of Dead Bones,” p. 102.

Footnote 91:

State Papers, Domestic. Interregnum, vol. i. 76, p. 353.

Footnote 92:

_Ibid._, p. 374. For text of petition, see _infra_, pp. lxxxii-lxxxiv.

Footnote 93:

Harl. Miscellany, vol. vii p. 618.

Footnote 94:

_Infra_, p. lxxxiv.

Footnote 95:

State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76, p. 374.

Footnote 96:

State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76, p. 375.

Footnote 97:

_Ibid._, pp. 378–379. For text of Circular see _infra_, p. lxxxiv.

Footnote 98:

_Publick Intelligencer_, December 10, 1655.

Footnote 99:

The list of members is given in State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76, p.
378.

Footnote 100:

_Publick Intelligencer_, loc. cit.

Footnote 101:

[Henry Jessey.] “A Narrative of the late Proceedings at Whitehall
Concerning the Jews, &c.,” Harl. Misc., vii. p. 623. See also Burton
(_pseud._ _i.e._ Nathaniel Crouch), _Judæorum Memorabilia_.

Footnote 102:

_Ibid._

Footnote 103:

That the Judges’ decision was given at the first meeting of the
Conference is clear from a statement made by Nye to Prynne on the
morning of the second meeting (“Short Demurrer,” p. 4).

Footnote 104:

_Publick Intelligencer_, loc. cit.

Footnote 105:

_Ibid._

Footnote 106:

_Judæorum Memorabilia_, p. 170.

Footnote 107:

Barlow, “Several Miscellaneous and Weighty Cases of Conscience”
(1692), Fifth Treatise. See also p. 1 of the Bookseller’s Preface.
Rev. S. Levy believes (_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, iii. p. 152) that
this opinion was drawn up at the request of Robert Boyle. This is
improbable, as it is clear from the resemblances between Barlow’s
recommendations and the report ultimately drawn up by the Committee of
the Council (_infra_, p. lxxxiv), that the opinion was submitted to
the Whitehall Conference, and Boyle was not a member of that body.
Goodwin, who was President of Magdalen College, is much more likely to
have asked Barlow for the opinion, especially as we know that he was
in favour of “due cautions” (_Jud. Mem._, p. 174).

Footnote 108:

_Jud. Mem._, p. 174.

Footnote 109:

_Ibid._, pp. 170, 175.

Footnote 110:

State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 76 (1655), p. 412.

Footnote 111:

This is shown by two letters in the Domestic State Papers (see _Trans.
Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. p. 46).

Footnote 112:

Thurloe State Papers, vol. iv. p. 321.

Footnote 113:

_Publick Intelligencer_, loc. cit.

Footnote 114:

Spence’s “Anecdotes,” p. 77.

Footnote 115:

“A Short Demurrer,” Part I. The publication of the pamphlet was
hurried to be in time for the Conference. It was written in seven
days, and the preface is dated December 14, four days before the last
meeting (_cf._ Preface to “Second Demurrer,” 1656).

Footnote 116:

_Jud. Memor._, p. 175; Burton, “Diary,” p. 309.

Footnote 117:

Burton, _loc. cit._

Footnote 118:

Burton, _loc. cit._

Footnote 119:

“Life of Henry Jessey,” pp. 67–68.

Footnote 120:

That Cromwell’s interposition took place under these circumstances is
an inference of the present writer’s. The statements in Jessey’s
“Life” clearly point to this conclusion.

Footnote 121:

These fragments of Cromwell’s speech are gathered from Jessey’s
“Narrative,” Crouch’s _Judæorum Memorabilia_, pp. 175–176, and
Spence’s “Anecdotes,” p. 77.

Footnote 122:

Testimony by Rycaut, who was present in the crowd (Spence’s
“Anecdotes,” p. 77).

Footnote 123:

Writing to Henry Cromwell about the Conference a week later, Thurloe
says, “I doe assure you that his highness is put to exercise every day
with the peevishness and wroth of some persons heere” (State Papers,
vol. iv. p. 343).

Footnote 124:

_Cf._ Conditions, ii., iii., iv., v., ix., xi., and xvii., in Barlow,
“The Care of the Jews,” pp. 67, 68, 70, 71, and 73.

Footnote 125:

_Infra_, p. lxxxiv-lxxxv.

Footnote 126:

In the Calendar of State Papers, Dom. (1655–1656), p. 15, it is
hypothetically dated November 13, the day on which Menasseh’s
proposals were referred to the Committee. This date is absolutely
impossible, as the Committee could not have ascertained the views it
reported to the Council in the course of a single afternoon. If it was
not drawn up on the 15th, it could not have been drawn up until the
Conference was over, as the Conference was specifically summoned to
advise the Committee.

Footnote 127:

I have to thank Dr. Gardiner for this ingenious conjecture. It
entirely accords with all the known facts.

Footnote 128:

Edit. Bohn, vol. i. p. 327.

Footnote 129:

_Supra_, p. xvii.

Footnote 130:

Guildhall Archives. Remembrancia, vol. ix. No. 44, pp. 1–18. I printed
the text of this petition in full in the _Jewish Chronicle_, November
15, 1899.

Footnote 131:

These grants are mentioned in a Jewish petition subsequently presented
to Cromwell (_infra_, pp. lxxxv-lxxxvi).

Footnote 132:

Gardiner, “Hist. of the Commonwealth,” vol. i. pp. 396–97.

Footnote 133:

Graetz, _Geschichte der Juden_, vol. x. p. 122.

Footnote 134:

Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1655–56, p. 82.

Footnote 135:

Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 27962. In a despatch dated January 14, Salvetti
refers to the Jewish question, but makes no mention of the arrangement
respecting divine worship. On the same date, too, the well-informed
Dutch ambassador, Nieupoort, informed the States-General that it was
generally understood that the Lord Protector would take no further
steps (Thurloe State Papers, vol. iv. p. 328). It would seem, then,
that the transaction took place between the 14th and the 28th January.

Footnote 136:

_Ibid._

Footnote 137:

State Papers, Domestic. Interregnum, cxxv., No. 38, i. 76, p. 604; i.
112, p. 289; cxxvi., No. 105.

Footnote 138:

_Ibid._, cxxvi., No. 105, iv.

Footnote 139:

_Ibid._, cxxvi., No. 105.

Footnote 140:

_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. p. 63.

Footnote 141:

State Papers, Dom. Interregnum, cxxv., 58. _Infra_, p. lxxxv.

Footnote 142:

See endorsement of the petition. _Infra_, p. lxxxvi.

Footnote 143:

_Infra_, p. 107. The hypothesis that John Sadler was the author of the
letter which gave rise to the _Vindiciæ Judæorum_ is based on the
facts that he was at the time the go-between in the negotiations with
Cromwell, that he was an intimate friend of Menasseh, and that he had
already given some thought to the blood accusation and other charges
against the Jews (“Rights of the Kingdom,” p. 74).

Footnote 144:

State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 77, April 1, 1656; cxxvi., No. 105, xi.

Footnote 145:

Carlyle, “Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,” vol. ii. p. 161.

Footnote 146:

State Papers, Dom. Inter., cxxvi., No. 105, i.; i. 77, No. 11.

Footnote 147:

State Papers, Dom. Inter., cxxvi., No. 105, ii. and iii. Most of the
documents in the Robles case have been printed as an appendix to my
paper on “Crypto-Jews under the Commonwealth” (_Trans. Jew. Hist.
Soc._, vol. i. pp. 76–86).

Footnote 148:

_Ibid._, cxxvi., No. 105, vi.

Footnote 149:

State Papers, Dom. Inter., i. 77, pp. 44, 78; cxxvii., 21, 40; i. 77,
No. 19.

Footnote 150:

There is a tradition in the synagogues that written privileges were
granted, and this conforms with all the other evidence relating to the
campaign. The disappearance of these documents is not surprising, as
many of the older documents belonging to the Sephardi congregation in
London passed into private hands. Moreover, after the Restoration the
congregations would naturally wish to destroy all evidence of their
negotiations with the Protector. It is probable that these documents
are referred to in the State Papers, where mention is made of “a Jew
living in London who has produced great testimonies under the hand of
the late Lord Protector.” (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1659–60, p. 291.)

Footnote 151:

“Tracts on Liberty of Conscience” (Hanserd Knollys Soc.), p. 240.

Footnote 152:

See Endorsement of Petition, _infra_, p. lxxxvi.

Footnote 153:

A similar course had been taken with regard to Protestant refugees in
the city on November 13, 1655. (Guildhall Archives: Rep. lxiv. fol.
8^b.)

Footnote 154:

Some of these restrictions are clearly indicated by Menasseh’s
disappointment at the settlement. The prohibition of proselytising has
always been remembered as one of the conditions of the Readmission,
and it was religiously observed until the Rabbinate of the present
ecclesiastical chief of the Anglo-Jewish community. In 1752, when
certain Ashkenazi Jews were making proselytes in London, the Parnassim
of the Portuguese synagogue wrote to the authorities of the German
congregation, calling their attention to this condition, and the
proselytisers were ordered to desist from “pursuing such unlawful
practices.” In 1760 a Jew was expelled from the synagogue and deprived
of his burial rights for this offence. (Minute Books of the Duke’s
Place Synagogue, 1752, 1760.)

Footnote 155:

Violet, “The Petition Against the Jews” (1661), p. 2: “Cromwell and
his Council did give a toleration and dispensation to a great number
of Jews to come and live here in London, and to this day they do keep
_public worship_ in the City of London, to the great dishonour of
Christianity and public scandal of the true Protestant religion.”

Footnote 156:

Abstract of lease in _Jewish Chronicle_, November 26, 1880,
communicated by Mr. Israel Davis.

Footnote 157:

Guildhall Archives, Rep. lxxiii. fol. 213.

Footnote 158:

Menasseh had assured Nieupoort that he did “not desire anything for
the Jews in Holland” (Thurloe, iv. p. 333). The negotiations with
Charles II. are recorded in Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 4106, fol. 253.

Footnote 159:

_Infra_, p. lxxxvi.

Footnote 160:

Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., viii. pp. 94–95. Fifth Rep. of Dep. Keeper of
Public Records, App. ii. p. 253.

Footnote 161:

_Infra_, p. lxxxviii.

Footnote 162:

_Ibid._, p. lxxxvii.

Footnote 163:

_Ibid._ Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., viii. p. 95.

Footnote 164:

Compare frontispiece with portrait at p. 105.

Footnote 165:

Kayserling, “Menasseh ben Israel.” (Misc. of Hebrew Literature, Series
ii. pp. 68, 93.)

Footnote 166:

For the condition of the Ashkenazi Jews at this epoch see Graetz’s
_Geschichte_, vol. x. pp. 52–82.

Footnote 167:

[Richard Baker], “The Marchants Humble Petition and Remonstrance”
(London, 1659). p. 17.

Footnote 168:

Guildhall Archives: Remembrancia, vol. ix. No. 44, pp. 1–18.

Footnote 169:

Violet, “A Petition against the Jews” (London, 1661).

Footnote 170:

State Papers, Dom., Charles II., vol. xxi. p. 140.

Footnote 171:

“Petition,” p. 2.

Footnote 172:

_Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. pp. 71, 74–75.

Footnote 173:

Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 4106, f. 253.

Footnote 174:

Journal of the House of Commons, December 17, 1660.

Footnote 175:

State Papers, Dom., Chas. II., Entry Book xviii. (1664), fol. 79.

Footnote 176:

The text of these orders in Council has been printed by Webb, “The
Question whether a Jew may hold Lands” (Lond., 1753), pp. 38–40.

Footnote 177:

Some of these patents are printed by Webb in an appendix to “The
Question,” pp. 17–19. For Coronel’s knighthood see Le Neve’s
“Pedigrees of Knights,” Harl. Soc. Pub. (1869).

Footnote 178:

Wolf, “Jewish Emancipation in the City” (_Jew. Chron._, November 30,
1894).

Footnote 179:

Child, “A New Discourse of Trade” (Lond., 1668), p. 5.

Footnote 180:

Wolf, “Jewish Emancipation,” _loc. cit._

Footnote 181:

Dr. Gardiner has suggested to me, and I agree, that this paragraph is
not a recommendation, but the thesis of the report. It is the text of
the “reference” to the Sub-Committee by the Council, and the
succeeding paragraphs constitute the report upon it. See _supra_, p.
xlv.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. P. xiv, changed "almost immediataly after" to "almost immediately after". 2. P. xlii, changed "among it signatories" to "among its signatories". 3. P. lxxv, "which caunot be" to "which cannot be". 4. P. lxxxv, changed “from uisnge or applyinge” to “from usinge or applyinge”. 5. P. 6, changed “veiwed those Countryes” to “viewed those Countryes”. 6. P. 26, changed "aud when he" to "and when he". 7. P. 36, changed "Our ancient Rabinsin" to "Our ancient Rabins in". 8. P. 37, chaanged "the paticle (ion)" to "the particle (ion)". 9. P. 43, changed "as Ekekiel, and" to "as Ezekiel, and". 10. P. 100, changed "every on should gain" to "every one should gain". 11. P. 101, changed "6 par Cent" to "6 per Cent". 12. P. 111, changed "Sauls sons" to "Saul’s sons". 13. P. 122, changed "Nehemias, cap. 8.6." to "Nehemias, chap. 8.6.". 14. P. 127, changed "certain fugive Iew" to "certain fugitive Iew". 15. P. 135, changed "or blaspeeme those" to "or blaspheme those". 16. P. 136, changed "thouh that was" to "though that was". 17. P. 176, changed "Pontificus Latine, 147 De disciplinus" to "Pontificios Latine, 147 De disciplinis". 18. P. 176, changed "Drucker, Mordechai ben" to "Drucker, Mardochai ben". 19. P. 176, changed “author of Gangrena” to “author of Gangræna”. 20. P. 177, changed "Eurgetes, Ptolomy" to "Euergetes, Ptolomy". 21. P. 177, changed "Finicus, Marcilius" to "Ficinus, Marcilius". 22. P. 178, changed "Geographie du Talmud" to "Géographie du Talmud". 23. P. 178, changed "Glory of Jehudah" to "Glory of Iehudah". 24. P. 180, changed "dominions at an" to "dominions as an". 25. P. 181, changed "Jurnin" to "Iurnin". 26. P. 181, changed "Kalicout" to "Kalikout". 27. P. 181, changed "Lacto, de" to "Laet, de". 28. P. 181, changed "Leon, Pedro Cieçade" to "Leon, Pedro Cieça". 29. P. 181, changed "Loet, cited" to "Loeb, cited". 30. P. 182, changed "of Elias Montalbo" to "of Elias Montalto". 31. P. 182, changed "Luxa" to "Laxa". 32. P. 182, changed "Marianus, cited" to "Marinus, cited". 33. P. 182, changed "Marracco, King of" to "Maracco, King of". 34. P. 183, changed "Diogo Pires" to "Diego Pires". 35. P. 185, changed "Ornstein, Rev. A. F." to "Ornstien, Rev. A. F." 36. P. 186, changed "Porarius" to "Pomarius". 37. P. 186, changed "Procopius, cited" to "Procopious, cited". 38. P. 186, changed "Psuedo-Messiah, Bar" to "Pseudo-Messiah, Bar". 39. P. 186, changed "Ragusa = Aragusa" to "Ragusa = Araguza". 40. P. 187, changed "Rodriques, Don Daniel" to "Rodrigues, Don Daniel". 41. P. 187, changed "Salamanque, Synagogues of" to "Salaminque, Synagogues of". 42. P. 188, changed "Sasal, Prince of" to "Sasol, Prince of". 43. P. 188, changed "Schemtob de Leon" to "Shemtob de Leon". 44. P. 188, changed "Sepher Eldad Danita" to "Sephar Eldad Danita". 45. P. 188, changed "Sisbuthus, the end" to "Sisibuthus, the end". 46. P. 188, changed "De Quieros enters" to "De Queiros enters". 47. P. 189, changed "Thesoro de los dinim" to "Thesoro de los dirim". 48. P. 189, changed "Tiglath-Pileser" to "Tiglah-Pileser". 49. P. 190, changed "Trask" to "Thrask". 50. P. 190, changed "Villepende, Marquis de" to "Villependi, Marquis de". 51. P. 190, changed "Viterbo, Cardinal Egidio" to "Viterbe, Cardinal Egidio". 52. All other spelling errors were uncorrected. 53. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter. 54. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 55. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}. 56. Subscripts are denoted by an underscore before a series of subscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O.