Chapter I: ) (1)

[297] Description and plan in Blanchetière, _Le Donjon ... de Domfront_, pp. 59-63. The date there given is actually earlier than the probable epoch of construction.

[298] The progress of fire-arms in English warfare was slow. See the various articles by R. Coltman Clephan, F.S.A., in _Archæol. Journal_, lxvi., lxvii., and lxviii. The earliest picture of a cannon is in a MS. at Christ Church, Oxford, written in 1326 (lxviii. 49), while the earliest mention of a hand-gun in England appears to be in 1338 (lxvi. 153-4). The long-bow continued to be the popular weapon of the individual English soldier until long after this date.

[299] The ramparts of Saint-Paul-du-Var (Alpes Maritimes) are said to belong to the epoch of the wars between Francis I. and Charles V. To the same period belong the fortifications of Lucca, Verona, and Antwerp. The present walls of Berwick were begun somewhat later, in 1558, enclosing a space considerably smaller than the original _enceinte_ of the town, as fortified by Edward I.

[300] Holes with embrasures for cannon were in many cases pierced in the walls of fortresses during the fifteenth century, or were formed, as in the eastern tower at Warkworth, by blocking the ordinary cross-loops through most of their height.

[301] This is very clearly seen in the fortified towns of Italy, or in the towns founded by Edward I. and by the kings of France in the southern districts of France.

[302] _Pomerium_ = the space _pone muros_, _i.e._, at the back of the walls. The word was at first applied to the sacred boundary of Rome and other towns, which limited the _auspicia_ of the city.

[303] The re-erection of the rectangular wall-turrets at Newcastle, which are of very slight projection from the wall, appears to date from 1386: a writ of aid was granted to the mayor and bailiffs on 29th November in that year for the repair of the walls and bridge of the town (Pat. 10 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 8).

[304] _I.e._, the lower gate. The north-western gateway is the upper gate, Porth Uchaf.

[305] Every monastery was, of course, surrounded by a wall; but it was only in certain cases and after a certain period that such walls were crenellated.

[306] Pat. 4 Edw. I., m. 12.

[307] _Ibid._, 13 Edw. I., m. 22.

[308] _Ibid._

[309] _Ibid._, m. 15.

[310] _Ibid._, 14 Edw. I., m. 24.

[311] _Ibid._, m. 19 (sched.).

[312] _Ibid._, 24 Edw. I., m. 8.

[313] _Ibid._, 27 Edw. I., m. 29.

[314] _Ibid._, 2 Edw. II., pt. 2, m. 25. The abbot and convent of St Mary’s, York, had licence to crenellate their wall, except on the side towards the city, 12th July 1318 (_Ibid._, 12 Edw. II., pt. I, m. 31).

[315] September 1315 (Pat. 9 Edw. II., pt. 1, m. 18), and 24th February 1315-6 (_Ibid._, pt. 2, m. 31).

[316] _Ibid._, 12 Edw. II., pt. 1, m. 7. No licence for crenellation had previously been given. The licences, here and elsewhere, explain that homicide and other crimes in the close by night made walling desirable. The gates were to be closed from twilight to sunrise.

[317] Burghersh also had licence to crenellate his manor-houses of Stow Park and Nettleham in Lincolnshire and Liddington in Rutland, 16th November 1336 (Pat. 10 Edw. III., pt. 2, m. 18). A comprehensive licence was granted, 20th July 1377 (_Ibid._, 1 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 26) to Ralph Erghum, bishop of Salisbury, to wall and crenellate the city of Salisbury and his manor-houses at Salisbury, Bishop’s Woodford, Potterne, Bishops Cannings, and Ramsbury in Wilts, Sherborne in Dorset, Chardstock in Devon, Sonning in Berks, and his house in Fleet Street.

[318] There were four of these double gatehouses in the _enceinte_. The fifth gatehouse, Pottergate, was single.

[319] Bishop Wyvill had a grant, 1st March 1331-2, of the stones of the cathedral of Old Sarum and the old residential houses, for the repair of the cathedral and enclosure of the precinct (Pat. 5 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 27).

[320] Licence to crenellate Whalley, “the church and close,” was granted 10th July 1348 (Pat. 22 Edw. III., pt. 2, m. 20).

[321] Pat. 6 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 22: a further licence to crenellate the abbey precinct bears date 1389, 6th May (Pat. 12 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 13).

[322] Pat. 3 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 10.

[323] The beautiful rectangular gatehouse of Battle abbey is earlier than Thornton. Licence to crenellate was granted 9th June 1339 (Pat. 12 Edw. III., pt. 2, m. 28).

[324] One of these towers remains: the other, with the adjacent curtain, is gone.

[325] Pat. 19 Edw. I., m. 2.

[326] _Ibid._, 2 Edw. II., pt. 2, m. 19.

[327] Pat. 3 Edw. II., m. 18.

[328] 28th August 1315 (Pat. 9 Edw. II., pt. 1, m. 25).

[329] See a commission to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, to survey and repair defects in Dover castle, 22nd May 1425 (Pat. 3 Hen. VI., pt. 2, m. 17).

[330] It will be remembered that the gatehouse of the quasi-concentric castle of Kidwelly, only a few miles distant from Llanstephan, is also situated upon the outer line of defence.

[331] Bishop Bek enfeoffed Henry Percy of the manor and town, 19th November 1309 (Pat. 3 Edw. II., m. 23).

[332] It has been already pointed out that this older house may have simply taken the form of a series of buildings against the encircling wall of a large shell-keep.

[333] John, Lord Neville, obtained licence from Bishop Hatfield of Durham to crenellate Raby in 1378 (O. S. Scott, _Raby, its Castle and its Lords_, 1906, P-47).

[334] At Middleham, where the plan of the fore-building is rather exceptional, there was a passage through the eastern part of the ground-floor of the forebuilding: this, however, was not the only way from the northern to the southern half of the castle. The first floor of the tower at Knaresborough, which formed a great guard-room, is in a very ruinous state; but there are clear indications of the main entrance near the north-east angle, and the inner entrance in the south wall, at right angles to the outer, still remains. There is also a vice in the south wall, by which the inner ward could be reached when the gates were closed. This tower, of course, never contained the domestic buildings of the castle; but the kitchen was in the basement, to which there were three doors of entry from the inner ward. The approach to each gateway from outside seems to have been a rising causeway built on arches.

[335] The tower of Belsay measures 51½ by 47½ feet. The tower of Knaresborough, which is of the same period, measures 62 by 54 feet; while that of Gilling measures 79½ by 72½ feet.

[336] This is said to have been the medieval vicarage of the church, which was appropriated to the cathedral priory of Carlisle. A pele-tower forms part of the rectories of Elsdon and Rothbury and of the vicarage of Embleton, Northumberland.

[337] The term “pele-yard” is applied to the base-court of the castle of Prudhoe in Pat. 1 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 1; where there is a licence to Gilbert de Umfraville, earl of Angus, to apply a rent to the augmentation of a chaplain’s stipend in the “chantry of St Mary in le Peleyerde of Prodhowe.”

[338] Enlart (ii. 623-753) quotes 242 examples of French churches which show remains of fortification. Most of the midland and southern departments of France contain a few; but the thickest clusters occur near the northern frontier (15 in the Aisne, 10 in the Ardennes department), and on the coast of Languedoc and Roussillon, where inroads of pirates were common (Pyrénées-Orientales 22; Hérault, 12). Among the larger fortified churches were the cathedrals of Agde, Béziers, Lodève, and Saint-Pons (Hérault), Elne (Pyrénées-Orientales), Pamiers (Ariège), Viviers (Ardèche), and Saint-Claude (Jura), and the abbey churches of Saint-Denis (Seine), Saint-Victor at Marseilles (Bouches-du-Rhône), La Chaise-Dieu (Haute-Loire), Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne), and Tournus (Saône-et-Loire). The example of Ewenny was followed in one or two churches of the same district, such as Newton Nottage, and in the peninsula of Gower.

[339] At Llanfihangel-cwm-Du, near Crickhowell, there was a fireplace upon the first floor of the tower until recently: the vent for the smoke remains in one of the corner turrets of the tower.

[340] The constant pressure of Scottish invasion upon the northern border is illustrated by the persistence of military architecture in the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. Thus, as late as 1399, William Strickland undertook the building of Penrith castle “for fortifying that town and the whole adjacent country” (Pat. 22 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 16; _cf._ pt. 3, m. 37).

[341] Bishop Burnell was building this house in 1284. He left the king at Conway on 25th July, to look after the progress of the works (Pat. 12 Edw. I., m. 7).

[342] 4th July (Pat. 3 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 43). A contract is still preserved, of 14th September 1378.

[343] 26th April (Pat. 5 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 21).

[344] The builder of Raby, John, Lord Neville (d. 1388), was also responsible for the fortification of Sheriff Hutton.

[345] This date is given in the 43rd Report of the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records, p. 71. The licence, as the castle was within the palatinate, was granted by Bishop Skirlaw.

[346] The licence to Thomas de Heton to “make a castle or fortalice” of Chillingham bears date 27th January 1343-4 (Pat. 18 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 46). Some of the masonry in the angle-towers is, however, of a much earlier date than this.

[347] The mount remains at the west end of the enclosure, but the shell-keep on its summit has been removed.

[348] The gatehouse and barbican in the east curtain, as well as the older portion of the dwelling-house, were the work of Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (d. 1369): Cæsar’s tower and Guy’s tower were the work of his son Thomas, who died in 1401.

[349] This-is the usual date given for the tower, which is entered from the first floor of the great donjon, and from the lower floor of the “lesser donjon” attached to one side of the keep. E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _Le Château de Coucy_, p. 82, departs from the usual date to assign the tower to Philip Augustus, two centuries earlier. The details certainly appear to be of a period much earlier than the fifteenth century.

[350] The turrets attached to some of the towers at Conway and Harlech are at the side, not in the centre. Such raised turrets were useful as look-out posts, and a watcher posted upon them could inform the defenders on the rampart-walk below of movements which they might not be able to follow for themselves.

[351] Pat. 9 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 22.

[352] Pat. 9 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 24.

[353] An interesting gatehouse, belonging to the later years of Edward I., is that of Denbigh, which was probably built by Henry de Lacy, the last earl of Lincoln (d. 1310). Here a noble archway, flanked by two octagonal towers, gives access through a passage to an octagonal central hall, beyond which is a smaller octagonal guard-room. The inner gateway to the enclosure is set in a side of the octagon, obliquely to the outer entrance. The plan is apparently unique. The upper portion of the gatehouse is badly ruined, and the walls have been much stripped; but there is a statue, probably of the founder, left above the entrance archway, which is set in a niche and panel treated with a considerable amount of ornamental detail.

[354] The barrel-vault of a basement chamber in one of the curtain-towers retains the marks of the wattled centering on which it was built. This is persistently asserted to be a mark of Roman origin. As a matter of fact, no part of the present castle can be proved to be earlier than the beginning of the twelfth century, when Roger of Poitou may have moved the head of his honour here from Penwortham, south of the Ribble. The castle, however, lies partly within, and partly outside the limits of a Roman military station.

[355] This is the date proposed by Bates, _Border Holds_: C. H. Hartshorne (_Archæol. Inst._, Newcastle, vol. ii.) proposed a later date, _c._ 1435-40. Mr Bates’ date is more likely than the other: for neither is there any direct evidence.

[356] New works were begun at Porchester in 1386, when Robert Bardolf, the constable, was appointed to impress masons, carpenters, etc., and to take materials at the king’s expense (Pat. 8 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 23). This probably applies to the building of the barbican, but the hall may also have been remodelled at this period. There are considerable remains of twelfth-century work in the substructure of the hall, as already noted.

[357] The stone gatehouse of the Norman castle appears to be incorporated in the fourteenth-century work, the outer archway, which was covered by a barbican, being merely a facing added to earlier work. The inner walls of the gatehouse were also lengthened, as part of the fourteenth-century enlargement.

[358] John of Gaunt was duke of Lancaster 1362-99. The gatehouse of Lancaster castle, known as John of Gaunt’s gateway, was not built until after his death. See p. 327.

[359] This hall was probably built late in the thirteenth or early in the fourteenth century.

[360] Charles also seems to have rebuilt the chapel on the south side of the enclosure.

[361] See the drawing by Androuet du Cerceau and plans in W. H. Ward, _French Châteaux and Gardens in the XVIth Century_, Plates III., IV., and p. 11.

[362] See p. 285 above.

[363] The three principal features of the strong tower at Stokesay are (1) its isolation from the range of buildings adjoining it, its only entrances being from the outside, in the basement and on the first floor; (2) the division of its face towards the field into two small half-octagons; (3) the stairs carried from floor to floor in the thickness of the wall. The stair from the basement to the first and second floors crosses the entrance-lobby on the first floor; but, in order to reach the roof, the second-floor chamber has to be passed through, and a new stair entered in the embrasure of a window. This was planned partly, as at Richmond and Conisbrough, to give the defenders complete control of the stair, and partly to keep the stair within the wall of the tower which was least open to attack, and could therefore be lightened most safely.

[364] This was done towards the end of the twelfth century. The licence stated that the wall was to be without crenellations (_sine kernello_).

[365] The hall may be a little earlier than the fourteenth century: the windows seem to indicate the period 1290-1310. The great chimney and the heavy battlement were added when the porch to the hall was built.

[366] Such a position for a medieval stronghold was not unusual. Thus Richmond castle is commanded by much higher hills on the north and south-west. In medieval warfare, however, before fire-arms had received any full development, an enemy would have gained little advantage by occupying a commanding position at some distance from the place attacked. In 1644, the Parliamentary force which besieged Wingfield attempted to breach the walls from Pentrich common, on slightly higher ground to the south-east. This was found impossible, and the cannon had to be moved to a wood on the west side of the manor before any damage was done.

[367] The additions at this end were possibly the work of John Talbot, second earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1460), to whom Cromwell sold the manor shortly before his death. The earl certainly did some building at Wingfield: see the short, but carefully compiled _Guide to Wingfield Manor_, by W. H. Edmunds, p. 11.

[368] This can clearly be seen from the small open courtyard on the north-west side of the great chamber block. The kitchen block is there seen to have been built up against the west wall of the great chamber and its lower stage, without any bonding.

[369] At Conway, Porchester, etc., however, the large hall was probably intended for the use of the garrison. The great hall at Wingfield was essentially the hall of a dwelling-house, in which the inner court is kept quite separate from the base-court, where possibly a common hall was provided for the men-at-arms who might be lodged there.

[370] This tower, like that at Stokesay, can be entered only by an outer door. This is at the foot of a turret containing a broad vice. The doorway had no portcullis, but was commanded by a slit in the wall from the stair, which ascends on the left of the entrance lobby.

[371] The gateways of the outer and inner courtyards each had double doors. There was no provision for portcullises. Each gateway has a small postern entrance on one side of the main archway. This would be used after the great doors had been closed for the night.

[372] These have recently been removed, to the great detriment of this noble tower.

[373] The high tower at Wingfield is not machicolated, and affords a curious contrast in this respect to Tattershall.

[374] The late thirteenth-century hall at Little Wenham, near Hadleigh, is an early example of a brick house in this district.

[375] Other Lincolnshire examples of brick-work are the gatehouse of Thornton abbey (1382), already described, and the early sixteenth-century manor-house on the Trent above Gainsborough, known as Torksey castle.

[376] The ditch at Hurstmonceaux is now dry. That at Compton Wyniates has been partly filled up. The moat of Kentwell, an Elizabethan house, is still perfect.

[377] The upper stories of these towers only are semicircular. The two lower stages are half octagons. The towers have circular upper turrets like those at Warwick.

[378] The castle of Amberley was built about 1379 by Bishop Rede of Chichester, and is therefore nearly contemporary with Bodiam. It is rectangular in shape, with lofty curtains, and has a gatehouse flanked by round towers.

[379] _Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII._, vol. IV., nos. 2,655, 2,656.

[380] _Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII._, vol. IV., no. 1,089.

[381] Calendared _ibid._, vol. III., no. 1,186.

[382] Pat. 19 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 25.

INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES

_N.B.—Illustrations are denoted by numbers followed by the name of the photographer, draughtsman, or source from which the picture is derived._

A

Acton Burnell (Salop), castle, 298, 317, 338

Adrianople, siege of, 73

Æthelflaed, lady of the Mercians, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41, 101

Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, 28

Agde (Hérault), cathedral, 315

Aigues-Mortes (Gard), 77, A. Thompson; 242, 246, 250, 289

Aire river, 85

Aisne department, fortified churches in, 315

Alan of Brittany, earl of Richmond, 47, 94, 101, 104, 107

Albi (Tarn), fortified cathedral, 315

Alençon (Orne), castle, 289, A. Thompson

Alençonnais, the, 52

Alesia [Alise (Côte-d’Or)], siege of, 46, 59, 60, 61, 79

Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 97, 99, 189

Alfred the Great, king, 26, 28, 64

Alne river, 86

Alnwick (Northumberland), castle, 115, G. T. Clark; 243, J. P. Gibson;
310, A. Thompson; 7, 42, 43, 86, 115, 116, 210, 235, 245, 247,
265, 309, 310, 327, 328

Amaury, count of Evreux, 165

Amberley (Sussex), castle, 360

Amboglanna (Cumberland), 15

Amboise (Indre-et-Loire), castle, 338

Amiens (Somme), 22

Ancaster (Lincoln), 355

Anderida (Sussex), 12, 22;
_see_ Pevensey

Andover (Hants), 22

Angers (Maine-et-Loire), 27, 88, 118

Angevins, war of William I. with, 52

Anglesey, isle of, 278

Angus, earl of, _see_ Umfraville

Anjou, count of, _see_ Fulk

Anker river, 101

Antioch (Syria), siege of, 71, 164, 241

Antwerp, 290

Ardennes department, fortified churches in, 315

Ardres (Pas-de-Calais), castle, 54, 55

Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône), 315

Arnold, son of Robert, 52

Arras (Pas-de-Calais), 290

Arundel (Sussex), castle, 37, 115, 190, 360

Ashbourne (Derby), 318

Astures, Roman auxiliaries, 19

Auckland (Durham), castle, 197, 198, 200, 338

Autun (Sâone-et-Loire), 15

Avignon (Vaucluse), palace of the popes, 304;
walls, 246, 250, 295

Avon river (Bristol), 2, 88;
(Warwick), 29

Axholme, isle of, 56

Aydon (Northumberland), castle or fortified house, 189, 190, 312, 338

B

Badbury (Dorset), 25

Bakewell (Derby), 29

Bamburgh (Northumberland), castle, 91, J. P. Gibson, W. Maitland;
25, 62, 66, 86, 90, 120, 132, 133, 134, 137, 150, 155, 202, 230,
233

Bardolf, Robert, 335

Barking (Middlesex), 38

Barlborough (Derby), hall, 318

Barnard Castle (Durham), castle, 87, G. T. Clark; 85, 86, 163, 185

Baroche, la (Orne), 52

Barwick-in-Elmet (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 56

Basing house (Hants), 360

Bath (Somerset), 24, 25

Bath and Wells, bishop of, _see_ Burnell

Battle (Sussex), gatehouse of abbey, 304

Battlesbury (Wilts), 25

Bayeux (Calvados), castle, 45

—— bishop of, _see_ Odo

Beauchamp, house of, 109

—— Thomas, earl of Warwick (d. 1369), 321

—— Thomas, earl of Warwick (d. 1401), 321

Beaugency (Loiret), castle, 116, A. Thompson; 117, 118, 120

Beaumaris (Anglesey), castle, 277, G. T. Clark; 236, 278, A. Thompson;
7, 211, 225, 236, 251, 261, 265, 266, 268, 275, 276-9, 280, 282,
284

Beauvais (Oise), 22, 27

Bebbanburh, 25;
_see_ Bamburgh

Bedale (Yorks, N. R.), church tower, 316

Bedburn river, 8

Bedford, 29, 30, 32;
castle, 30, 32;
John, duke of, 330

Bek, Antony, bishop of Durham, 188, 189, 198, 200, 202, 309

Bellême, house of, 51;
Robert of, 55, 67, 85

Belsay (Northumberland), castle, 313, J. P. Gibson; 236, 312

Belvoir (Leicester), castle, 85, 360

Berkeley (Gloucester), castle, 142, 186, A. Thompson; 42, 43, 142,
186, 193, 194, 209, 210

Berkhampstead (Herts), castle, 42, A. Thompson; 42, 119, 263

Berry, John, duke of, 338

Berry Pomeroy (Devon), castle, 229, 358

Berwick-on-Tweed, town walls, 290, 291

Beverley (Yorks, E. R.), 295

Béziers (Hérault), cathedral, 315

Bignor (Sussex), Roman villa, 12

Birdoswald (Cumberland), 15

Bishop Auckland (Durham), 8;
and _see_ Auckland

Bishops Cannings (Wilts), manor-house, 301

Bishop’s Castle (Salop), 2

Bishop’s Woodford (Wilts), manor-house, 301

Black mountains, 184

Blackbury castle (Devon), 7, A. H. Allcroft; 6

Blackfriars, _see_ London

Blackwater river, 22, 29

Blois (Loir-et-Cher), castle, 337

Blyth (Notts) castle, 85;
and _see_ Tickhill;
priory, 85

Bodiam (Sussex), castle, 323, E. A. and G. R. Reeve; 326, A. Thompson;
210, 322, 325, 326, 327, 330, 335, 360

Bokerley dyke, 24, 25

Bolton-in-Wensleydale (Yorks, N. R.), castle, 316, 317, 318, 330,
362, 367

Bolton-on-Swale (Yorks, N. R.), church tower, 316

Boothby Pagnell (Lincoln), manor-house, 190, 192

Borcovicus (Northumberland), 14, A. Thompson; 15, 18, A. Thompson
(after Bruce); 15, 17, 18, 19

Bosham (Sussex), 36, A. Thompson (after Bayeux tapestry); 190

Boston (Lincoln), Hussey tower at, 355

Bothal (Northumberland), castle, 245, 327

Bourbourg, Louis de, 54

Bourges (Cher), 22

Boves (Somme), siege of, 70, 76

Bowes (Yorks, N. R.), tower, 131, 132, 133, 142, 145, 312

Bowness (Cumberland), 10

Bracieux, Pierre de, 73

Bradwell-juxta-Mare (Essex), 22

Brancaster (Norfolk), 12

Brancepeth (Durham), castle, 86

Brandenburg (Prussia), 26

Branodunum (Norfolk), 12

Brecon beacons, 274

—— castle, 44, 56, 87, 362, 365, 367

Breteuil, William of, 55

Bréval (Seine-et-Oise), 55, 67

Bridgnorth (Salop), 29;
castle, 108, 109, 119, 133

Bridlington (Yorks, E. R.), gatehouse of priory, 301

Brionne (Eure), castle, 56

Bristol, castle, 88;
walls and gateways, 292, 295, 296

—— channel, 24, 308

Brittany, mount-and-bailey castles in, 45;
Alan of, _see_ Alan

Brixworth (Northants), church, 100

Bronllys (Brecknock), castle, 183, 184

Bruce, house of, 85

Brunanburh, battle of, 63

Brutus, Marcus, 62

Buckingham, 29, 30, 32

—— castle, 30, 32

—— duke of, _see_ Stafford

Builth (Brecknock), castle, 50, G. T. Clark; 50, 51

Burgh Castle (Suffolk), 12, 16, 22

Burghersh, Henry, bishop of Lincoln, 301

Burghwallis (Yorks, W. R.), 100

Burgundy, 59, 64, 198

Burnell, Robert, bishop of Bath and Wells, 298, 317

Bury ditches (Salop), 6, A. Thompson; 2, 6

Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk), 25;
Moyses hall, 190

Busli, Roger de, 85

C

Cadbury (Somerset), 25

Caen (Calvados), 118;
abbey churches, 93

Caer Caradoc (near Clun, Salop), 6

Caerlaverock (Dumfries), castle, 364, J. P. Gibson; 304, 307

Caerphilly (Glamorgan), castle, 270, 271, 272, A. Thompson; 7, 160,
189, 205, 236, 264, 265, 270-2, 274-5, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280,
282, 284, 287, 309, 334, 352

Cahors (Lot), walled town, 65;
Pont Valentré, 297, 355

Calder river, 85

Caldicot (Monmouth), castle, 182, 184

Calleva Atrebatum (Hants), 14;
and _see_ Silchester

Cambridge, castle, 39, 40, 41

—— colleges, 193

Camulodunum (Essex), 12;
and _see_ Colchester

Canterbury (Kent), 28, 198;
archbishops of, _see_ Robert of Jumièges, Sudbury

—— castle, 46, 120, 128

—— west gate, 296, 304

Carcassonne (Aude), town and castle, 78, 239, 242, A. Thompson; 264,
283, Viollet-le-Duc; 79, 82, 236, 242, 246, 250, 264, 284, 286, 289

Cardiff (Glamorgan), 274;
castle, 114, A. Thompson; 191, G. T. Clark; 115, 190, 193, 194, 209

Carew (Pembroke), castle, 248, 336, A. Thompson; 202, 239, 240, 247,
252, 269, 304, 330, 333, 337, 362

Carisbrooke (Isle of Wight), castle, 111, R. Keene; 115

Carlisle (Cumberland), castle, 87, 88, 120, 361, 362, 367

—— cathedral priory, 312

Carnarvon, castle, 245, 253, G. T. Clark; 258, A. Thompson; 259,
F. Bond; 88, 189, 209, 224, 242, 245, 246, 248, 252, 255, 257,
261, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 279, 282, 284, 291

—— town walls, 251, A. Thompson; 88, 251, 291, 292, 295, 296

Carrickfergus (Antrim), castle, 194

Castles camp (Durham), 8

Castleton (Yorks, N. R.), castle, 85

Castrum Harundel (Sussex), 37;
and _see_ Arundel

Caus castle (Salop), 362

Cawood (Yorks, W. R.), castle, 85, 338

Ceawlin, king of West Saxons, 25

Cedd, St, 22

Cérisy-la-Forêt (Calvados), abbey church, 100

Chaise-Dieu, la (Haute-Loire), abbey church, 315

Champlitte, Guillaume de, 73

Chardstock (Devon), manor-house, 301

Charles the Bald, king of Neustria, 27, 29, 32

—— the Fat, king of Neustria, 27, 64

—— the Simple, king of Neustria, 28

—— V., emperor, 290

—— Martel, 65

Chartres (Eure-et-Loir), 22

—— count of, _see_ Theobald

Château-Gaillard (Eure), 163, A. Thompson, after Enlart; 175, A.
Thompson; 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 163, 172, 175, 176, 215,
216, 229, 257, 264

Château-sur-Epte (Eure), 165

Chauny (Aisne), 295

Chedworth (Gloucester), Roman villa, 12

Chepstow (Monmouth), 182; castle, 103, 249, 268, A. Thompson; 104,
A. Thompson (after _Official Guide_); 56, 88, 104, 107, 175, 185,
189, 223, 249, 250, 268, 269, 280, 282, 359

—— town and walls, 88, 251, 295

Chester, castle, 39

—— city and walls, 14, 22, 23, 24, 119

Chesters (Northumberland), 15;
and _see_ Cilurnum

Chichester (Sussex), 14, 22, 23, 198;
bishop of, _see_ Rede

Chilham (Kent), castle, 120

Chillingham (Northumberland), castle, 318

China, great wall of, 79

Chipchase (Northumberland), castle, 156, 236, 312

Christchurch (Hants), castle, 123, P. M. Johnston; 128, 189, 192, 193

—— priory church, 93, 94

Cilurnum (Northumberland), 13, A. Thompson (after Bruce); 15, 17,
18, 19

Cirencester (Gloucester), 25

Cissbury (Sussex), 2, 25

Clare (Suffolk), castle, 188

—— Gilbert de, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, 270

Clark, G. T., 30

Clavering (Essex), castle, 37

Clement VI., pope, 250

Cleveland (Yorks, N. R.), 85

Clifford’s hill (Northampton), 84

Clifton (Bristol), promontory forts, 2, 8

Clinton, family of, 365

Clipsham (Rutland), 197

Clun (Salop), 2, 6

—— castle, 43, 127, A. Thompson; 43, 50, 119, 128, 129, 131, 145

Clwyd river, 275

Cnut, king, 33, 34

Colchester (Essex), 12, 19, 26, 29, 65;
castle, 47, 101, A. Thompson; 47, 83, 100, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133,
134, 137, 146, 150, 154, 188, 317

Cole, John, 274, 275

Colne river (Essex), 29

Compton castle (Devon), 358

Compton Wyniates (Warwick), manor-house, 193, 210, 308, 359

Conisbrough (Yorks, W. R.), castle, 166, 167, 168, A. Thompson; 217,
G. Hepworth; 42, 85, 86, 149, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 178,
179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 188, 212, 216, 342

Constantinople, siege of, 73, 77, 78, 81, 164, 262, 263

Conway (Carnarvon), 317;
castle, 234, 256, G. T. Clark; 261, 262, 263, A. Thompson; 7, 88,
177, 205, 209, 210, 229, 233, 236, 242, 252, 255, 257, 258, 261,
262, 265, 268, 270, 275, 276, 279, 280, 282, 291, 322, 334, 352

—— town walls, 88, 177, 240, 250, 251, 291, 295, 296

Coquet river, 86, 219, 298

Corbridge-on-Tyne (Northumberland), 18;
_see_ Corstopitum

—— pele-tower, 156, 312

Corfe (Dorset), castle, 102, 131, 132, 155

Corstopitum (Northumberland), 18, 22

Cosin, John, bishop of Durham, 198, 200

Coucy (Aisne), castle, 81, 177, A. Thompson; 80, 81, 82, 171, 176,
177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 189, 216, 225, 241, 242, 248, 264, 269,
284, 285, 322, 338

—— town walls, 240, 250, 295, 297

—— Enguerrand III., seigneur de, 176

—— VII., 338

Courcy-sur-Dives (Calvados), 67

Coutances (Manche), 23

Coventry and Lichfield, bishop of, _see_ Langton

Cowdray castle (Sussex), 360

Cradyfargus tower at Warkworth, 194, 219, 247

Cranborne (Dorset), 25

Cromwell, Ralph, Lord, 345, 347, 352

Cynewulf, king, 36

D

Dacre, Lord, of Gillesland, 361

Dalyngrugge, Sir Edward, 322, 325

Danby Wiske (Yorks, N. R.), church-tower, 316

Danelaw, the, 28, 34

Dead sea (Palestine), 263

Dee river, 24

Delhi, 79

Denbigh, castle, 185, 224, 229, 255, 327, 360

Denmark, king of, _see_ Swegen

Derby, 29, 30

Derwent river (Derby), 345

—— (Durham and Northumberland), 316

—— (Yorks), 85

Despenser, Hugh, 274

Devizes (Wilts), 24

Devon river, 99

Didier, St, bishop of Cahors, 65

Dinan (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 46, A. Thompson, after Bayeux
tapestry; 45

D’Oily, Robert, 104

Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 45

Dolbadarn (Carnarvon), tower, 183, 184, A. Thompson; 87, 185

Dolebury (Somerset), 8, 25

Dolwyddelan (Carnarvon), castle, 185

Domfront (Orne), castle, 284, A. Thompson; 51, 52, 117, 118, 120,
142, 145, 284, 285

—— town walls, 250

Don river, 85

Doncaster (Yorks, W.R.), 85, 100

Dorchester (Dorset), 2, 19

Dove river, 42

Dover (Kent), 37;
castle, 126, G. T. Clark; 37, 119, 120, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137,
138, 141, 146, 149, 150, 154, 155, 159, 241, 265, 308

Drayton house (Northampton), 205

Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester, 337

Duffield (Derby), castle, 132

Dumfries, 304

Dunheved (Cornwall), 89

Dunstanburgh (Northumberland), castle, 219, 308, 309, 327

Durham, bishops of, _see_ Bek, Cosin, Flambard, Hatfield, Pudsey,
Skirlaw, Tunstall

Durham, 24;
castle, 199, _Archaeol. Journal_; 201, Billings; 203, J. P. Gibson;
44, 86, 107, 108, 189, 200, 202, 275

—— cathedral, 153

—— University college, 200

Dyrham (Gloucester), battle of, 25

E

Earls Barton (Northampton), castle and church, 45, 52, 109

Easingwold (Yorks, N.R.), 296

East Anglia, king of, _see_ Edmund

Échauffour (Orne), castle, 52

Eddisbury (Chester), 29

Eden river, 312

Edgar the Ætheling, 39

Edmund, king of East Anglia, 28

—— Ironside, king, 33, 34

Edward the Confessor, king, 37

—— the Elder, king, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41

—— I., king, 241, 252, 275, 276, 290, 291, 292, 298, 304, 307,
317, 327

—— II., king, 185, 301, 307

—— III., king, 109, 266, 291, 301, 307

Egbert, king, 27

Elizabeth, queen, 337, 345, 361

Ellesmere (Salop), castle, 119

Elmham (Suffolk), 24

Elmley (Worcester), castle, 109

Elne (Pyrénèes-Orientales), cathedral, 315

Elsdon (Northumberland), fortified rectory, 312

Embleton (Northumberland), fortified vicarage, 312

Emperors, _see_ Charles V., Henry the Fowler, Vespasian

England, kings of, _see_ Cnut, Edward I., Edward II., Edward III.,
Henry I., Henry II., Henry III., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VIII.,
John, Richard I., Richard II., Stephen, William I., William II.

England, queens of, _see_ Elizabeth, Isabel

Erghum, Ralph, bishop of Salisbury, 301

Ermine street, 21

Erve river, 90

Etampes (Seine-et-Oise), castle, 172, A. Thompson; 172, 186

Ethelred the Redeless, king, 28, 33

Eudes, count of Paris (Hugh Capet), 63, 64

Eustace, son of John, 116

Evreux (Eure), abbey of Saint-Taurin, 22;
count of, _see_ Amaury

Ewenny (Glamorgan), priory church, 315

Ewias Harold (Hereford), castle, 37

Exeter (Devon), 21, 23, 39;
castle, 39, 40, 83, 95, 96, 98, 113

—— cathedral close, 298

F

Falaise (Calvados), castle, 117, A. Thompson; 54, 100, 117, 118, 120,
322

Farnham (Hants), castle, 115

Ferrers (Walkelin de), 197

Fiennes, Sir Roger, 358, 359

Fitzwilliam, Sir William, 300

Flambard, Ranulf, bishop of Durham, 133

Flamborough head (Yorks, E.R.), 86

Flint, castle, 181, 182, 249

Foss river, 41

Fosseway, the, 21

Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine), 250, A. Thompson; 250, 304

France, Capetian kings of, 34;
and _see_ Hugh Capet, Louis VI., Louis IX., Philip I., Philip II.,
Philip III.

—— Carolingian kings of, 36;
_see_ Neustria

—— Valois kings of, _see_ Francis I., Henry II., Louis XII.

Francis I., king of France, 290, 337, 338

Freeman, Professor E. A., 30

Frome river (Bristol), 88, 296;
(Dorset), 2, 19

Fulk the Black, count of Anjou, 116

G

Gainsborough (Lincoln), 100, 101, 358

—— old hall, 355, 356, 358

Galmanho (York), 33

Galtres forest (Yorks, N.R.), 55, 85

Gannock’s castle, _see_ Tempsford

Gariannonum (Suffolk), 12;
and _see_ Burgh castle

Garonne river, 27

Gaunt, John of, _see_ Lancaster, John, duke of,

Gête-aux-Lièvres, 66

Gilbert, family of, 358

Gilling, East (Yorks), castle, 312

Gisors (Eure), castle, 166, 176

Gloucester, 14, 22, 25, 37

—— castle, 119

—— duke of, Humphrey, 308

—— earl of, _see_ Clare

Godwin, earl, 37

Goël, Ascelin, 55

Goodmanham (Yorks, E.R.), 23

Goodrich (Hereford), castle, 174, C. Gethen, G. W. Saunders; 175, 185

Gower (Glamorgan), fortified churches in, 315

Gower, Henry, bishop of St David’s, 338, 341

Goxhill (Lincoln), “priory,” 190

Gravesend (Kent), 119

Guildford (Surrey), castle, 128, A. Thompson; 100, 128, 129, 131,
132, 133, 134, 138, 145, 149, 153, 154, 156, 189

Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 120

Gwendraeth Fach river, 279

H

Haddon, Nether (Derby), 342;
hall, 340, H. Baker; 343, G. J. Gillham; 193, 206, 315, 342, 345

Hadleigh (Suffolk), rectory, 355

Hallaton (Leicester), castle, 51, A. Thompson

Halton (Northumberland), pele-tower, 312

Hambleton hills (Yorks, N.R.), 85

Hamelin Plantagenet, 167

Hardwick hall (Derby), 318

Harewood (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 85

Harlech (Merioneth), castle, 273, G. T. Clark; 274, A. Thompson; 160,
189, 209, 210, 211, 225, 236, 249, 261, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 282, 284, 289, 309, 322, 325

Harold, king, 36, 38, 190, 192

Hastings (Sussex), 37;
castle, 38, A. Thompson (after Bayeux tapestry); 38, 39, 40, 43,
45, 46, 102, 108, 109, 119, 128, 209, 360

Hatfield, Thomas, bishop of Durham, 202, 310

Haughmond abbey (Salop), 192

Haughton (Northumberland), castle, 317, 338

Haverfordwest (Pembroke), castle, 341

Hawarden (Flint), castle, 184

Hedingham (Essex), castle, 135, 147, F. R. Taylor; 44, 128, 131, 132,
133, 134, 137, 145, 146, 155, 156, 159

Helmsley (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 85, 131

Henry I., king, 66, 71, 85, 117, 118, 133, 189, 193

—— II., king, 56, 57, 83, 89, 118, 120, 133, 159, 160, 165, 166, 167,
176, 188, 202, 212

—— III., king, 55, 162, 185, 188, 202, 205, 265, 270

—— IV., king, 279, 330, 336

—— V., king, 327

—— VIII., king, 337, 361

—— II., king of France, 337

—— the Fowler, emperor, 26

Hérault department, fortified churches in, 315

Hereford, 37;
castle, 119;
earl of, _see_ William, son of Osbern

Herefordshire, Norman castle in, 37

Hertford, 29, 30, 32;
castle, 30, 32, 119;
earl of, _see_ Clare

Hestengaceaster (Sussex), 45

Heton, Thomas de, 318

Hexham (Northumberland), 317;
fortified manor-house, 312

Higham Ferrers (Northampton), castle and church, 109

Hingston down (Cornwall), battle of, 27

Holderness (Yorks, E.R.), 86

Holy Island (Northumberland), castle, 86

Horkstow (Lincoln), Roman villa, 12

Horncastle (Lincoln), 355

Houdan (Seine-et-Oise), donjon, 165

Housesteads (Northumberland), 15;
and _see_ Borcovicus

Hubert, count of Maine, 66, 90

Hugh Capet, king of France; _see_ Eudes

Hull (Yorks, E.R.), 296

Humber estuary, 28, 85

Huntingdon, 29, 30

—— castle, 39, 40, 362

Hurstmonceaux (Sussex), castle, 323, E. A. and G. R. Reeve; 359,
A. Thompson; 330, 358, 359, 360

I

Ida, king of Northumbria, 25

Ireland, passage from England to, 179

Isabel, queen of England, 274

Issoudun (Indre), donjon, 175

Ivry (Eure), castle, 55

J

Jerusalem, kingdom of, 263

—— siege of, 67, 70

Jervaulx abbey (Yorks, N.R.), 192

Jeufosse (Seine-et-Oise), 27

John, king, 162, 194

Jublains (Mayenne), 23

K

Kala’at-el-Hosn; _see_ Krak des Chevaliers

Kenilworth (Warwick), castle, 132, 337, A. Thompson; 129, 131, 132,
133, 134, 138, 146, 149, 154, 156, 209, 210, 233, 234, 247, 270,
271, 279, 297, 317, 322, 336, 337

Kentwell hall (Suffolk), 359

Kerak in Moab, castle, 240, 241, 263

Kidwelly (Carmarthen), castle, 225, 281, A. Thompson; 267, G. T.
Clark; 211, 224, 269, 275, 279-82, 304, 309

Kimbolton (Hunts), castle, 365, 366

Kinnard’s Ferry (Lincoln), castle, 56, 57, 83

Kirkby Malzeard (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 56, 57, 83

Knaresborough (Yorks, W.R.) castle, 85, 86, 216, 279, 310, 312, 327

Knighton (Radnor), 6

Krak, le, des Chevaliers, 176, A. Thompson (after G. Rey); 176, 263

Kyme (Lincoln), tower, 355

L

Labienus, Titus, 61

Lacy, Henry de, earl of Lincoln, 327

—— Ilbert de, 56

—— Roger de, 102

Laigle (Orne), castle, 193

Lamotte, significance of place-name, 46

Lamphey (Pembroke), manor-house, 341, A. Thompson; 338, 341, 342

Lancaster castle, 104, 145, 246, 279, 327, 328, 336, 337

—— duchy of, castles of, 279, 327, 336

—— —— records of, 186, 336, 361

—— John, duke of, 336, 337

—— Thomas, earl of, 308

Langeais (Indre-et-Loire), castle, 116

Langley (Northumberland), castle, 156, 317

Langton, Walter, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 298

Languedoc, fortified churches in, 315

Laon (Aisne), 295

Launceston (Cornwall), castle, 89, 182, 188, 264, 362

Laval (Mayenne), castle, 80, A. Thompson; 81, 88

—— town walls, 88

Lea river, 29, 120

Leconfield (Yorks, E.R.), manor-house, 307

Leeds (Kent), castle, 326

—— (Yorks, W.R.), 56

Leicester, 22, 29, 30

—— castle, 88, 109, 197

—— earl of, _see_ Dudley

Le Roy, Pierre, abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, 236

Lewes (Sussex), castle, 50, 98, A. Thompson; 49, 96, 97, 98, 99, 115,
220, 235, 236, 360

Lichfield (Stafford), 24;
bishop of, _see_ Coventry

—— cathedral close, 298

Liddington (Rutland), manor-house, 190, 301

Lilbourne (Northampton), castle, 43, 51

Lille (Nord), 290

Lillebonne (Seine-Inférieure), edict of, 89, 90, 102

Lincoln, 12, 18, 19, 20, 23, 30, 301, 355

—— bishops of, 85;
and _see_ Alexander, Burghersh

—— bishop’s palace, 198, 301, 338, 348, 351

—— castle, 40, W. G. Watkins; 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50,
85, 86, 87, 100, 102, 114, 115, 188, 236, 279, 301

—— cathedral, 23, 94

—— cathedral close, 298, 301;
gatehouses, 301, 303

—— city walls, 20, 296

—— earl of, _see_ Lacy

Lindsey, parts of (Lincoln), 28

Llanberis (Carnarvon), 87, 185

Llandovery (Carmarthen), castle, 87, 229

Llanfihangel-cwm-Du (Brecon), church tower, 316

Llanstephan (Carmarthen), castle, 249, 308, 309

Llawhaden (Pembroke), castle, 342

Loches (Indre-et-Loire), castle, 82

Lodève (Hérault), cathedral, 315

Loire river, 27

Lois Weedon (Northampton), church, 100

London, 21, 26, 27, 28, 37, 38, 64, 65, 295

—— Baynard’s castle, 38, 39

—— Blackfriars, 39

—— Fleet Street, house of bishops of Salisbury, 301

—— St Paul’s cathedral close, 298

—— Tower of, 121, 122, A. Thompson; 123, P. M. Johnston;
38, 39, 40, 47, 88, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134,
137, 146, 150, 154, 188, 202, 210, 223, 225, 226, 234, 265, 266,
268, 277

Longchamp, William, bishop of Ely, 265

Louis VI., king of France, 66, 67, 68, 93, 165

—— IX., king of France, 68, 74, 264

—— XII, king of France, 337, 338

Lucca (Tuscany), 290

Lucé (Orne), castle, 52

Ludlow (Salop), castle, 94, 95, 96, 108, A. Thompson; 106, R. Keene;
195, C. Gethen; 87, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110,
113, 137, 149, 153, 156, 159, 161, 189, 194, 206, 207, 209, 210,
212, 215, 219, 229, 252, 304, 330, 334, 335

—— town walls, 87

Ludlow, Lawrence of, 307

Lumley (Durham), castle, 318

Lundenburh, 26

M

Magdeburg (Prussian Saxony), 26

Maiden Castle (Dorset), 2, 3, A. Thompson; 2, 3, 5, 19, 26, 230, 282

Maine, count of, _see_ Hubert

Malassis, 66

Malcolm IV., king of Scots, 120

Maldon (Essex), 29;
battle of, 63

Malet, William, 39

Mailing, West (Kent), St Leonard’s church, 120

Malton (Yorks, N. R.), castle, 85

Manorbier (Pembroke), castle, 208, A. Thompson; 217, C. Gethen; 189,
192, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215, 229, 304, 316, 334, 335

Mans, le (Sarthe), 22, 23

Mansurah (Lower Egypt), 68, 74

Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), 27

Markenfield (Yorks, W.R.), manor-house, 307, 308, 338

Marlborough (Wilts.), 24

Marmion, Robert, 101

Marne river, 27

Marrah (Syria), siege of, 71

Marseilles (Bouches-du-Rhône), abbey church of Saint-Victor, 315

—— siege of, 61, 62, 70, 73, 78

Marshal, William, earl of Pembroke and Striguil, 179

Marton (Lincoln), church, 100, 101

Massilia, _see_ Marseilles

Mâte-Putain, 66

Maule, siege of, 90

Maxstoke (Warwick), castle, 364, H. Baker; 365, 366, 367

Medway river, 365

Méhun-sur-Yèvre (Cher), castle, 338

Melbourne (Derby), castle, 336

Melsonby (Yorks, N.R.), church-tower, 315

Melun (Seine-et-Marne), 27

Merchem, castle of, 53, 54

Mercia, kingdom of, 28;
kings of, _see_ Offa, Penda

Mercians, lady of the, _see_ Æthelflaed

Merseburg (Prussian Saxony), 26

Mersey river, 28, 29

Merton (Surrey), 36

Mexborough (Yorks, W. R.), castle, 42, 51

Middleham (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 85, 87, 132, 133, 134, 142, 150,
310, 312

Midhurst (Sussex), 360

Milford haven, 179

Mitford (Northumberland), castle, 86, 166, 167

Moel Siabod (Carnarvon), 185

Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne), abbey, 315

Monkchester, _see_ Muncanceaster

Monkton (Pembroke), priory church, 316

Monmouth, fortified bridge, 297, A. Thompson; 298

Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne), Pont des Consuls, 297

Montgomery castle, 43

Montmajour (Bouches-du-Rhône), fortified abbey, 315

Montmartre (Seine), 64

Mont-Saint-Michel (Manche), abbey, 235, A. Thompson; 236;
abbots of, _see_ Le Roy, Tustin

—— town walls, 291, A. Thompson; 250, 289

Morpeth (Northumberland), 166

Mortham (Yorks, N. R.), manor-house, 338

Mount Bures (Essex), 44, 46

Mowbray, Robert, 66, 90

—— vale of (Yorks, N.R.), 83

Mowbrays, revolt of the, 56, 83

Muncanceaster (Northumberland), 21

N

Naeodunum Diablintum (Mayenne), 23

Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), 27

Narbonne (Aude), 65

Naworth (Cumberland), castle, 189

Nettleham (Lincoln), manor-house, 301

Neufmarché, Bernard de, _see_ Newmarch

Neustria, kingdom of, 34;
kings of, _see_ Charles

Neville, John, Lord, 310, 317

Newark-on-Trent (Nottingham), castle, 99, A. Thompson; 157, F. Bond;
85, 86, 97, 98, 99, 189, 202, 360

Newcastle-on-Tyne (Northumberland), 21, 22

—— castle, 139, 152, J. P. Gibson; 227, A. Thompson; 22, 47, 48, 51,
86, 88, 120, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 146, 149, 153,
154, 155, 156, 166, 169, 188, 202, 210, 227, 265

—— town walls, 293, W. Maitland; 88, 292

Newmarch, Bernard of, 56

Newport (Monmouth), castle, 362

Newton Nottage (Glamorgan), fortified church, 315

Nidd river, 85

Nile river, 68

Niort (Deux-Sèvres), castle, 175

Noirmoutier (Vendée), 27, 28

Norham (Northumberland), castle, 157, J. P. Gibson; 86, 129, 131,
132, 133, 149, 160, 163

Normandy, duchy of, 28, 34;
dukes of, _see_ Robert, Rollo;
mount-and-bailey castles in, 45, 51, 52

Northallerton (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 56, 57, 83

Northampton, 44

—— town wall, 295

Northumberland, earls of, 211;
_see_ Percy

Northumbria, kingdom of, 28;
king of, _see_ Ida

Norwich (Norfolk), castle, 88, 128, 134, 137, 141, 155

—— cathedral close, 298

—— town wall, 88, 89, 301

Nottingham, 28, 29, 30, 32

—— castle, 30, 32, 39, 41, 85, 88, 120

Nunney (Somerset), castle, 325

Nuremberg (Middle Franconia), town walls, 82

O

Oakham (Rutland), castle, 107, 197, 198, 362

Ockley (Surrey), battle of, 28

Odiham (Hants), castle, 185

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 66

Offa, king of Mercia, 24, 32

Offa’s dyke, 24

Oise river, 27

Oissel (Seine-Inférieure), 27

Old Sarum (Wilts), camp and castle, 4, A. H. Allcroft; 3, 5, 6, 19,
24, 25, 153, 154, 210, 301

Orford (Suffolk), castle, 119, 165, 166, 168, 170

Orléans, Charles, duke of, 337

—— Louis, duke of, 338

Orontes river, 164

Osbern, _see_ William

Oswestry (Salop), 24;
castle, 119

Othona (Essex), 22

Otley (Yorks, W.R.), 85

Ouse river, Great, 29, 30, 33, 63;
(Yorkshire), 41, 85

Oxburgh (Norfolk), hall, 355

Oxford castle, 88, 104, 108, 119, 188

—— Christ Church, 190

—— New college, 190

P

Pamiers (Ariège), cathedral, 315

Paris (Seine), 22, 27;
count of, _see_ Eudes;
Louvre, donjon of, 178;
siege of, by Danes, 27, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 81

Peak castle (Derby), 35, 156, 315

Pembroke, castle, 180, 224, A. Thompson; 181, _Archaeol. Journal_;
213, C. Gethen; 179, 180, 182, 202, 212, 215, 223, 224, 225, 236,
239, 240, 248, 251, 316

—— St Mary’s church, 316

Pembroke, earl of, _see_ Marshal, William

Pembrokeshire, churches of, 316

Penda, king of Mercia, 25

Penmaenmawr (Carnarvon), 8

Penrith (Cumberland), castle, 316

Penshurst (Kent), manor-house, 206

Pentecost’s castle (Hereford), 37

Pentrich (Derby), 345

Penwortham (Lancaster), castle, 327

Percy, Sir Henry, 307, 309

—— Henry, earl of Northumberland, 328, 330

—— house of, 348

Périers (Calvados), church, 100

Perrott, Sir John, 333

Peterborough (Northants), 25

—— abbey precinct, 298

Petworth (Sussex), manor-house, 307

Pevensey (Sussex), Roman station and castle, 16, 246, A. Thompson;
12, 16, 22, 247, 360

Philip I., king of France, 55

—— II. (Augustus), king of France, 62, 70, 71, 73, 76, 175, 176, 178,
215, 216, 322

—— III., king of France, 264

Pickering (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 43, 85, 86, 115, 279

Pierrefonds (Oise), castle, 338

Pistes, edict of, 32, 35, 55

Pitt-Rivers, General A. H. L. F., 25

Poitiers (Vienne), 27

Poitou, Roger of, 327

Pons Aelii (Northumberland), 21

Pontaudemer (Eure), 71

Pontefract (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 49, 56, 85, 86, 185, 186, 187, 236,
279, 336, 360

Porchester (Hants), Roman station and castle, 97, 131, A. Thompson;
12, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 122, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 141, 142,
145, 146, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 189, 235, 247, 335, 352

Portishead (Somerset), 24

Portsmouth harbour, 99, 335

Portus Adurni, 12

—— Magnus (Hants), 12

Potterne (Wilts), manor-house, 301

Poundbury (Dorset), 2, 19, 25

Prague (Bohemia), bridge, 297, 298

Provins (Seine-et-Marne), castle, 172, 182

Prudentius, bishop of Troves, 27

Prudhoe (Northumberland), castle, 86, 315

Pudsey, Hugh, bishop of Durham, 56, 107, 133, 198, 200, 202

Puiset, le (Eure-et-Loir), siege of, 67, 68

Pyrénées-Orientales department, fortified churches in, 315

R

Raby (Durham), castle, 311, _Archaeol. Journal_; 310, 317, 318, 322

Raglan (Monmouth), castle, 331, G. W. Saunders; 269, 330

Ramsbury (Wilts), manor-house, 301

Raymond, count of Toulouse, 70, 71

Reading (Berks), 28

Rede, William, bishop of Chichester, 360

Reims (Marne), 22

Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 45, A. Thompson (after Bayeux
tapestry)

Restormel (Cornwall), castle, 52, 230, 335

Rhiangol river, 183

Rhône river, 304

Rhuddlan (Flint), castle, 229, 249, 275, 276, 280

Rhymney river, 274

Rhys ap Thomas, 330

Ribble river, 327

Richard I., king, 172, 176, 265

—— II., king, 307

Richborough (Kent), 12, 22

Richmond (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 93, A. Thompson; 47, 51, 56, 85, 87,
90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101, 104, 107, 131, 133, 134, 137, 146, 149,
153, 159, 163, 178, 189, 202, 212, 215, 252, 304, 308, 342, 345;
earl of, _see_ Alan

Ripon (Yorks, W.R.), 24

Rising (Norfolk), castle, 143, G. H. Widdows; 131, 132, 133, 134,
141, 142, 143, 146, 150, 154, 156, 188, 194

Robert, duke of Normandy, 55, 67, 117, 193

—— of Jumièges, archbishop of Canterbury, 37

—— son of Giroie, 52, 90

—— son of Roger, 194

Robert’s castle, 37

Roche-Guyon, la (Seine-et-Oise), castle, 172, 175

Roche-sur-Igé, la (Orne), castle, 52

Rochester (Kent), Boley hill, 128;
bishop of, _see_ Gundulf;
castle, frontispiece, J. Bailey; 145, A. Thompson; 66, 120, 125,
127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 142, 145, 149, 150,
154, 155, 156, 159, 162, 163, 177

—— cathedral, 120

Rockingham (Northants), castle, 205, 226, A. Thompson; 202, 205, 226,
227, 266, 360

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, 98

—— of Newburgh, earl of Warwick, 109

Rollo, duke of Normandy, 28

Rome, 292

Rothbury (Northumberland), fortified rectory, 312

Rother river, 325

Rouen (Seine-Inférieure), 22, 27, 66, 176;
abbey of Saint-Ouen, 22;
castle, 23, 82, 117, 176, 178;
priory of Ste-Trinité-du-Mont, 85

Roussillon, fortified churches in, 315

Royat (Puy-de-Dôme), fortified church, 315

Runcorn (Chester), 29

Ruthin (Denbigh), castle, 119

Rutupiae (Kent), 12;
_see_ Richborough

Rye (Sussex), 325

Ryedale (Yorks, N.R.), 85

S

Saint-Cénéri-le-Gérei (Orne), castle, 52, 90

Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (Eure), treaty of, 28

Saint-Claude (Jura), cathedral, 315

St David’s (Pembroke), bishop’s palace, 338 341, 342

—— bishops of, _see_ Gower, Vaughan

Saint-Denis (Seine), abbey, 32, 315

Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine), town walls, 290, A. Thompson; 250, 289

Saint-Paul-du-Var (Alpes-Maritimes), 290

Saint-Pol, count of, 216

Saint-Pons (Hérault), cathedral, 315

Sainte-Suzanne (Mayenne), castle, 66, 90

Saintes-Maries-sur-la-Mer, les (Bouches-du-Rhône), fortified church,
315

Salisbury (Wilts), 25;
and _see_ Old Sarum

—— bishop’s palace, 301

—— bishops of, _see_ Erghum, Roger, Wyvill

—— cathedral close, 301

—— city walls, 301

Sandal (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 86, _Yorks. Archæol. Journal_; 85, 86,
230

Sandwich (Kent), 22

Sarthe river, 23

Savernake park (Wilts), 24

Saracens in southern France, 65

Scarborough (Yorks, N. R.), 296;
castle, 129, A. Thompson; 85, 119, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137,
138, 142, 145, 149, 160, 175, 202, 216, 230, 233, 236, 360

Scots, kings of, _see_ Malcolm IV., William the Lion

Scratchbury (Wilts), 25

Searobyrig (Wilts), 25;
_see_ Old Sarum

Segedunum (Northumberland), 10

Seine river, 27, 63, 64, 172, 175

Sens (Yonne), 22

Sept-Forges (Orne), castle, 52

Severn river, 29, 119

Sheffield (Yorks, W.R.), 318

Sherborne (Dorset), 24

—— castle, 98, 301

Sheriff Hutton (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 317, 362, 367

Shirburn (Oxford), castle, 325

Shrawardine (Salop), castle, 119

Shrewsbury, 29

—— castle, 39, 40, 88, 109, 119

—— church of St Julian, 109

—— earl of, _see_ Talbot

Shropshire, free chapels in, 109

Silchester (Hants), 14, 22

Skelton (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 85

Skenfrith (Monmouth), castle, 184

Skipsea (Yorks, E.R.), castle, 85, 86

Skirlaw, Walter, bishop of Durham, 318

Sleaford (Lincoln), 355

Soar river, 28

Soissons (Aisne), 295

Solway firth, 10, 304

Sonning (Berks), manor-house, 301

Southampton (Hants), castle, 88, 119

—— town walls, 293, C. Gethen; 88, 223, 241, 247, 292, 296

Spennithorne (Yorks, N.R.), church-tower, 316

Spofforth (Yorks, W.R.), manor-house, 307, 358

Spurn head (Yorks, E.R.), 86

Stafford, 29

—— castle, 365, 367

Stafford, Edward, duke of Buckingham, 362, 365, 366

—— Anne, duchess, 365, 366

Stainmoor, 312

Stamford (Lincoln and Northampton), 29, 30, 32;
castle, 30, 32

Stephen, king, 56, 57

Stokesay (Salop), castle, 207, A. Thompson; 306, R. Keene, C. Gethen;
193, 206, 281, 307, 342, 352

Stour river (Kent), 28

Stow Park (Lincoln), manor-house, 301

Strickland, William, 316

Sudbury, Simon, archbishop of Canterbury, 304

Surrey, earl of, _see_ Warenne

Swale river, 90

Swaledale, 85

Swansea (Glamorgan), castle, 338, 341

Swegen, king of Denmark, 64

Sweyn Godwinsson, 37

Syria, castles and churches in, 176

T

Tadcaster (Yorks, W.R.), 295;
castle, 85

Talbot, John, earl of Shrewsbury, 347

Talvas, Guillaume, 51

Tamar river, 27

Tame river, 101

Tamworth (Stafford), 28, 29, 30

—— castle, 48, A. Thompson; 32, 47, 101, 242

Tattershall (Lincoln), castle, 356, A. Thompson; 297, _Archaeol.
Journal_; 318, 352, 355, 356, 357

Tavistock (Devon), 27

Tees river, 85, 86, 312

Tempsford (Beds), _burh_ and earthwork, 32, A. Thompson; 29, 30, 33

Tenby (Pembroke), town walls, 240, A. Thompson; 239, 240, 297

Tewkesbury (Gloucestershire), gatehouse of abbey, 301

Thames river, 28, 63, 64, 119

Thanet, isle of (Kent), 28

Thelwall (Chester), 26, 29

Theobald, count of Chartres, 67, 68

Thérouanne, bishop of, _see_ Warneton

Thetford (Norfolk), 24;
castle, 44

Thirsk (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 56, 57, 83

Thornbury (Gloucester), castle, 366, 367

Thornton (Lincoln), gatehouse of abbey, 302, A. Thompson; 303,
_Archaeol. Journal_; 331, F. Bond; 303, 304, 358

Thurkill, 64

Tickhill (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 67, 85, 96, 98, 99, 220, 235

Tinchebray (Orne), battle of, 117

Toledo (New Castile), bridge of Alcantarà, 297

Tolleshunt Major (Essex), manor-house, 308

Tonbridge (Kent), castle, 115, 365, 367

Tor Bay, 358

Torksey (Lincoln), castle, 358

Torquay (Devon), 358

Totnes (Devon), castle, 115

Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), 27

—— count of, _see_ Raymond

Tournai (Hainault), fortified bridge, 297

Tournus (Saône-et-Loire), abbey church, 315

Tours (Indre-et-Loire), 22

Towcester (Northampton), 26, 29, 65

Tower on the Moor (Lincoln), 355

Towy river, 308

Trebonius, Gaius, 61, 62

Trecastle (Brecknock), castle, 44, A. Thompson; 44, 56, 87

Trent river, 28, 29, 50, 83, 85, 99, 120, 355, 358, 360

Tre’r Ceiri (Carnarvon), 8

Tretower (Brecknock), castle, 183, 184

Tripoli (Syria), county of, 263

Troyes (Aube), 22;
bishop of, _see_ Prudentius

Tungri, first cohort of, 18

Tunstall, Cuthbert, bishop of Durham, 200

Tustin, abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, 236

Tutbury (Stafford), castle, 237, R. Keene; 41, 42, 44, 327, 335,
336, 359

Tweed river, 86

Tyne river, 10, 86, 88, 316

Tynemouth priory (Northumberland), 298

U

Umfraville, Gilbert de, earl of Angus, 315

Upton (Lincoln), church, 100

Ure river, 83, 85

Usk river, 183

V

Vaughan, Edward, bishop of St David’s, 342

Vercingetorix, 59, 60, 61

Vernon (Eure), 27

Verona (Venetia), 290

Vespasian, emperor, 14

Villandraut (Gironde), castle, 325

Villeneuve-d’Avignon (Gard), Château-Saint-André, 307, A. Thompson;
304

Vitré (Ille-et-Vilaine), 49

Viviers (Ardèche), cathedral, 315

W

Wakefield (Yorks, W.R.), 85

Wallsend (Northumberland), 10

Wansbeck river, 86, 166

Wansdyke, the, 24, 25

Warburton, 29

Warenne, Isabel de, 167

—— William de, earl of Surrey, 167

Wark (Northumberland), castle, 86, 119

Warkworth (Northumberland), castle, 49, A. Thompson; 221, J. P.
Gibson; 44, 48, 86, 107, 190, 194, 197, 206, 209, 210, 211, 219,
220, 223, 247, 248, 251, 290, 328, 329, 330, 356, 357

—— fortified bridge, 298

Warneton, John of, bishop of Thérouanne, 53

Warrington (Lancaster), 26

Warwick, _burh_, 29, 32

—— castle, 231, 319, H. Baker; 234, 321, A. Thompson; 32, 39, 40,
109, 189, 190, 194, 206, 223, 235, 246, 318, 321, 322, 327, 328,
330, 359

—— church of St Mary, 109

—— earls of, _see_ Beauchamp, Roger

—— town walls, 296

Wat’s dyke, 24

Wear river, 86, 202

Wedmore (Somerset), peace of, 28

Welland river, 28, 29

Wells (Somerset), 24

—— bishop’s palace, 300, Mrs Jessie Lloyd; 301, 338

—— cathedral close, 298, 301

Welshmen, 37

Wenham, Little (Suffolk), hall, 355

Wensleydale (Yorks, N.R.), 85

Wessex, kingdom of, 28, 34

—— kings of, _see_ Æthelwulf, Alfred, Ceawlin, Cynewulf, Edmund,
Edward the Confessor, Edward the Elder, Egbert, Ethelred, Harold

Westminster palace, 124

Weston-super-Mare (Somerset), 8

Whickham (Durham), church-tower, 316

Whalley (Lancashire), gatehouse of abbey, 303

Wharfe river, 85

William I., king, 22, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 52, 56, 66, 67, 85,
88, 90, 118, 120, 265

—— II., king, 25, 62, 66, 90, 120, 124, 193

William the Lion, king of Scots, 83